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 To my wife, Heather, and children, Eva, Elizabeth,
Elaine, and Evan, Bruce and Joy Anderson, and Dr. J.
D. and Linda Andrews

In memory of John and Betty Hopkins, James D. and

Livian Anderson, John William and Edith Hopkins,
Burley T. and Aline Price, “Doc” Flores, and Clifton
Idom
About the Author
John Pollock is employed as a software developer during the day
and works on Web sites and other projects during the evening. You
can find him on Twitter (@ScripttheWeb) or LinkedIn
(https://www.linkedin.com/in/john-pollock-82a2b074). John holds a
Bachelor of Arts in English from Sam Houston State University and
currently lives in New Waverly, Texas with his wife, Heather, and
children, Eva, Elizabeth, Elaine, and Evan.

About the Technical Editor

Christie Sorenson is a senior software engineer at ZingChart. She
has worked on JavaScript-based systems since 1997 and has been
fascinated with the evolution of the language. She has collaborated
and been the technical editor on several JavaScript and HTML books.
She holds a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science from University
of California, San Diego, and now lives in San Francisco with her
husband, Luke, and daughters, Ali and Keira.
 Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INTRODUCTION

1 Introduction to JavaScript
What You Need to Know
Basic HTML and CSS Knowledge
Basic Text Editor and Web Browser Knowledge
Which Version?
Client-Side and Server-Side Programming
Beginning with JavaScript
Prototype-Based
Interpreted Language
Numerous Environments
Putting It All Together
Online Resources
Try This 1-1: Use JavaScript to Write Text
Chapter 1 Self Test

2 Placing JavaScript in an HTML File

Using the HTML Script Tags
Identifying the Scripting Language
Calling External Scripts
Specifying when the Script Should Load
Using <noscript></noscript> Tags
Creating Your First Script
Writing a “Hello World” Script
Creating an HTML Document for the Script
Inserting the Script into the HTML Document
 Try This 2-1: Insert a Script into an HTML Document
Using External JavaScript Files
Creating a JavaScript File
Creating the HTML Files
Viewing the Pages in Your Browser
Try This 2-2: Call an External Script from an HTML Document
Using JavaScript Comments
Inserting Comments on One Line
Adding Multiple-Line Comments
Chapter 2 Self Test

3 Using Variables
Understanding Variables
Why Variables Are Useful
Variables as Placeholders for Unknown Values
Variables as Time-Savers
Variables as Code Clarifiers
Defining Variables for Your Scripts
Declaring Variables
Assigning Values to Variables
Naming Variables
Understanding Data Types
Number
String
Boolean
Null
Undefined
Symbol
Object
Try This 3-1: Declare Variables
Using Variables in Scripts
Making a Call to a Variable
Adding Variables to Text Strings
 Writing a Page of JavaScript
Creating the Framework
Defining the Variables
Adding the Commands
Modifying the Page
Try This 3-2: Create an HTML Page with JavaScript
Chapter 3 Self Test

4 Using Functions
What a Function Is
Why Functions Are Useful
Structuring Functions
Declaring Functions
Defining the Code for Functions
Naming Functions
Adding Arguments to Functions
Adding Return Statements to Functions
Calling Functions in Your Scripts
Script Tags: Head Section or Body Section
Calling a Function from Another Function
Calling Functions with Arguments
Calling Functions with Return Statements
Other Ways to Define Functions
Try This 4-1: Create an HTML Page with Functions
Scope/Context Basics
Global Context
Function Context
Block Context
Try This 4-2: Write Your Own Functions
Chapter 4 Self Test

5 JavaScript Operators
Understanding the Operator Types
Understanding Arithmetic Operators
The Addition Operator (+)
The Subtraction Operator (–)
The Multiplication Operator (*)
The Division Operator (/)
The Modulus Operator (%)
The Increment Operator (++)
The Decrement Operator (– –)
The Unary Plus Operator (+)
The Unary Negation Operator (–)
The Exponentiation Operator
Understanding Assignment Operators
The Assignment Operator (=)
The Add-and-Assign Operator (+=)
The Subtract-and-Assign Operator (–=)
The Multiply-and-Assign Operator (*=)
The Divide-and-Assign Operator (/=)
The Modulus-and-Assign Operator (%=)
The Exponent-and-Assign Operator (**=)
Try This 5-1: Adjust a Variable Value
Understanding Comparison Operators
The Is-Equal-To Operator (==)
The Is-Not-Equal-To Operator (!=)
The Strict Is-Equal-To Operator (===)
The Strict Is-Not-Equal-To Operator (!==)
The Is-Greater-Than Operator (>)
The Is-Less-Than Operator (<)
The Is-Greater-Than-or-Equal-To Operator (>=)
The Is-Less-Than-or-Equal-To Operator (<=)
Understanding Logical Operators
The AND Operator (&&)
The OR Operator (||)
The NOT Operator (!)
 The Bitwise Operators
Special Operators
Understanding Order of Operations
Try This 5-2: True or False?
Chapter 5 Self Test

