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JavaScript Application Design: A
Build First Approach
Nicolas Bevacqua
Copyright
For online information and ordering of this and other Manning books, please
visit www.manning.com. The publisher offers discounts on this book when
ordered in quantity. For more information, please contact
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Manning Publications Co.
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©2015 by Manning Publications Co. All rights reserved.

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transmitted, in any form or by means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or
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designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.

Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, it is

Manning’s policy to have the books we publish printed on acid-free paper, and
we exert our best efforts to that end. Recognizing also our responsibility to
conserve the resources of our planet, Manning books are printed on paper that is
at least 15 percent recycled and processed without elemental chlorine.

Development editor: Susan Conant

Technical development editor: Douglas Duncan
Manning Publications Co. Copyeditor: Katie Petito
20 Baldwin Road Proofreader: Alyson Brener
PO Box 761 Technical proofreaders: Deepak Vohra
Shelter Island, NY 11964 Valentin Crettaz
Typesetter: Marija Tudor
Cover designer: Marija Tudor

ISBN: 9781617291951
Printed in the United States of America

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – EBM – 20 19 18 17 16 15
Dedication

To Marian, for withstanding the birth of this book, your unconditional love,
and your endless patience.

I love you!

Will you marry me?

Brief Table of Contents
Copyright
Brief Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
About this Book
About the Author
About the Cover Illustration

1. Build processes
Chapter 1. Introduction to Build First
Chapter 2. Composing build tasks and flows
Chapter 3. Mastering environments and the development workflow
Chapter 4. Release, deployment, and monitoring

2. Managing complexity
Chapter 5. Embracing modularity and dependency management
Chapter 6. Understanding asynchronous flow control methods in
JavaScript
Chapter 7. Leveraging the Model-View-Controller
Chapter 8. Testing JavaScript components
Chapter 9. REST API design and layered service architectures

Appendix A. Modules in Node.js

Appendix B. Introduction to Grunt
Appendix C. Picking your build tool
Appendix D. JavaScript code quality guide
Index

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Listings
Table of Contents
Copyright
Brief Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
About this Book
About the Author
About the Cover Illustration

1. Build processes
Chapter 1. Introduction to Build First
1.1. When things go wrong
1.1.1. How to lose $172,222 a second for 45 minutes
1.1.2. Build First
1.1.3. Rites of initiation

1.2. Planning ahead with Build First

1.2.1. Core principles in Build First

1.3. Build processes

Build
Deployment
Benefits of a Build Process

1.4. Handling application complexity and design

Modularity
Design
 Asynchronous Code
Testing Practices
Practical design considerations
Build process
Design and Rest API
Battle testing

1.5. Diving into Build First

1.5.1. Keeping code quality in check
1.5.2. Lint in the command line

1.6. Summary

Chapter 2. Composing build tasks and flows

2.1. Introducing Grunt
2.1.1. Installing Grunt
2.1.2. Setting up your first Grunt task
2.1.3. Using Grunt to manage the build process

2.2. Preprocessing and static asset optimization

2.2.1. Discussing preprocessing
2.2.2. Doing LESS
2.2.3. Bundling static assets
2.2.4. Static asset minification
2.2.5. Implementing image sprites

2.3. Setting up code integrity

2.3.1. Cleaning up your working directory
2.3.2. Lint, lint, lint!
2.3.3. Automating unit testing
 2.4. Writing your first build task
2.5. Case study: database tasks
Two-way schema changes
Having a backup plan

2.6. Summary

Chapter 3. Mastering environments and the development workflow

3.1. Application environments
3.1.1. Configuring build distributions
3.1.2. Environment-level configuration
3.1.3. What’s so special about development?

3.2. Configuring environments

3.2.1. Storing configuration in a waterfall
3.2.2. Using encryption to harden environment configuration
security
3.2.3. Setting environment-level configuration at the OS level
3.2.4. Merging configuration as a waterfall in code

3.3. Automating tedious first-time setup tasks

3.4. Working in continuous development
3.4.1. Waste no time, use a watch!
3.4.2. Monitoring for changes to the Node app
3.4.3. A text editor that cares
3.4.4. Browser refresh is so Y2K

3.5. Summary

Chapter 4. Release, deployment, and monitoring

4.1. Releasing your application
 4.1.1. Image optimization
4.1.2. Static asset caching
4.1.3. Inlining critical above-the-fold CSS
4.1.4. Testing before a deployment

4.2. Predeployment operations

Predeployment operations
4.2.1. Semantic versioning
4.2.2. Using changelogs
4.2.3. Bumping changelogs

4.3. Deploying to Heroku

4.3.1. Deploying builds
4.3.2. Managing environments

4.4. Continuous integration

4.4.1. Hosted CI using Travis
4.4.2. Continuous deployments

4.5. Monitoring and diagnostics

4.5.1. Logging and notifications
4.5.2. Debugging Node applications
4.5.3. Adding performance analytics
4.5.4. Uptime and process management

4.6. Summary

2. Managing complexity
Chapter 5. Embracing modularity and dependency management
5.1. Working with code encapsulation
5.1.1. Understanding the Single Responsibility Principle
 5.1.2. Information hiding and interfaces
5.1.3. Scoping and this keyword
5.1.4. Strict mode
5.1.5. Variable hoisting

5.2. JavaScript modules

5.2.1. Closures and the module pattern
5.2.2. Prototypal modularity
5.2.3. CommonJS modules

5.3. Using dependency management

5.3.1. Dependency graphs
5.3.2. Introducing RequireJS
5.3.3. Browserify: CJS in the browser
5.3.4. The Angular way

5.4. Understanding package management

5.4.1. Introducing Bower
5.4.2. Big libraries, small components
5.4.3. Choosing the right module system
5.4.4. Learning about circular dependencies

