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Process Control: Modeling,
Design, and Simulation

B. Wayne Bequette

Pearson
Contents
Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Fundamental Models
Chapter 3: Dynamic Behavior
Chapter 4: Dynamic Behavior: Complex Systems
Chapter 5: Empirical and Discrete-Time Models
Chapter 6: Introduction to Feedback Control
Chapter 7: Model-Based Control
Chapter 8: PID Controller Tuning
Chapter 9: Frequency-Response Analysis
Chapter 10: Cascade and Feedforward Control
Chapter 11: PID Enhancements
Chapter 12: Ratio, Selective, and Split-Range Control
Chapter 13: Control-Loop Interaction
Chapter 14: Multivariable Control
Chapter 15: Plantwide Control
Chapter 16: Model Predictive Control
Chapter 17: Summary

Module 1: Introduction to MATLAB

Module 2: Introduction to SIMULINK
Module 3: Ordinary Differential Equations
Module 4: MATLAB LTI Models
Module 5: Isothermal Chemical Reactor
Module 6: First-Order + Time-Delay Processes
Module 7: Biochemical Reactors
Module 8: CSTR
Module 9: Steam Drum Level
Module 10: Surge Vessel Level Control
Module 11: Batch Reactor
Module 12: Biomedical Systems
Module 13: Distillation Control
Module 14: Case Study Problems
Module 15: Plug Flow Reactor
Module 16: Digital Control
Table of Contents
Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Instrumentation
1.3 Process Models and Dynamic Behavior
1.4 Redundancy and Operability
1.5 Industrial IoT and Smart Manufacturing
1.6 Control Textbooks
1.7 A Look Ahead
1.8 Summary
References
Chapter 2. Fundamental Models
2.1 Background
2.2 Balance Equations
2.3 Material Balances
2.4 Constitutive Relationships
2.5 Material and Energy Balances
2.6 Form of Dynamic Models
2.7 Linear Models and Deviation Variables
2.8 Summary
Chapter 3. Dynamic Behavior
3.1 Background
3.2 Linear State-Space Models
3.3 Laplace Transforms
3.4 Transfer Functions
3.5 First-Order Behavior
3.6 Integrating Behavior Purely Integrating Systems
3.7 Second-Order Behavior
3.8 Summary
References

Chapter 4. Dynamic Behavior: Complex Systems

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Poles and Zeros
4.3 Lead-Lag Behavior
4.4 Processes with Deadtime
4.5 Padé Approximation for Deadtime
4.6 Converting State-Space Models to Transfer Functions
4.7 Converting Transfer Functions to State-Space Models
4.8 Matlab and Simulink
4.9 Summary

Chapter 5. Empirical and Discrete-Time Models

5.1 Introduction
5.2 First-Order + Deadtime
5.3 Integrator + Deadtime
5.4 Other Continuous Models
 5.5 Discrete-Time Autoregressive Models
5.6 Parameter Estimation
5.7 Discrete Step and Impulse Response Models
5.8 Converting Continuous Models to Discrete
5.9 Digital Filtering
5.10 Summary
References

Chapter 6. Introduction to Feedback Control

Chapter 7. Model-Based Control

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Direct Synthesis
7.3 Internal Model Control
7.4 IMC-Based PID
7.5 IMC-Based PID Design for Processes with a Time Delay
7.6 IMC-Based PID Controller Design for Unstable
Processes
7.7 Summary
References

Chapter 8. PID Controller Tuning

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Closed-Loop Oscillation-Based Tuning
8.3 Tuning Rules for First-Order + Deadtime Processes
8.4 Digital Control
8.5 Stability of Digital Control Systems
8.6 Performance of Digital Control Systems
 8.7 Summary
References

Chapter 9. Frequency-Response Analysis

9.1 Motivation
9.2 Bode and Nyquist Plots
9.3 Effect of Process Parameters on Bode and Nyquist
Plots
9.4 Closed-Loop Stability
9.5 Bode and Nyquist Stability
9.6 Robustness
9.7 Matlab Control Toolbox: Bode and Nyquist Functions
9.8 Summary
Chapter 10. Cascade and Feedforward Control
10.1 Background
10.2 Introduction to Cascade Control
10.3 Cascade-Control Analysis
10.4 Cascade-Control Design
10.5 Feedforward Control
10.6 Feedforward Controller Design
10.7 Summary of Feedforward Control
10.8 Combined Feedforward and Cascade
10.9 Summary
Chapter 11. PID Enhancements

Chapter 12. Ratio, Selective, and Split-Range Control

12.1 Motivation
 12.2 Ratio Control
12.3 Selective and Override Control
12.4 Split-Range Control
12.5 Simulink Functions
12.6 Summary

Chapter 13. Control-Loop Interaction

13.1 Introduction
13.2 Motivation
13.3 The General Pairing Problem
13.4 The Relative Gain Array
13.5 Properties and Application of the RGA Sum of Rows
and Columns
13.6 Return to the Motivating Example
13.7 RGA and Sensitivity
13.8 Using the RGA to Determine Variable Pairings
13.9 Matlab RGA Function File
13.10 Summary
References
Appendix 13.1: Derivation of the Relative Gain for an n-
Input–n-Output System
Chapter 14. Multivariable Control
Chapter 15. Plantwide Control