6 Conditional Statements and Loops

Defining Conditional Statements
What Is a Conditional Statement?
Why Conditional Statements Are Useful
Using Conditional Statements
Using if/else Statements
Using the switch Statement
Using the Conditional Operator
User Input from a Prompt
Try This 6-1: Work with User Input
Defining Loops
What Is a Loop?
Why Loops Are Useful
Using Loops
for
while
do while
for in, for each in, and for of
Using break and continue
Try This 6-2: Work with for Loops and while Loops
Chapter 6 Self Test

7 JavaScript Arrays
What Is an Array?
Why Arrays Are Useful
Defining and Accessing Arrays
Naming an Array
 Defining an Array
Accessing an Array’s Elements
Using the length Property and Loops
Changing Array Values and Changing the Length
Try This 7-1: Use Loops with Arrays
Array Properties and Methods
Properties
Methods
Nesting Arrays
Defining Nested Arrays
Loops and Nested Arrays
Try This 7-2: Nested Arrays Practice
Chapter 7 Self Test

8 Objects
Defining Objects
Creating Objects
Naming
Single Objects
Try This 8-1: Create a Computer Object
Object Structures
Constructor Functions
Using Prototypes
The class Keyword
Helpful Statements for Objects
The for-in Loop
The with Statement
Try This 8-2: Practice with the Combination
Constructor/Prototype Pattern
Understanding Predefined JavaScript Objects
The Navigator Object
The History Object
Chapter 8 Self Test
 9 The Document Object
Defining the Document Object
Using the Document Object Model
Using the Properties of the Document Object
Collections
The cookie Property
The dir Property
The lastModified Property
The referrer Property
The title Property
The URL Property
The URLUnencoded Property
Using the Methods of the Document Object
The get Methods for Elements
The open() and close() Methods
The write() and writeln() Methods
Using DOM Nodes
DOM Node Properties
DOM Node Methods
Try This 9-1: Add a DOM Node to the Document
Creating Dynamic Scripts
Styles in JavaScript
Simple Event Handling
Coding a Dynamic Script
Try This 9-2: Try Out Property Changes
Chapter 9 Self Test

10 Event Handlers
What Is an Event Handler?
Why Event Handlers Are Useful
Understanding Event Handler Locations and Uses
Using an Event Handler in an HTML Element
Using an Event Handler in the Script Code
 Learning the Events
The Click Event
Focus and Blur Events
The Load and Unload Events
The Reset and Submit Events
The Mouse Events
The Keyboard Events
Try This 10-1: Focus and Blur
Other Ways to Register Events
The addEventListener() Method
The attachEvent() Method
The Event Object
DOM and Internet Explorer: DOM Level 0 Registration
Using event with Modern Event Registration
Properties and Methods
Event Information
Try This 10-2: Using addEventListener()
Creating Scripts Using Event Handlers
Show Hidden Content
Change Content
Custom Events
Chapter 10 Self Test

11 Introduction to Node.js
Introducing Node.js
Installing Node.js
Check for a Current Installation
Install Node.js
Write a “Hello World” Script
Using Node Modules
Using Native Node Modules
Asynchronous Execution
Non-Native Modules
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
 CHAPTER IX
“O CAPTAIN! MY CAPTAIN!”