5.5. Harmony: a glimpse of ECMAScript 6

5.5.1. Traceur as a Grunt task
5.5.2. Modules in Harmony
5.5.3. Let there be block scope

5.6. Summary

Chapter 6. Understanding asynchronous flow control methods in

JavaScript
6.1. Using callbacks
 6.1.1. Avoiding callback hell
6.1.2. Untangling the callback jumble
6.1.3. Requests upon requests
6.1.4. Asynchronous error handling

6.2. Using the async library

6.2.1. Waterfall, series, or parallel?
6.2.2. Asynchronous functional tasks
6.2.3. Asynchronous task queues
6.2.4. Flow composition and dynamic flows

6.3. Making Promises

6.3.1. Promise fundamentals
6.3.2. Chaining Promises
6.3.3. Controlling the flow
6.3.4. Handling rejected Promises

6.4. Understanding events

6.4.1. Events and the DOM
6.4.2. Creating your own event emitters

6.5. Glimpse of the future: ES6 generators

6.5.1. Creating your first generator
6.5.2. Asynchronicity and generators

6.6. Summary

Chapter 7. Leveraging the Model-View-Controller

7.1. jQuery isn’t enough
Code organization and jQuery
View templates
 Using controllers
Models
Views
Controllers
Router

7.2. Model-View-Controller in JavaScript

7.2.1. Why Backbone?
7.2.2. Installing Backbone
7.2.3. Browserifying your Backbone module with Grunt

7.3. Introduction to Backbone

7.3.1. Backbone views
7.3.2. Creating Backbone models
7.3.3. Organizing models with Backbone collections
7.3.4. Adding Backbone routers

7.4. Case study: the shopping list

7.4.1. Starting with a static shopping list
7.4.2. This time with remove buttons
7.4.3. Adding items to your cart
7.4.4. Using inline editing
7.4.5. A service layer and view routing

7.5. Backbone and Rendr: server/client shared rendering

7.5.1. Diving into Rendr
7.5.2. Understanding boilerplate in Rendr
7.5.3. A simple Rendr application

7.6. Summary

Chapter 8. Testing JavaScript components

8.1. JavaScript testing crash course
8.1.1. Logical units in isolation
8.1.2. Using the Test Anything Protocol (TAP)
8.1.3. Putting together our first unit test
8.1.4. Tape in the browser
8.1.5. Arrange, Act, Assert
8.1.6. Unit testing
8.1.7. Convenience over convention
8.1.8. Case study: unit testing an event emitter
8.1.9. Testing the event emitter
8.1.10. Testing for the .on method
8.1.11. Mocks, spies, and proxies
8.1.12. Mocking
8.1.13. Introducing Sinon.js
8.1.14. Spying on function calls
8.1.15. Proxying require calls