Chapter 16. Model Predictive Control

Chapter 17. Summary

Module 1. Introduction to MATLAB

Module 2. Introduction to SIMULINK
Module 3. Ordinary Differential Equations

Module 4. MATLAB LTI Models

Module 5. Isothermal Chemical Reactor

Module 6. First-Order + Time-Delay Processes

Module 7. Biochemical Reactors

Module 8. CSTR
Module 9. Steam Drum Level
Module 10. Surge Vessel Level Control

Module 11. Batch Reactor

Module 12. Biomedical Systems

Module 13. Distillation Control

Module 14. Case Study Problems

Module 15. Plug Flow Reactor

Module 16. Digital Control
Preface
This content is currently in development.
About the Author
This content is currently in development.
Chapter 1. Introduction
The goal of this chapter is to provide a motivation for and an
introduction to process control and instrumentation. After studying this
chapter, the reader, given a process, should be able to
• Determine possible control objectives, input variables (manipulated
and disturbance) and output variables (measured and
unmeasured), and constraints (hard or soft), as well as classify the
process as continuous, batch, or semicontinuous.
• Assess the importance of process control from safety,
environmental, and economic points of view.
• Sketch a process instrumentation and control diagram.
• Draw a simplified control block diagram.
• Understand the basic ideas of feedback and feedforward control.
• Understand basic sensors (measurement devices) and actuators
(manipulated inputs).
• Begin to develop intuition about characteristic timescales of
dynamic behavior.
• Describe simple control loops associated with physiological systems.
The major sections of this chapter are as follows:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Instrumentation
1.3 Process Models and Dynamic Behavior
1.4 Redundancy and Operability
1.5 Industrial IoT and Smart Manufacturing
1.6 Control Textbooks and Journals
1.7 A Look Ahead
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
it and I have failed. I am sorry, of course. I am sorry I went
wrong from a standard of morals and more sorry from the
standpoint of what I might possibly have done for the benefit of
the world in chemical research.

“Those unfortunate persons who were convicted because they

associated with me must know how badly I feel over their
arrest. I do not know what they did before they met me, but I
feel personally responsible for this bit of trouble and I wish I
could bear all their sentences. They would never have known
the horrors of imprisonment but for me. In a way they were
tools that I used and I do not believe any of them knew just
how serious a thing they were getting into.

“I shall be as good a prisoner as I know how, and should I be

released before my sentence is completed or should I have to
wait all the time, when I get out I am going into chemistry with
a determination to give to the world more than I robbed it of.”

MURDER TRIAL

New York Sun

Jack Rose’s jester and the playboy of the Rosenthal murder,

Sam Schepps, testified for six hours and a quarter yesterday in
the trial of Lieut. Becker, and exhibited the qualities that made
him the joy of the gamblers in their lighter hours.

Murder trials are not supposed to be humorous affairs and

Justices bend severe glances upon flippant witnesses, but
Schepps somehow dissipated the gravity of the proceedings and
lightened the black tale of crime. Even the austere Judge
permitted his eyes to twinkle and some of the jurors laughed
outright.
 Schepps was so pleased with himself, so proud of his skill in
coping with John F. McIntyre, his inquisitor, so naive in his
appeals to Justice Goff, so pugnacious and alert that his
listeners were in smiles most of the time. He took it for granted
that the court appreciated him at his own valuation, and Justice
Goff seemed to regard him as an extraordinary specimen of
another world, one that must not be banged about by counsel
for fear of the total loss of a curiosity worth studying.

But the amusing characteristics of the State’s principal

corroborative witness by no means lessened the effect of the
testimony he gave against Lieut. Becker. Resisting every device
of Mr. McIntyre to trap him into admitting he was an accomplice
with Rose, Webber and Vallon, and insisting that he was kept in
the dark and used only as an errand boy by Rose and Webber,
Schepps swore that the night after the murder he talked with
Becker in Becker’s house and that Becker sent this message to
Rose:

“Don’t mind anything. I’ll fix it all right. They have to prove
who killed Rosenthal before they can convict any one.”

And Schepps added that Becker, in the darkened dining room

of the apartment, wouldn’t let him smoke and said:

“Don’t light that match. Somebody is across the street and if

they see a light they will suspect something. They have been
trailing me all day.”

Schepps was an exasperating witness to Mr. McIntyre. He had

the dimmest of memories for times and dates, but he had an
extraordinary faculty for recalling previous statements, and he
frequently corrected the lawyer. Mr. McIntyre resorted to the
traditional methods of hectoring and storming and fist shaking,
but Schepps hectored and stormed and gestured back at him.
Once he called Mr. McIntyre a liar for saying he had paid the
gunmen, and while Mr. McIntyre was fuming before the jury and
shouting that Schepps was “a thing,” “a creature,” the witness
was suavely and deferentially apologizing to the court for
“language that a gentleman ought not to use.”

Lieut. Becker’s chief counsel concentrated his efforts to make

Schepps say something that would indicate that he knew
Rosenthal was to be murdered and that he was one of the
conspirators. It was an attack of the utmost importance to the
defence. A good deal of Becker’s money had been spent in an
excursion to Hot Springs, made for the purpose of showing that
Schepps had incriminated himself while there and had
exculpated Becker.

Lawyer Hart, who was with Rose the night Schepps was with
Becker, cross-examined Schepps about his conversations with
Hot Springs people and failed absolutely to establish
contradiction. McIntyre had tried his hand at this work
previously, and had raged when Schepps volunteered the
statement that one of the principal Hot Springs witnesses for
the defence had been a pickpocket in New York for twenty
years.

Mr. McIntyre and Mr. Hart gave up the cross-examination late

in the evening, apparently running out of ammunition. Mr.
McIntyre insisted plaintively that he was wearied, totally
exhausted, unable to continue, which drew from Justice Goff,
who has a very dry humor, the comment:

“Tut, tut, Mr. McIntyre. You talk of being exhausted. I am

upward of 70 years old.”

Schepps was the only witness yesterday. It had been the

purpose of the prosecution to call Mrs. Herman Rosenthal, but
there was no time left for the long examination that would be
necessary and Justice Goff rather reluctantly consented to
adjournment. The widow of the murdered gambler will be the
first witness to-day.

When Schepps appeared from the witness room at 10:30 A.

M. all eyes were turned in his direction. From the first he has
been one of the most interesting characters of this case. His
childlike vanity, his delight at posing as an oracle among the
rudely informed men and women of the underworld, his
reputation for impudence and wit, his adventures dodging
detectives in the Catskills and his sojourn among admiring
citizens in Hot Springs had given him a kind of reputation
second only to that of Rose.

