Download the Full Version of the Ebook with Added Features ebookname.

com

C how to program Seventh Edition. Edition Deitel

https://ebookname.com/product/c-how-to-program-seventh-
edition-edition-deitel/

OR CLICK HERE

DOWLOAD NOW

Download more ebook instantly today at https://ebookname.com

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

C How to Program 8th Edition Paul Deitel

https://ebookname.com/product/c-how-to-program-8th-edition-paul-
deitel/

ebookname.com

Java How to Program 6th Edition Harvey Deitel & Paul

Deitel

https://ebookname.com/product/java-how-to-program-6th-edition-harvey-
deitel-paul-deitel/

ebookname.com

Java How to Program Late Objects Version 8th Edition

Deitel

https://ebookname.com/product/java-how-to-program-late-objects-
version-8th-edition-deitel/

ebookname.com

Eihei Do gen mystical realist 3 Revised Edition Do■Gen

https://ebookname.com/product/eihei-do-gen-mystical-realist-3-revised-
edition-dogen/

ebookname.com
Psychology in Context 1st Edition Stephen Michael Kosslyn

https://ebookname.com/product/psychology-in-context-1st-edition-
stephen-michael-kosslyn/

ebookname.com

Yu Gi Oh 3 in 1 Edition Vol 6 Includes Vols 16 17 18

Kazuki Takahashi

https://ebookname.com/product/yu-gi-oh-3-in-1-edition-vol-6-includes-
vols-16-17-18-kazuki-takahashi/

ebookname.com

The Unofficial Guide to Microsoft Office Excel 2007

Unofficial Guide 1st Edition Julia Kelly

https://ebookname.com/product/the-unofficial-guide-to-microsoft-
office-excel-2007-unofficial-guide-1st-edition-julia-kelly/

ebookname.com

Rescuing Justice and Equality G. A. Cohen

https://ebookname.com/product/rescuing-justice-and-equality-g-a-cohen/

ebookname.com

The Prester John Legend between East and West During the
Crusades 1st Edition Ahmed M. A. Sheir

https://ebookname.com/product/the-prester-john-legend-between-east-
and-west-during-the-crusades-1st-edition-ahmed-m-a-sheir/

ebookname.com
Mappae Mundi Humans and their Habitats in a Long Term
Socio Ecological Perspective Myths Maps and Models 2nd
Edition Johan Goudsblom
https://ebookname.com/product/mappae-mundi-humans-and-their-habitats-
in-a-long-term-socio-ecological-perspective-myths-maps-and-models-2nd-
edition-johan-goudsblom/
ebookname.com
Deitel® Series Page
How To Program Series (continued from previous column)
Visual Basic® 2010 How to Program
Android How to Program
Visual Basic® 2008 How to Program
C++ How to Program, 8/E
Visual C#® 2010 How to Program, 4/E
C How to Program, 7/E
Visual C#® 2008 How to Program, 3/E
Java™ How to Program, 9/E
Java™ How to Program, Late Objects Version, 8/E
Internet & World Wide Web How to Program, 5/E
Deitel® Developer Series
Visual C++® 2008 How to Program, 2/E AJAX, Rich Internet Applications and Web
Visual Basic® 2010 How to Program Development for Programmers
Visual C#® 2010 How to Program, 3/E Android for Programmers: An App-Driven
Approach
C++ for Programmers
Simply Series C# 2010 for Programmers
Simply C++: An App-Driven Tutorial Approach iPhone® for Programmers: An App-Driven Approach
Simply Java™ Programming: An App-Driven Java™ for Programmers, 2/e
Tutorial Approach JavaScript for Programmers
Simply C#: An App-Driven Tutorial Approach
Simply Visual Basic® 2010: An App-Driven LiveLessons Video Learning Products
Approach, 4/E
www.deitel.com/books/LiveLessons/

CourseSmart Web Books Android App Development Fundamentals

C++ Fundamentals
www.deitel.com/books/CourseSmart/
Java™ Fundamentals
C++ How to Program, 5/E, 6/E, 7/E & 8/E C# 2010 Fundamentals
Simply C++: An App-Driven Tutorial Approach iPhone® App Development Fundamentals
Java™ How to Program, 6/E, 7/E, 8/E & 9/E JavaScript Fundamentals
Simply Visual Basic 2010: An App-Driven Visual Basic Fundamentals
Approach, 4/E

To receive updates on Deitel publications, Resource Centers, training courses, partner offers and more,
please register for the free Deitel ® Buzz Online e-mail newsletter at:
www.deitel.com/newsletter/subscribe.html
and join the Deitel communities on Twitter®
@deitel
Facebook®
facebook.com/DeitelFan
and Google+
gplus.to/deitel
To communicate with the authors, send e-mail to:
deitel@deitel.com
For information on government and corporate Dive-Into® Series on-site seminars offered by Deitel &
Associates, Inc. worldwide, visit:
www.deitel.com/training/
or write to
deitel@deitel.com
For continuing updates on Prentice Hall/Deitel publications visit:
www.deitel.com
www.pearsonhighered.com/deitel/

Visit the Deitel Resource Centers that will help you master programming languages, software develop-
ment, Android and iPhone/iPad app development, and Internet- and web-related topics:
www.deitel.com/ResourceCenters.html
 Paul Deitel
Deitel & Associates, Inc.
Harvey Deitel
Deitel & Associates, Inc.
Editorial Director: Marcia J. Horton
Editor-in-Chief: Michael Hirsch
Associate Editor: Carole Snyder
Vice President, Marketing: Patrice Jones
Marketing Manager: Yezan Alayan
Marketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti
Vice President, Production: Vince O’Brien
Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb
Associate Managing Editor: Robert Engelhardt
Operations Specialist: Lisa McDowell
Art Director: Anthony Gemmellaro
Cover Design: Paul Deitel, Harvey Deitel, Abbey Deitel, Anthony Gemmellaro
Cover Photo Credit: Excellent backgrounds/Shutterstock.com
Media Editor: Daniel Sandin
Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear
on page vi.

The authors and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts include the
development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. The authors and pub-
lisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or to the documentation
contained in this book. The authors and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential dam-
ages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be
obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use
material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One
Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290.
Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where
those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been
printed in initial caps or all caps.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Deitel, Paul J.
C : how to program / Paul Deitel, Deitel & Associates, Inc., Harvey Deitel, Deitel & Associates,
Inc., Abbey Deitel, Deitel & Associates, Inc. -- Seventh edition.
pages cm -- (How to program series)
ISBN 978-0-13-299044-8
1. C (Computer program language) 2. C++ (Computer program language) 3. Java (Computer program
language) I. Deitel, Harvey M., II. Deitel, Abbey. III. Title.
QA76.73.C15D44 2012
005.13'3--dc23
2011051087

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN-10: 0-13-299044-X
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-299044-8
In Memory of Dennis Ritchie,
creator of the C programming language
and co-creator of the UNIX operating system.
Paul and Harvey Deitel
Trademarks
DEITEL, the double-thumbs-up bug and DIVE INTO are registered trademarks of Deitel and Associates,
Inc.
MICROSOFT AND/OR ITS RESPECTIVE SUPPLIERS MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS
ABOUT THE SUITABILITY OF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE DOCUMENTS
AND RELATED GRAPHICS PUBLISHED AS PART OF THE SERVICES FOR ANY PURPOSE.
ALL SUCH DOCUMENTS AND RELATED GRAPHICS ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT
WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. MICROSOFT AND/OR ITS RESPECTIVE SUPPLIERS HEREBY
DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS WITH REGARD TO THIS INFORMA-
TION, INCLUDING ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS OF MERCHANTABILITY,
WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL MICROSOFT AND/OR ITS
RESPECTIVE SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA
OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PER-
FORMANCE OF INFORMATION AVAILABLE FROM THE SERVICES.
THE DOCUMENTS AND RELATED GRAPHICS CONTAINED HEREIN COULD INCLUDE
TECHNICAL INACCURACIES OR TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS. CHANGES ARE PERIODI-
CALLY ADDED TO THE INFORMATION HEREIN. MICROSOFT AND/OR ITS RESPECTIVE
SUPPLIERS MAY MAKE IMPROVEMENTS AND/OR CHANGES IN THE PRODUCT(S) AND/
OR THE PROGRAM(S) DESCRIBED HEREIN AT ANY TIME. PARTIAL SCREEN SHOTS
MAY BE VIEWED IN FULL WITHIN THE SOFTWARE VERSION SPECIFIED.
 Contents
Appendices E through H are PDF documents posted online at the book’s Companion
Website (located at www.pearsonhighered.com/deitel).