8.2. Testing in the browser

8.2.1. Faking XHR and server communication
8.2.2. Case study: testing DOM interaction

8.3. Case study: unit testing the MVC shopping list

8.3.1. Testing the view router
8.3.2. Testing validation on a view model

8.4. Automating Tape tests

8.4.1. Automating Tape tests for the browser
8.4.2. Continuous testing

8.5. Integration, visual, and performance testing

Other documents randomly have
different content
because the gratification of the ruling passion had made it worth
while to supply the market.
There is a history, by a monk of Cluny, of the translation of the
body of St. Indalece, one of the earliest Spanish bishops; written by
order of the Abbot of St. Juan de la Penna; wherein the author
protests to advance nothing but facts; having himself seen, or learnt
from other witnesses, all he relates. It was not difficult for him to
gain his information, since it was to the monastery of St. Juan de la
Penna that the holy relics were transported, and those who brought
them were two monks of that house. His minute detail of
circumstances, he has authenticated by giving the names of persons
and places; and the account was written for the great festival
immediately instituted in honour of this translation. He informs us
of the miraculous manner by which they were so fortunate as to
discover the body of this bishop, and the different plans that were
concerted to carry it off; with the itinerary of the two monks who
accompanied the holy remains; during which they were not a little
cheered in their long and hazardous journey by visions and miracles.
Another has written a history of what he terms the translation of
the relics of St. Majean to the monastery of Villemagne. Translation
is, in fact, only a softened expression for the robbery committed on
the relics of the saints, by two monks who carried them off secretly,
to enrich their monastery; and they did not stick at any artifice, or
lie, to achieve their undertaking. They imagined every thing was
permitted to get possession of these fragments of mortality, which
now had become such an important branch of commerce. They even
regarded their possessors with a hostile eye. Such was the religious
opinion from the ninth to the twelfth century. Our Canute
commissioned his agent at Rome to purchase St. Augustine’s arm for
one hundred talents of silver and one of gold! a much greater sum,
observes Granger, than the finest statue of antiquity would then have
sold for. Another monk describes a strange act of devotion, attested
by several contemporary writers. When the saints did not readily
comply with the prayers of their votaries, they flogged their relics
with rods, in a spirit of impatience, which they conceived necessary
to enforce obedience. To raise our admiration, Theofroy, abbot of
Epternac, relates the daily miracles performed by the relics of saints
—their ashes, their clothes, or other mortal spoils, and even by the
instruments of their martyrdom. He inveighs against that luxury of
ornaments which was indulged in under a religious pretext. “It is not
to be supposed that the saints are desirous of such a profusion of
gold and silver. They wish not that we should raise to them
magnificent churches, to exhibit that ingenious order of pillars,
which shine with gold; nor those rich ceilings, nor those altars
sparkling with jewels. They desire not the purple parchment for their
writings, the liquid gold to decorate the letters, nor the precious
stones to embellish their covers, while you have such little care for
the ministers.” The pious writer has not forgotten himself, in his
partnership-account with the saints.
Bayle observes, the Roman church not being able to deny that
there have been false relics which have wrought miracles, they reply
that the good intentions of those believers who have recourse to
them, obtained from God the reward for their good faith! In the same
spirit, when it was shown that three bodies of the same saint are said
to exist in several places, and that therefore they could not all be
authentic, it was answered, that they were all genuine! for God had
multiplied and miraculously reproduced them, for the comfort of the
faithful! A curious specimen of the intolerance of good sense.
Prince Radzivil was so much affected by the Reformation being
spread in Lithuania, that he went in person to pay the Pope all
personal honours. On this occasion his holiness presented him with a
precious box of relics. On his return home, some monks entreated
the prince’s permission to try the effects of them on a demoniac, who
hitherto had resisted every exorcism. They were brought into the
church with solemn pomp, accompanied by an innumerable crowd,
and deposited on the altar. After the usual conjurations, which were
unsuccessful, the relics were applied. The demoniac instantly
recovered. The people called out a miracle! and the Prince raising his
hands and eyes to heaven, felt his faith confirmed. During this
transport of pious joy, he observed that a young gentleman, who was
keeper of his treasure of relics, smiled, and by his motions ridiculed
the miracle. The Prince, indignantly, took the young keeper of the
relics to task; who, on promise of pardon, gave the following secret
intelligence concerning them. In travelling from Rome he had lost
the box of relics; and not daring to mention it, he had procured a
similar one, which he had filled with the small bones of dogs and
cats, and other trifles similar to those that were lost. He hoped he
might be forgiven for smiling, when he found that such a collection
of rubbish was eulogized with such pomp, and had even the virtue of
expelling demons. It was by the assistance of this box that the Prince
discovered the gross impositions of the monks and demoniacs, and
Radzivil afterwards became a zealous Lutheran.
Frederick the Elector, surnamed the Wise, was an indefatigable
collector of relics. After his death, one of the monks employed by
him, solicited payment for several parcels he had purchased for our
wise Elector; but the times had changed! He was advised to resign
this business; the relics for which he desired payment they were
willing to return; that since the Reformation of Luther, the price of
such ware had considerably fallen; and that they would be more
esteemed, and find a better market in Italy than in Germany!
In his “Traité preparatif à l’Apologie pour Herodote,” c. 39,
Stephens says, “A monk of St. Anthony, having been at Jerusalem,
saw there several relics, among which was a bit of the finger of the
Holy Ghost, as sound and entire as it had ever been; the snout of the
seraphim that appeared to St. Francis; one of the nails of a cherubim;
one of the ribs of the Verbum caro factum, (the Word was made
flesh,) some rays of the star that appeared to the three kings of the
east; a phial of St. Michael’s sweat, when he was fighting against the
devil; a hem of Joseph’s garment, which he wore when he cleaved
wood, &c. All which things,” observes our treasurer of relics, “I have
brought with me home very devoutly.” Henry III. who was deeply
tainted with the superstition of the age, summoned all the great in
the kingdom to meet in London. This summons excited the most
general curiosity, and multitudes appeared. The king then
acquainted them that the great master of the knights templars had
sent him a phial containing a small portion of the sacred blood of
Christ, which he had shed upon the cross! and attested to be genuine
by the seals of the patriarch of Jerusalem, and others. He
commanded a procession on the following day, and, adds the
historian, that though the road between St. Paul’s and Westminster
Abbey was very deep and miry, the king kept his eyes constantly
fixed on the phial. Two monks received it, and deposited the phial in
the abbey, “which made all England shine with glory, dedicating it to
God and St. Edward.”
 In his life of Henry VIII. Lord Herbert notices the great fall of the
price of relics at the dissolution of the monasteries. “The respect
given to relics, and some pretended miracles, fell, insomuch as I find
by our records, that a piece of St. Andrew’s finger, (covered only with
an ounce of silver,) being laid to pledge by a monastery for forty
pounds, was left unredeemed at the dissolution of the house; the
king’s commissioners, who, upon surrender of any foundation,
undertook to pay the debts, refusing to pay the price again;” that is,
they did not choose to repay the forty pounds, to receive a piece of
the finger of St. Andrew. About this time the property of relics
suddenly sunk to a South-Sea bubble; for shortly after the artifice of
the Road of Grace, at Boxley, in Kent, was fully opened to the eye of
the populace, and a far-famed relic at Hales in Gloucestershire, of the
blood of Christ, was at the same time exhibited. It was showed in a
phial, and it was believed that none could see it who were in mortal
sin: and after many trials usually repeated to the same person, the
deluded pilgrim at length went away fully satisfied. This relic was the
blood of a duck, renewed every week, and put into a phial; one side
of which was opaque, and the other transparent; either side of which
was turned to the pilgrim which the monk thought proper. The
success of the pilgrim depended on the oblations he had made. Those
who were scanty in their offerings, were the longest in getting a sight
of the blood. When a man was in despair he usually became
generous.

THE END.

