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Student Name: __________________
Class and Section __________________
Total Points (10 pts) __________________
Due: September 8, 2010 before the class

Project: The Circle2D Class

CSCI 1302 Advanced Programming Principles
Armstrong Atlantic State University

Problem Description:
Define the Circle2D class that contains:
• Two double data fields named x and y that specify the
center of the circle with get methods.
• A data field radius with a get method.
• A no-arg constructor that creates a default circle
with (0, 0) for (x, y) and 1 for radius.
• A constructor that creates a circle with the specified
x, y, and radius.
• A method getArea() that returns the area of the
circle.
• A method getPerimeter() that returns the perimeter of
the circle.
• A method contains(double x, double y) that returns
true if the specified point (x, y) is inside this
circle. See Figure 10.14(a).
• A method contains(Circle2D circle) that returns true
if the specified circle is inside this circle. See
Figure 10.14(b).
• A method overlaps(Circle2D circle) that returns true
if the specified circle overlaps with this circle. See
the figure below.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure
(a) A point is inside the circle. (b) A circle is
inside another circle. (c) A circle overlaps another
circle.

Draw the UML diagram for the class. Implement the

class. Write a test program that creates a Circle2D
object c1 (new Circle2D(2, 2, 5.5)), displays its area
1
 and perimeter, and displays the result of
c1.contains(3, 3), c1.contains(new Circle2D(4, 5,
10.5)), and c1.overlaps(new Circle2D(3, 5, 2.3)).

Design:
Draw the UML class diagram here

Circle2D

Coding: (Copy and Paste Source Code here. Format your code using Courier 10pts)

public class Exercise10_11 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Circle2D c1 = new Circle2D(2, 2, 5.5);
System.out.println("Area is " + c1.getArea());
System.out.println("Perimeter is " + c1.getPerimeter());
System.out.println(c1.contains(3, 3));
System.out.println(c1.contains(new Circle2D(4, 5, 10.5)));
System.out.println(c1.overlaps(new Circle2D(3, 5, 2.3)));
}
}

class Circle2D {
// Implement your class here
}

2
Submit the following items:

1. Print this Word file and Submit to me before the class on the due day.

2. Compile, Run, and Submit to LiveLab (you must submit the program regardless
whether it complete or incomplete, correct or incorrect)

3
Solution Code:

public class Exercise10_11 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Circle2D c1 = new Circle2D(2, 2, 5.5);
System.out.println("Area is " + c1.getArea());
System.out.println("Perimeter is " + c1.getPerimeter());
System.out.println(c1.contains(3, 3));
System.out.println(c1.contains(new Circle2D(4, 5, 10.5)));
System.out.println(c1.overlaps(new Circle2D(3, 5, 2.3)));
}
}

class Circle2D {
private double x, y;
private double radius;

public Circle2D() {
x = 0;
y = 0;
radius = 1;
}

public Circle2D(double x, double y, double radius) {

this.x = x;
this.y = y;
this.radius = radius;
}

public double getX() {

return x;
}

public void setX(double x) {

this.x = x;
}

public double getY() {

return y;
}

public void setY(double y) {

this.y = y;
}

public double getRadius() {

return radius;
}

public void setRadius(double radius) {

this.radius = radius;
}

public double getPerimeter() {

return 2 * radius * Math.PI;
}

public double getArea() {

4
 return radius * radius * Math.PI;
}

public boolean contains(double x, double y) {

// MyPoint is defined in Exercise9_4
double d = distance(x, y, this.x, this.y) ;
return d <= radius;
}

public boolean contains(Circle2D circle) {

return contains(circle.x - circle.radius, circle.y) &&
contains(circle.x + circle.radius, circle.y) &&
contains(circle.x, circle.y - circle.radius) &&
contains(circle.x, circle.y + circle.radius);
}

public boolean overlaps(Circle2D circle) {

// Two circles overlap if the distance between the two centers
// are less than or equal to this.radius + circle.radius
// MyPoint is defined in Exercise9_4
return distance(this.x, this.y, circle.x, circle.y)
<= radius + circle.radius;
}

private static double distance(double x1, double y1,

double x2, double y2) {
return Math.sqrt((x1 - x2) * (x1 - x2) + (y1 - y2) * (y1 - y2));
}
}