Preface xix

1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet

and the Web 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Computers and the Internet in Industry and Research 2
1.3 Hardware and Software 5
1.3.1 Moore’s Law 6
1.3.2 Computer Organization 6
1.4 Data Hierarchy 7
1.5 Programming Languages 9
1.6 The C Programming Language 10
1.7 C Standard Library 12
1.8 C++ and Other C-Based Languages 13
1.9 Object Technology 14
1.10 Typical C Program Development Environment 16
1.10.1 Phase 1: Creating a Program 16
1.10.2 Phases 2 and 3: Preprocessing and Compiling a C Program 16
1.10.3 Phase 4: Linking 18
1.10.4 Phase 5: Loading 18
1.10.5 Phase 6: Execution 18
1.10.6 Problems That May Occur at Execution Time 18
1.10.7 Standard Input, Standard Output and Standard Error Streams 18
1.11 Test-Driving a C Application in Windows, Linux and Mac OS X 19
1.11.1 Running a C Application from the Windows
Command Prompt 20
1.11.2 Running a C Application Using GNU C with Linux 22
1.11.3 Running a C Application Using GNU C with Mac OS X 25
1.12 Operating Systems 27
1.12.1 Windows—A Proprietary Operating System 28
1.12.2 Linux—An Open-Source Operating System 28
1.12.3 Apple’s Mac OS X; Apple’s iOS for iPhone®, iPad® and
iPod Touch® Devices 29
1.12.4 Google’s Android 29
viii Contents

1.13 The Internet and World Wide Web 30

1.14 Some Key Software Development Terminology 31
1.15 Keeping Up-to-Date with Information Technologies 33
1.16 Web Resources 34

2 Introduction to C Programming 40
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text 41
2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers 45
2.4 Memory Concepts 49
2.5 Arithmetic in C 50
2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 54
2.7 Secure C Programming 58

3 Structured Program Development in C 70

3.1 Introduction 71
3.2 Algorithms 71
3.3 Pseudocode 71
3.4 Control Structures 72
3.5 The if Selection Statement 74
3.6 The if…else Selection Statement 75
3.7 The while Repetition Statement 79
3.8 Formulating Algorithms Case Study 1: Counter-Controlled Repetition 80
3.9 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement
Case Study 2: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition 82
3.10 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement
Case Study 3: Nested Control Statements 89
3.11 Assignment Operators 93
3.12 Increment and Decrement Operators 93
3.13 Secure C Programming 96

4 C Program Control 114

4.1 Introduction 115
4.2 Repetition Essentials 115
4.3 Counter-Controlled Repetition 116
4.4 for Repetition Statement 117
4.5 for Statement: Notes and Observations 120
4.6 Examples Using the for Statement 121
4.7 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 124
4.8 do…while Repetition Statement 130
4.9 break and continue Statements 132
4.10 Logical Operators 134
4.11 Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators 137
 Contents ix

4.12 Structured Programming Summary 138

4.13 Secure C Programming 143

5 C Functions 158
5.1 Introduction 159
5.2 Program Modules in C 159
5.3 Math Library Functions 160
5.4 Functions 162
5.5 Function Definitions 162
5.6 Function Prototypes: A Deeper Look 166
5.7 Function Call Stack and Stack Frames 169
5.8 Headers 172
5.9 Passing Arguments By Value and By Reference 173
5.10 Random Number Generation 174
5.11 Example: A Game of Chance 179
5.12 Storage Classes 182
5.13 Scope Rules 184
5.14 Recursion 187
5.15 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 191
5.16 Recursion vs. Iteration 194
5.17 Secure C Programming 197

6 C Arrays 216
6.1 Introduction 217
6.2 Arrays 217
6.3 Defining Arrays 218
6.4 Array Examples 219
6.5 Passing Arrays to Functions 232
6.6 Sorting Arrays 236
6.7 Case Study: Computing Mean, Median and Mode Using Arrays 239
6.8 Searching Arrays 244
6.9 Multidimensional Arrays 249
6.10 Variable-Length Arrays 256
6.11 Secure C Programming 259

7 C Pointers 277
7.1 Introduction 278
7.2 Pointer Variable Definitions and Initialization 278
7.3 Pointer Operators 279
7.4 Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference 282
7.5 Using the const Qualifier with Pointers 284
7.5.1 Converting a String to Uppercase Using a Non-Constant
Pointer to Non-Constant Data 287
x Contents

7.5.2 Printing a String One Character at a Time Using a

Non-Constant Pointer to Constant Data 288
7.5.3 Attempting to Modify a Constant Pointer to Non-Constant Data 290
7.5.4 Attempting to Modify a Constant Pointer to Constant Data 291
7.6 Bubble Sort Using Pass-by-Reference 291
7.7 sizeof Operator 294
7.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic 297
7.9 Relationship between Pointers and Arrays 299
7.10 Arrays of Pointers 303
7.11 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 304
7.12 Pointers to Functions 309
7.13 Secure C Programming 314

8 C Characters and Strings 334

8.1 Introduction 335
8.2 Fundamentals of Strings and Characters 335
8.3 Character-Handling Library 337
8.3.1 Functions isdigit, isalpha, isalnum and isxdigit 338
8.3.2 Functions islower, isupper, tolower and toupper 340
8.3.3 Functions isspace, iscntrl, ispunct, isprint and isgraph 341
8.4 String-Conversion Functions 342
8.4.1 Function strtod 343
8.4.2 Function strtol 344
8.4.3 Function strtoul 345
8.5 Standard Input/Output Library Functions 346
8.5.1 Functions fgets and putchar 346
8.5.2 Function getchar 348
8.5.3 Function sprintf 349
8.5.4 Function sscanf 349
8.6 String-Manipulation Functions of the String-Handling Library 350
8.6.1 Functions strcpy and strncpy 351
8.6.2 Functions strcat and strncat 352
8.7 Comparison Functions of the String-Handling Library 353
8.8 Search Functions of the String-Handling Library 354
8.8.1 Function strchr 355
8.8.2 Function strcspn 356
8.8.3 Function strpbrk 357
8.8.4 Function strrchr 357
8.8.5 Function strspn 358
8.8.6 Function strstr 358
8.8.7 Function strtok 359
8.9 Memory Functions of the String-Handling Library 360
8.9.1 Function memcpy 361
8.9.2 Function memmove 362
8.9.3 Function memcmp 363
 Contents xi

8.9.4 Function memchr 363

8.9.5 Function memset 364
8.10 Other Functions of the String-Handling Library 365
8.10.1 Function strerror 365
8.10.2 Function strlen 365
8.11 Secure C Programming 366