He was nervous at first. His sharp eyes squinted behind his

nose glasses and his glances darted sidewise. He twisted his
fingers together and tried to cross his legs, a proceeding
frowned upon by the court officer who stands at the witness
chair.

He wore a blue suit, a black four-in-hand tie and black low

shoes, and he carefully drew up his sharply pressed trousers so
that his white silk socks would be exposed.

As the day went on he lost much of his nervousness and

controlled his tendency to flippancy, but he became more and
more pugnacious and more and more determined that counsel
for the defence should not get the better of him.

Assistant District Attorney Frank Moss conducted the direct

examination. The testimony was:

Q. Where do you live? A. Hot Springs, Arkansas.

Q. What is your business? A. Portrait enlarger.

Q. Do you know Jack Rose? A. Yes; I have known him for

fifteen or eighteen years.
 Q. Did you ever meet the defendant Becker? If so, where? A.
At the Lafayette baths.

Q. Ever again? A. Yes, at the Sam Paul raid.

Q. Did you ever carry to him a message from Jack Rose? A.

Yes.

Q. What was it? A. That Rose would meet him at the Union
Square Hotel.

Q. Were you at Dora Gilbert’s house on July 15? A. Yes.

Q. What were you doing there? A. I was asked to go there by

Rose to get an affidavit for Becker.

Then he said that, after leaving Dora Gilbert’s, he drove with

his friends to Sharkey’s, where the gray car was called by
telephone.

Q. Who drove it? A. William Shapiro.

Q. Who got into that car? A. Vallon, Rose and myself.

Q. What did you do then? A. We went up to Seventh avenue

and 145th street.

Q. What did you do next? A. I stepped out and pressed the

bell of Baker and Harris’s apartment. Dago Frank put his head
out of the window and we called him out. He got into the
machine and we went to Forty-second street and Sixth avenue.

Q. Who did you find there? A. Sam Paul, Leftie Louie, Whitey
Lewis and Gyp the Blood. Webber excused himself and said he
would be back shortly.

Q. Did he return? A. Yes; he said Rosenthal was at the

Metropole.
 Q. What was done then? A. They left the room.

Q. Who left? A. Gyp, Lefty Louie, Whitey Lewis and Dago

Frank.

Q. What did you do? A. I stayed in the room.

Q. How long? A. About fifteen minutes.

Q. In what direction did you then go? A. I went into the

Times Square drug store and purchased a soda. A short time
after I got there I heard four shots.

Q. What did you do? A. I ran in the direction of the shots.

Q. Did you see Lieut. Becker that night? A. Yes, sir.

Q. Where? A. He was riding in an auto with a chauffeur at

Sixth avenue and Forty-sixth street at 1:30 o’clock A. M.

Q. When you ran to the scene of the murder, on what side of

the street were you? A. On the south side.

Q. Did you meet any one that you knew? A. I met Harry
Vallon at the Elks Club. A great crowd had gathered and the
body was lying in the street.

Q. What did you and Harry Vallon do then? A. We went to

Fourteenth street, to the house where he lived, and stayed
there until 6 o’clock the next morning, when we went to a
house at 145th street and Seventh avenue.

Q. What was it that awoke you? A. The entrance of Jack

Rose.

Q. After Rose spoke to you and you went to 145th street and
Seventh avenue, did you see any one? A. Yes, we saw Lefty
Louie, Whitey Lewis, Dago Frank and Gyp.
 Q. Did you say anything to them? A. They wanted to know
when I would bring them the money. I made an appointment to
meet them at Fiftieth street and Eighth avenue.

Q. Where did you see them? A. At Fiftieth street and Eighth

avenue.

Q. Prior to that time had you seen Webber? A. Yes, sir.

Q. Did you receive any money from him? A. No, sir.

Q. Did you see anything passed by Webber to any one else?

A. I saw Webber pass money to Jack Rose.

Q. Was that money presented to the gunmen at Fiftieth street

and Eighth avenue? A. Yes, sir.

Q. Who had it? A. Jack Rose.

Q. What did he do? A. He passed it to Lefty Louie.

Q. Did you go away then? A. Yes.

Q. Did Lefty Louie? A. Yes, and took the money with him.

Q. What did you and Rose do? A. We went to the home of

Harry Pollok on Riverside Drive.

Q. How long did you stay there? A. I stayed for dinner.

Q. Then where did you go? A. To the Lafayette Baths.

Q. The next morning, what did you do? A. I went to Pollok’s

and remained about four hours. I then went downtown and
later returned to Pollok’s. I stayed until about 10:30.

Q. Where did you go next? A. I went to Lieut. Becker’s

apartment.
 Q. Did you see Becker? A. Yes.

Q. Where was that? A. At the Belleclaire apartments.

Q. How did you happen to go there? A. Jack Rose sent me.

Q. Repeat the conversation you had with Becker. A. I told

Becker that Jack Rose was sick and worried, and that he sent
me to him to see what he was going to do. Becker said Rose
was not to worry. He said: “Don’t mind anything. I’ll fix it all
right. They have to prove who killed Rosenthal before they can
convict any one.”

Q. What then? A. Then I left. As I was about to leave I pulled

out a cigarette and started to light it. Becker said, “Don’t light
that match; somebody is across the street and if they see a light
they will suspect something. They have been trailing me all
day.”

Q. Was the apartment lighted or dark? A. It was dark.

Q. Did Becker say anything else? A. Yes. He asked me if the

gunmen had been paid and I told him that they had. Then I left.

Q. Then what did you do? A. I went back to Pollok’s.

Q. Did any one arrive while you were at Pollok’s? A. No;

somebody was there before I got there.

Q. Who was that? A. Mr. Hart.

Q. Who do you mean? A. Attorney John Hart, who is sitting

there.