NoPresident.
one had suffered more deeply during the war than the
His purpose never faltered. Even at the moment when
success seemed farthest distant, his resolve stood firm; cost what it
might the Union must be preserved. When almost every other man
despaired of the Northern cause, Lincoln’s invincible faith in the right
and justice of their purpose sustained his country.
To attain that purpose thousands of lives had to be sacrificed; but
the purpose was worth the loss of thousands of lives. Yet Lincoln’s
heart bled for every one of them.
 Lincoln visited all the divisions of his army in turn

All day long he received visits from distracted relations, mothers

and wives asking him to pardon their sons or husbands in prison as
deserters or captured from the enemy; asking for tidings of their
beloved ones at the front. His generals complained that he
undermined the discipline of the army by pardoning what he called
his “leg” cases—cases where men had run away before the enemy.
“If Almighty God gives a man a cowardly pair of legs, how can he
help their running away with him?” said Lincoln.
 The story of William Scott is a case which shows the way in
which Lincoln used to act. William Scott was a young boy from a
Northern farm, who, after marching for forty-eight hours without
sleep, offered to stand on guard duty for a sick comrade. Worn out,
he fell asleep, and was condemned to be shot for being asleep on
duty in face of the enemy. Lincoln made it his custom to visit all the
divisions of his army in turns, and, as it happened, two days before
the execution he was with the division in which Willie Scott was, and
heard of the case. He went to see the boy, and talked to him about
his home and his mother. As he was leaving the prison tent he put
his hands on the lad’s shoulders, and said—
“My boy, you are not going to be shot to-morrow.... I am going to
trust you and send you back to your regiment. But I have been put to
a great deal of trouble on your account. I have come here from
Washington, where I had a great deal to do. Now, what I want to
know is, how are you going to pay my bill?”
Willie did not know what to say: perhaps he could get his friends
to help him, he said at last.
“No,” said Lincoln, “friends cannot pay it; only one man in the
world can pay it, and that is William Scott. If from this day on William
Scott does his duty, my bill is paid.”
William Scott never forgot these words. Just before his death in
one of the later battles of the war, he asked his comrades to tell
President Lincoln that he had never forgotten what he had said.
All the time, people who did not know the President threw on his
shoulders all the blame for the long continuance of the war. Until the
last year of the war, the newspapers abused him continually. The
horrible loss of life in Grant’s last campaign was laid to his charge.
Only those who came to the President to ask his help in their own
suffering, understood what his suffering was; he suffered with each
of them—he suffered with the South as well as the North. After
Antietam, he had said, “I shall not live to see the end; this war is
killing me.” The crushing burden he had borne so long and patiently
had bent even his strong shoulders.
But it had not been borne in vain. The time seemed at last to
have come when all America would understand how much they
owed to the patient endurance of the President. And there was work
still to be done which needed all his wisdom. The South was
conquered. It had to be made one with the North. The pride of the
conquerors had to be curbed, the bitterness of the conquered
softened.
Lincoln returned from Richmond to Washington, in his heart the
profound resolve “to bind up the nation’s wounds” as he, and only
he, could do it.
April 14 was Good Friday, and a day of deep thankfulness in the
North. In the morning Lincoln held a Cabinet meeting, at which
General Grant was present. The question of reconstruction, of
making one whole out of the divided halves, was discussed. Some of
the Cabinet were anxious to wreak vengeance on the South, to
execute the leaders of the rebellion. Such was not Lincoln’s view.
“Enough lives have been sacrificed. We must extinguish our
resentments if we expect harmony and union.”
His noble patriotism could still say to the South, “We are not
enemies, but friends.” His life was now even more precious to the
South than to the North.
After the Cabinet meeting, Lincoln spent some time in talking with
his son Robert, who had returned from the field with General Grant,
under whom he had served as a captain. In the afternoon he went
for a drive with Mrs. Lincoln. His mood was calm and happy: for the
first time for four years he could look forward peacefully to the future,
and to the great tasks still before him.
In the evening he went to the theatre with his wife and two young
friends: the play was “Our American Cousin.” The President was
fond of the theatre—it was one of his few recreations: his
appearance on this night was something of a public ceremony;
therefore, although he was tired when evening came, he went
because he knew that many people would be disappointed if he did
not. The President had a box to the left of the stage. Suddenly, about
the middle of the last act, a man appeared at the back of the box, a
knife in one hand and a pistol in the other, put the pistol to the
President’s head and fired; then wounding Major Rathbone, the only
other man in the box, with his knife, he vaulted on to the stage. As
he leapt his spur caught the flag hanging from the box and he fell,
breaking his leg. Nevertheless he rose instantly, and brandishing his
knife and crying, “Sic semper tyrannis!”—“The South is avenged!”
fled across the stage and out of sight.
The horrified audience was thunderstruck. The President lay
quite still: the bullet had passed right through his head. The wound
was mortal. He was carried to a house across the street, where he
lay, quite unconscious, till the morning, surrounded by his friends,
their faces as pale and haggard as his own. About seven, “a look of
unspeakable peace came upon his worn features.” Stanton, the War
Secretary, rose from his knees by his side, saying, “Now he belongs
to the ages.”
There was profound sorrow through the whole of America; sorrow
that checked all rejoicings over the victory of the North. Thus,
indirectly, Lincoln’s death helped the reconciliation between North
and South, though nothing could counterbalance the loss of his wise
guidance.
Washington was shrouded in black: even the poorest inhabitants
showing their sorrow in their dress. The body was taken to
Springfield, Illinois, to be buried; and all the towns on the way
showed their deep mourning and respect. Now, and not till now, did
Americans begin to understand what a man they had lost.