5
Other documents randomly have
different content
[111] See Life of St. Moling, and of other saints.
[112] Additional Notes, page 336.
[113] Vita Brendani, cap. 14.
[114] Cap. II., De Silentio.
[115] “Cibus sit vilis et vespertinus.”
[116] See I. Eccles. Record, Jan. 1865.
[117] Regula., cap. 3.
[118] “Votum Monasticum.”—Adamnan.
[119] St. Patrick had, we are told, three maidens who were
constantly employed on embroidery work for sacred purposes—one
was his own sister, Lupait, another is called Cruimtheris, and the
third was King Daire’s royal daughter.
“Beneath a pine three vestals sat close veiled:
A song these childless sang of Bethlehem’s child,
Low-toned, and worked their altar cloth, a Lamb,
All white, on golden blazon.”
Columcille, too, had his own special embroideress for working his
vestments and altar cloths. She was called Coca, and has given her
name to the ancient church of Kilcock, in the County Kildare, which
she founded.* In the Book of Kells, too, we find examples of
vestments in the ornamentation portrayed in the richest and most
vivid colouring.
* See O’Curry, Manners and Customs, vol. iii., p. 123.
[120] The Romans were those who enjoyed the rights of the
Imperial citizenship, which at this time had come to be in reality a
badge of slavery.
[121] See the Salamanca MS., p. 161.
[122] Benignus was, says the author of the Tripartite Life of St.
Patrick, an “adolescens facie decorus, vultu modestus, moribus
integer, nomine uti et in re Benignus,” and his voice “cunctos
oblectans.”
[123] The full title of the work is De Excidio Britaniæ Liber Querulus.
[124] “The penmanship is,” says Bishop Reeves, “of extreme
elegance, and is admirable throughout for its distinctness and
uniformity.”
[125] “Ferdomnach hunc librum, dictante Torbach, herede Patricii
scripsit.” The only word somewhat illegible is “Torbach.”
[126] This is the only complete copy of the Scriptures of the New
Testament, which has come down to our times from the Celtic
Church of Ireland. The rest were all destroyed by the Danes.
[127] The ornamentation is so minute and elaborate that Professor
Westwood declares that he counted in the small space of three
quarters of an inch long by less than half-an-inch in width, no fewer
than 158 interlacements of a slender ribbon pattern!—Archæol.
Journal, vol. x. p. 278.
[128] If the nuns at Clonbroney, Co. Longford, were not before
them.
[129] Tripartite, page 37.—“Patrick went to Inver Boinde. He found a
wizard in that place who mocked at Mary’s virginity. Patrick sained
the earth, and it swallowed up the wizard.”
[130] Aubrey de Vere, Legends of St. Patrick.
[131] See O’Hanlon’s Life of St. Brigid.
[132] She was in an especial manner the patroness of the ‘Sons of
Reading,’ as students were then called; “and the Lord gives them,
through Brigid’s prayer, every perfect good that they ask.”—Irish Life.
[133] See Round Towers, page 203.
[134] Dictionary of Christian Antiquities—‘Lamps.’
[135] Dr. Todd was of opinion that the manuscript described by
Gerald Barry must have been the Book of Kells, which might have
been removed at that time to Kildare for safe custody. But there is
no historical foundation for this conjecture.
[136] Tripartite, p. 40.
[137] O’Clery’s Martyrology.
[138] Du Cange. See Dr. M‘Carthy’s able Paper in the Proceedings of
the R.I.A., May, 1889. In the Tripartite (Stokes, p. 251), menister
seems to mean the paten, and mias (quasi mensa) the altar-table.
[139] It has been said that Ninian died a.d. 432; but as Skene
observes, without any authority. See Celtic Scotland, vol. ii., p. 4.
[140] “Proselytus Brito, homo sanctus, S. Patricii discipulus.”
Secunda Praefatio, p. 6.
[141] Four Masters, a.d. 922.
[142] We believe this stream is a tributary of the Fane river, which in
fact does come from the County Monaghan to Louth.
[143] Ad Scotos in Christum credentos ordinatus a Papa Caelestino
Palladius primus episcopus mittitur.
[144] Hence the name Ailbe = ail-beo, “living under the rock.”
[145] See Stokes’ Calendar of Ængus.—April 23rd.
[146] In the Tripartite he is represented as founding Pallas Green in
the Barony of Coonagh, co. Limerick.