The witness nodded toward John W. Hart, who has been

Becker’s lawyer since before the murder of Rosenthal.
 Mr. Moss had no further questions to put to the witness and
the direct examination ended at 11:02 A. M., having occupied
only twenty-seven minutes.

[The report of the cross-examination and other details of the

day’s proceedings in the trial followed under separate heads.]

GRAND LARCENY CASE

Duluth Herald

Commercializing his remarkable faculty for imitating a

paralytic has proven to be the downfall of Charles F. Koch, 45,
the black sheep of a respectable German family residing at
Rosedale, Iowa. And because his game of faking injuries and
collecting large sums from railroad companies and other
corporations has been detected and exposed, Koch must look
forward to serving a term of years in the Minnesota state
penitentiary.

It took a jury just nine minutes in Judge Fesler’s division of

the district court yesterday to find Koch guilty of the crime of
grand larceny in the second degree under an indictment which
charged him with having defrauded the Duluth & Iron Range
Railroad company out of $1,000 on a fake personal injury. The
jury retired at 3:36 o’clock and returned with a finding of guilty
at 3:45 o’clock.

The same blank, fixed expression which has characterized

Koch since his trial began did not change one iota when the
verdict of guilty was read in his presence. He maintained the
same expressionless attitude of indifference as to what was
going on about him and seemed to be unconcerned as to
whether he would be acquitted or not. The crime of which he
stands convicted is punishable by imprisonment in the state
penitentiary from one to ten years.

On Oct. 14, 1914, Koch was a passenger on No. 61, of the

Duluth & Iron Range, a mixed train leaving Duluth at 11:30 p.
m. On arriving at Two Harbors at 12:45 a. m., he left the coach
and as he did so, according to his claim, his raincoat, which he
carried on his arm, caught on an angle cock or brake staff and
he was thrown to the depot platform and suffered an injury to
his back. As a result, he claimed, his lower limbs, bowels and
bladder were paralyzed. Examination by surgeons seemed to
indicate that he was permanently disabled, and on Dec. 7, the
company settled with him for $1,000 for his alleged injuries.
Koch, who had been moving with great difficulty on crutches,
immediately left the city and at once discarded his crutches.

The railroad authorities secured a warrant for his arrest and

after detectives had chased him through several cities of the
Middle West, he was arrested at Tonopah, Nev. He was brought
to Duluth under an extradition process and stood trial on the
charge. During the course of his trial much of his past history,
and a more or less unbroken story of his operations, were
brought to the light of day.

Koch was born forty-five years ago in Germany and emigrated

to this country when a boy of 15, settling at Rosedale, Iowa. He
married when a young man, but, after his wife had lived with
him ten years, she secured a divorce from him on the grounds
that he had been convicted of a crime and committed to the
Iowa state penitentiary. This was in 1903. She remarried. Koch’s
parents are old and respected residents of Rosedale.

In 1903 Koch joined the army, enlisting in the state of

Washington. Two months later, however, he was discharged on
account of “chronic anaemia and debility.” In 1906 he claimed
that he had been injured while working at Missoula for the
Northern Pacific, brought suit for $50,000 and recovered $5,000
in the lower court. The case dragged on six years in the
Montana courts and judgment was finally reversed in January,
1912. A portion of the time Koch spent on a poor farm,
supposedly a down-and-out cripple, forced into the almshouse
by the law’s delay. He went by the name of C. F. Post.

In July, 1911, at Portland, Or., posing as C. F. Pantle, he

secured from the Portland Light & Power company a sum of
money on a fake injury. On Feb. 16, 1912, at Breckenridge,
Minn., under the alias of C. F. Jones, he secured $4,500 from
the Great Northern Railway company for injuries claimed to
have been sustained in falling from a passenger coach step. On
Aug. 12 of the same year, as Clarence F. Main, he again tried to
work this game, but unfortunately ran up against the same
claim agent at Great Falls, Mont., who recognized him as an
impostor and had him arrested. He served four months in the
Montana penitentiary.

On Feb. 28, 1914, at Hampton, Iowa, he claimed that he was

injured while alighting from a train, and on May 9, 1914,
collected $600 from the Minneapolis and St. Paul Railway
company. On July 23, 1914, while crossing a railroad crossing at
Grand Rapids, Mich., he was injured, he claimed, and he later
extracted $1,600 from the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad
company. His latest offense was the affair of the Duluth & Iron
Range Railroad company.

Koch will be brought before Judge Fesler later for sentence.

Those who are familiar with Koch’s history declare that whiskey
brought about his ruin and that as soon as he made a good haul
while operating his game he would spend it all for liquor.

SUPREME COURT DECISION

 Brooklyn Eagle

That an employer is not responsible for the acts of his servant

that cause damage to another when those acts are not
committed in furtherance of the master’s business, was the
decision of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, First
Division, when it reversed a case which the lower court had
decided against a Manhattan department store. The reversal in
favor of the department store was given by the court on an
appeal taken by the attorney, Abraham Oberstein, of 299
Broadway, Manhattan.

This case is of considerable importance to employers, for the

reason that their employes often get into altercations with
employes of other concerns, damages sometimes ensue, and
then the question arises whether the employer is responsible for
the acts of his servant. As the justices of the Appellate Division
view the question, the issue is not whether an inflicter of
damages was in the employ of a certain firm, but whether he
was promoting the firm’s interest in inflicting the damages. If he
was, then the master is responsible, providing it was within the
scope of the employer’s duties, and if it was not, then the
master is not responsible, no matter how grievous or serious the
injury inflicted may be.

