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2. Parameter Mystery
At the bottom of the page, write the output produced by the following program.

def main():
x = "happy"
y = "pumpkin"
z = "orange"
pumpkin = "sleepy"
orange = "vampire"

orange(y, x, z)
orange(x, z, y)
orange(pumpkin, z, "y")
z = "green"
orange("x", "pumpkin", z)
orange(y, z, orange)

def orange(z, y, x):

print(y + " and " + z + " were " + x)

2 of 23
3. If/Else Simulation
For each call of the function below, write the value that is returned:

def mystery(n):
if (n < 0):
n = n * 3
return n
else:
n = n + 3
if (n % 2 == 1):
n = n + n % 10
return n

Function Call Value Returned

mystery(-5) _______________________________

mystery(0) _______________________________

mystery(7) _______________________________

mystery(18) _______________________________

mystery(49) _______________________________

3 of 23
4. Programming
Write a function named month_apart that accepts four integer parameters representing two calendar dates. Each
date consists of a month (1 through 12) and a day (1 through the number of days in that month [28-31]). Assume that
all dates occur during the same year. The method returns whether the dates are at least a month apart. For example,
the following dates are all considered to be at least a month apart from 9/19 (September 19): 2/14, 7/25, 8/2, 8/19,
10/19, 10/20, and 11/5. The following dates are NOT at least a month apart from 9/19: 9/20, 9/28, 10/1, 10/15,
and 10/18. Note that the first date could come before or after (or be the same as) the second date. Assume that all
parameter values passed are valid.

Sample calls:

month_apart( 6, 14, 9, 21) should return True, because June 14 is at least a month before September 21
month_apart( 4, 5, 5, 15) should return True, because April 5 is at least a month before May 15
month_apart( 4, 15, 5, 15) should return True, because April 15 is at least a month before May 15
month_apart( 4, 16, 5, 15) should return False, because April 16 isn't at least a month apart from May 15
month_apart( 6, 14, 6, 8) should return False, because June 14 isn't at least a month apart from June 8
month_apart( 7, 7, 6, 8) should return False, because July 7 isn't at least a month apart from June 8
month_apart( 7, 8, 6, 8) should return True, because July 8 is at least a month after June 8
month_apart(10, 14, 7, 15) should return True, because October 14 is at least a month after July 15

4 of 23
5. Programming
Write a function named print_grid that accepts two integer parameters rows and cols. The output is a comma-
separated grid of numbers where the first parameter (rows) represents the number of rows of the grid and the second
parameter (cols) represents the number of columns. The numbers count up from 1 to (rows x cols). The output are
displayed in column-major order, meaning that the numbers shown increase sequentially down each column and wrap
to the top of the next column to the right once the bottom of the current column is reached.

Assume that rows and cols are greater than 0. Here are some example calls to your function and their expected
results:

Call print_grid(3, 6) print_grid(5, 3) print_grid(4, 1) print_grid(1, 3)

Output 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 1, 6, 11 1 1, 2, 3

2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17 2, 7, 12 2
3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 3, 8, 13 3
4, 9, 14 4
5, 10, 15

5 of 23
6. Programming
Write a function named count_even_digits that accepts two integers as parameters and returns the number of
even-valued digits in the first number. An even-valued digit is either 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8. The second value represents how
many digits the number has. The second value is guaranteed to match the number of digits in the first number.

For example, the number 8546587 has four even digits (the two 8s, the 4, and the 6),
so the call count_even_digits(8346387, 7) should return 4.

You may assume that the values passed to your function are non-negative.

6 of 23
 Midterm Exam 1, Sample 1 Solutions

1. Expressions
Expression Value
8 + 5 * 3 / 2 15.5
1.5 * 4 * 7 // 8 + 3.4 8.4
73 % 10 - 6 % 10 + 28 % 3 -2
4 + 1 + 9 + (-3 + 10) + 11 // 3 24
3 // 14 // 7 / (1.0 * 2) + 10 // 6 1.0
10 > 11 == 4 / 3 > 1 False
not (2 >= 11 or 10 < 67 or 4 / 4 >= 1) False
(True or not 2 < 3) and 6 == 4 / 3 False

2. Parameter Mystery
happy and pumpkin were orange
orange and happy were pumpkin
orange and sleepy were y
pumpkin and x were green
green and pumpkin were vampire

3. If/Else Simulation

Function Call Value Returned

mystery(-5) -15
mystery(0) 6
mystery(7) 10
mystery(18) 22
mystery(49) 52

4. Programming (four solutions shown)

def month_apart(m1, d1, m2, d2):
if (m1 == m2):
return False
elif (m1 <= m2 - 2):
return True
elif (m1 >= m2 + 2):
return True
elif (m1 == m2 - 1):
if (d1 <= d2):
return True
else:
return False
elif (m1 == m2 + 1):
if (d1 >= d2):
return True
else:
return False
else:
return False

def month_apart(m1, d1, m2, d2):

if (m1 < m2 - 1 or m1 > m2 + 1):
return True
elif (m1 == m2 - 1 and d1 <= d2):
return True
elif (m1 == m2 + 1 and d1 >= d2):
return True
else:
return False

7 of 23
 def month_apart(m1, d1, m2, d2):
return (m2 - m1 > 1) or (m1 - m2 > 1) or
(m2 - m1 == 1 and d1 <= d2) or
(m1 - m2 == 1 and d1 >= d2)

def month_apart(m1, d1, m2, d2):

return abs((m1 * 31 + d1) - (m2 * 31 + d2)) >= 31

5. Programming (two solutions shown)

def print_grid(rows, cols):
for i in range(1, rows + 1):
print(i, end=’’)
for j in range(1, cols):
print(", " + str(i + rows * j), end=’’)
print()

def print_grid(rows, cols):

for i in range(1, rows + 1):
for for j in range(1, cols):
print(str(i + rows * j) + ", ", end=’’)
print(i + rows * (cols - 1))

6. Programming
def count_even_digits(n, length):
count = 0
for i in range(0,length):
digit = n % 10
n = n // 10
if (digit % 2 == 0):
count += 1

return count

Midterm 2 Sample 1
1. List Mystery
Consider the following function:

def list_mystery(list):
int x = 0
for i in range(0, len(list) - 1):
if (list[i] > list[i + 1]):
x += 1
return x

In the left-hand column below are specific lists of integers. Indicate in the right-hand column what value would be
returned by function list_mystery if the integer list in the left-hand column is passed as its parameter.