[147] See Kilk. Arch. Soc., vol. iv., New Series, page 90.
[148] His father was son of Laei, son of Tadhg, son of Cian, son of
Oilioll Olum. See Book of Rights, page 50, and page 103.
[149] Others think Kilbanon was the church of ‘Benen, brother of
Cethech,’ who is distinguished in the Tripartite from ‘Benen,
successor of Patrick.’ This is highly probable.
[150] Celtic Scotland, Book II, p. 44.
[151] Histor. Eccles., Liber III., c. 4.
[152] “Vade ad Brittaniam ad Rosnatum monasterium, et esto
humilis discipulus Manceni, Magistri illius monasterii.” Vita S. Endei.
[153] Lib. III. c. 4.
[154] Primordia, page 1058.
[155] Chron. Picts and Scots, page 56.
[156] Trias Tham., page iii. note 67.
[157] The word Rosnat simply means a sea-girt promontory, and
would be equally applicable to Whithern and St. David’s Head.
[158] Called also Bealagh-na-haite, from the overhanging cliffs.
[159] In Irish Bealagh-na-fearback.
[160] The lighthouse throws a red sector over the rock and shoal,
which are also marked by a red buoy.
[161] Admirably edited by Miss Stokes, to whom Irish scholars owe
so much.
[162] Aubrey de Vere’s Translation—Irish Odes and other Poems.
[163] “In the Islands of the Tyrrhene Sea.”—Fiacc’s Hymn.
[164] Confession, page 396, Vol. II., Rolls Series.
[165] Loman was a Briton, and Scotha, mother of Fortchern, was
also a Briton, perhaps a connection.
[166] Loca Patriciana, page 152.
[167] The Life in the Book of Lismore says that he was then thirty
years of age, and that he had previously founded three churches in
his native territory—Ross Cuire, Drumfiaid, and Magh Glass.
[168] Gerald Barry seems to think the name meant the Valley of
Roses, of which he says there were none—it should rather be called
the Marble Valley.
[169] See Itinerarium Cambriae, page 102.
[170] See Tripartite, vol. ii., page 632.
[171] See Loca Patriciana, page 204.
[172] “His daily meal was a bit of barley bread and a drink of water.
On Sundays and holidays it was wheaten bread and a piece of
broiled salmon.”—Irish Life.
[173] See the Irish Life in the Book of Lismore.
[174] See Colgan’s Life of St. Columba of Tir-da-glas.
[175]
Regressus in Clonardiam
Ad cathedram lecturae,
Apponit diligentiam
Ad studium Scripturae.
—Hymn from St. Finnian’s Office.
[176]
Trium virorum millium
Sorte fit doctor humilis;
Verbi his fudit fluvium
Ut fons emanans rivulis.
[177] The Irish Life also makes him son of Fintan.
[178] The modern diocese of Meath is an aggregate of seven or
eight ancient dioceses; hence it has no cathedral church, but takes
its name from the ancient principality (Midhe) with which it is almost
conterminous.
[179] Leabhar Breac.
[180] See Father D. O’Donoghue’s interesting Paper in the Journal of
the R.S.A.I. for 1891, page 706.
[181] Life of St. Ita.
[182] See Latin Life of St. Brendan, edited by Cardinal Moran.
[183] “Bute (Scotland) is said to derive its name from bothe, a cell,
St. Branden having once made it the place of his retreat, and for the
same reason, the natives of this isle, and also of Arran, have been
sometimes styled Brandani.”—Pennant’s Tour in Scotland, vol. ii., 4th
edition, Dublin, 1775, p. 164.
[This note was sent to us by the late lamented Mr. Hennessy.]
[184] Annals of Clonmacnoise.
[185] From the late W. M. Hennessy we received shortly before his
lamented death the following note:—
“In an Irish MS. in Trinity College, Dublin (Class H. 1, 7), in a tract
beginning on fol. 84, two poems are copied, the composition of
which is ascribed to St. Brendan (obviously of Clonfert). The first,
No. 7, begins—
An da Aodh mo dha Charaid
(The two Hughs, my two friends).
The second begins—
Beannacht an Choimhdhe chomachtaigh
(The blessing of the Almighty Lord).
This,” adds Mr. Hennessy, “is stated to be in praise of Aedh, King of
Cashel; but there is no record of such a King of Cashel in the time of
St. Brendan.” It is much more likely it refers to Aedh, King of
Connaught, who gave Inchiquin to Brendan.
[186] There are families near Clonfert, who bear this name at the
present day.
[187] Life of St. Tighernach.
[188] Whiterne in sound for Irish ears is nearly the same as Futerne,
the Latin being Futerna.