9 C Formatted Input/Output 379

9.1 Introduction 380
9.2 Streams 380
9.3 Formatting Output with printf 380
9.4 Printing Integers 381
9.5 Printing Floating-Point Numbers 382
9.6 Printing Strings and Characters 384
9.7 Other Conversion Specifiers 385
9.8 Printing with Field Widths and Precision 386
9.9 Using Flags in the printf Format Control String 388
9.10 Printing Literals and Escape Sequences 391
9.11 Reading Formatted Input with scanf 391
9.12 Secure C Programming 398

10 C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulation and

Enumerations 405
10.1 Introduction 406
10.2 Structure Definitions 406
10.2.1 Self-Referential Structures 407
10.2.2 Defining Variables of Structure Types 407
10.2.3 Structure Tag Names 408
10.2.4 Operations That Can Be Performed on Structures 408
10.3 Initializing Structures 409
10.4 Accessing Structure Members 409
10.5 Using Structures with Functions 411
10.6 typedef 411
10.7 Example: High-Performance Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 412
10.8 Unions 415
10.8.1 Union Declarations 415
10.8.2 Operations That Can Be Performed on Unions 415
10.8.3 Initializing Unions in Declarations 416
10.8.4 Demonstrating Unions 416
10.9 Bitwise Operators 417
10.9.1 Displaying an Unsigned Integer in Bits 418
10.9.2 Making Function displayBits More Scalable and Portable 420
10.9.3 Using the Bitwise AND, Inclusive OR, Exclusive OR and
Complement Operators 420
xii Contents

10.9.4 Using the Bitwise Left- and Right-Shift Operators 423

10.9.5 Bitwise Assignment Operators 425
10.10 Bit Fields 426
10.11 Enumeration Constants 429
10.12 Secure C Programming 431

11 C File Processing 441

11.1 Introduction 442
11.2 Files and Streams 442
11.3 Creating a Sequential-Access File 443
11.4 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File 448
11.5 Random-Access Files 452
11.6 Creating a Random-Access File 453
11.7 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File 455
11.8 Reading Data from a Random-Access File 458
11.9 Case Study: Transaction-Processing Program 459
11.10 Secure C Programming 465

12 C Data Structures 476

12.1 Introduction 477
12.2 Self-Referential Structures 478
12.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation 478
12.4 Linked Lists 479
12.4.1 Function insert 485
12.4.2 Function delete 487
12.4.3 Function printList 488
12.5 Stacks 488
12.5.1 Function push 492
12.5.2 Function pop 492
12.5.3 Applications of Stacks 493
12.6 Queues 494
12.6.1 Function enqueue 498
12.6.2 Function dequeue 499
12.7 Trees 500
12.7.1 Function insertNode 504
12.7.2 Traversals: Functions inOrder, preOrder and postOrder 504
12.7.3 Duplicate Elimination 505
12.7.4 Binary Tree Search 505
12.7.5 Other Binary Tree Operations 505
12.8 Secure C Programming 506

13 C Preprocessor 517
13.1 Introduction 518
13.2 #include Preprocessor Directive 518
 Contents xiii

13.3 #define Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants 519

13.4 #define Preprocessor Directive: Macros 519
13.5 Conditional Compilation 521
13.6 #error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives 522
13.7 # and ## Operators 523
13.8 Line Numbers 523
13.9 Predefined Symbolic Constants 523
13.10 Assertions 524
13.11 Secure C Programming 524

14 Other C Topics 529

14.1 Introduction 530
14.2 Redirecting I/O 530
14.3 Variable-Length Argument Lists 531
14.4 Using Command-Line Arguments 533
14.5 Notes on Compiling Multiple-Source-File Programs 534
14.6 Program Termination with exit and atexit 536
14.7 Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Literals 537
14.8 Signal Handling 538
14.9 Dynamic Memory Allocation: Functions calloc and realloc 540
14.10 Unconditional Branching with goto 541

15 C++ as a Better C; Introducing Object

Technology 547
15.1 Introduction 548
15.2 C++ 548
15.3 A Simple Program: Adding Two Integers 549
15.4 C++ Standard Library 551
15.5 Header Files 552
15.6 Inline Functions 554
15.7 References and Reference Parameters 556
15.8 Empty Parameter Lists 561
15.9 Default Arguments 561
15.10 Unary Scope Resolution Operator 563
15.11 Function Overloading 564
15.12 Function Templates 567
15.13 Introduction to C++ Standard Library Class Template vector 570
15.14 Introduction to Object Technology and the UML 576
15.15 Wrap-Up 579

16 Introduction to Classes, Objects and Strings 586

16.1 Introduction 587
16.2 Defining a Class with a Member Function 587
xiv Contents

16.3 Defining a Member Function with a Parameter 590

16.4 Data Members, set Functions and get Functions 593
16.5 Initializing Objects with Constructors 599
16.6 Placing a Class in a Separate File for Reusability 603
16.7 Separating Interface from Implementation 606
16.8 Validating Data with set Functions 612
16.9 Wrap-Up 617

17 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 1 623

17.1 Introduction 624
17.2 Time Class Case Study 625
17.3 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members 632
17.4 Separating Interface from Implementation 633
17.5 Access Functions and Utility Functions 634
17.6 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments 637
17.7 Destructors 642
17.8 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called 643
17.9 Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap—Returning a Reference to
a private Data Member 646
17.10 Default Memberwise Assignment 649
17.11 Wrap-Up 652

18 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 2 658

18.1 Introduction 659
18.2 const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions 659
18.3 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes 667
18.4 friend Functions and friend Classes 673
18.5 Using the this Pointer 675
18.6 static Class Members 680
18.7 Proxy Classes 685
18.8 Wrap-Up 689

19 Operator Overloading; Class string 695

19.1 Introduction 696
19.2 Using the Overloaded Operators of Standard Library Class string 697
19.3 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading 700
19.4 Overloading Binary Operators 701
19.5 Overloading the Binary Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators 702
19.6 Overloading Unary Operators 706
19.7 Overloading the Unary Prefix and Postfix ++ and -- Operators 707
19.8 Case Study: A Date Class 708
19.9 Dynamic Memory Management 713
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
 CHAPTER XV
TIMELY HELP

Lavish Gifts for the Soldiers—The Times Fund—The Times

Commissioner Visits Scutari—His Description of Miss Nightingale
—Arrival of M. Soyer, the Famous Chef—He Describes Miss
Nightingale.

This is true philanthropy, that buries not its gold in ostentatious

charity, but builds its hospital in the human heart.—G. D. Harley.