W. WILSON, PRINTER, 57, SKINNER-STREET, LONDON.

1. The discipline of the augurs is of very ancient date, having been prohibited
by Moses, in Leviticus. The cup put in Joseph’s sack, was that used by Joseph to
take auguries by. In its more general signification, augury comprises all the
different kinds of divination, which Varrow distinguishes into four species of
augury, according to the four elements; namely, pyromancy, or augury by fire;
aeromancy, or augury by the air; hydromancy, or augury by the water; and
geomancy, or augury by the earth.—See Divination. The Roman augurs took their
presages concerning futurity from birds, beasts, and the appearances of the
heavens, &c.
 2. See Augurs.
3. A coal starting out of the fire prognosticates either a purse or a coffin, as the
imagination may figure either one or the other represented upon it: the death-
watch, a species of ticking spider, the inseparable companion of old houses and old
furniture, is, when heard, a sure prognostic of a death in the family: the sediment
of the sugar, in the form of froth, rising to the top of a cup of tea, is an infallible
presage of the person going to receive money: the itching of the palm of the hand,
which is to be immediately rubbed on wood, “that it may come to good,” or on
brass, “that it may come to pass,” &c. is the certain foreboding of being about to
have money paid or otherwise transferred.
4. These are but a very small proportion of the minor species of superstitions
which influence weak and uninstructed minds in all countries. The vulgar, even in
the most enlightened periods, are not entirely exempt from belief in the powers of
sorcery and magic, and other fantastical and imaginary agencies, such as
Exorcisms, Charms, and Amulets. It is pleasing, however, to contrast the present
times, in which there is almost an extinction of these delusions, with ages not very
remote. It is only 182 years, (counting from 1819) since great numbers of persons
were condemned to death, in the ordinary course of law, and executed for
witchcraft, in England; and only 119 years (from the same date) since the like
disgraceful proceedings took place in Scotland. The like trials, convictions, and
executions, took place in New England, in the end of the 17th century. See Evelyn’s
Memoirs, vol. xi. p. 35.
5. Du Cange has remarked, that the common expression, “May this piece of
bread choke me!” originates with this custom. The anecdote of Earl Godwin’s
death by swallowing a piece of bread, in making this asseveration, is recorded in
our history. If it be true, it was a singular misfortune.
6. Dr. Fludd, or, as he stated himself in Latin, De Fluctibus, was the second
son of Sir Thomas Fludd, Treasurer of War to Queen Elizabeth, was born at
Milgate in Kent; and died at his own house in Coleman-Street, September 8, 1637.
He was a strenuous supporter of the Rosicrucian philosophy; was considered a
man of some eminence in his profession, and by no means an insignificant writer.
7. Melancthon was also a believer in judicial astrology, and an interpreter of
dreams. Richelieu and Mazarine were so superstitious as to employ and pension
Morin, another pretender to astrology, who cast the nativities of these two able
politicians. Nor was Tacitus himself, who generally appears superior to
superstition, untainted with this folly, as may appear from the twenty-second
chapter of the sixth book of his Annals.
8. The noted Thumersen, in the seventeenth century, was invested at Berlin
with the respective offices of printer to the court, bookseller, almanack-maker,
astrologer, chemist, and first physician. Messengers daily arrived from the most
respectable houses in Germany, Poland, Hungary, Denmark, and even from
England, for the purpose of consulting him respecting the future fortunes of new-
born infants, acquainting him with the hour of their nativity, and soliciting his
advice and directions as to their management. Many volumes of this singular
correspondence are still preserved in the Royal library at Berlin. He died in high
reputation and favour with his superstitious contemporaries; and his astrological
Almanack is still published in some of the less enlightened provinces of Germany.
9. I so well remember the Chaldean predictions to Pompey, to Crassus, and to
this same Cæsar, that none of them should die, but full of years and glory, and in
his house, that I am surprised that there are yet some persons capable to believe
those, whose predictions are every day contradicted and refuted by the court.
10. Antipater and Achinapolus have shewn, that Genethliology should rather
be founded on the time of the conception than on that of the birth.
11. Astrologers and wise men of the present day, thanks to a statute or two in
the civil code, limit their star-gazing faculties to the making of calendars or
almanacks.
12. In 1523, the astrologers having prophesied incessant rains and fearful
floods, the abbot of St. Bartholomew, in Smithfield, built a house on Harrow-the-
Hill, and stored it with provisions. Many persons followed his example and
repaired to high places. However, no extraordinary floods appearing, the
disappointed soothsayers pacified the people by owning themselves mistaken just
one hundred years in their calculation.—Hall.
13. From this art of Solomon, exhibited through the medium of a ring or seal,
we have the eastern stories which celebrate the seal of Solomon, and record the
potency of its sway over the various orders of demons, or of genii, who are
supposed to be the invincible tormentors or benefactors of the human race.
14. The discovery of the virtues of the Peruvian bark may here serve as an
instance. The story goes, that an Indian (some say a monkey) being ill of a fever,
quenched his thirst at a pool of water, strongly impregnated with the bark from
some trees having accidentally fallen into it, and that he was in consequence cured.
15. John Atkins, author of the Navy Surgeon: 1742.
16. Turner, in his collection of Cases, p. 406, gives one of a woman who died
hydrophobical, from a mad dog biting her gown; and of a young man who died
raving mad, from the scratch of a cat, four years after the accident.
17. This species of delusion reminds us of the Florentine quack, who gave the
countryman his pills, which were to enable him to find his lost ass. The pills
beginning to operate on his road home, obliged him to retire into a wood, where he
actually did find his ass. The clown, as a matter of course, soon spread the report of
the wonderful success of the empiric, who, no doubt, in consequence of this
circumstance, reaped an ample reward from the proprietors of strayed cattle.
18. James the First wrote a philippic against it, entitled a “Counterblaste to
Tobacco,” in which the royal author, with more prejudice than dignity, informs his
loving subjects, that “it is a custome loathsome to the eye, hatefull to the nose,
painfull to the braine, dangerous to the lungs; and in the black stinking fume
thereof, nearest resembling the horrible stygian smoke of the pit that is
bottomlesse.”
19. The prohibition of the bath was numbered among the restrictions to which
certain priestesses were bound by the rigid rules of their order.
20. An eminent physician of the fourth century, born at Pergamus, or,
according to others, at Sardis, where he resided for some time.
21. Called Amidenus, from the place of his birth, flourished at Alexandria,
about the end of the fifth century.
22. The word Alchymy seems to be compounded of the Arabic augmentative
particle al, and the Latin Kemia or Greek χημια, chemistry. This etymology,
however, is objected to by some, who deny the Arabians any share in the
composition of the word; urging that alchemia occurs in an author who wrote
before the Europeans had any commerce with the Arabians, or the Arabians any
learning, i. e. before the time of Mahomet.
23. Philosoph. Magazine, Vol. vi. p. 383.
24. Descartes imagined that he had found out a diet that would prolong his life
five hundred years.
25. Quædam opera magica mulieribus perfecta fuère, sicut de productione
aquarum reperimus apud Chaldæos; si decem Virgines se ornent, vestimenta rubra
inducant, saltent ita ut una altera impellat, idque progrediendo et retrogrediendo,
digitos denique versus solem certis signis extendant, ad finem perducta illâ
actione, aquas illici et prodire dicunt. Sic scribunt, si quatuor mulieres in terga
jaceant, et pedes suas cum composione versus cœlum extendant, certa verba,
certos item gestus, adhibeat illas turpi hac actione grandinem decidentem avertere.
—Tiedman’s “Disputatio de quæstione, quæ fuerit artium magicarum origo.”
26. This method of solving the above problem is supported by the authority of
many fathers of the church.
27. Amasis cum frui Amplexibus Ladices nequiret impotentem sese ab ea
redditum contendebat pertinacissime. Vide Herodotum, lib. 2.
28. It is clearly shewn by the earliest records, that the ancients were in the
possession of many powerful remedies; thus Melampus of Argos, the most ancient
Greek physician with whom we are acquainted, is said to have cured one of the
Argonauts of sterility, by administering the rust of iron in wine for ten days; and
the same physician used Hellebore as a purge, on the daughters of King Prœtus,
who were afflicted with melancholy. Venesection was also a remedy of very early
origin, for Podalerius, on his return from the Trojan war, cured the daughter of
Damethus, who had fallen from a height, by bleeding her in both arms. Opium, or a
preparation of the poppy, was certainly known in the earliest ages; and it was
probably opium that Helen mixed with wine, and gave to the guests of Menelaus,
under the expressive name of nepenthe, (Odyss. Δ,) to drive away their cares, and
increase their hilarity; and this conjecture receives much support from the fact,
that the nepenthe of Homer was obtained from the Egyptian Thebes, (whence the
Tincture of Opium has been called Thebaic Tincture;) and if the opinion of Dr.
Darwin may be credited, the Cumæan Sibyll never sat on the portending tripod
without first swallowing a few drops of the juice of the cherry-laurel.