Original Contents of List Value Returned

a1 = [8]
result1 = list_mystery(a1) _____________________________

a2 = [14, 7]
result2 = list_mystery(a2) _____________________________

8 of 23
a3 = [7, 1, 3, 2, 0, 4]
result3 = list_mystery(a3) _____________________________

a4 = [10, 8, 9, 5, 6]
result4 = list_mystery(a4) _____________________________

a5 = [8, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2]
result5 = list_mystery(a5) _____________________________

9 of 23
2. Reference Semantics Mystery
The following program produces 4 lines of output. Write the output below, as it would appear on the console.

def main():
y = 1
x = 3
a = [0] * 4

mystery(a, y, x)
print(str(x) + " " + str(y) + " " + str(a))

x = y - 1
mystery(a, y, x)
print(str(x) + " " + str(y) + " " + str(a))

def mystery(a, x, y):

if (x < y):
x += 1
a[x] = 17
else:
a[y] = 17
print(str(x) + " " + str(y) + " " + str(a))

10 of 23
3. Assertions
For the following function, identify each of the three assertions in the table below as being either ALWAYS true,
NEVER true or SOMETIMES true / sometimes false at each labeled point in the code. You may abbreviate these
choices as A/N/S respectively.

def mystery():
y = 0
z = 1
next = input()

# Point A
while (next >= 0):
# Point B
if (y > z):
# Point C
z = y
y += 1
next = input()
# Point D

# Point E
return z

next < 0 y > z y == 0

Point A
Point B
Point C
Point D
Point E

11 of 23
4. File Processing
Write a function named word_stats that accepts as its parameter the name of a file that contains a sequence of
words and that reports the total number of words (as an integer) and the average word length (as an un-rounded real
number). For example, suppose file contains the following words:

To be or not to be, that is the question.

For the purposes of this problem, we will use whitespace to separate words. That means that some words include
punctuation, as in "be,". For the input above, your function should produce exactly the following output:

Total words = 10
Average length = 3.2

12 of 23
6. List Programming
Write a function named min_gap that accepts an integer list as a parameter and returns the minimum 'gap' between
adjacent values in the list. The gap between two adjacent values in a list is defined as the second value minus the first
value. For example, suppose a variable called list is a list of integers that stores the following sequence of values.

list = [1, 3, 6, 7, 12]

The first gap is 2 (3 - 1), the second gap is 3 (6 - 3), the third gap is 1 (7 - 6) and the fourth gap is 5 (12 - 7). Thus, the
call of min_gap(list) should return 1 because that is the smallest gap in the list. Notice that the minimum gap
could be a negative number. For example, if list stores the following sequence of values:

[3, 5, 11, 4, 8]

The gaps would be computed as 2 (5 - 3), 6 (11 - 5), -7 (4 - 11), and 4 (8 - 4). Of these values, -7 is the smallest, so it
would be returned.

This gap information can be helpful for determining other properties of the list. For example, if the minimum gap is
greater than or equal to 0, then you know the array is in sorted (nondecreasing) order. If the gap is greater than 0, then
you know the list is both sorted and unique (strictly increasing).

If you are passed an list with fewer than 2 elements, you should return 0.

13 of 23
6. Programming
Write a function named longest_sorted_equence that accepts a list of integers as a parameter and that returns the
length of the longest sorted (nondecreasing) sequence of integers in the list. For example, if a variable named list
stores the following values:

List = [3, 8, 10, 1, 9, 14, -3, 0, 14, 207, 56, 98, 12]

then the call of longest_sorted_sequence(list) should return 4 because the longest sorted sequence in the
array has four values in it (the sequence -3, 0, 14, 207). Notice that sorted means nondecreasing, which means that
the sequence could contain duplicates. For example, if the list stores the following values:

list2 = [17, 42, 3, 5, 5, 5, 8, 2, 4, 6, 1, 19]

Then the function would return 5 for the length of the longest sequence (the sequence 3, 5, 5, 5, 8). Your function
should return 0 if passed an empty list. Your function should return 1 if passed a list that is entirely in decreasing
order or contains only one element.

Midterm 2 Sample 1 Solutions

1.

Call Value Returned

a1 = [8]
result1 = list_mystery (a1) 0

a2 = [14, 7]
result2 = list_mystery (a2) 1

a3 = [7, 1, 3, 2, 0, 4]
result3 = list_mystery (a3) 3

a4 = [10, 8, 9, 5, 6]
result4 = list_mystery (a4) 2

a5 = [8, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2]
result5 = list_mystery (a5) 4

2.
2 3 [0, 0, 17, 0]
3 1 [0, 0, 17, 0]
1 0 [17, 0, 17, 0]
0 1 [17, 0, 17, 0]

3.
next < 0 y > z y == 0
Point A SOMETIMES NEVER ALWAYS
Point B NEVER SOMETIMES SOMETIMES

14 of 23
 Point C NEVER ALWAYS NEVER
Point D SOMETIMES SOMETIMES NEVER
Point E ALWAYS SOMETIMES SOMETIMES

4.
def word_stats(file_name):
words = open(file_name).read().split()
count = 0
sum_length = 0

for word in words:

count += 1
sum_length += len(word)
average = sum_length / count
print("Total words = " + str(count))
print("Average length = " + str(average))

5.
def min_gap(list):
if (len(list) < 2):
return 0
else:
min = list[1] - list[0]
for i in range(2, len(list)):
gap = list[i] - list[i - 1]
if (gap < min):
min = gap
return min

6.
def longest_sorted_sequence(list):
if (len(list) == 0):
return 0

max = 1
count = 1
for i in range(1, len(list)):
if (list[i] >= list[i - 1]):
count += 1
else:
count = 1

if (count > max):

max = count
return max

15 of 23
 Final Sample 1
1. While Loop Simulation
For each call of the function below, write the output that is printed:

def mystery(i, j):

while (i != 0 and j != 0):
i = i // j
j = (j - 1) // 2
print(str(i) + " " + str(j) + " ", end='')
print(i)

Function Call Output

mystery(5, 0) _______________________________

mystery(3, 2) _______________________________

mystery(16, 5) _______________________________

mystery(80, 9) _______________________________

mystery(1600, 40) _______________________________

16 of 23
2. Inheritance Mystery
Assume that the following classes have been defined:

class A(B): class C:

def method2(self): def __str__(self):
print("a 2 ", end='') return "c"
self.method1()
def method1(self):
class B(C): print("c 1 ", end='')
def __str__(se;f):
return "b" def method2(self):
print("c 2 ", end='')
def method2(self):
print("b 2 ", end='') class D(B):
super(B, seld).method2() def method1(self):
print("d 1 ", end='')
self.method2()

Given the classes above, what output is produced by the following code?

elements = [A(), B(), C(), D()]

for i in range(0, len(elements)):
print(elements[i])
elements[i].method1()
print()
elements[i].method2()
print()
print()

3. Collections Mystery
Consider the following method:
def mystery(data, pos, n):
result = set()
for i in range(0, n):
for j in range(0, n):
result.add(data[i + pos][j + pos])
return result

Suppose that a variable called grid has been declared as follows:

grid = [[8, 2, 7, 8, 2, 1], [1, 5, 1, 7, 4, 7],
[5, 9, 6, 7, 3, 2], [7, 8, 7, 7, 7, 9],
[4, 2, 6, 9, 2, 3], [2, 2, 8, 1, 1, 3]]
which means it will store the following 6-by-6 grid of values:
8 2 7 8 2 1
1 5 1 7 4 7
5 9 6 7 3 2
7 8 7 7 7 9
4 2 6 9 2 3
2 2 8 1 1 3
For each call below, indicate what value is returned. If the function call results in an error, write "error" instead.