M ISS NIGHTINGALE’S personal efforts for the sick and wounded

soldiery were nobly and most generously seconded by
sympathisers at home. Ladies were continually arriving at the
Admiralty Office in carriages piled with huge boxes and chests
labelled “Miss Nightingale,” and such large cargoes reached Scutari
that it was said at the time the officials might fancy that the Indian
mail had been landed by mistake.
The Queen in her palace, assisted by the young princesses, in
common with women of all degrees throughout the land, were
making lint and bandages, sewing shirts and knitting socks, for the
poor soldiers. Nothing indeed was deemed too good for the suffering
heroes. Sister Mary Aloysius relates that when she first began to sort
the stores in the sheds at Scutari, she thought that the “English
nobility must have emptied their wardrobes and linen stores to send
out bandages for the wounded. There was the most beautiful
underclothing, and the finest cambric sheets, with merely a scissors
run here and there through them, to ensure their being used for no
other purpose, some from the Queen’s palace, with the Royal
monogram beautifully worked.” Amongst these delicate things the
rats had a fine time, and on the woollen goods they feasted
sumptuously ere the sisters could get them sorted and distributed
from their temporary resting-place in the sheds outside the
hospitals.
While private charity was sending its promiscuous bales of
goods, The Times, to which belonged the honour of having first
aroused public interest in the suffering soldiery, had organised a
fund for the relief of the wounded which met with the most
generous support. The great journal undertook to distribute the
fund, and for this purpose appointed Mr. Macdonald, a man of high
character and endowed with good sense and discrimination, to
proceed to the East and ascertain on the spot the manner in which
the money could be best applied for the relief of the distressed army.
Before setting forth Mr. Macdonald called on the Duke of
Newcastle, Secretary of State for War, also on Dr. Andrew Smith, the
Inspector-General, and was assured by both that such ample
measures had been taken by Government that The Times fund was
really scarcely needed for the relief of the sick and wounded.
However, Mr. Macdonald proceeded on his way, for there was at least
one man connected with the War Office—Sidney Herbert—who knew
from Florence Nightingale’s letters what the true state of affairs was.
When The Times commissioner reached the Bosphorus, he again
had cold water thrown on his mission. Officialdom laughed amiably
over “bringing coals to Newcastle.” Mr. Macdonald found, however,
that the men of the 39th Regiment on their way to the seat of war
were going to face the rigours of a Crimean winter in the trenches
before Sebastopol in the light and airy garments which they had
been wearing at Gibraltar, and he got rid of some of his Times gold
by going into the markets of Constantinople and purchasing suits of
flannels for the men.
When Mr. Macdonald at length reached the hospitals at Scutari—
those hospitals the deficient and insanitary state of which had
moved the heart of the country to its core—he must have felt
dumfounded when Dr. Menzies, the chief medical officer, in answer
to his offer of help, told him that “nothing was wanted.” It seemed
that officialdom was leagued together to deny the existence of
wants which the Government ought to have met. In a higher quarter
still, Kinglake relates that The Times commissioner was met with the
astounding proposal that as the fund was wholly unneeded, he
might disembarrass himself of it by building an Episcopal Church at
Pera!
However, there was one person to whom Mr. Macdonald had not
yet offered his money-bags, and he forthwith proceeded to the
Barrack Hospital and sought an interview with the Lady-in-Chief and
related his experiences.
“Help not needed! the soldiers provided with all necessaries! the
proffered money thrown back on the donors!” Florence Nightingale
must have taken a long gasp when she heard that. She marshalled
the excellent Mr. Macdonald and his superfluous cash away to her
office in the Nurses’ Tower, where he could see for himself the daily
demands on her private stores made by the sick and wounded
soldiers, and how impossible it was, despite the generous gifts
already received from the charitable at home, to meet all
requirements.
The Lady-in-Chief could tell of men arriving by hundreds without
a shred of decent clothing on their backs, of the lack of hospital
furniture, of beds, pillows, sheets, and sanitary appliances, even of
drugs, to say nothing of materials for invalid food. Before the
narration was concluded Mr. Macdonald must have come to the
conclusion that there would be no church built at Pera just yet.
The Times almoner now found his days fully taken up in visits of
investigation to the wards, under the guidance of the Lady-in-Chief,
and many hours of each day were spent in her office in the Nurses’
Tower, taking down in his notebook the things which were pressingly
needed and dispatching orders to the storekeepers of
Constantinople. Miss Nightingale had now found the kind of help
really needed. Here was English gold to replenish her stores at
discretion, and she was no longer left to depend on promiscuous
charity, which sent embroidered cambric when good stout calico
would have been more useful, or fancy mufflers to men who needed
shirts. On the eve of his return to England Mr. Macdonald wrote of
the Lady-in-Chief:—
“Wherever there is disease in its most dangerous form, and the
hand of the spoiler distressingly nigh, there is this incomparable
woman sure to be seen. Her benignant presence is an influence for
good comfort even among the struggles of expiring nature. She is a
‘ministering angel’ without any exaggeration in these hospitals, and
as her slender form glides quietly along each corridor, every poor
fellow’s face softens with gratitude at the sight of her. When all the
medical officers have retired for the night, and silence and darkness
have settled down upon those miles of prostrate sick, she may be
observed alone, with a little lamp in her hands, making her solitary
rounds.
“The popular instinct was not mistaken which, when she had set
out from England on the mission of mercy, hailed her as a heroine; I
trust she may not earn her title to a higher though sadder
appellation. No one who has observed her fragile figure and delicate
health can avoid misgivings lest these should fail. With the heart of a
true woman and the manners of a lady, accomplished and refined
beyond most of her sex, she combines a surprising calmness of
judgment and promptitude and decision of character.
 MISS NIGHTINGALE AND THE DYING SOLDIER—A SCENE AT SCUTARI
HOSPITAL WITNESSED BY M. SOYER.
[To face p. 176

“I have hesitated to speak of her hitherto as she deserves,

because I well knew that no praise of mine could do justice to her
merits, while it might have tended to embarrass the frankness with
which she has always accepted the aid furnished her through the
fund. As that source of supply is now nearly exhausted and my
mission approaches its close, I can express myself with more
freedom on this subject, and I confidently assert that but for Miss
Nightingale the people of England would scarcely, with all their
solicitude, have been spared the additional pang of knowing, which
they must have done sooner or later, that their soldiers, even in the
hospital, had found scanty refuge and relief from the unparelleled
miseries with which this war has hitherto been attended.”
After the departure of Mr. Macdonald, Miss Nightingale received
another welcome and also an entertaining visitor in the person of M.
Soyer, an expert in cooking and culinary matters generally, to offer
his services at the hospitals. M. Soyer’s “campaign” was initiated in
February, 1855, by the following letter to the editor of The Times:—

“Sir,—
“After carefully perusing the letter of your
correspondent, dated Scutari, in your impression of Wednesday
last, I perceive that, although the kitchen under the
superintendence of Miss Nightingale affords so much relief, the
system of management at the large one in the Barrack Hospital
is far from being perfect. I propose offering my services
gratuitously, and proceeding direct to Scutari at my own
personal expense, to regulate that important department, if the
Government will honour me with their confidence, and grant me
the full power of acting according to my knowledge and
experience in such matters.
“I have the honour to remain, sir,
“Your obedient servant,
“A. Soyer.”