[189] Some confound this St. Fursey with another Fursey, son of
Lochan of the Dal-araidhe.
[190] Fursey must have been very young, certainly not more than
ten years of age, when Brendan died in a.d. 577.
[191] We have made a minute examination of all this locality with
the help of the Very Rev. J. Barrett, P.P., V.F.
[192] To whom we are indebted for much information about
Cummian.
[193] Note to Archdall, sub voce, “Clonfert.”
[194] There is a characteristic story of Cummian, Guaire, and
Caimin, told by the scholiast on the Felire of Ængus. The three half
brothers were at one time in Caimin’s Church of Inis Cealtra in Lough
Derg. “What would you wish to have this Church filled with?” said
Caimin to Guaire. “With silver and gold,” he replied, “that I might
give it for my soul’s sake to saints and to churches, and to the poor.”
“And you, Cummian, what would you have it filled with?” “I would
have it full of books to instruct studious men, to enable them to
preach the Gospel, and save souls,” said Cummian. Then they said,
“But thou, Caimin, what would you wish to have in it?” “I would wish
to have the full of it of diseases and sicknesses to afflict my body,”
replied Caimin. And all three got their wish, “the earth to Guaire,
wisdom to Cummian, and sickness and disease to Caimin;” and they
all went to heaven in the way they wished.
[195] Primo loco de observatione Paschae Domini, et uno die et uno
tempore per omnem orbem a nobis observetur et juxta
consuetudinem litteras ad omnes tu dirigas.
[196] See Hefele. Councils, vol i., page 314. French Edition, 1869.
[197] Was this Breacan of Dairinis, near Waterford, half-brother to
Cummian? He might have been then at Hy.
[198] Perhaps to Disert Chuimin, where he wrote: “Ut me ut
nycticoracem in domicilio latitantem defenderem.” Epistola.
[199] Skene says this “is the oldest authentic notice of St. Patrick.”—
Celtic Scot., vol. ii., p. 17.
[200] This is the synodical decree quoted in the Book of Armagh,
and already referred to in this work at page 60. Its citation by
Cummian so early as a.d. 640 is a clear proof that the Synod’s
decrees are authentic.
[201] Tome 87. Patr. Latina.
[202] In some ancient MSS. Fada is written Fota, but it is the same
word, meaning ‘Tall.’
[203] Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ireland, page 44.
[204] And sometimes Ninian, because he was confounded with the
original founder.
[205] Book ii. c. i.
[206] Le gach boin a boinin.
[207] Cardinal Moran’s Essays, page 138.
[208] Book of Rights, page 100, note.
[209] See Chronicon Scotorum, compiled at Clonmacnoise.
[210] Vita S. Ciarani.
[211] This date of the Latin Life is quite accurate. The Dominical
letter for that year is c.b.; therefore the 1st of January was on Friday,
and the 23rd was Saturday; and the 9th of Sept. was also on
Saturday. We cannot, however, now ascertain the exact day of the
moon, for the old cycle was then in use.
[212] Chronicon Scotorum. Anno 544.
[213] Colgan says that some of the Druids continued in Ireland
down to the eighth century, and were held in high esteem in certain
parts of the country as poets and sheanachies.—Acta SS., page 149,
n. 15.
[214] See Dr. Monaghan’s interesting Records of Ardagh and
Clonmacnoise.
[215] One of the “Patres priores.”
[216] “Cheranus Scottorum gloria gentis.”
[217] This was the hide of the dun cow which Ciaran brought to
Clonard where she gave milk to the Twelve Apostles of Erin.
[218] Annals of Loch Cé.
[219] See Lord Dunraven’s Notes.
[220] See Professor Stokes’ Lectures.
[221] It has been translated for Miss Stokes by Mr. O’Looney.
[222] See Christian Inscriptions, page 79.
[223]
Epistola Albini Magistri ad Colcum Lectorem in Scotia—
Benedicto Magistro, et Pio Patri Colcuo Alcuine humilis
 levita salutem.
[224] Acta Sanctorum, page 379.
[225] Wars of the G. G. Introduction, xiv.
[226] Four Masters, a.d. 840.
[227] Professor Stokes repeats these mistakes in his Lectures—Celtic
Church, page 200. Keating, however calls Cormac Archbishop of
Cashel, which he certainly was not.
[228] At his conference with Niall at Clonfert, Felim sat in the seat of