“At Phœbi nondum Patiens, immanis in antro,

Bacchatur vates, magnum si pectore possit
Excussisse deum: tanto magis ille fategat
Os rabidum, fera corda domans, fingitque premendo.”
Æneid, l. vi. v. 78.

There is reason to believe that the Pagan priesthood were under the influence
of some narcotic during the display of their oracular powers, but the effects
produced would seem rather to resemble those of opium, or perhaps of
stramonium, than of Prussic acid. Monardus tells us, that the priests of the
American Indians, whenever they were consulted by the chief gentlemen, or
caciques, as they are called, took certain leaves of the tobacco, and cast them into
the fire, and then received the smoke which they thus produced in their mouths, in
consequence of which they fell down upon the ground; and that after having
remained for some time in a stupor, they recovered, and delivered the answers,
which they pretended to have received during their supposed intercourse with the
world of spirits. The sedative powers of the garden lettuce were known in the
earliest times. Among the fables of antiquity we read, that after the death of
Adonis, Venus threw herself upon a bed of lettuces, to lull her grief and repress her
desires. The sea onion, or squill, was administered by the Egyptians in cases of
dropsy, under the mystic title of the Eye of Typhon. The practices of incision and
scarification, were employed in the camp of the Greeks before Troy, and the
application of spirit to wounds, was also understood, for we find the experienced
Nestor applying a cataplasm, composed of cheese, onion, and meal, mixed up with
the wine of Pramnos, to the wounds of Machaon.
29. Æis addatur quod scripsit Necepsos, draconem radios habentem
insculptum, collo suspensum, ita ut contingeret ventriculum, mire ei prodesse.—
Tiedman.
30. On the subject of the Jewish magii, the works of Buxtorf, Lightfoot,
Bekker, and others, have been consulted.
31. Les Juifs croient que Lilis veut faire mourir les garçons dans le huitième
jour après leur naissance, et les filles dans le vingt-unième. Voici le remède des
Juifs Allemans pour se préserver de ce danger. Ils tirent des traits en ronde avec de
la craϊe, ou avec des charbons de bois, sur les quatre murs de la chambre oû est
l’accouchée, et ils écrivent sur chaque trait: Adam! Eve! qui Lilis se retire. Ils
écrivent aussi sur le parti de chambre les noms des trois anges qui président à la
médicine, Senai, Sansenai, et Sanmangelof, ainsi que Lilis elle-même leur apprit
qu’il falloit faire lorsqu’elle espéroit de les faire tout tous noyer dans la mer. Elias,
as quoted by Becker.
32. This remarkable confession may be found in Menange’s. Observations sur
la langue Françoise, Part II. p. 110.
33. This was written in 1560, and before the era of revolutions had
commenced even among ourselves. He penetrated into the important principle
merely by the force of his own meditation.
34. Vide Lectures on Phrenology, by Drs. Gall and Spurtzheim.
35. This word is supposed to be formed from the Greek ονομα, name; and
μαντεια, divination. There is in fact something rather singular in the etymology;
for, in strictness, Onomancy should rather signify divination by asses, being
formed from oνos, asinus and μαντεια. To signify divination by names it should be
Onomatomancy.
36. Pythian or Pythia, in antiquity, the priestess of Apollo, by whom he
delivered oracles. She was thus called from the god himself, who was styled Apollo
Pythius, from his slaying the serpent Python; or as others will have it, αποτου
ποδεσδαι, because Apollo, the sun, is the cause of rottenness; or, according to
others, from πυνδανομαι, I hear, because people went to hear and consult his
oracles.—The priestess was to be a pure virgin. She sat on the covercle, or lid, of a
brazen vessel, mounted on a tripod; and thence, after a violent enthusiasm, she
delivered her oracles; i. e. she rehearsed a few ambiguous and obscure verses,
which were taken for oracles.
All the Pythiæ did not seem to have had the same talent at poetry, or to have
memory enough to retain their lesson.—Plutarch and Strabo make mention of
poets, who were kept in by Jupiter, as interpreters.
The solemn games instituted in honor of Apollo, and in memory of his killing
the serpent Python with his arrows, were called Pythia or Pythian games.
37. The art of knowing the humour, temperament, or disposition of a person,
from observation of the lines of the face, and the character of its members or
features, is called Physiognomy. Baptist Porta and Robert Fludd, are among the
top modern authors, and it has since been revived by Lavater, on this subject. The
ancient authors are the Sophist Adamantius, and Aristotle, whose treatise on
Physiognomy is translated into Latin by de Lacuna.
38. When the thoughts are much troubled, and when a person sleeps without
the circumstance of going to bed, or putting off his clothes, as when he nods in his
chair; it is very difficult, as Hobbes remarks, to distinguish a dream from a reality.
On the contrary, he that composes himself to sleep, in case of any uncouth or
absurd fancy, easily suspects it to have been a dream.—Leviathan, par. i. c. 1.
39. For the notion of this threefold soul, read the following verses attributed to
Ovid:—
 Bis duo sunt nomini: Manes, Caro, Spiritus, Umbra:
Quatuor ista loci bis duo suscipiunt,
Terra legit Carnem, tumulum circumvolat Umbra
Orcus habet Manes, Spiritus astra petit.