The services of M. Soyer having been accepted, he in due course

sailed for the East and arrived at Scutari in April. The gallant
Frenchman was all anxiety to pay his respects to “Mademoiselle
Nightingale,” and was gratified to hear that she had heard of his
arrival and would be much pleased to see him. As soon as he
reached the Barrack Hospital he inquired for Miss Nightingale’s
apartment, and was immediately shown into what he terms “a
sanctuary of benevolence.”
Upon entering the room, M. Soyer was received by the Lady-in-
Chief, to whom, after the inevitable complimentary speech, he
presented parcels and letters from Mr. Stafford, who had been such
an indefatigable helper to Miss Nightingale in the past winter, and
other friends, among them one from Harriet, Duchess of Sutherland,
who strongly commended M. Soyer to Miss Nightingale as likely to
be of service in the kitchen department. The Lady-in-Chief arranged
to accompany her visitor in a tour of inspection, and M. Soyer thus
records his impressions:—
“On my arrival I first visited, in company with Miss Nightingale
and one of the medical officers, all the store-rooms, cook-houses,
kitchens, and provision departments, to glean an idea of the rules,
regulations, and allowances made by the authorities. Instead of
there being no appropriate kitchen, as was represented by several
Government employees prior to my embarkation for the East, I
found ample room and space adapted for culinary purposes even
upon the most elaborate and extensive scale.
“I must especially express my gratitude to Miss Nightingale, who
from her extraordinary intelligence and the good organisation of her
kitchen procured me every material for making a commencement,
and thus saved me at least one week’s sheer loss of time, as my
model kitchen did not arrive until Saturday last.”
The Lady-in-Chief found a very valuable ally in M. Soyer, who
was eagerly ready to carry out her suggestions for the furtherance of
various schemes for the better dietary arrangements for the sick,
and who introduced new stoves and fuel and many other reforms of
which she had hardly dared to dream in the first months of her
work. To these new arrangements Lord William Paulet, the military
Commandant, and Drs. Cummings, Menzies and Macgregor the
principal medical officers, gave their entire approval, and Miss
Nightingale had at length the satisfaction of seeing the culinary
arrangements of the Scutari hospitals arranged on a model plan.
During his stay M. Soyer obtained a glimpse into the “ministering
angel” side of the lady whose excellent business faculty had filled
him with admiration as he inspected stoves and boilers and
discussed rations and diets in their rounds of the kitchens. He had
been spending a jovial evening in the doctors’ quarters, and in
making his way at two o’clock in the morning to his own apartment,
he saw, at an angle of one of the long corridors filled with sick and
wounded, a group revealed in silhouette by a faint light. A dying
soldier was half reclining upon his bed, at the side of which sat
Florence Nightingale pencilling down his last wishes home. A sister
stood at her back holding a lighted candle. The group thus outlined,
like a sombre study of Rembrandt, drew M. Soyer to the spot, and
for a time unseen he observed the dying man pass his watch and
trinkets into those tender womanly hands of the Lady-in-Chief, and
heard the laboured gasp of the man to articulate the last message to
wife and children. Then approaching Miss Nightingale, M. Soyer
inquired as to the complaint of her patient, when she replied in
French that the poor fellow had been given up by the doctors and
was not likely to last many hours, and she was noting down his last
wishes for his relatives. The incident enables one to realise how
manifold were Miss Nightingale’s duties and how after laborious days
she gave up hours of needed rest in order to comfort the dying.
Soon after the opening of his model kitchen, M. Soyer received a
visit from General Vivian, and while the General was there Miss
Nightingale entered the kitchen, and an animated conversation
ensued regarding hospital treatment. At the conclusion, M. Soyer
relates that the General said, “M. Soyer, Miss Nightingale’s name and
your own will be for ever associated in the archives of this
memorable war.”
One can understand the ecstasy of the volatile Frenchman at
finding himself coupled in such distinguished company and forgive
his little conceit, for he was an enthusiastic admirer of our heroine,
and has left one of the best pen portraits of her extant. “She is
rather high in stature,” he writes, “fair in complexion and slim in
person; her hair is brown, and is worn quite plain; her physiognomy
is most pleasing; her eyes, of a bluish tint, speak volumes, and are
always sparkling with intelligence; her mouth is small and well
formed, while her lips act in unison, and make known the impression
of her heart—one seems the reflex of the other. Her visage, as
regards expression, is very remarkable, and one can almost
anticipate by her countenance what she is about to say: alternately,
with matters of the most grave import, a gentle smile passes
radiantly over her countenance, thus proving her evenness of
temper; at other times, when wit or a pleasantry prevails, the
heroine is lost in the happy, good-natured smile which pervades her
face, and you recognise only the charming woman.
“Her dress is generally of a greyish or black tint; she wears a
simple white cap, and often a rough apron. In a word, her whole
appearance is religiously simple and unsophisticated. In conversation
no member of the fair sex can be more amiable and gentle than Miss
Nightingale. Removed from her arduous and cavalier-like duties,
which require the nerve of a Hercules—and she possesses it when
required—she is Rachel on the stage in both tragedy and comedy.”
 CHAPTER XVI
THE ANGEL OF DEATH

Death of Seven Surgeons at Scutari—The First of the “Angel

Band” Stricken—Deaths of Miss Smythe, Sister Winifred, and
Sister Mary Elizabeth—Touching Verses by an Orderly.

Sleep that no pain shall wake,

Night that no morn shall break,
Till joy shall overtake
Her perfect calm.
Christina Rossetti.

It is the cause, and not the death, that makes the martyr.—Napoleon.

T HROUGHOUT the spring of 1855 disease continued its ravages

amongst the soldiers in the Crimea without abatement, and
there was an increase of typhus fever in its worst form. The
constitutions of the men were so undermined by the privations
through which they had passed that they were unable to fight
against the disease.
The “men with the spades” had no cessation from their
melancholy toil at Scutari. Deaths occurred daily in the hospitals,
and the stricken took the places of the dead only themselves to die
before another day had dawned.
The fever also attacked the hospital staff. Eight of the surgeons
were prostrated, and of these seven died. Miss Nightingale herself
tended Dr. Newton and Dr. Struthers in their last moments, a matter
of inexpressible comfort to their friends. For a time there was only
one medical attendant in a fit state of health to wait on the sick in
the Barrack Hospital, and his services were needed in twenty-four
wards. Three of the nurses were also attacked by the fever. With the
medical staff prostrated and fever threatening her own band, the
duties and responsibilities of the Lady-in-Chief became more
formidable. She bore the strain in a marvellous manner, and there is
no record that throughout this terrible winter at Scutari she was
once unable to discharge her duties. An inflexible will and iron nerve
carried her over all difficulties, and it seemed as though Florence
Nightingale led a charmed life.
Hitherto she had been spared the sorrow of seeing any of her
own band stricken by death, but just when the sweet spring-time
was lifting the gloom of this winter of terrible experiences the call
came to one of the best beloved of her nurses, Miss Elizabeth Anne
Smythe. She had accompanied Miss Nightingale to Scutari, was a
personal friend, and had been trained by her. Miss Smythe’s beautiful
character and her capabilities as a nurse made her very valuable to
her chief, who with great regret consented that she should go from
Scutari to the hospital at Kullali, where help seemed more urgently
needed. Miss Nightingale had hoped that they might have continued
to work side by side until the end of the campaign, but the young
sister felt a call to go to Kullali, where help was needed.
Shortly after her arrival she wrote to her friends in excellent
spirits with every indication of being in good health, and said how
glad she was to have had the courage to come. The presence of
such a bright, well-qualified nurse was a great acquisition to the
hospital staff, and she soon became a favourite with the patients. In
a few days, however, she was stricken with the malignant fever. It
was hoped against hope that her youth and good constitution would
enable her to resist the attack, and for eight days she lay between
life and death, anxiously watched by doctors and nurses. Then
peacefully she fell asleep and passed to her martyr’s crown.
She was the first of the “Angel Band” to be stricken by death,
and her loss cast a gloom over those that remained, but as Miss
Nightingale has herself said, “Martyrs there must be in every cause.”
The funeral of the beloved young sister took place at Easter-time
under bright azure skies, when Nature was decking that Eastern land
in a fresh garb of loveliness. The simple coffin, covered with a white
pall, emblematic of the youthful purity of her who slept beneath,
was conveyed through the streets of Smyrna to the English burying-
ground, a route of two miles, through crowds of sympathetic
spectators. The coffin was preceded by a detachment of fifty
soldiers, marching sorrowfully with arms reversed. Immediately in
front of the coffin walked two chaplains, and on either side were
sisters and nurses. Military and medical officers followed the cortège,
which passed through the silent streets, a touching and pathetic
spectacle. Christian and Moslem alike joined in paying a tribute of
homage to one whose deeds of mercy lifted her above the strife of
creeds.

The first young Christian martyr

Is carried to the tomb,
And busy marts and crowded streets
Are wrapt alike in gloom.

And men who loathe the Cross and name

Which she was proud to own,
Yet pay their homage, meet and due,
To her good deeds alone.