Function Call Contents of Set Returned

mystery(grid, 2, 2) ___________________________________________________

mystery(grid, 0, 2) ___________________________________________________

17 of 23
 mystery(grid, 3, 3) ___________________________________________________

4. List Programming
Write a function named is_unique that takes a list of integers as a parameter and that returns a boolean value indicating
whether or not the values in the list are unique (True for yes, False for no). The values in the list are considered
unique if there is no pair of values that are equal. For example, if a variable called list stores the following values:

list = [3, 8, 12, 2, 9, 17, 43, -8, 46, 203, 14, 97, 10, 4]

Then the call of is_unique(list) should return True because there are no duplicated values in this list.
If instead the list stored these values:

list = [4, 7, 2, 3, 9, 12, -47, -19, 308, 3, 74]

Then the call should return False because the value 3 appears twice in this list. Notice that given this definition, a list of
0 or 1 elements would be considered unique.

5. Dictionary/Set Programming

Write a function called count_in_area_code that accepts two parameters, a dictionary from names (strings)
to phone numbers (strings) and an area code (as a string), and returns how many unique phone numbers in the
map use that area code. For example, if a map m contains these pairs:
{Marty=206-685-2181, Rick=520-206-6126, Beekto=206-685-2181,
Jenny=253-867-5309, Stuart=206-685-9138, DirecTV=800-494-4388,
Bob=206-685-9138, Benson=206-616-1246, Hottline=900-520-2767}
The call of count_in_area_code(m, "206") should return 3, because there are 3 unique phone numbers
that use the 206 area code: Marty/Beekto's number of "206-685-2181", Stuart/Bob's number of "206-685-
9138", and Benson's number of "206-616-1246".

You may assume that every phone number value string in the dictionary will begin with a 3-digit numeric area
code, and that the area code string passed will be a numeric string exactly 3 characters in length. If the
dictionary is empty or contains no phone numbers with the given area code, your function should return 0.
You may create one collection (list, dictionary, set) of your choice as auxiliary storage to solve this problem.
You can have as many simple variables as you like. You should not modify the contents of the dictionary
passed to your function.

18 of 23
19 of 23
 6. Programming
Write a function called same_pattern that returns true or false depending upon whether two strings have the same
pattern of characters. More precisely, two strings have the same pattern if they are of the same length and if two
characters in the first string are equal if and only if the characters in the corresponding positions in the second string
are also equal. Below are some examples of patterns that are the same and patterns that differ (keep in mind that the
method should return the same value no matter what order the two strings are passed).

1st String 2nd String Same Pattern?

------------ -------------- -------------
"" "" True
"a" "x" True
"a" "ab" False
"ab" "ab" True
"aa" "xy" False
"aba" "+-+" True
"---" "aba" False
"abcabc" "zodzod" True
"abcabd" "zodzoe" True
"abcabc" "xxxxxx" False
"aaassscccn" "aaabbbcccd" True
"asasasasas" "xyxyxyxyxy" True
"ascneencsa" "aeiouuoiea" True
"aaassscccn" "aaabbbcccd" True
"asasasasas" "xxxxxyyyyy" False
"ascneencsa" "aeiouaeiou" False
"aaassscccn" "xxxyyyzzzz" False
"aaasssiiii" "gggdddfffh" False

Your function should take two parameters: the two strings to compare. You are allowed to create new strings, but
otherwise you are not allowed to construct extra data structures to solve this problem (no list, set, dictionary, etc).
You are limited to the string functions on the cheat sheet.

7. 2-d Lists
Write a function called find_max that takes a two dimensional list as a parameter and returns the number of the row
that sums to the greatest value. For example if you had the following list of lists:
list = [[1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 3], [1, 3, 3]]
The first row would be 6, the second 8 and the third 7. The function would therefore return 1.
You can assume the passed in list of lists has at least one row and one column. You cannot assume that it is square.

8. Critters
Write a class Ostrich that extends the Critter class from the Critters assignment, including its get_move and
get_color methods. An Ostrich object first stays in the same place for 10 moves, then moves 10 steps to either the
WEST or the EAST, then repeats. In other words, after sitting still for 10 moves, the ostrich randomly picks to go west
or east, then walks 10 steps in that same direction. Then it stops and sits still for 10 moves and repeats. Whenever an
Ostrich is moving (that is, whenever its last call to get_move returned a direction other than DIRECTION_CENTER),
its color should be white ("white"). As soon as it stops moving, and initially when it first appears in the critter world,
its color should be cyan ("cyan"). When randomly choosing west vs. east, the two directions should be equally likely.

You may add anything needed (fields, other methods) to implement the above behavior appropriately. All other
critter behavior not discussed here uses the default values.

20 of 23
9. Classes and Objects

Suppose that you are provided with a pre-written class Date as # Each Date object stores a single
described at right. (The headings are shown, but not the method # month/day such as September 19.
# This class ignores leap years.
bodies, to save space.) Assume that the fields, constructor, and
methods shown are already implemented. You may refer to them class Date:
or use them in solving this problem if necessary. # Constructs a date with
# the given month and day.
Write an instance method named compare that will be placed inside def __init__(self, m, d):
the Date class to become a part of each Date object's behavior. self.__ month = m
The compare method accepts another Date as a parameter and self.__ day = d
compares the two dates to see which comes first in chronological
# Returns the date's day.
order. It returns an integer with one of the following values: def get_day(self)

• a negative integer (such as -1) if the date represented by # Returns the date's month.
this Date comes before that of the parameter def get_month(self)
• 0 if the two Date objects represent the same month and
# Returns the number of days
day # in this date's month.
• a positive integer (such as 1) if the date represented by def days_in_month(self)
this Date comes after that of the parameter
# Modifies this date's state
# so that it has moved forward
For example, if these Date objects are declared in client code:
# in time by 1 day, wrapping
# around into the next month
sep19 = Date(9, 19)
# or year if necessary.
dec15 = Date(12, 15)
# example: 9/19 -> 9/20
temp = Date(9, 19)
# example: 9/30 -> 10/1
sep11 = Date(9, 11)
# example: 12/31 -> 1/1
The following boolean expressions should have True results. def next_day()

sep19.compare(sep11) > 0
sep11.compare(sep19) < 0 # your method would go here
temp.compare(sep19) == 0
dec15.compare(sep11) > 0

Your method should not modify the state of either Date object (such
as by changing their day or month field values).