40. Scot’s Discoverie of Witchcraft, book xv. chap. 39; also Discourse on Devils
and Spirits, chap. 28.
41. Philosophy of Apparitions, by Dr. Hibbert.
42. “As I sat in the pantry last night counting my spoons,” says the butler, in
the Comedy of the Drummer, “the candle, methought, burnt blue, and the spay’d
bitch look’d as if she saw something.”
43. The Friend, a series of Essays, by S. T. Coleridge, Esq. vol. I, page 248.
44. “There is a species to whom, in the Highlands, is ascribed the guardianship
or superintendence of a particular clan, or family of distinction. Thus the family of
Gurlinbeg was haunted by a spirit called Garlen Bodachar; that of the Baron of
Kilcharden by Sandear or Red Hand, a spectre, one of whose hands is as red as
blood; that of Tullochgorum by May Moulach, a female figure, whose left hand and
arm were covered with hair, who is also mentioned as a familiar attendant upon
the clan Grant.” Sir Walter Scott’s Border Minstrelsy.
45. In the year 1646 two hundred persons were tried, condemned, and
executed for witchcraft, at the Suffolk and Essex assizes; and in 1699 five persons
were tried by special commission, at Paisley, in Scotland, condemned and burnt
alive, for the same imaginary crime.—(See Howell’s Letters.)
46. It is rather an unfortunate circumstance that all the books, (and there were
several,) which treated of the arts of conjuration, as they were practised among the
ancients, not one is now extant, and all that we know upon that subject has been
collected from isolated facts which have been incidentally mentioned in other
writings. From these, however, it would appear, that many of the deceptions which
still continue to excite astonishment, were then generally known.
47. Sir Gilbert Blane, Bart.
48. Glanvil was chaplain to his Majesty, and a fellow of the Royal Society, and
author of the work in question, entitled “Saducesmus Triumphatus, or a full and
plain evidence concerning witches and apparitions,” in two parts, “proving partly
by holy Scripture, and partly by a choice collection of modern relations, the real
existence of apparitions, spirits, and witches.” Printed 1700.
49. Webster, another divine, wrote “Criticisms and interpretations of
Scripture,” against the existence of witches, &c.
50. This story must be accounted for some way or other; or belief in the
appearance of the apparitions must be credited. Either the miller himself was the
murderer, or he was privy to it, unperceived by the actual perpetrators; or he might
be an accomplice before the fact, or at the time it was committed, but without
having inflicted any of the wounds. The compunctious visitings of his troubled
conscience, the dread of the law in the event of the disclosure, coming from any
one but himself, doubtless made him resolve to disburthen his guilty mind; and
pretended supernatural agency was the fittest channel that presented itself for the
occasion. That Walker and Sharp never confessed any thing, ought not to be matter
of wonder. There was no evidence against them but the miller’s apparition, which,
they were well assured, would not be likely to appear against them; they were
determined therefore not to implicate themselves; well knowing, that however the
case stood, Graime the miller could not be convicted, because, in the event of his
story of the apparition being rejected, they must be acquitted, although suspicion
and the circumstances of the pregnancy, &c. were against them; and again, if the
miller had declared himself, after this, as evidence for the crown, his testimony, if
taken at all, would be received with the greatest caution and distrust; the result
might, in fact, have been, that the strongest suspicions would have fallen upon him
as the real murderer of Anne Clarke; for which, under every consideration of the
case, he might not unjustly have been tried, condemned, and executed. The
statement of Lumley proves nothing that was not generally known. That Anne
Clarke was murdered was well known, but by whom nobody ever knew. She
afterwards appeared to the miller; and why to the miller in preference to any one
else, unless he had had the least hand in it? and with the exception of Sharp and
Walker, the only living being who was thoroughly acquainted with the catastrophe,
but who himself was, in fact, as guilty as either of the other two.
The Mr. Fanhair, who swore he saw “the likeness of a child standing upon
Walker’s shoulders” during the trial, ought to have been freely blooded, cupped,
purged, and dieted, for a month or two, until the vapours of his infantile
imagination had learned to condense themselves within their proper focus: then,
and then only, might his oath have been listened to. Besides, the child could only
be a fœtus, at what period of gestation we are not told, and to have appeared in
proper form, it ought to have had its principal appendage with it—the mother. The
two, however, might have been two heavy for Walker’s shoulders: nevertheless, the
gallantry of the times, certainly, would not have refused her a seat in the dock
alongside her guilty paramour; or a chair in the witness’-box, if she came to appear
as evidence against him.
51. By Mumia is here understood, that which was used by some ancient
physicians for some kind of implanted spirit, found chiefly in carcases, when the
infused spirit is fled; or kind of sympathetic influence, communicated from one
body to another, by which magnetic cures, &c. were said to be performed. Now,
however, deservedly exploded.
52. For a curious specimen of this odium theologicum, see the “Censure” of
the Sorbonne on Marmontel’s Belisarius.
53. This king is invoked in the first part of Shakspeare’s play of Henry the
Sixth, after the following manner:—
 “You speedy helpers that are substitutes
Under the lordly monarch of the North—
Appear!”