Before many weeks had passed by, Miss Nightingale was again
called to mourn the loss of another of her helpers. The next claimed
by death was Sister Winifred, a Sister of Charity, who, with other
nuns from Ireland, was tending the Irish soldiers in the hospital at
Balaclava, to which they had recently come from Scutari and Kullali.
Only a few days after her arrival Sister Winifred was attacked by
cholera, which had broken out afresh at Balaclava.
 Very touching is the account which Sister Mary Aloysius gives of
the death of her comrade: “Our third day in Balaclava was a very
sad one for us. One of our dear band, Sister Winifred, got very ill
during the night with cholera. She was a most angelic sister, and we
were all deeply grieved. She was attacked at about three o’clock in
the morning with the symptoms which were now so well known to
us; every remedy was applied; our beloved Rev. Mother never left
her. She was attended by Father Unsworth, from whom she received
the last rites of our holy religion; and she calmly breathed her last
on the evening of the same day. A hut was arranged in which to
place the remains; and so alarming were the rats—and such huge
animals were they—that we had to watch during the night so that
they should not touch her. She, the first to go of our little band (viz.
the Roman Catholic sisters), had been full of life and energy the day
before. We were all very sad, and we wondered who would be the
next.”
A burial-place was found for Sister Winifred on a piece of ground
between two rocks, on the hills of Balaclava, where her remains
could repose without fear of desecration. The funeral formed a
contrast to that of the Protestant sister at Smyrna, but was equally
impressive. We can picture the sad cavalcade, distinguished by the
symbols of the Roman Catholic faith, wending its way up the hillside
to the lonely spot in the rocks above the Black Sea. Two priests
preceded the coffin, chanting the prayers, and the black-robed nuns
came closely behind, while soldiers and military and medical officers
followed.
Amongst the mourning band walked one tall, slight figure
dressed simply in black whose presence arrested attention. It was
Florence Nightingale, who had come to pay her tribute of love and
honour to the sister who, if divided by faith, had been united with
her in holy work and deeds of mercy.
A tribute was paid to the memory of Sister Winifred in a poem
by a friend, from which we quote the following verses:—
They laid her in her lonely grave upon a foreign strand,
Far from her own dear island home, far from her native land.
They bore her to her long last home amid the clash of arms,
And the hymn they sang seemed sadly sweet amid war’s fierce
alarms.

They heeded not the cannon’s roar, the rifle’s deadly shot,
But onward still they sadly went to gain that lowly spot;
And there, with many a fervent prayer and many a word of love,
They left her in her lowly grave with a simple cross above.

* * * * *

Yet far away from her convent grey, and far from her lowly cell,
And far from the soft and silvery tone of the sweet convent bell,
And far from the home she loved so well, and far from her native
sky,
’Mid the cannon’s roar on a hostile shore she laid her down to die.

* * * * *
She went not forth to gain applause, she sought not empty fame;
E’en those she tended might not know her history or her name;
No honours waited on her path, no flattering voice was nigh;
For she only sought to toil and love, and ’mid her toil to die.

They raise no trophy to her name, they rear no stately bust,

To tell the stranger where she rests, co-mingling with the dust;
They leave her in her lowly grave, beneath that foreign sky,
Where she had taught them how to live, and taught them how to
die.

The grave of Sister Winifred was, unhappily, not destined to

remain solitary. In the early spring of 1856—to anticipate the
sequence of our narrative a little—another funeral was seen wending
its way, to the chanting of priests, up the hills of Balaclava. It was
the body of Sister Mary Elizabeth, who had died of fever, caught
amongst the patients of her ward. Our informant, Sister Mary
Aloysius, thus describes the death scene as it occurred amid a storm
which threatened to unroof the wooden hut where the dying sister
lay: “It was a wild, wild night. The storm and wind penetrated the
chinks so as to extinguish the lights, and evoked many a prayer that
the death-bed might not be left roofless. It was awful beyond
description to kneel beside her during these hours of her passage
and to hear the solemn prayers for the dead and dying mingling with
the howling of the winds and the creaking of the frail wooden hut.
Oh, never, never can any of us forget that night: the storm disturbed
all but her, that happy being for whom earth’s joys and sorrows were
at an end, and whose summons home had not cost her one pang or
one regret.”
They buried Sister Mary Elizabeth beside Sister Winifred, and the
89th Regiment requested the honour of carrying the coffin.
Hundreds of soldiers lined the way in triple lines from the hospital to
the hut where the body lay, and a procession of various nationalities
and differing faiths followed the body to its lonely resting place on
the rocky ledge of Balaclava heights.
Later, when the graves of the two sisters were visited, it was
found that flowers and evergreens were growing in that lonely spot,
planted by the hands of the soldiers they had tended. On the white
cross of Sister Winifred’s grave was found a paper, on which were
written the following lines:—

Still green be the willow that grows on the mountain,

And weeps o’er the grave of the sister that’s gone;

* * * * *
 And most glorious its lot to point out to the stranger,
The hallowed remains of the sainted and blest;
For those angels of mercy that dared every danger
To bring to the soldier sweet comfort and rest.

It was discovered that these lines had been composed and

placed there by one of Sister Winifred’s orderlies.
 CHAPTER XVII
SAILS FOR THE CRIMEA AND GOES UNDER
FIRE

On Board the Robert Lowe—Story of a Sick Soldier—Visit to the

Camp Hospitals—Sees Sebastopol from the Trenches—
Recognised and Cheered by the Soldiers—Adventurous Ride
Back.

The walls grew weak; and fast and hot

Against them pour’d the ceaseless shot,
With unabating fury sent,
From battery to battlement;
And thunder-like the pealing din
Rose from each heated culverin:
And here and there some crackling dome
Was fired before th’ exploding bomb.
Byron.