Final Sample 1 Solutions

1. While Loop Simulation

Function Call Output

mystery(5, 0) 5
mystery(3, 2) 1 0 1
mystery(16, 5) 3 2 1 0 1
mystery(80, 9) 8 4 2 1 2 0 2
mystery(1600, 40) 40 19 2 9 0 4 0

2. Inheritance Mystery
21 of 23
 b
c 1
a 2 c 1

b
c 1
b 2 c 2

c
c 1
c 2

b
d 1 b 2 c 2
b 2 c 2

3. Collections Mystery
Function Call Contents of Set Returned
-----------------------------------------------
mystery(grid, 2, 2) [6, 7]
mystery(grid, 0, 2) [1, 2, 5, 8]
mystery(grid, 3, 3) [1, 2, 3, 7, 9]

4. List Programming
def is_unique(list):
for i in range(1, len(list)):
for j in range(i, len(list)):
if (list[i - 1] == list[j]):
return False
return True

5. Collections Programming
def count_in_area_code(numbers, area_code):
unique_numbers = set()
for name, phone in numbers.items():
if (phone[0:3] == area_code):
unique_numbers.add(phone)
return len(unique_numbers)

6. Programming
def same_pattern(s1, s2):
if (len(s1) != len(s2)):
return False
for i in range(0, len(s1)):
for j in range(i + 1, len(s1)):
if (s1[i] == s1[j] and s2[i] != s2[j]):
return False
if (s2[i] == s2[j] and s1[i] != s1[j]):
return False
return True

22 of 23
7. 2d Lists

def find_max(lis):
max_sum = 0
max_row = 0
for i in range(0, len(lis)):
cur_sum = 0
cur_row = i
for j in range(0, len(lis[i])):
cur_sum += lis[i][j]
if cur_sum > max_sum:
max_sum = cur_sum
max_row = cur_row
return max_row

8. Critters
class Ostrich(Critter):
def __init__(self):
super(Ostrich, self).__init__()
self.__hiding = True
self.__steps = 0
self.__west = randint(0, 1) == 0

def get_color(self):
if (self.__hiding):
return "cyan"
else:
return "white"

def get_move(self):
if (self.__steps == 10):
self.__steps = 0 # Pick a new direction and re-set the steps counter
self.__hiding = not self.__hiding
self.__west = randint(0, 1) == 0

self.__steps += 1
if (self.__hiding):
return DIRECTION_CENTER
elif (self.__west):
return DIRECTION_WEST
else:
return DIRECTION_EAST
9. Classes
def compare(other):
if (self.__month < other.__month or (self.__month == other.__month and
self.__day < other.__day)):
return -1
elif (self.__month == other.__month and self.__day == other.__day):
return 0
else:
return 1

23 of 23
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Synopsis of
the British Mosses
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
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Title: A Synopsis of the British Mosses

Author: Charles C. P. Hobkirk

Release date: June 27, 2021 [eBook #65710]

Language: English

Credits: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading

Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced
from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SYNOPSIS OF

THE BRITISH MOSSES ***
Transcriber’s Note:
The cover image was created by the transcriber
and is placed in the public domain.
 A Synopsis
OF

The British Mosses,

CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE

GENERA AND SPECIES,

(WITH LOCALITIES OF THE RARER ONES)

FOUND IN

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND,

BASED UPON

WILSON’S “BRYOLOGIA BRITANNICA,”

SCHIMPER’S “SYNOPSIS,” ETC.

By CHAS. P. HOBKIRK,
President of the Huddersfield Naturalists’ Society.

LONDON:

L. REEVE & CO.,

5, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden.

MDCCCLXXIII.
 PREFACE.

I t is not my desire that this little volume should be looked upon as

anything more than what is expressed in the title, simply “A
Synopsis of the British Mosses,” and as a kind of vade-mecum to
the working Bryologist, as well as a guide to beginners. It is not
altogether an original work, nor yet is it a mere compilation, for
nearly every species has been carefully examined under the
microscope before being described, and then the diagnoses
compared with other works, principally that great text-book of
British Bryologists, “Wilson’s Bryologia Britannica.” Besides this
work, I have also largely consulted, and drawn from, Bruch and
Schimper’s “Bryologia Europæa,” Schimper’s “Synopsis,” Dr.
Mueller’s “Synopsis,” the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, the
Bulletins of the Royal Botanical Societies of France and of Belgium;
and last, but not least, the valuable papers recently contributed by
Dr. Braithwaite to “Journal of Botany,” “Grevillea,” and the “Monthly
Microscopical Journal,” and also some papers by Mr. Mitten in the
first-named publication.
In the general arrangement of the genera and species, I have
mainly followed the “Bryologia Britannica,” as I did not consider
myself justified in departing widely from it, although many of our
principal Muscologists look upon it as very faulty; but I did not hold
my authority sufficient to alter what has become a classical
arrangement amongst us: and more particularly as both Dr.
Braithwaite and the Rev. J. Fergusson are engaged upon more
critical examinations, prior to the publication of new and more
natural arrangements. The Analysis of the Genera is principally
founded upon the same part from Wilson, and is intended not as an
arrangement, but merely a key.
 In the “Appendix” will be found a few omitted species, and
alterations of nomenclature, as well as a few errata, which should be
noted in the margin at their proper places.
I much regret that, by an oversight, I have omitted to insert var. δ
squarrosulum under Sphagnum cymbifolium, gathered by my friend
Mr. Bagnall, in Sutton Park, Birmingham; and the same locality
should be added after Hypnum aduncum, H. Sendtneri, and H.
intermedium.
I must here express my gratitude and thanks to those gentlemen
who have so kindly assisted me in its preparation, both with the loan
or gift of specimens of the rarer and newer species, and also for the
diagnoses received from several, where specimens were not
attainable. Amongst these gentlemen I must specially thank Dr.
Hooker for his kind permission to use the Herbarium specimens and
Library at Kew, and Mr. J. G. Baker, F.L.S., for his valuable
assistance in doing so; also Dr. Braithwaite, F.L.S., Mr. J. Bagnall, of
Birmingham; Dr. F. Buchanan White, of Dunkeld; Dr. Fraser, of
Wolverhampton; Rev. J. Fergusson, of New Pitsligo; Mr. Carruthers,
F.L.S., of British Museum; Mr. G. E. Hunt, of Manchester; Mr. John
Sim, of Strachan; Mr. W. Galt, of Edinburgh; M. P. Goulard, of Caen,
Calvados; and lastly, all those gentlemen and ladies who so readily
came forward as subscribers to the number of upwards of 200, to
assist in the publication of the volume.
CHAS. P. HOBKIRK.