54. This description is taken from an ancient Latin poem, describing the
lamentable vision of a devoted hermit, and supposed to have been written by St.
Bernard, in the year 1238; a translation of which was printed for private
distribution by William Yates, Esq. of Manchester.
55. Sir Thomas Brown, who thinks that this view may be confirmed by
expositions of Holy Scripture, remarks, that, “whereas it is said, thou shalt not
offer unto devils; (the original word is seghuirim), that is, rough and hairy goats,
because in that shape the devil must have often appeared, as is expounded by the
Rabin; as Tremellius hath also explained; and as the word Ascemah, the god of
Emath, is by some conceived.”
56. See an interesting dissertation on this subject, in Douce’s Illustrations of
Shakspeare, Vol. i. p. 382. It is also noticed in the Border Minstrelsy, Vol. ii. p. 197.
57. Dio of Syracuse was visited by one of the furies in person, whose
appearance the soothsayers regarded as indicative of the death which occurred of
his son, as well as his own dissolution.
58. Sir Walter Scott has supposed that this mythological account of the
duergar bears a remote allusion to real history, having an ultimate reference to the
oppressed Fins, who, before the arrival of the invaders, under the conduct of Odin,
were the prior possessors of Scandinavia. The followers of this hero saw a people,
who knew how to work the mines of the country better than they did; and,
therefore, from a superstitious regard, transformed them into spirits of an
unfavourable character, dwelling in the interior of rocks, and surrounded with
immense riches.—Border Minstrelsy, v. ii. p. 179.
59. It is said that, in Orkney, they were often seen clad in complete armour.—
Brand’s description of Orkney. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1701. p. 63.
60. In Germany, probably for similar reasons, the dwarfs have acquired the
name of elves—a word, observes Mr. Douce, derived from the Teutonic of helfin,
which etymologists have translated juvare.
61. Minstrelsy of the Scottish border, vol. ii. page 215.
62. Before dismissing this subject of fairies, I shall slightly advert to the
strange blending which took place of Grecian and Teutonic fables. “We find,” says
Sir Walter Scott, “the elves accordingly arrayed in the costume of Greece and
Rome, and the fairy queen and her attendants transformed into Diana and her
nymphs, and invested with their attributes and appropriate insignia.” Mercury was
also named by Harsenet, in the year 1602, the prince of the fairies.
63. “He would chafe exceedingly,” says Scot, “if the maid or good wife of the
house, having compassion of his nakedness, laid ani cloths for him besides his
messe of white bread and milke, which was his standing fee. For in that case he
saith, what have we here? Hempton hamten, here will I never more tread nor
stampen.”
64. Bellus speaks with contempt of this petty instance of malevolence to the
human race: “stones are thrown down from the air,” he remarks, “which do no
harm, the devils having little strength, and being mere scarecrows.” So much for
the origin of meteoric stones.
65. See Hibbert’s Philosophy of Apparitions.
66. Grellman’s History of the Gipsies.
67. Grellman’s opinion seems extremely plausible, that they are of the lowest
class of Indians, called suders, and that they left India when Timur Bag ravaged
that country in 1408 and 1409, putting to death immense numbers of all ranks of
people.
68. Mr. Marsden first made inquiries among the English Gipsies concerning
their language.—Vide Archæologia, vol. ii. p. 382–386. Mr. Coxe communicated a
vocabulary of words used by those of Hungary.—See the same vol. of the
Archæologia, p. 387. Vocabularies of the German Gipsies may be seen in
Grellman’s Book. Any person wishing to be convinced of this similarity of
language, and being possessed of a vocabulary of words used in Hindostan, may be
satisfied of its truth by conversing with the first Gipsey he meets.
69. Margaret Finch, a celebrated modern adventuress, was buried October 24,
1740, at Beckenham, in Kent. This remarkable person lived to the age of 109 years.
She was one of the people called Gipsies, and had the title of their queen. After