Adolph Miller, through his guardian, instituted suit for assault

against Attorney Oberstein’s client. Miller was a driver in the
employ of another concern, and was about to deliver goods at
the store when one of the latter’s drivers asked for the berth
Miller was entitled to. Miller refused. The other driver, he
alleges, assaulted him. Then he directed suit against the
department store concern, under the employers’ liability act.
The lower court decided for Miller, but Lawyer Oberstein
appealed and the Appellate Division reversed the decision,
saying that Miller’s suit should have been dismissed.
 The opinion, written by Presiding Justice Gildersleeve and
concurred in by Justice McLean, says:

“The test of liability in such cases depends upon the question

whether the injury was committed by the authority of the
master, expressly conferred, or fairly inferable from the nature
of the employment and the duties incident thereto. The mere
statement of this rule answers the question in favor of the
defendant in this case. The act of the driver was a wilful and
malicious act. It was not done in furtherance of his master’s
business and was in no way connected with or incident to the
performance of any of the duties intrusted to him as a driver, or
which could be considered as promoting the defendant’s
interests. The rule as stated in Gervin vs. N. Y. Central R. R. Co.,
166 N. Y. 289, is as follows: ‘If a servant goes outside of his
employment and, without regard to his service, acting
maliciously or in order to effect some purpose of his own,
wantonly commits a trespass or causes damage to another, the
master is not responsible.’ The plaintiff failed to prove any
liability on the part of the defendant and the defendant’s motion
to dismiss the complaint should have been granted.”

SUPREME COURT DECISION

Duluth Herald

Eighteen months have elapsed since little Florence Lemoine, a

pretty, dark-eyed dancer of 18 years, fell from a sidewalk on
West Fourth street and sustained an injury to her back and
spine which has left her a helpless and lifelong paralytic.
Unconscious of her true condition and hopeful of the future, the
once popular little vaudeville performer lies on her cot at her
father’s ranch near Moscow, Idaho, planning theater
engagements she will never fill and dreaming of new gowns and
dances.

Yesterday the Minnesota supreme court handed down a

decision which affirms the judgment of the district court of this
city where, a few months ago, a $5,000 verdict was obtained
against the city of Duluth in her favor. A jury last April awarded
her damages in that amount, but the city asked for judgment
notwithstanding the verdict. Judge Kesler denied the motion and
an appeal was taken by the city to the supreme court, the
municipality denying its liability. The higher tribunal held that
the city was liable.

On Aug. 17, 1913, Florence stepped off a sidewalk on the

lower side of West Fourth street between Lake and First
avenues west. The accident occurred during the evening while
Mrs. Jane Lemoine was escorting her two daughters, Florence
and 15-year-old Grace, to the Happy Hour theater, where they
were filling an engagement. The sidewalk at this point is
elevated several inches above the abutting property and at the
time of the accident was unprotected by a rail.

Florence slipped and fell on her back. Her injuries at first were
believed to be of a slight nature. Later surgeons pronounced her
suffering from spinal trouble and paralysis of the lower limbs.
She was taken to her room at the Frederick hotel, where the
Lemoines were stopping, and there remained until after the trial
of the suit against the city last April. The Lemoines left for
Moscow, Idaho, about six months ago. Denny & Denny,
attorneys for Frederick Lemoine, the girl’s father, who brought
suit on behalf of his injured daughter, recently received word
that the girl’s condition was not much improved. She is still in
bed. Since her accident Florence has been of a cheerful frame of
mind, probably because her true condition has been carefully
withheld from her.
 At the time of the accident, the two girls were appearing in a
singing and dancing act at the local theater. Both are talented in
their line and their appearance in Duluth was during their
second season on the stage.

The Lemoines, up to five years ago, lived in Baltimore. The

two girls appeared in a number of amateur theatrical
performances in that city and there received their training for
professional work. In 1910 their father, who was then suffering
from a nervous breakdown, moved West, taking his family with
him.

After the Lemoines had settled in the West, the children

became much in demand at church socials and amateur
theatricals on account of their talent along that line. Later, the
girls were offered a vaudeville engagement with a song and
dance act. At first the mother refused to allow her daughters to
go on the stage, but after a flattering salary had been offered,
she finally consented. She accompanied them on their tour as
chaperone. The season was about half over when Florence met
with her accident. The father remained on the ranch in Idaho
because of his poor health.

During the trial of the case last April, Florence was brought
into the courtroom on two occasions, both times on her cot. She
nervously twitched at her bedclothes and at her jewelry while
she told the story of the affair as she remembered it. She told
the jury that she was spending most of her time now drawing
sketches and that until she got well enough to get back to the
stage she expected to devote her time to art.

The two girls were earning from $75 to $140 a week with
their act, according to testimony which was adduced at the trial.
 UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT DECISION

San Francisco Chronicle

The Supreme Court of the United States has decided in the

case of Mrs. Ethel Coope Mackenzie of San Francisco that the
federal expatriation law of 1907 is constitutionally applicable to
women that continue to live in this country after marrying
foreigners as well as to those that marry foreigners and live
abroad.

The ruling settles finally a test case that has become

internationally famous in suffrage circles. In effect, it is much
more sweeping than the bare recorded fact would indicate,
including in its wide range a host of women, in and out of states
where they have the vote, who are married to men not citizens
of the United States.

It means, applied locally, simply this: A woman born in

California, herself a citizen of the United States with the right to
vote, automatically relinquishes her citizenship and that right
the moment she becomes the wife of a foreigner, whether the
foreigner is a resident or not.

Mrs. Mackenzie, who brought the test case, is the wife of

Gordon Mackenzie, known on the concert platform as Mackenzie
Gordon, the Scotch tenor. Her husband, who is a nephew of the
late Sir Morell Mackenzie, a famous English surgeon, has been a
resident of San Francisco for the last twelve years. He has lived
in this country for more than twenty years. She was herself born
in California, the daughter of J. F. Coope of Santa Cruz, a well
known California pioneer. But the fact that her husband, born a
British subject, has never taken out citizenship papers in this
country, makes Mrs. Mackenzie, by the ruling of the supreme
court, an alien in the eyes of the law of the United States.
 A curious feature of the unusual case is that Mrs. Mackenzie
was one of the most ardent of the workers for suffrage during
the campaign which resulted in the women being given the vote
in California.