Huddersfield,
February, 1873.
LIST OF CONTRACTIONS USED IN THIS
VOLUME.

br. branches.
br. l. branch leaves.
cal. calyp. calyptra.
caps. capsule.
fem. female.
fl. flower.
fr. fruit or fructification.
infl. inflorescence.
innov. innovations.
l. leaves.
m.m. millimetres.
ped. pedicel or seta.
per. perist. peristome.
per. l. and p. l. perychætial leaves.
per. teeth. teeth of peristome.
perig. l. perigonial leaves.
st. stem.
st. l. stem leaves.
 NOTICE TO COLLECTORS.

It is my intention, as soon as sufficient material can be

accumulated, to publish “A Geographical Distribution of the British
Mosses,” and, in furtherance of this object, I should esteem it a great
favor if all collectors throughout the kingdom would kindly be at the
trouble of forwarding to me, as early as convenient, complete lists of
the Mosses found by themselves or their friends, in their several
districts, with any notes they may think desirable respecting them,
and, where possible, the range and habitat of the various species. I
feel sure I have only to mention this to ensure an abundant return of
information for a work which is really wanted, and shall, so far as
any exertions on my part can ensure it, be really valuable.
C. P. H.
ANALYSIS OF GENERA.
 Sect. I. ACROCARPI.

Fr. terminal (or in a few instances cladocarpous).

Division A. Capsule without a deciduous lid.

a. caps. bursting irregularly.

Archidium (3). Perennial; caps. globular, sessile; calyptra thin and

membranous, irregularly torn in the middle; spores large; infl.
monoicous; barren fl. gemmiform, two-leaved or naked in axils of
perichætial leaves. PAGE 26.

Phascum (4). Annual. Caps. ovate or roundish, very shortly

pedicillate; calyptra campanulate; spores small, roughish; infl.
monoicous; barren fl. gemmiform either at base of plant, or axillary,
rarely terminal and discoid. 26.

b. caps. bursting regularly.

Andreæa (1). Caps. oval erect, opening by four longitudinal slits,

sessile on a stalked vaginula; calyptra mitriform, thin; spores small,
at first clustered together in fours: perennial. 21.

Division B. Capsule with a deciduous lid.

I. Peristome none.

a. caps. sessile on a stalked vaginula.

Sphagnum (2). Perennial, aquatic; caps. globular, sessile on the

turbinate fleshy stalked vaginula; lid flattish, calyptra surrounding
the ripe caps., ruptured near the middle; spores as in Andreæa. Infl.
monoicous or dioicous. 23.

b. caps. pedicillate; vaginula sessile.

 α. caps. cylindrical; lid with a straight beak; calyptra mitriform.

Encalypta (29) (In part). Caps. erect, regular, oblong or ovate-

lanceolate, smooth or striate, lid conical with a longish almost
filiform beak; calyptra very large, covering the capsule, fringed at
base (peris. when present of 16 teeth, inner of 16 alternating erect
cilia). Infl. monoicous or dioicous; barren fl. gemmiform, axillary or
terminal. 74.

β. caps. oval, lid with an oblique beak; calyptra dimidiate.

Gymnostomum (5). Perennial; leaves of close firm texture, with

small dense areolæ; barren fl. gemmiform, in monoicous species
placed near the base of perichætium. 31.

Pottia (21). Annual or biennial; l. rather succulent, with lax

quadrate or rectangular areolæ, the lower ones enlarged. Infl.
monoicous; barren fl. near the fertile, naked, or gemmiform with
three leaves. 55.

γ. caps. roundish-pyriform; lid obliquely rostrate.

Stylostegium. (12). Perennial; caps. on a very short pedicel;

calyptra small, cucullate, scarcely covering the lid; l. channelled,
secund. Infl. monoicous; barren fl. gemmiform. 38.

Anodus (11). Annual or biennial; caps. pedicillate; columella free; l.

setaceous, erect. 38.

δ. caps. obovate or clavate; lid plane or conical; l. loosely reticulated.

* Calyptra mitriform.

Schistostega (70). Caps. small oval, lid convex; calyptra small, at

length dimidiate; infl. dioicous terminal, barren fl. gemmiform; l.
nerveless, vertically distichous, very tender, areolæ large rhomboid. 135.

Physcomitrium (59). Annual or biennial. Primary stem terminated 127.

by a discoid barren fl. from below which rises a branch bearing a
terminal fertile fl.; caps. clavate, lid convex; calyptra large inflated; l.
spreading every way, nerved; areolæ large oblong, acute.

* * Calyptra dimidiate.

Œdipodium (69). Caps. with a long tapering apophysis, gradually

passing into the fruit-stalk; lid plano-convex; infl. monoicous or
synoicous; l. succulent broad, obtuse; areolæ roundish hexagonal,
larger at base. 135.

ε. caps. globose; lid almost plane.

* Calyptra conico-mitriform, small; l. nerveless.

Hedwigia (30). Caps. immersed, sub-sessile; infl. monoicous,

barren fl. axillary gemmiform; areolæ small quadrate, longer and
flexuose below. 76.

Hedwigidium (31). Caps. exserted on a short pedicel; barren fl.

terminal; stem stoloniferous; l. plicate longitudinally, areolæ longer. 77.

* * Calyptra dimidiate; l. nerved.

Bartramidula (60). Caps. on a curved pedicel, smooth, cernuous;

infl. synoicous; lid small sub-conical; calyptra small cucullate;
areolæ lax, oblong-hexagonal. 128.

II. Peristome single.

Sub-div. I. Calyptra mitriform.

† Calyptra plicato-striate.

a. teeth four.

Tetraphis (38). Perennial, caulescent, cæspitose; per. teeth long

rigid, with irregular longitudinal lines; areolæ hexagonal. 98.
Tetrodontium (39). Annual, stem none, gregarious; l. few, very
minute. 99.

b. Teeth 16, equidistant.

Ptychomitrium (35). Caps. erect, regular, tapering at base, annulus

large, lid conico-rostrate; teeth bifid, not hygroscopic; calyptra
deeply furrowed, mitriform, subulate above, shorter than capsule;
infl. monoicous; barren. fl. gemmiform, generally axillary. 89.

c. Teeth 16, in pairs.

Glyphomitrium (34). Calyptra large ventricose laciniate below,

entirely covering the capsule, contracted at the base; Infl. as in last;
per. teeth hygroscopic reflexed when dry. 88.