the abbots as a token of his superiority over Niall, not as a bishop.
[229] It is not unlikely that his family resided at Cluain Ui Braoin,
now Cloonybrian, near Boyle.
[230] See Lectures, page 127.
[231] It was first published in 1807 by M. Walckenaer from two MSS.
in the Imperial Library of Paris. In 1814, M. Letronne produced a still
more learned and accurate edition, in which he shows the
advantages that scholars may derive from a careful study of Dicuil’s
work. It is entitled: Recherches Geographiques, et Critiques sur Le
Livre “De Mensura Orbis Terrarum,” composé en Irlande au
Commencement du Neuvième siècle par Dicuil.
[232] It might be rendered a trustworthy brother.
[233] See Smith’s Dictionary of Geography.
[234] See Introd. to Celtic Scotland, page 3, vol. i.
[235] See Reeves’ Adamnan, page 169, note.
[236] See Bishop Reeves’ excellent edition of Adamnan’s Life of
Columba.
[237] See Reeves’ Adamnan, page lxix.
[238] “By genealogy he had a natural right to the kingship of
Ireland, and it would have been offered to him had he not put it
from him for God’s sake.”—Life in the Book of Lismore.
[239] It is more likely that his ordination took place after he left
Glasnevin on his homeward journey.
[240] This mistake led to important consequences. Columba not
being himself a bishop found it necessary to have a bishop, subject
to his jurisdiction, to perform episcopal functions in his monasteries.
It was an unusual arrangement, as Bede declares, “Habere solet ipsa
insula (Hy) rectorem semper abbatem presbyterum, cujus juri et
omnis provincia, et etiam episcopi, ordine inusitato, debeant esse
subjecti, juxta exemplum primi doctoris illius, qui non episcopus sed
presbyter extitit et monachus.”—Bede, H.E. III. 4.
[241] a.d. 545—“Daire Colum Cille fundata est” (recte, 546).
[242] See the Felire of Ængus.
[243] Notes to the Felire.
[244] Fecerat autem priusquam Brittaniam veniret monasterium
nobile in Hibernia, quod a copia roborum Dearmach linguâ
Scottorum, i.e. Campus roborum cognominatur.—Book iii. 4.
[245] The ‘Great House’ was perhaps the abbot’s residence. See
Petrie’s Round Towers, page 431.
[246] Ps. xc. verse 11.
[247] See Reeves’ Adamnan, page 276.
[248] Ibid, page 269.
[249] Gilbert, National MSS., page 10.
[250] See Professor Stokes’ very interesting Lecture.
[251] The Irish Life in the Book of Lismore indirectly implies that
Kells was founded by St. Columba, as well as many other churches
in Bregia.
[252] Round Towers, page 437.
[253] Four Masters.
[254] At the Dissolution in a.d. 1539 the Book came into the hands
of Gerald Plunket of Dublin, but he appears to have restored it to the
monks of Kells.
[255] Such is the opinion of the learned Cardinal Moran expressed to
the writer in person.
[256] See Reeves’ Adamnan, page 275.
[257] Green Leaves, by T. D. Sullivan.
[258] From an account written in a.d. 1761.
[259] This cross ‘in margine viae’ is the only cross now in the island
which could answer Adamnan’s description as that nigh to which
Columba sat down to rest himself on his last journey from the
monastic farm.—Page 231.
[260] Irish Life.
[261] Codex A. of Adamnan’s Vita.
[262] Greek characters are found in Adamnan’s earliest MSS.
[263] In the Irish Rule attributed to Columcille we find:—“Three
labours in the day, i.e., prayers, work, and reading,” prescribed for
all. But Adamnan’s statement is even more authoritative and explicit:
—
“Nullum etiam unius horae intervallum transire poterat (Columba),
quo non aut orationi, aut lectioni, vel scriptioni, vel etiam alicui
operationi incumberat.”—Adamnan’s Praefatio II.
[264] In the Life in the Book of Lismore it is said that “Columba had
thrice fifty monks for contemplation, and sixty for the active life”—
that is in their turn.
[265] See Haddan and Stubbs, Vol. II., part I., page 120.
[266] See the Irish Life in the Book of Lismore, which enumerates
several of these churches.
[267] The first part of this Vita Secunda is not the work of Cuimine
the Fair.
[268] Matt. x., 8.
[269] “Scitote quod nullus citra Alpes compar illi in cognitione
divinarum scripturarum et in magnitudine scientae reperitur.”—
Salamanca MS.
[270] See School of Clonfert.