The ruling affects also, in sweeping fashion, a large number

of other women socially prominent in San Francisco. It includes
Baroness Van Eck, who was Miss Agnes Tillman and who is still
a resident of this state; Baroness Von Brincken, formerly Miss
Milo Abercombie, also living here; Countess Von Falkenstein,
who was Miss Azalea P. Keyes; Mrs. John Hubert Ward, who was
Miss Jean Reid, and a great number of others.

Mrs. Mackenzie, who, since her marriage to the famous tenor

in August, 1909, has been living at 2832 Jackson Street, was
among the first to appear at the polls after the state had
enfranchised its feminine population. She was refused the
privilege of voting. The California courts, in which the case was
instituted, decided against her. Now the ruling of the highest
tribunal in the country upholds the lower courts.

“It was something of a shock,” she said, “to learn that after
two years of hard work to bring suffrage to California I could
not enjoy the right I had helped to give other women.
Investigation showed, of course, that I could gain my citizenship
and my right to vote, and also retain my husband, by his
application for naturalization papers, but I did not wish to
accept citizenship on those terms, and so I brought a test case.

“My husband kindly delayed his citizenship until my case

might be presented in the courts. Now that it is decided, he will
become a citizen. This means that I shall be received back into
the fold, but only because I am his wife.”

Concerning the effect of her test case, Mrs. Mackenzie stated

that she had just heard that a Mackenzie Club had been
organized in Oregon, for the purpose of “looking into the
matter.”

OPINION OF ATTORNEY GENERAL

Wisconsin State Journal

Excess fare cannot be charged of passengers on the railroads

of Wisconsin when tickets are purchased on the trains, unless
provision is made to refund the amount of overcharge.

This is the effect of an opinion rendered by Attorney General

F. L. Gilbert today. Prior to the passage of the two-cent fare law
the Northwestern and St. Paul roads charged 10 cents in
addition to the regular fare when the fare was paid on trains.
This practice was temporarily discontinued when the two-cent
fare law was passed, because of the heavy penalty provided for
violations. An attempt has been made to find out if the railroad
commission would not permit this additional fee being charged.
An opinion was asked of the attorney general. He said:

“It seems to me that the plain spirit, intent and purpose of

the law in question was to establish a maximum passenger rate
beyond which common carriers could not, in any event, go and
retain the excess as their absolute property.

“I am therefore of the opinion that such excess fare cannot

be legally collected from a passenger unless provision is made
for refund, or an act of the legislature is passed allowing the
collection and retention of said excess as a penalty for failure to
purchase a ticket at a point where facilities are provided.”

About two weeks ago, Lloyd W. Bowers, general counsel for

the Northwestern and Burton Hanson, general solicitor for the
St. Paul, brought this matter before the commission. During the
course of a conference, the railroads claimed that the old law
allowing an excess fare to be charged had not been abrogated.
The attorney general held differently.

INSANITY CASE

Chicago Herald

Baptiste Bardoli is on his way.

Over in Italy, on a big estate at Lenno, near the shores of

Lake Como, Baptiste’s aged father is waiting to see him—that is,
he was waiting to see him when Baptiste last heard, about three
months ago.

Baptiste was on his way to Italy last June when he left his
home in Oakland, Cal., provided with some $200 in cash, long
green tickets for the train and small red tickets for the boat—
clear to Italy.

Baptiste also took with him two large bottles of Zinfandel. The
bottles were wrapped in twisted straw, through which the red
wine could be seen sparkling inside the green glass.

The traveler arrived in Chicago without the bottles but with

the contents. Policemen met Baptiste at the railroad station.
They stopped him from biting the iron fence of the train shed.
They took him to the Harrison street police station.

A man wearing a white coat came in and looked at Baptiste.

The man took a yellow sheet of paper and wrote as follows:
 “June 30, 1914.—I have examined Baptiste Bardoli and
believe him to be insane and recommend his commitment to an
institution. He is on his way from Oakland, Cal., to Italy and
arrived in Chicago on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe
Railway Company. Respectfully,
Alfred Leroy, M. D.,
Assistant City Physician.”

Baptiste was taken to the detention home. On July 2 a jury

composed of one physician heard testimony concerning
Baptiste’s actions and returned a verdict to the effect that
Baptiste was insane—that he had “alcoholic hallucinosis”—that
he manifested suicidal and homicidal tendencies and had about
$96 on his person.

County Judge John E. Owens appointed Walter F. Sommers,

an attorney, conservator for the money, and turned Baptiste
over to the Chicago State Hospital for the Insane at Dunning.

Baptiste “came to” on July 4 and called for his trousers. He

was denied. He protested his sanity. He admitted his temporary
inebriety, but swore that he had no more bottles of green glass
wrapped in straw. It was no use.

Baptiste wrote letters to the Italian consul. He implored the

doctors and pictured for them the father who was waiting to see
him on the shores of Lake Como. About a month ago he
convinced the Dunning authorities of his sanity, and they began
to arrange for his release.

Investigators at the office of the Italian consul declared that

they tried to get Conservator Sommers to turn over some
money to Baptiste, so that he could be released. They say
Attorney Sommers replied that under the Illinois law he had
been appointed for a year, and as far as the court records
showed, Baptiste was still insane. Moreover, it was vacation
time, and there was no session of the Probate Court.

Yesterday Judge Owens entered an order restoring Baptiste to

his civilian rights. Probate Judge Gregg ordered the restoration
of the funds held by the conservator. The funds were restored.
He was freed from the asylum.

In Illinois the records, however, will show until a year has

passed that Baptiste is insane and that he can only conduct
business legally through his conservator, who can’t be removed
for a year.

But Baptiste is happy—he’s on his way to Italy.