Orthotrichum (36). (partly) Perennial in round tufts; caps. erect,

immersed or exserted, pear-shaped or elliptical, with 8, rarely 16,
coloured striæ; peristome either single or double, sometimes absent;
outer of 32 teeth, connected so as to seem 8 or 16, broad and flat,
inner of 8 or 16 equal cilia, or 16 alternately shorter ones; lid short,
conico-rostellate; calyptra large campanulate, with about eight
furrows, base somewhat torn, and mostly covered with short hair-
like processes, but not contracted. 89.

† † Calyptra smooth, not plicate.

a. Teeth 16, equidistant.

* Perennial, caulescent, cæspitose.

Encalypta (partly) [29.] vide ante. p. 2.

Schistidium. Caps. immersed, obovate or roundish, mouth wide;

calyptra small, conico-mitriform, columella adhering to the
deciduous lid; teeth large, barred, without medial lines, often
perforate. Infl. monoicous or dioicous (included in Grimmia).

Grimmia (32). Caps. pedicillate, seta often flexuose, ovate or oblong, 77.
rarely ventricose, sometimes striated, teeth large lanceolate, barred,
perforate, bi-trifid; calyptra five-lobed at base, sometimes dimidiate;
columella free. Infl. monoicous or dioicous.; areolæ small dense,
larger at base.

Racomitrium (33). Caps. oblong, erect, smooth, on a straight

pedicel, teeth bi-trifid, sometimes very long, sometimes short,
filiform unequal; calyptra large, with a subulate solid papillose beak,
lid conico-subulate, straight; leaves with sinuous areolæ. Infl.
dioicous. 86.

* * Annual or biennial, gregarious; leaves setaceous.

Campylostelium (8). Caps. drooping, on a bent seta oblong,

smooth; teeth long lanceolate, barred, entire at base, cleft at summit,
and connected by a membrane at base; calyptra small, conico-
subulate, five-cleft at base. Infl. monoicous; barren fl. gemmiform;
areolæ minute, much enlarged and diaphanous at base. 36.

Brachyodus (9). Caps. oblong sub-striate, teeth very short truncate,

partly confluent, equidistant; lid convex with a slender beak;
calyptra conical, three to five-lobed at base, sub-dimidiate. Infl.
monoicous gemmiform. St. very short, annual or biennial. 36.

b. Teeth 16, in pairs, plane, reflexed when dry.

Splachnum (65). Caps. sub-cylindrical or ovate, on a very large

spongy coloured apophysis; teeth lanceolate oblong obtuse, plane,
yellowish; calyptra small, entire or lacerated at base. Infl. generally
dioicous; barren, fl. capituliform, naked or with small scattered
leaves. 133.

c. Peristome a conical plicate membrane.

Diphyscium (41). Caps. very large sessile, oblique ovate, gibbous;

calyptra small, entire at base, scarcely covering the conical lid. 99.

Sub-div. II. Calyptra dimidiate.

a. Calyptra inflexed at base, at first conico-mitriform, caps. clavato-pyriform;

teeth 16 or 32 plane, more or less paired, with a medial line.
Dissodon (68). Caps. oval, with a long solid tapering neck, lid
conico-convex, obtuse, teeth 32, united into eight bi-geminate teeth,
or into 16 pairs, linear-lanceolate, incurved when dry; leaves obtuse
entire. Infl. monoicous or synoicous, barren fl. gemmiform. 134.

Tayloria (67). Caps. with a long clavate or sub-pyriform neck; teeth

16, or 32 cohering in pairs, reflexed when dry; leaves acuminate
serrated. Infl. monoicous; barren fl. capituliform. 134.

b. Calyptra not indexed at base.

* Teeth in eight pairs, reflexed when dry.

Tetraplodon (66). Caps. with a solid clavate or oval apophysis

wider than itself; leaves loosely reticulated, acuminate. Infl.
monoicous, barren fl. gemmiform or capituliform, 3–5–leaved. 134.

Zygodon (37) (partly). Caps. erect, pyriform, striated, apophysate.

Perist. double, single, or absent; outer teeth 32 united two or four
together, representing 16 or 8 plane teeth, inner of 8 or 16 cilia,
alternating; calyptra small cucullate smooth oblique, lid obliquely
rostrate; leaves minutely dotted. 97.

* * Teeth 16 equidistant, simple, or nearly so.

‡ Caps. pyriform or oval, erect or inclined.

Entosthodon (58). Caps. erect, pyriform, symmetrical; lid plano-

convex, teeth short and broad triangular; calyptra inflated below,
cucullate; leaves loosely reticulated. 127.

Mielichhoferia (53). Caps. pyriform, inclined or horizontal, on a

slender curved seta; calyptra small, not inflated; teeth longer, linear-
subulate, confluent and dilated at base. 124.

Blindia (13). Caps. roundish, turbinate-erect; teeth 16 lanceolate,

remotely barred, entire or perforate, sometimes cleft; calyptra
angular at base, afterwards cleft on one side; seta short; perennial
cæspitose. 39.
Seligeria (10). Caps. roundish-pyriform, smooth, teeth lanceolate
obtuse, sometimes perforate, without medial line; calyptra small
cucullate; leaves setaceous; stems annual or biennial gregarious, not
cæspitose. Infl. monoicous, terminal gemmiform. 37.

Brachyodus (9). See page 6.

Rhabdoweissia (7). Caps. shortly oval, eight-striate, wide mouthed,

teeth lanceolate or subulate, barred, without medial line; beak
slender, inclined; calyptra cucullate; leaves channelled lax; stems
perennial, cæspitose. 36.

Weissia (6). Caps. oblong-ovate, smooth, teeth lanceolate or linear-

lanceolate, free at base, without medial line, convex, sometimes
perforate and bifid; leaves of close texture; stems as above. 33.

Anacalypta (22). Caps. oval on a long straight pedicel; teeth united

at base by a membrane, plane, lanceolate, entire or perforate, no
medial line; leaves succulent with lax areolæ; stem annual or
biennial. 57.

‡ ‡ Caps. globose, nearly horizontal.

Discelium (64). Almost stemless; caps. decurrent into the suddenly

bent neck; teeth lanceolate, cleft half way from base upwards; leaves
few minute, gemmiform. 133.

Catascopium (63). Caps. smooth, shining, neck bent, and tapering

into the seta, mouth somewhat oblique; teeth short truncate,
irregular, barred, with a medial line; leaves numerous, nerved, of
firm texture. 132.

Conostomum (62). Caps. cernuous, obscurely furrowed when dry;

teeth linear-lanceolate, barred, converging and united together into
a cone; perennial. 132.

* * * Teeth 16, deeply bifid, equidistant.

‡ Caps. erect, symmetrical.

Desmatodon (23). Caps. oval or oblong, sometimes almost
pendulous; teeth subulate, united at base by a membrane, bi-trifid;
lid rostellate; leaves soft broad, papillose at back. 58.