[271] For instance, the details of the martyrdom of St. Blaithmac of
Iona by the Danes in a.d. 824, which he describes in Latin verse, and
may have learned from a fugitive who was, perhaps, the bearer of
this very MS.
[272] “Erat enim vir bonus et sapiens, et scientia Scripturarum
nobilissime instructus.”
[273] “Edoctus est omnes liberales, sacras et asceticas disciplinas,
linguas etiam Hebraicam et Graecam; et quicquid patria lingua (in
qua tunc pleraeque scientiae et Dryadum quae non fuerant damnata
dogmata) scriptum est vel artium vel legum vel historiarum.”
[274] Book II., c. 45.
[275] See Petrie’s Tara, page 147.
[276] “Dedit legem innocentum populis.”
[277] The story of Adamnan’s carrying his mother on his back
originated in his well-known filial piety. Vol. III.
[278] Up to the tenth century Britannia included Scotland.
[279] See Haddan and Stubbs, vol. ii., part 1, p. 120.
[280] Four Masters, a.d. 1034.
[281] Decoro vultu, crine nitenti, ultra communem valentiam
hominum, formâ erat speciosus, divinus ac humanis litteris et
eloquentiâ erat praeditus.—Vita.
[282] No. 1247 (Theol. 287).
[283] See Transactions of the R.I.A., Vol. vii., 295.
[284] The author has received from Most Rev. Dr. Donnelly, Bishop
of Canea, a duly attested relic of the Blessed Marianus—Ex sepulchro
S. Merchertachi Scoti.
[285] Four Masters.
[286] According to O’Donovan’s identification.
[287] See Reeves’ Adamnan, page 405.
[288] Annals of Ulster.
[289] Four Masters.
[290] Skene thinks that this Cellach was the Benedictine abbot
Celestinus to whom the Pope granted Hy in 1203, probably after this
attempt to seize the place by the authority of Ronald, Lord of the
Isles.—Celtic Scotland, vol. ii., p. 417.
[291] See Four Masters, a.d. 1152.
[292] See the poem from the Saltair na Rann on the Patron Saints of
Ireland, Cambr. Eversus, vol. ii., page 779.
[293] He was born in Mourne of Antrim, near Larne, not in Mourne
of Down as stated here, and belonged to the Picts of Dalaradia.
[294] In the Second Life.
[295] Cardinal Moran thinks he was born as early as a.d. 530.
[296] Sinell himself studied at Clonard. His feast day is Nov. 12th.
[297] It is said that it was in Cluains Columbanus wrote his
Commentary on the Psalter, lately published by the learned Ascoli.
See Stokes’ Island Monasteries. Journal of the R.S.A.I., page 663.
[298] It is said that Columban when working at the spade wore
leather gloves through reverence for the Holy Sacrifice which he
used to offer.
[299] It was a ship—“quae Scotorum commercia vexerat”—trading
between Gaul and Ireland.—Vita, c. 22.
[300] According to others he was nearly ninety.
[301] Some writers assert that Bobbio had been founded many
years previously, and that this was the second journey of Columban
into Lombardy. We follow old Jonas.
[302] See Migne’s Patrologia, vol. lxxx., page 210.
[303] “Ergo quotidie jejunandum est, sicut quotidie orandum est,
quotidie laborandum, quotidie est legendum.”
[304] It appears to us more likely that the Bangor Missal has the
Patrician liturgy; and that the Mass in the Stowe Missal is of Welsh
origin.—See Irish Eccl. Record, Jan., 1891.
[305] Inver Becne was the ancient name of Bangor Bay; the islands
near the shore, in one of which is an ancient graveyard, are now
called the Copeland Islands—the name of the foreigner who enjoyed
the lands of Bangor Abbey. Dr. M‘Cormick, the last Abbot of Bangor,
died in Maynooth, and is buried in Larahbrine.—See Laverty’s Down
and Connor.
[306] Quantum igitur spatii lata dimensio (Zodiaci) porrectis sideritus
occupat, duabus lineis limitatum est, et tertia ducta per medium
ecliptica vocatur, quia cum cursum suum in eadem linea pariter sol
et luna conficiunt, alterius eorum necesse est evenire defectum; solis
si ei tunc luna succedat, lunae si tunc adversa sit soli. Ideo nec sol
unquam deficit nisi cum tricesimus lunae dies est; et nisi quinto
decimo cursus sui die, nescit luna defectum; sic enim evenit ut aut
lunae contra solem positae, ad mutuandum ab eo solidum lumen,
sub eadem lineae inventus terrae conus obsistat, aut soli ipsa
succedens, objectu suo ab humano aspectu lumen ejus repellat. In