“He knew to bide his time,

And can his fame abide,
Still patient in his simple faith sublime
Till the wise years decide.
 Great captains with their guns and drums
Disturb our judgment for the hour,
But at last silence comes:
These all are gone, and, standing like a tower,
Our children shall behold his fame,
The kindly, earnest, brave, far-seeing man,
Sagacious, patient, dreading praise, not blame,
New birth of our new soil, the first American.”

So James Russell Lowell wrote of Lincoln when the celebration of

Independence Day in the year of his death revived the vivid sense of
loss.
The passage of years have only made clearer how great he was.
Perfectly simple, perfectly sincere, he thought out for himself an
ideal, and spent the whole of his life and all his strength in pursuing
it.
He loved America, not because it was powerful and strong, but
because it had been based on a great idea—the idea of liberty: his
work for America was to realise that idea. He never thought of his
own personal success: he wanted to be President because he saw a
great work to be done and believed that he could do it. He never
became rich: his own tastes remained entirely simple. He was said
to have worn the same top-hat all his life.
The first thing that struck any one about Lincoln was his
extraordinary appearance. He always dressed in black, with a big
black tie, very often untied, or in the wrong place: his clothes looked
as if they had been made to fit some one else, and had never been
new. His feet were enormous; so were his hands, covered on state
occasions with white kid gloves.
In cold weather he used to wear a large grey shawl instead of an
overcoat. One day, before he was made President, some friends
were discussing Lincoln and Douglas, and comparing their heights.
When Lincoln came into the room some one asked him, “How long
ought a man’s legs to be?”
 “Long enough to reach from his body to the ground,” said Lincoln
coolly.
Lincoln might look uncouth or even grotesque, but he did not look
weak: he was the most striking figure wherever he went. No one who
saw him often, no one who went to him in trouble, or to ask his
advice, thought long of his appearance. Those who had once felt the
sympathy of his wonderful, sad eyes, thought of that only. Those
who really knew him, knew him to be the best man they had ever
met.
Lincoln was often profoundly sad, and then suddenly boisterously
gay. He enjoyed a joke or a funny story immensely: he often used to
shock thoughtless people by telling some comic story on what they
thought an unsuitable occasion; but he told it so well that however
much they might disapprove they were generally forced to laugh.
Always rather a dreamer, he was fond of poetry. He knew long
passages of Shakespeare by heart, especially Hamlet, Macbeth, and
Richard III. The Bible he had known from his childhood; of Burns he
was very fond.
Lincoln’s rise to power, as even so short an account as this will
have shown you, was not due to any extraordinary good fortune or
any advantages at start. He taught himself all that he knew; he made
himself what he was.
It was his character more than anything else that made him great.
His early struggles had taught him that self-reliance which enabled
him to persevere in a course which he thought right in spite of
opposition, disloyalty, and abuse; they taught him the toleration
which made him slow to judge others, generous to praise them, little
apt to expect them to understand or praise him. He stood alone.
Not till he had gone did his people realise how much he had
given them; how much they had lost in him. He gave them, indeed,
the most priceless gift a patriot can give his country—the example of
sincere, devoted, and unselfish service.
THE END
Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.
Edinburgh & London
 Transcriber’s Notes:
Illustrations occurring in the middle of a
paragraph have been moved to avoid
interrupting the paragraph flow.
On page 65, “yes,” has been changed to ‘yes,’
to conform to standard usage.
All other variant spellings, punctuation and
hyphenation have been left as typeset.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF
ABRAHAM LINCOLN ***

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