‡ ‡ Caps. sub-erect, rather unequal.

Cynodontium (15). Caps. ovate-oblong, or obliquely sub-pyriform,

smooth, teeth lanceolate, connivent, dilated at base, entire or cleft to
base, sometimes barred, deep red; lid rostrate. 39.

Arctoa (14). Caps. oval or almost turbinate, striate, contracted

below the wide mouth when dry; teeth lanceolate subulate, cleft, or
perforate and entire, bars not prominent; lid large, obliquely
rostrate. 39.

‡ ‡ ‡ Caps. cernuous or inclined, unequal.

Dicranum (16). Caps. mostly cernuous, smooth or striated, regular,

gibbous or curved, with a tapering apophysis, or sometimes
strumose, teeth equidistant, confluent at base, incurved, lanceolate,
cleft half way into unequal portions, barred, occasionally perforate,
with a medial line; lid rostrate oblique; leaves of close texture,
nerved and more or less secund; areolation linear at the base. 40.

[Dicranella. Plant smaller than in Dicranum, and less robust,

areolation rectangular at the base, in other respects similar.]

Leucobryum (17). Caps., lid and peristome as in Dicranum. Leaves

spongy, composed of a double layer of loose cellular tissue, white or
pale glaucous green, sub-secund, nerve indistinct. 49.

Fissidens (71). Caps. cernuous or erect, more or less truncate, teeth

long and tapering from a lanceolate base, cleft half way into unequal
segments, geniculate, barred; fruit in some species cladocarpous,
leaves vertically distichous. 135.

Ceratodon (18). Caps. sub-cylindrical unequal, with a short 49.

ventricose or strumose neck; teeth deeply cleft, or of two equal
subulate portions connected below by prominent trabeculæ, of two
differently coloured laminæ, the outer red, the inner and broader
yellow.

‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ Capsule on an arcuate seta.

Campylopus (20). Caps. oval or oblong, regular or gibbous on upper

side, tapering at base, striated, lid conico-subulate or rostrate, teeth
deeply bifid; calyptra large, fringed at base; leaves with a broad
nerve. 50.

Dicranodontium (19). Caps. elliptical smooth, teeth linear-

lanceolate, cleft nearly to base into unequal portions, obliquely
striate; calyptra not fringed at base. 49.

* * * * Teeth 32, in pairs, narrow or filiform.

Didymodon (25). Caps. erect, sub-cylindrical, teeth 32 (16 Wilson)

linear-lanceolate, not obviously united by a basilar membrane,
tender and fugacious, entire or perforate. 58.

Trichostomum (26). Caps. erect, sub-cylindrical or oval, smooth,

teeth 32 in unequal pairs (often so united as to appear 16 simple or
perforate teeth), connected by a narrow basilar membrane,
persistent. 60.

Distichium (24). Caps. as in last; teeth 32 (16 Wilson) not confluent

at base, linear-lanceolate, entire, perforate or cleft, with a medial
line; leaves distichous, setaceous from a sheathing base. 58.

Tortula (27). Caps. mostly erect ovate-oblong, smooth, teeth 32

very long filiform twisted, articulate papillose, outer cellules yellow,
inner red, often united into a membrane at base; leaves not
distichous. 63.

Cinclidotus (28). Caps. immersed ovate or oval, smooth, teeth 32

perfect or rudimentary, adhering at top to columella, contorted,
anastomosing at base. 74.

* * * * * Teeth 32 or 64 equidistant, short, obtuse, connected at apex by a

tympanum, formed of dilated apex of columella; nerve of leaf covered with
vertical lamellæ.
 † Caps. not angular.

Atrichum (42). Caps. cylindrical, erect or cernuous, calyptra

narrow, almost naked, spinulose at apex only; teeth 32 ligulate rigid,
united at base by a narrow membrane, leaves not sheathing, lamellæ
few, nerve narrow. Columella round. 100.

Oligotrichum (43). Caps. sub-cylindrical, erect, gibbous, peristome

as above; calyptra slightly setose at apex; leaves sheathing at base,
more lamellated, nerve wider; columella winged. 101.

Pogonatum (44) Caps. ovate or urceolate, regular, erect or inclined,

calyptra very hairy, peristome as above; leaves rigid, densely
lamellated, nerve thick and broad. 101.

† † Caps. angular; teeth 64, rarely 32.

Polytrichum (46). Caps. with a discoid apophysis, erect, when ripe

horizontal; teeth 64 (in some species 32). Calyptra very hairy; leaves
as in last. 102.

III. Peristome double.

a. Caps. plano-convex.

Buxbaumia (40). Caps. very large, apophysate, oblique; outer teeth

irregular reddish, opaque, inner a pale conical plicate membrane,
calyptra small, only covering the conical obtuse lid, fugacious, entire
or laterally cleft. 99.

b. Caps. cylindrical.

Encalypta (partly) (29). vide ante p. 2.

c. Caps. oblong.

Orthotrichum (chiefly) (36). vide ante p. 5.

 d. Caps. obovate, unequal, mouth oblique.

Funaria (57). Caps. obliquely pyriform ventricose, sub-erect or

cernuous; outer perist. 16, obliquely lanceolate, teeth trabeculate,
longitudinally striate, and connected at apex by a small circular disc,
very hygrometric, inner a membrane divided into 16 lanceolate
processes opposite to outer; calyptra inflated below. 126.

Amblyodon (56). Caps. clavate or sub-pyriform, incurved sub-erect;

perist. outer, 16 short, erect, obtuse teeth; inner (longer) a
membrane divided into 16 carinate processes, without cilia. Calyptra
indexed at base; leaves loosely reticulated. 125.

Meesia (55). Caps, obovate or clavate, curved, gibbous, sub-erect,

neck long, tapering into seta; perist. outer 16 short, obtuse teeth,
somewhat united to inner, entire or split along medial line; inner
same as last; leaves of close firm texture, strongly nerved. 125.

e. Capsule striated.

Zygodon (37). vide ante p. 7.

Aulacomnion (47). Caps. oval or oblong apophysate, cernuous on a

flexuose seta; perist. outer 16 teeth, lanceolate-subulate, barred;
inner a thin membrane divided half way into 16 carinate lacunose
processes, with cilia two or three together. Branches bearing
terminal globular masses (pseudopodia) of rudimentary leaves or
gemmæ. 105.

Bartramia (61). Caps. globose, rather large, erect or cernuous,

rarely pendulous, not apophysate; perist. double, single, or wanting;
outer 16 equidistant lanceolate teeth; inner a membrane divided into
16 carinate lanceolate processes, splitting along the middle,
alternating, sometimes with cilia; calyptra small dimidiate; leaves
papillose or muriculate. 128.

f. Caps. smooth, mostly pyriform.