defectu autem sol ipse nihil patitur ... luna vero circa proprium
defectum laborat non accipiendo solis lumen cujus beneficio noctem
colorat.—Migne’s Patrol., No. 105, page 454.
[307] See Lothaire’s Capitular, De Doctrina, published by Muratori.
“Primum in Papia conveniunt ad Dungalum de Mediolano, de Brixia,
etc., etc.” So that Dungal may be justly regarded as the founder of
the University of Pavia.
[308] The authenticity of these famous Caroline Books can no longer
be questioned.
[309] The real number is unknown. See Hefélé, vol. v., p. 102.
[310] Hefélé clearly proves that the eighty-five Capitula sent to the
Pope were not exactly the same as they are in the Libri Carolini
which we have. But there was no substantial difference between
them.
[311] Sacris etiam literis ornatum, et simul in grammaticali foro ac
Prisciani deliciis enutritum, ut facile legenti constabit.—See Lanigan,
vol iii., ch. 20.
[312] Muratori adds, that in one of the MSS. are inscribed these
words:—
 “Sancte Columba tibi Scotto tuus incola Dungal
Tradidit hunc librum, quo fratrum corda beentur.
Qui leges ergo Deus pretium sit muneris, oro.”
[313] Some critics have doubted if Dungal, the recluse of St. Denys,
who wrote the letter on the double eclipse of the sun, were the
same as Dungal of Pavia. But there is not a shadow of proof offered
in support of their theory; hence, to refute it is to fight with a
shadow. The unusual name, the similarity of style, the testimony of
the learned, the phrase ex quo (tempore) in hanc terram (Italiam)
advenerim, all point to the identity of Dungal in Paris and in Italy.
[314]
“Te precor Omnipotens quadrati conditor orbis,
Dungalus ut vigeat miles ubique tuus,
Sidereum ut valeat rite comprendere Olympum
Sum sanctis vitamque participare queat.”
[315] St. Bernard says it was “nobilior inter caeteras regni illius.”
[316] See St. Bernard’s graphic account.
[317] See Vita Malachiae, c. 10.
[318] “Notandum quod haec ecclesia, sicut et aliae per Hiberniam et
Walliam plures, abbatem laicum habet.” Itin. Cambriae, L. II., C. 4. A
similar practice existed at the same time in the Celtic Church of
Scotland.
[319] At a place now called Churchfield, where a disused churchyard
is supposed to mark the site of a church built there in his honour.
[320] Salamanca MS.
[321] “All transcripts,” says Skene, “show the orthography and forms
of their period” of transcription.—Four Ancient Books of Wales, p.
184.
[322] “Cujus (vallis) in occidentali parte versus meridiem extensum
inter duos montes repperit stagnum.”—Salamanca MS.
[323] Others think it was the Reefert Church, as it is now called.
[324] Petrie—Round Towers, p. 451.
[325] Petrie says there were no such early dedications to the B. V.
Mary; but the Life of Carthach of Lismore shows that he built and
dedicated a church in honour of the B. V. Mary.
[326] See page 342, where the equivocation is put in another way.
[327] See O’Hanlon, Volume vi., page 714.
[328] See Archdall.
[329] See Life in the Salamanca MS.
[330] It is likely that his first name was Cuda, and that he got the
name of Carthach Junior in honour of his master.—Martyrology of
Donegal.
[331] Constantine, a British king, was vice-abbot of Rahan, some
time between 588 when he was converted, and 596, when he was
martyred in Kintyre. See Forbes’ Calendars, page 311.
[332] O’Hanlon’s Lives, page 263, Vol. v.
[333] In the Office of St. Cathaldus it is stated that:—
Adolescens liberalibus disciplinis eruditus ad eam brevi doctrinæ
excellentiam pervenit ut ad ipsum audiendum Galli, Angli, Scoti,
Theutones aliique finitimarum aliarum regionum quam plurimi
Lesmoriam convenirent.
Morini tells in elegant verse of the same influx of students to Lismore
from most of the countries of Europe.
Celeres, vastissima Rheni
Jam vada Teutonici, jam deseruere Sicambri;
 Mittit ab extremo gelidos Aquilone Boemos,
Albis et Arverni coeunt, Batavique frequentes
Et quique colunt alta sub rupe Gebennas ...
Certatim hi properant diverso tramite ad urbem
Lesmoriam, juvenis primos ubi transigit annos.
[334]
Ille terrarum mihi praeter omnes
Angulus ridet, ubi non Hymetto
Mella decedunt, viridique certat
Bacca Venafre.