O N May 2nd, 1855, Florence Nightingale, having completed six

months’ continuous labour in establishing a system of good
administration in the hospitals at Scutari, set out for Balaclava. She
was anxious to see how the sick and wounded were faring at the
actual seat of war, and it was also her duty as Superintendent of the
Nursing Staff in the East to inspect the hospitals in the Crimea.
LADY HERBERT OF LEA.
[To face p. 192.
 There were some sad good-byes to say before she quitted the
scene of her work at Scutari, for death would have claimed many
brave fellows ere she returned to her old post. Sorrowful eyes
followed the gleam of the familiar lamp as she went her final rounds
on the night before her departure, and heads were pathetically
turned to catch a last look at her shadow as it passed on the
whitened wall.
Rarely has any human being had such a retrospect of harrowing
experience and of insuperable difficulties overcome as passed
through Florence Nightingale’s mind when she reviewed the past six
months. The Barrack Hospital as she had found it, crowded with
suffering humanity in the most appalling state of loathsome neglect,
seemed like a hideous nightmare, scarcely to be realised in
comparison with the order, comfort, and cleanliness which now
prevailed.
It was with a heart of thankfulness to the Giver of all Good that
she had been permitted to accomplish this great work that Florence
Nightingale on a bright May morning stepped aboard the good ship
Robert Lowe and set sail for the Crimea. She was accompanied by a
staff of nurses and her friend Mr. Bracebridge, and by M. Soyer, the
celebrated chef, who was going to reform culinary matters at the
“front,” and attended by her boy Thomas, a young drummer who
had abandoned his “instruments and sticks,” as he called them, to
devote himself to the Lady-in-Chief. No general in the field had a
more devoted aide-de-camp than Florence Nightingale had in
Thomas. He was a lad of twelve, full of life, fun, and activity and of
amusing importance, but such was his devotion that he would have
been cut to bits ere harm came near his beloved mistress.
The short voyage was made in lovely weather, when the spring
air was redolent with perfume and freshness, and scarcely a ripple
moved the blue waters of the Bosphorus. Miss Nightingale greatly
enjoyed being on deck as the vessel glided past some of the most
beautiful scenes in that Eastern land. There rose the mosques and
minarets of Constantinople, enveloped, as it seemed, in golden
vapour, then the Golden Horn was passed, and the European and
Asiatic shores opened out in a scene of Oriental beauty. The
picturesque caiques skimmed the waters like magic craft, and Miss
Nightingale was fortunate in seeing the gorgeous flotilla of the
Sultan, consisting of large caiques brilliantly decorated with gilded
and rich silken hangings, and manned by gaily dressed oarsmen,
leave the marble staircase of the Dolmabatchke Palace to convey the
Sultan and his suite to the Mosque of Sultan Mahomet, for it was
Friday, the Turkish Sunday. Fifty guns proclaimed the departure of
the nautical procession. Then Kullali was passed, and the voyagers
thought sadly of the young sister who had recently died there at her
post in the hospital. On went the vessel, past the Sweet Waters of
Asia, where the Turks hold high festival, and the resorts of Therapia
and Buyukdére, until at length the dazzling Oriental coast was
almost lost to view as the ship entered the Black Sea.
However, Miss Nightingale’s delight in the sights and scenes
through which she was passing did not render her oblivious to her
fellow-passengers. There were six hundred soldiers on board and
many officers and Government officials. The second day of the
voyage, being Sunday, Miss Nightingale, accompanied by the
captain, visited the lower deck and talked with the soldiers, and
having heard that there were some invalids on board, asked to see
them. In passing from sufferer to sufferer, she at length came to a
fever patient who had refused to take his medicine.
“Why will you not take the medicine?” asked Miss Nightingale.
“Because I took some once,” the man replied, “and it made me
sick; and I haven’t liked physic ever since.”
“But if I give it to you myself,” said the Queen of Nurses with a
pleasant smile, “you will take it, won’t you?”
The poor fellow looked very hard at her and replied, “Well, sure
enough, ma’am, it will make me sick just the same.” However, he
took the draught and forgot the anticipated consequence as Miss
Nightingale chatted to him about the last engagement he was in.
 The distant booming of the cannon in Sebastopol intimated to
the travellers that they were nearing their destination, and on one of
the high peaked mountains they could plainly see the Russian picket
mounting guard. An hour later the vessel reached the harbour of
Balaclava, which presented a wonderful sight with the numerous
great ships lying at anchor. The news had spread that Miss
Nightingale was expected to arrive that day, and the decks of the
vessels in harbour were crowded with people anxious to get a
glimpse of her. Immediately the Robert Lowe came to anchor, the
chief medical officer of the Balaclava Hospital and other doctors and
officials came on board to welcome Miss Nightingale, and for an
hour she held what her fellow-voyager, M. Soyer, facetiously termed
“a floating drawing-room.” Later, Lord Raglan, Commander-in-Chief
of the British forces, came to welcome the illustrious heroine, but
only to find that she had already landed and begun her work of
hospital inspection.
Next day, Miss Nightingale, accompanied by Mr. Bracebridge, M.
Soyer, and an escort of other friends, set out for the camp to return
Lord Raglan’s visit. She “was attired simply in a genteel amazone, or
riding-habit,” relates M. Soyer, “and had quite a martial air. She was
mounted upon a very pretty mare, of a golden colour, which, by its
gambols and caracoling, seemed proud to carry its noble charge.
The weather was very fine. Our cavalcade produced an extraordinary
effect upon the motley crowd of all nations assembled at Balaclava,
who were astonished at seeing a lady so well escorted.”
The people did not, however, know how illustrious the lady was,
for Miss Nightingale preserved an incognito on her way to the camp.
At that time there were only four ladies in the Crimea, excepting the
sisters of mercy, who were never seen out, so there was great
curiosity as the cavalcade approached headquarters to know who
the lady was, and Mr. Bracebridge had to give evasive replies to
enquiring officers.
Florence Nightingale’s ride to camp proved an adventurous one.
The road was bad and not nearly wide enough for all the traffic.
Crowds of many nationalities, together with a ceaseless stream of
mules, horses, oxen, artillery waggons, cannon, infantry, and cavalry
struggled over the uneven muddy road, drivers and officers
shouting, horses kicking, sometimes a waggon overturned, and
everybody in a state of turmoil. Miss Nightingale’s horse kicked and
pranced in company with the horses of her escort, and but for a cool
nerve and steady hand she would certainly have come to grief. But
the skill in horsemanship which she had acquired as a girl amongst
the hills and dales of Derbyshire now served her in good stead, and
the ride was accomplished in safety.
The first halt was made at the hospital in a small Greek church
at the village of Kadikoi. After a little tour of inspection Miss
Nightingale and her party galloped up to the top of a high hill from
which was visible a panorama of the camp, with its myriads of white
tents dotted over the landscape. Now, indeed, she was in touch with
that great bivouac of warfare which the wounded at the Barrack
Hospital in Scutari had raved about in their fever wanderings. Upon
the air came the roar of the cannon from Sebastopol, the sound of
trumpets, the beating of drums, and the general din of military
manœuvres. Around the martial plain rose the rugged heights of
Balaclava with that valley of death sacred to the “noble six
hundred”:—

Stormed at with shot and shell,

Boldly they rode and well,
Into the jaws of Death,
Into the mouth of Hell
Rode the six hundred.

Florence Nightingale sat long on her horse, gazing afar at the

stirring scene and then turned sadly away. She knew that hundreds
of poor fellows away in yonder trenches were doomed to swell the
ranks of the dead and wounded ere the siege of Sebastopol was
ended.
 Proceeding on her way to headquarters, Miss Nightingale called
to inspect several of the small regimental hospitals. When at length
the vicinity of Lord Raglan’s house was reached, Mr. Bracebridge,
acting as advance guard, galloped forward, to announce the
approach of the Lady-in-Chief, only to find, however, that the
Commander-in-Chief, who had not received intimation of her
coming, was away. Miss Nightingale having left a message of thanks
to Lord Raglan for his visit of the previous day, now proceeded to
the General Hospital before Sebastopol.
This hospital contained some hundreds of sick and wounded,
and great was the joy of the poor fellows at receiving a visit from
the “good lady of Scutari,” as they called Miss Nightingale. When she
went out past the huts to the cooking encampment, some of the
men who had been patients at the Barrack Hospital recognised Miss
Nightingale and gave her three hearty cheers, followed by three
times three. She was much affected by such an unexpected
demonstration, and being on horseback could only bow to the men
by way of thanks. The shouts grew so vociferous that Miss
Nightingale’s horse turned restive, and one of her friends was
obliged to dismount and lead it by the bridle until the men’s
enthusiasm had abated.
The party now proceeded through the French and English camps
which surrounded Sebastopol. Miss Nightingale expressed a wish to
have a peep into the besieged stronghold, and a column was formed
to escort her to a convenient point. Some sharp firing was going on,
and as the visitors approached a sentry in much trepidation begged
them to dismount, pointing to the shot and shell lying around, and
remarking that a group of people would attract the enemy to fire in
their direction. Miss Nightingale laughingly consented to seek the
shelter of a stone redoubt where she could view Sebastopol through
a telescope. From this vantage ground she obtained an excellent
sight of the doomed city, being able to discern the principal buildings
and to see the duel of shot proceeding between the allied armies
and the enemy.
 Miss Nightingale was in an adventurous mood, and proposed to
go still farther into the trenches up to the Three-Mortar Battery. Her
friends Mr. Bracebridge, Dr. Anderson, and M. Soyer were favourable
to her wish, but the sentry was in a great state of consternation.
“Madam,” said he, “if anything happens I call on these
gentlemen to witness that I did not fail to warn you of the danger.”
“My good young man,” replied Miss Nightingale, “more dead and
wounded have passed through my hands than I hope you will ever
see in the battlefield during the whole of your military career;
believe me, I have no fear of death.”
The party proceeded and, arrived at the battery, obtained a near
view of Sebastopol. M. Soyer was in his most volatile mood, and
relates that the following incident occurred: “Before leaving the
battery, I begged Miss Nightingale as a favour to give me her hand,
which she did. I then requested her to ascend the stone rampart
next the wooden gun carriage, and lastly to sit upon the centre
mortar, to which requests she very gracefully and kindly acceded.”
Having thus unsuspectedly beguiled Miss Nightingale into this
position, the irrepressible Frenchman boldly exclaimed:
“Gentlemen, behold this amiable lady sitting fearlessly upon that
terrible instrument of war! Behold the heroic daughter of England—
the soldier’s friend!” All present shouted “Bravo! Hurrah! hurrah!
Long live the daughter of England.”
When later Lord Raglan was told of this incident, he remarked
that the battery mortar ought to be called “the Nightingale mortar.”
While in that elevated position the heroine was recognised by
the 39th Regiment, and the men set up such ringing cheers as
wakened echoes in the caves of Inkerman and startled the Russians
in Sebastopol.
The sun was beginning to sink below the horizon and shadows
to gather over the trenches and fortifications of the besieged city
when Miss Nightingale started on the return journey. She and her
party, proceeding at a sharp gallop through the camps, were
overtaken by darkness when only half-way back to Balaclava, and
losing their way, found themselves in a Zouave camp, where the
men were drinking coffee and singing their favourite African song.
They informed the travellers that brigands were roaming about, and
that it was dangerous to take the road after nightfall. However,
brigands or not, there was nothing for it but to push on down the
deep ravine which now faced them. The road was so steep and
slippery that one of the gentlemen dismounted to lead Miss
Nightingale’s horse by the bridle. When they halted to water the
horses, this gentleman received a severe blow in the face by coming
in sharp contact in the dark with the head of Miss Nightingale’s
steed. He concealed the injury, though his face was streaming with
blood and his eyes blackened, until they reached Balaclava hospital,
when the Queen of Nurses returned his kind attention by helping to
dress his wounds. Proceeding to the harbour, she retired to her state
cabin on the Robert Lowe, and so ended Florence Nightingale’s
adventurous visit to the camp hospitals before Sebastopol.
 CHAPTER XVIII
STRICKEN BY FEVER