Paludella (54). Caps. oval-oblong, slightly curved, cernuous or sub- 125.

erect, lid mammillate; peristome as in Bryum, inner without cilia;
leaves squarrose.

Timmia (46). Caps. obovate, cernuous; perist. outer 16 teeth, inner, a

membrane divided half way into 64 filiform processes; variously
united at the summits; leaves sheathing, rigid, lanceolate; barren fl.
axillary, gemmiform. Infl. monoicous. 104.

Orthodontium (48). Caps. clavoto-pyriform, inclined; perist. outer

16 teeth indexed when dry; inner deeply divided into 16 narrow
carinate processes; leaves very tender, narrow, not sheathing; barren
fl. axillary, gemmiform, aggregate. Infl. monoicous. 106.

Leptobryum (49). Caps. and perist. as in Bryum; stems of annual

growth without innovations; leaves almost setaceous. Infl.
synoicous. 106.

Bryum (50). Caps. pyriform cernuous or inclined; perist. outer 16

teeth, inner a membrane divided half way into 16 carinate segments
with or without cilia; stems perennial, with innovations below the
terminal flower; barren fl. gemmiform or naked. 106.

Mnium (51). Caps. oblong pendulous; perist. as in Bryum; stems

with innovations from the lower part; leaves large; barren fl. discoid;
infl. dioicous or synoicous. 121.

Cinclidium (52). Caps., leaves and stem as in Mnium, outer teeth 16

short, inner cupuliform. 124.

Sect. I. b. CLADOCARPI.

Fruit terminal on very short lateral branches.

Div. I. Peristome none.

Sphagnum (2). vide ante p. 1.

Div. II. Peristome single.

Mielichhoferia (53). vide ante p. 8.

Fissidens (71) partly. vide ante p. 10.

Cinclidotus (28) occasionally. vide ante p. 12.

Sect. II. PLEUROCARPI.

Fructification truly lateral.

Div. I. Calyptra dimidiate.

Sub-Div. I. Peristome none.

Anœctangium (72). Caps. oval or obovate, erect, with a short

slightly inflated neck; lid conico-convex with a long slender oblique
beak; stems erect, cæspitose. 139.

Sub-Div. II. Perist. single, of 16 teeth.

Habrodon (77). Caps. oval-oblong erect, calyptra large, lid conical;

st. sub-erect, l. spreading, nerveless, soft and opaque; per. teeth
simple, linear, inserted below mouth of caps., remotely articulate:
dioicous. 141.

Sub-Div. III. Peristome almost single.

a. inner peristome very short and indistinct.

Leucodon (73). Caps. oval erect, on a short pedicel; calyptra large;

outer teeth 16 bifid or perforate, not hygroscopic; surculi erect
simple; leaves plicato-striate, nerveless. 139.

Pterogonium (78). Caps. oblong erect, on a long seta; calyptra

small; outer teeth 16 simple, hygroscopic; surculi dendroid, with
fasciculate curved branches; leaves not striate. 141.

Leptodon (75). Caps. oval on a very short seta; calyptra and 140.
vaginula hairy; teeth 16 linear-lanceolate, entire or fissile, not
hygroscopic; surculi pinnate; branches curled when dry; leaves very
obtuse.

Sub-Div. IV. Peristome double.

a. Inner perist. of 16 cilia.

Antitrichia (74). Caps, oval, regular, on a short curved seta;

calyptra rather large smooth; inner peristome of 16 filiform
processes; outer 16 tapering teeth with a medial line; surculi
procumbent, pinnate. 140.

Anomodon (76). Caps. oval-oblong erect, on a long seta; lid

obliquely rostrate; calyptra small; perist. as in last: stems erect with
erect branches, cæspitose; leaves of close texture acuminate, nerved. 140.

Cylindrothecium (81). Caps. cylindrical, regular, erect; outer teeth

16 inserted below mouth of capsule; inner of 16 narrow carinate
processes; lid shortly rostellate; stem procumbent pinnate; leaves
ovate concave, faintly two-nerved at base. 142.

Neckera (85). Caps. oval-oblong, immersed or pedicillate; lid

obliquely rostrate, outer teeth 16 linear-subulate, long, connivent
into a cone; inner as above; stems pinnate; leaves complanate. St.
sub-erect from a creeping rhizome. 182.

b. Inner peristome a membrane divided half way into 16 carinate segments

with or without cilia.

* Caps. symmetrical, erect or sub-erect.

Omalia (84). Leaves complanate smooth, falciform, obtuse,

serrulate at apex, not undulate (allied to Neckera).

Leskea (82). Perist. outer of 16 narrow barred teeth, inner without

(rarely with) intermediate cilia, leaves mostly ovate, nerved or
nerveless, entire, spreading every way. 143.

Climacium (80). Caps. oblong, erect; lid adhering to the persistent 142.
columella; outer teeth linear-lanceolate, confluent at base,
trabeculate, with a medial line; inner alternate and longer than
outer, lacunose without cilia, the two segments of each process
united only at apex; stem dendroid, erect.

Isothecium (79). Caps. oval, sub-erect, symmetrical; lid not

adhering to columella; outer teeth 16 barred, with a medial line;
inner with intermediate cilia, two or three together; stem dendroid
drooping; branches fasciculate or pinnate. 142.

* * Caps. unequal, cernuous.

Hypnum (83). Caps. cernuous, sometimes nearly erect, rarely

pendulous, ovate or oblong, more or less curved, and sometimes
slightly apophysate; outer teeth 16 equidistant lanceolate acuminate,
barred, inner alternating, often perforate, with intermediate cilia,
one, two or three together. 145.

c. Inner perist. a reticulated cone.

Dichelyma (90). Peristome like Fontinalis; caps. scarcely exserted;

calyptra long twisted; leaves nerved. 185.

Div. II. Calyptra mitriform.

Hookeria (86). Caps. ovate or elliptical, cernuous, lid with a straight

beak; perist. as in Leskia; calyptra not fringed at base; leaves
complanate, loosely reticulated. 184.

Daltonia (87). Caps. erect oval-oblong, obscurely apophysate;

calyptra fringed at base; leaves spreading every way; inner perist.
divided nearly to base. 184.

Cryphæa (88). Caps. oval-oblong or roundish, sub-sessile,

immersed; calyptra conical small, not fringed; peristome as in
Neckera. 184.

Fontinalis (89). Caps. ovate or oval, immersed, sub-sessile; 185.

calyptra conical, crenate or slightly lacerate at base, small; outer
teeth 16 linear-lanceolate, very long, cohering at apex in pairs,
barred, twisted; inner a plicate cone, with 16 angles, consisting of
filiform cilia, united by crossbars.
DIVISION I. ACROCARPI. (Genera 1–72.)
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