travelling over various parts of the kingdom, during the greater part of a century,
she settled at Norwood, a place notorious for vagrants of this description, whither
her great age and the fame of her fortune-telling, attracted numerous visitors.
From a habit of sitting on the ground, with her chin resting on her knees, the
sinews at length became so contracted, that she could not rise from that posture.
After her death they were obliged to inclose her body in a deep square box. Her
funeral was attended by two mourning coaches, a sermon was preached on the
occasion; and a great concourse of people attended the ceremony.
There is an engraved portrait of Margaret Finch, from a drawing made in
1739. Her picture adorned the sign of a house of public entertainment in Norwood,
called the Gipsey house, which was situated in a small green, in a valley,
surrounded by woods. On this green, a few families of Gipsies used to pitch their
tents, during the summer season. In winter they either procure lodgings in
London, or take up their abode in barns, in some of the more distant counties. In a
cottage that adjoined the Gipsey house, lived an old woman, granddaughter of
Queen Margaret, who inherited her title. She was niece of Queen Budget, who was
buried (see Lysons, vol i. p. 107.) at Dulwich, in 1768. Her rank seemed, however,
to be merely titular; nor do we find that the gipsies paid her any particular respect,
or that she differed in any other manner than that of being a householder, from the
rest of her tribe.—
70. A private dwelling house.
71. The woods, hedges or bushes.
72. His wench, &c.
73. Clothes.
74. Hens.
75. Turkies.
76. Young Pigs.
77. Geese.
78. Plunder, goods, or money acquired by theft.
79. Legend is also used by authors to signify the words or letters engraven
about the margins, &c. of coins. It is also applied to the inscription of medals, of
which it serves to explain the figures or devices. In point of strictness the legend
differs from the inscription, the latter properly signifying words instead of figures
placed on the reverse of a medal.
80. See Geddes’s Tracts.
81. See Geddes’s Tracts.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
‫‪Page‬‬ ‫‪Changed from‬‬ ‫‪Changed to‬‬
‫‪96‬‬ ‫תגת‬ ‫‪.‬הגה‬
‫‪143‬‬ ‫‪μαν εια‬‬ ‫‪μαντεια‬‬
‫‪144‬‬ ‫‪χλησων‬‬ ‫‪κληδων‬‬
‫‪149‬‬ ‫‪γε‬‬ ‫‪γη‬‬
‫‪152‬‬ ‫‪υαvτεiα‬‬ ‫‪μαντεια‬‬
‫‪171‬‬ ‫‪ΦΥΣΙΟΤΝΩΜΙΑ‬‬ ‫‪ΦΥΣΙΟΓΝΩΜΙΑ‬‬
‫קסומי נאלי באוכ‬ ‫קסומי נא לי באוב‬
‫‪229‬‬
‫מעינן‬ ‫מעונן‬
‫‪230‬‬ ‫הש‬ ‫נחש‬
‫חיבר חבר‬ ‫נחשחובר חבר‬
‫‪232‬‬ ‫חיבר חבר‬ ‫חובר חבר‬
‫‪ἐπὰδων‬‬ ‫‪ἐπάδων‬‬
‫חיבר‬ ‫חובר‬
‫מחכם אשר לא־ישמע לקול‬ ‫לקול‬ ‫לא־ישמע‬ ‫אשר‬
‫‪233‬‬
‫מלחשים חובר חברים‬ ‫מלחשים חובר חברים מחכם‬
‫חיבר חבר‬ ‫חובר חבר‬
‫שיאל אוב‬ ‫שואל אוב‬
‫‪Ἐγγαϛείμυθος‬‬ ‫‪Ἐγγαστρίμυθος‬‬
‫‪234‬‬
‫שיאל אוב‬ ‫שואל אוב‬
‫‪Ἐγγαϛείμυθος‬‬ ‫‪Ἐγγαστρίμυθος‬‬
‫כהם אוב‬ ‫בהם אוב‬
‫‪235‬‬ ‫באיב‬ ‫באוב‬
‫‪Ἐγγαϛείμυθῳ‬‬ ‫‪Ἐγγαστρίμυθῳ‬‬
‫בעלת איב‬ ‫בעלת אוב‬
‫בעלת איב‬ ‫בעלת אוב‬
‫‪236‬‬
‫איב‬ ‫אוב‬
‫חיבר חבר‬ ‫חובר חבר‬
‫ירעני‬ ‫ידעני‬
‫יעשח איב וידעני‬ ‫יעשה אוב וידעני‬
‫‪237‬‬
‫איב‬ ‫אוב‬
‫בעלת בוא‬ ‫בעלת אוב‬
‫איב כעלוה‬ ‫בעליה אוב‬
‫‪239‬‬
‫הטהגים‬ ‫המהגים‬
‫‪243‬‬ ‫הרטמים‬ ‫חרטמים‬
 ‫מבשפים‬ ‫מכשפים‬
‫חבטים‬ ‫חכמים‬
‫להש‬ ‫להט‬
‫דהט חדב‬ ‫להט חרב‬
‫בלהטוהם‬ ‫קסומי־נא לי‬
‫איב‬ ‫אוב‬
245
Ohh Obh
μαντεϊον μαντεῖον
Ὅπ θεασάμπνυον τὸ
Ὅτι θεασάμενον τὸ
γύναιον ἅνδρa
γύναιον ἄνδρa σεμνὸν
σεμνὸν καὶ
καὶ θεοπρεπῆ
θεοπρεπῆ ταράττεται,
246 ταράττεται, καὶ πρὸς
καὶ πρὸς την ὅψίν
την ὄψίν οὐπλαγέν, οὐ
οὐπλαγέν, οὐ σὺ,
σύ, φησὶν, ὁ
φησὶν, ὁ Βασιλεὺς
Βασιλεὺς Σαοῦλος
Σάουλος
‫אלהום‬ ‫אלהים‬
247
Elochim Elohim
249 ‫ידץ‬ ‫ידע‬
250 διπλοίδα ἱεραπκηὶ διπλοΐδα ἱερατικήν
Θεῷτηὶ μερηὶ Θεῷ τὴν μορφὴν
251
ὅμοιος ὅμοιος
‫חולם‬ ‫עולם‬
holam gnolam
292
‫לחולם‬ ‫לעולם‬
leholam legnolam
256 θoοὺς θεοὺς

1. Note that in the author's Hebrew transliterations 'hh'

indicates a hard 'aitch'.
2. Note that in the author's Hebrew transliterations 'gn'
indicates a (silent) hard glottal-stop.
3. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and
variations in spelling.
4. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings
as printed.
5. Re-indexed footnotes using numbers and collected
together at the end of the last chapter.
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