PROPOSED LAW SUIT

New York Sun

For why should the Kaminoka Strumolova Sick and Benevolent

Association pay out money for burying a man who is not yet
dead? For why that hearse, $8; that headstone, $35; those two
funeral coaches for $11 when Leon Welfish, the dear dead one,
is alive already and in his own town of Kaminoka, Galicia?

Not for often will the Kaminoka Strumolova Sick and

Benevolent Association make such a fool of itself and those
money spendings for the hearse, the headstone, the funeral
coaches and all the rest making of Two Hu-u-ndred dollars!—to
the court here by a lawyer the Kaminoka Strumolova is going for
recovering. To the court by Lawyer William Schneider the
Kaminoka Strumolova is going and make for getting back all
that money because Leon Welfish did not have the use of it,
being not at all dead and buried.
 Aye-yah; it is all right enough for the hospital people in the
place at Central Islip to say that there was mistaking in sending
Leon Welfish to be buried by the Kaminoka Strumolova when it
was not Leon at all who had died, but some one else. It’s all
right to say these things, but that does not pay back the
moneys for such a comfortable funeral that some one else
enjoyed. Oh no. The State of New York by the courts will have
to pay back those moneys for those mistakes. It is to the Court
of Claims in Washington that the lawyer is going to make the
State to pay up these losses by the Kaminoka Strumolova.

Listen.

Came to this country from Kaminoka, which is in Galicia,

which is of Austria, Leon Welfish, a young man who did not
have great strength but who was honest and who would never
try to cheat anybody. Came Leon Welfish by New York and he
worked as tailor until one night when he didn’t work, but fell
down on the sidewalk by Lewis street and they takes him to
Bellevue. They looks at him for three days—observations, they
calls it—and then they sends him to the State hospital for poor
insane ones at Central Islip. Leon goes and everybody is sorry
that he is one of the poor insane ones.

But then, before Leon Welfish is by the hospital very long,

comes the immigrationers from Ellis Island and they say Leon
Welfish is unfit for being in this country and never should have
come by New York. Back he goes to Kaminoka, Galicia; so say
these immigrationers.

Everybody believes that Leon Welfish must go back to

Kaminoka, and his friends by Rivington street are mourning that
such a good boy goes home. Then one day—it was the 5th day
of August, two years ago—comes to one of Leon Welfish’s
friends by Rivington street this message from the hospital:
 “Leon Welfish is dead. Pleurisy makes it. Shall we bury him or
do his friends make the buryings?”

Of course it is to be that the Kaminoka Strumolova, which is

the society belonging to Leon Welfish, shall make the buryings.
Leon was a member standing good and every member has for
his money a good burial or good doctors when in sickness. So
says the Kaminoka Strumolova, “We make the buryings.”

They makes. It costs all the $8 for hearse, $35 for headstones
and the rest of those $200 which belongs to Leon Welfish for
being a dead member of the Kaminoka Strumolova. Nobody
sees Leon Welfish before the buryings, for the hospital people
sends it so no one sees. All of the society makes of itselves
assessments for paying the funeral and three members of
committee wear white gloves and rides in those for $11 hacks
to Mount Zion Cemetery.

Leon Welfish’s papa and mamma, which are by Kaminoka yet,

gets a letter from the Kaminoka Strumolova which says Leon is
dead and has a good buryings for $200—a very good buryings—
and very sorry to have to say these sad tidings. Then Leon
Welfish’s papa and mamma make mournings by their dead son,
and all of his friends by Kaminoka make mournings.

Comes to Kaminoka then one very dark and rainy night Leon
Welfish, who was sent home by the immigrationers. Comes
Leon and knocks at the door of his papa and mamma’s house.

“Hello, my papa; hello, my mamma!” says Leon when they

opens the door, and Leon’s papa calls for police and Leon’s
mamma has a fit on the floor right in front of him.

After that Leon Welfish and Leon’s papa and mamma make a
great rage because he was dead and is not really dead. They
make writings to the Kaminoka Strumolova to know for why was
that mistake made. Strumolova makes investigations and now it
goes to court by a lawyer.

SUIT FOR SEPARATION

New York Telegram

Alleging that for the sake of her three children she had
endured verbal and physical abuse of violent character for
seventeen years, Mrs. Clara Hansen, of No. 10 Western
Parkway, to-day filed suit for separation in the Supreme Court
against her husband, Harry L. Hansen, worth a million, and half
owner in the Schmidt and Hansen Brewing Company of Newark.
Mr. Hansen makes his home at No. 190 East Ninety-ninth street.

Accompanying the affidavits of Mrs. Hansen is a deposition

from her sixteen-year-old son, Oscar, in which he corroborates
many of the stories of beatings and other abuses alleged by his
mother, and makes the statement that his father’s treatment of
himself was such that he was glad when his mother established
a second home and took the children with her. In addition to
Oscar, the Hansens have a daughter, Nellie, thirteen, and
another son, Henry, twelve years old.

Mrs. Hansen was represented in the preliminary court

proceedings by Mrs. Harriette M. Johnston-Wood, of the law
firm of Wood & Wood, No. 2 Rector street, a well known leader
of the suffragist movement.

In the papers filed Mrs. Hansen states that she was married
to Harry L. Hansen in this city in 1897 and that they went from
New York to Washington to begin their honeymoon trip. Three
days after the wedding, she alleges, while they were still in
Washington, her husband became violently angry and, after
choking her, threw her against the furniture in their room.

Later, at the Grand Hotel, at St. Augustine, Fla., he refused to

talk to her, she asserts, and they returned to this city without
speaking to each other. Their first home, she says, was
established in a house owned by Mr. Hansen, at No. 99 East
Eightieth street, and there, she sets forth, he beat her
frequently and repeatedly swore at her, and said, “I hate your
peaceful face; I’m tired of it.”