Continued Visitation of Hospitals—Sudden Illness—Conveyed to

Sanatorium—Visit of Lord Raglan—Convalescence—Accepts Offer
of Lord Ward’s Yacht—Returns to Scutari—Memorial to Fallen
Heroes.

Know how sublime a thing it is

To suffer and be strong.
Longfellow.

N OTHING daunted by the fatiguing journey to the camp hospitals

at headquarters related in the last chapter, Miss Nightingale,
although she was feeling indisposed, set out the next morning to
visit the General Hospital at Balaclava and the Sanatorium. She was
accompanied by the ubiquitous M. Soyer, who was carrying out his
culinary campaign at the Crimean hospitals, and attended by her
faithful boy Thomas.
After spending several hours inspecting the wards of the General
Hospital, Miss Nightingale proceeded to the Sanatorium, a collection
of huts perched on the Genoese heights nearly eight hundred feet
above the sea. She was escorted by Mr. Bracebridge, Dr. Sutherland,
and a sergeant’s guard. The weather was intensely hot, as is usual
in the Crimea during the month of May, and the journey, following
on the fatigue of the previous day, proved a trying one. Half-way up
the heights, Miss Nightingale stopped to visit a sick officer in one of
the doctor’s huts, and afterwards proceeded to inspect the
Sanatorium.
 She returned to Balaclava, and next day went to install three
nurses in the Sanatorium; and on her way up again visited the
invalid officer in his lonely hut. During the succeeding days she
continued her inspection of the hospitals in Balaclava, and also
removed her quarters to the London, as the Robert Lowe, in which
she sailed, was ordered home.
It was when on board the London, while she was transacting
business with one of her nursing staff, that Miss Nightingale was
suddenly seized with alarming illness. The doctors pronounced it to
be the worst form of Crimean fever, and ordered that she should be
immediately taken up to the Sanatorium. She was laid on a stretcher,
and tenderly carried by sad-eyed soldiers through Balaclava and up
the mountain side amid general consternation. Her own private
nurse, Mrs. Roberts, attended her, a friend held a large white
umbrella to protect her face from the glaring sun, and poor Thomas,
the page-boy, who had proudly called himself “Miss Nightingale’s
man,” followed his mistress, crying piteously. So great was the
lamenting crowd that it took an hour to get the precious burden up
to the heights. A hut was selected near a small stream, the banks of
which were gay with spring flowers, and there for the next few days
Florence Nightingale lay in a most critical condition, assiduously
nursed by Mrs. Roberts and attended by Drs. Henderson and Hadley.
It seemed strange to every one that Miss Nightingale, after
passing unscathed through her hard labours at Scutari, when she
had been in daily contact with cholera and fever, should have
succumbed to disease at Balaclava, but the fatigues of the past
days, undertaken during excessive heat, accounted largely for the
seizure, and some of her friends thought also that she had caught
infection when visiting the sick officer on her way up to the
Sanatorium.
Alarmist reports quickly spread, and at Balaclava it was currently
reported that Florence Nightingale was dying. The sad tidings were
told at the Barrack Hospital at Scutari amidst the most pathetic
scenes. The sick men turned their faces to the wall and cried like
children. The news in due time reached London, and the leading
articles in the papers of the time show that the public regarded the
possible death of our heroine as a great national calamity. Happily
the suspense was brief, and following quickly on the mournful tidings
came the glad news that the worst symptoms were passed, and that
in all human probability the precious life would be spared.
Miss Nightingale, in a touching bit of autobiography, attributes
her first step towards convalescence to the joy caused on receiving a
bunch of wild-flowers.
During the time that Miss Nightingale lay in her hut on the
Genoese heights, some very sharp skirmishes were taking place
between the allied troops and the enemy, and it was reported that
the Russians were likely to attack Balaclava by the Kamara side. Miss
Nightingale’s hut being the nearest to that point, would, in the event
of such a plan being carried out, have been the first to be attacked.
Thomas, the page boy, constituted himself guard of his beloved
mistress and was ready to die valiantly in her defence. It would,
however, be an injustice to the Russian troops to imply that they
would knowingly have harmed even a hair of Florence Nightingale’s
head. Her person was sacred to friend and foe alike.
Lord Raglan was deeply concerned at Miss Nightingale’s illness,
and as soon as he heard from the doctors in attendance that he
might visit her, rode over from headquarters for the purpose. Mrs.
Roberts, the nurse, thus related to M. Soyer the account of the
Commander-in-Chief’s unexpected call:—
“It was about five o’clock in the afternoon when he came. Miss
Nightingale was dozing, after a very restless night. We had a storm
that day, and it was very wet. I was in my room sewing when two
men on horseback, wrapped in large gutta-percha cloaks and
dripping wet, knocked at the door. I went out, and one inquired in
which hut Miss Nightingale resided.
“He spoke so loud that I said, ‘Hist! Hist! don’t make such a
horrible noise as that, my man,’ at the same time making a sign with
both hands for him to be quiet. He then repeated his question, but
not in so loud a tone. I told him this was the hut.
“‘All right,’ said he, jumping from his horse, and he was walking
straight in when I pushed him back, asking what he meant and
whom he wanted.
“‘Miss Nightingale,’ said he.
“‘And pray who are you?’
“‘Oh, only a soldier,’ was the reply; ‘but I must see her—I have
come a long way—my name is Raglan—she knows me very well.’
 FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE AS A GIRL.
(From the drawing by her sister, Lady Verney.)
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookname.com