Before Oscar was born, in 1898, she further alleges, her

husband accused her of being on friendly terms with the
tradesmen who came to the house. After the boy was born he
told her that, since he had an heir, he had no further use for her
and, opening the front door, said, “This way out.”

In 1900, she says, while she was in Berlin with her husband,
she was compelled to go to a sanitarium, and later, when they
were in the Alps, he left her and went to England, where she
finally located him.

To escape his abuse two years later, she went to Philadelphia,

and in 1909 she went to Europe with her daughter, returning
later at her husband’s earnest requests. The final separation,
she states, took place in 1911, when she established a separate
home for herself and her children.

In the deposition made by the son Oscar, he states that on

several occasions he saw his father beat and abuse his mother.
The boy also states that his father had violent fits of temper on
an average of once a month and that on one occasion, when he
became displeased with the boy, he drew a knife and destroyed
the wireless apparatus which the child had spent an entire
winter in building.
 Mrs. Hansen asks for $200 a week temporary alimony and
$25,000 counsel fees. She states that the brewery in which her
husband is interested turns out 750,000 barrels of beer annually
and that he has other sources of income.

DIVORCE CASE

Detroit News

The story of the married life of Dr. Arthur and Mildred S.

Smith, from 1900 to 1913 reads the same as that of any
struggling young physician in a large city. But—

In 1913 the physician found fortune smiling on him and he

turned to look at his wife and his gold. She had faded during
those years when $1 was made to last longer than $10 would
now.

“I am just in his way now,” said Mrs. Smith to Judge Van Zile,
while testifying in her suit for divorce. The doctor filed his bill
several months ago and she filed a cross-bill.

A younger girl, with golden hair, red cheeks and lips has come
between the doctor and his wife, according to Mrs. Smith.

“I filled in all right when someone was needed to slave and

dig the dirt out of the office floors and dust the furniture,”
continued the woman. “He didn’t have time to look at me then
to see whether I looked good to him or not.

“We worked mechanically, shoulder to shoulder. I played my

part and he played his. The business and my husband’s bank
account would lead anyone to think that it was a success.”
 Mrs. Smith, a little woman, her eyes filled with tears, seemed
to reflect a moment and then continued:

“Perhaps it is a success. It seems that success must be

measured in dollars and cents no matter who gets the gold. He
undoubtedly is happy, but—I—I am a wreck.”

Mrs. Smith said that when her baby was born her husband
told her not to stay in the hospital too long as she was needed
in the office. She says that she left the hospital in three weeks
and the child died at the end of five weeks.

“It was always so,” she continued. “He always wanted me in

the office and I was willing to stay. It was only a few years ago
that he went abroad, and I remained at home, as we both
agreed that it would cost too much for us both. Then he took
several other equally expensive trips, but he never asked me to
go.”

Mrs. Smith said she and her husband had always been active
in the Summerfield Methodist church, and that her husband
even carried his dislike for her to the church, urging her not to
go to any of the meetings, either social or religious.

“I was active in home missionary work,” said Mrs. Smith, “and

he told me that it didn’t look well for me always to be mixing in
with the church affairs. I told him I couldn’t conscientiously drop
my church work and wouldn’t.”

Mrs. Smith declared her husband had told her he couldn’t

afford to live with her any longer as she wasn’t so attractive as
another girl he knew and her company tired him instead of
affording him rest and comfort.

“His father also told me that I might as well get out right
away as Walter had to have some one younger and more
attractive,” she said. “The old father said: ‘You don’t fit into
Walter’s station in life and you might as well get out without a
fuss, as you will have to move some time.’”

Mrs. Smith testified that her husband’s practice is worth

between $400 and $600 a week, and that he owns three
automobiles.

“I just rode in one of them, however,” she added. “The office

girl rides in them most of the time.”

Dr. Smith stated in his bill that his wife had an ungovernable
temper and that she called up his patients and advised them not
to consult him. The doctor further stated that these and other
things ruined his health and his business.

Mrs. Smith was given the decree.

RECEIVERSHIP PROCEEDINGS

Chicago Tribune

Inflated reports of sales by managers of branch houses,

extending over a period of three years, and resulting in a
misleading annual statement, it was said yesterday, were
responsible for the receivership proceedings for Robert Z. Link &
Co.

The Chicago banks which were the principal creditors of the

corporation discovered the character of these statements a few
days ago in an audit of the books, and at once took steps to
protect creditors.

The other explanation advanced for the crisis in the

company’s affairs came from Secretary William H. Arthur.
 “In the panic last fall,” he declared, “poor people, who are the
firm’s principal customers, could not afford to buy even the
cheapest fish. They became vegetarians. If we could have tided
over our financial difficulties until after Lent we would have
weathered the storm. Trade was just beginning to pick up.”

Developments of the day were as follows:

Receiver William T. Harrison, learning that fish, oysters, and other sea
foods were lying in the cars, took measures to obtain the fullest powers
in conducting a business based upon transactions in perishable products.

Four Chicago banks that hold nearly $2,500,000 of the firm’s paper,
some of it accepted two months ago, held a conference and discussed
reorganization of the company.

Minority creditors prepared to organize.

Efforts were made to find out what the company did with the
proceeds of $1,000,000 worth of preferred stock issued last October.
Officials say it was used to take up short term notes and to buy
warehouses and plants to prevent competition. Creditors believe
exorbitant sums were paid for the plants.

Ancillary receivers were appointed for branch plants of the company in

various parts of the country.

Receiver Harrison issues a statement practically exonerating Link

brothers for blame for the financial straits of the Company.

An official of one of the four Chicago banks which hold nearly

$2,500,000 of the firm’s paper said that the receiver was
appointed after the banks had learned that some persons
connected with Robert Z. Link & Co. had issued misleading
statements concerning its volume of business. The Link brothers
are not believed to have known anything about these false
statements.

The company, it appears, has a number of ambitious

managers of its branch houses in various parts of the country.