Ver ubi longum, tepidasque praebet

Jupiter brumas, et amicus Aulon
Fertili Baccho minimum Falernis
Invidet uvis.
[335] See Salamanca MS., page 931.
[336] Such is Colgan’s opinion; but Skene’s opinion is more
probable, that Jarnlach was abbot of the Scottish Lismore. Colman
was probably abbot for 40 years.
[337] See Opera Ed., Giles, p. 94. He says that the English swarmed
to the Irish Schools like bees, whilst the great School of Canterbury
was by no means overcrowded.
[338] He is called Mailduf by Bede; but it is merely another way of
rendering the Irish name—Maeldubh. Bede calls Malmesbury Maildufi
urbem, that is, Mailduf’s-bury, contracted afterwards into
Malmesbury. William of Malmesbury describes it as founded by
Meildulf. “Natione Scotus, eruditusque philosophus, professione
monachus.” See Lanigan, Vol. iii., p. 100.
[339] See Christian Inscriptions. Vol. ii., p. 31.
[340] Christian Inscriptions. Vol. ii., p. 118.
[341] See Lectures on MS. Materials.
[342] “The Lives of Saints from the Book of Lismore” have been
lately (1890) edited and translated into English by Dr. Whitley
Stokes, and issued from the Clarendon Press at Oxford. The “Lives”
are preceded by an elaborate critical Preface on the language and
matter of the text. There is also a very complete Glossary of all the
Irish words in the volume. The Dialogue has also been recently
published in the Silva Gadelica by Mr. S. H. O’Grady.
[343] Liber iii. c. 27. “Erant (in Hibernia) eo tempore multi nobilium
simul et mediocrium de gente Angelorum ... quos omnes Scoti
libentissime suscipientes victum eis quotidianum sine pretio, libros
quoque ad legendum, et magisterium gratuitum praebere curabant.”
[344] Mr. Caulfield seems to think that Loch Irce was the lake since
called Gougane Barra: but such does not seem to have been
Colgan’s opinion. See Life of St. Barre, page iv.
[345] Father Lyons says the name is derived from its being a ‘shaky’
place in St. Finbarr’s time.
[346] London, 1864. There is an Irish Life in the Book of Lismore.
[347] See 25th Sept.
[348] See Vita S. Davidis, Lectio vi., p. 394. Rolls Series, Vol. iii.
[349] This clearly shows that Loch Eirce was at Cork, not in the
mountains at Gougane Barra, for they rest with Finbarr.
[350] In the Annals of Ulster the death of Diarmaid and Blathmac,
sons of Aedh Slaine, is marked both at a.d. 664 and 667; the former
is the true date.
[351] Acta SS., page 471.
[352] It is not easy to see how Fachtna could have visited the School
of Cork, for he died young, and the school could scarcely be founded
before the last quarter of the sixth century.
[353] Acta SS., page 471.
[354] See Acta SS., page 607, Life of St. Talmach.
[355] See the Paper by the Rev. Thomas Olden (in the Proceedings
of the Royal Irish Academy, Jan., 1884), who gives the text and a
translation of this geographical poem of Mac Cosse.
[356] Book I., c. xv.
[357] Martyr. Doneg. April 13th.
[358] Others say he was Kennedy, son of Maenag. Becnait, daughter
of Cian, was his mother.
[359] “Alio autem tempore ratis fabricatus est in insula apud S.
Finanum, et missum est ab eo ad regem stagni Lein, scilicet
Fedelmith, ut portaretur secum ratis.” ... “Et portaverunt ratem
secum (angeli) super stagnum Lugdech.”
[360] History of Kerry, p. 100.
[361] It contains about two acres, and is called Church Island. The
ruins of both church and cell are still to be seen on the island.
[362] The original entry may still be seen in the Book of Armagh, as
follows: “Sanctus Patricius iens ad caelum mandavit totum fructum
laboris sui tam baptismi tam causarum quam elemoisinarum
deferendum esse apostolicae urbi quae Scotice nominatur Ardd-
Macha. Sic reperi in Bibliothecis Scotorum. Ego scripsi, id est, Calvus
Perennis in conspectu Briain imperatoris Scotorum et quod scripsi
finivit pro omnibus regibus Maceriae.”
[363] Lectures, MS. Materials, p. 77. Though Anmchara generally
means confessor, it sometimes means counsellor. It is applied to the
Angel Victor by the scholiast on Fiacc’s Hymn.
[364] In a letter to Thomas Wright, 15th Jan., 1803.
[365] That is, ‘Cloyne of the Caves.’
[366] Lough Lein is written Loch Leighinn in an old MS., and the
natives of the district explain the word as the Lake of Learning.
[367] There is no foundation for O’Halloran’s statement that Mungret
was founded before the time of St. Patrick.
[368] Aubrey de Vere.
[369] The Feast of Knock Cae.
[370] On this passage Dr. M‘Carthy has kindly sent me the following
note:—
That is: do not refuse what is offered, but dispense what you do not
require for your own needs: ask not, but accept what is proffered,
without being vainglorious thereat, or without concealing the
benefaction (in order to hoard it without incurring the censure of
being avaricious).
The metre is heptasyllabic, each line ending in a word of three
syllables. Its name is Casbairdne.
The chief Old-Irish form is ragabae==ro-a-gabae: that is, the
relative pronoun a (them) is placed (infixed) between the verbal
particle ro and the verb—them you shall accept. A mediæval forger
could not have coined an expression of the kind.
Plainly, the quatrain embodied a rule of the monastery of Nessan;
for most of their regulations were embodied in verse, being thus
easier to be remembered.
[371] Nessan is expressly named amongst the saints of the Second
Order; if, indeed, it be Nessan of Mungret who is referred to.
[372] The Psaltair of Cashel is quoted for this statement, but that
work no longer exists; Keating, however, saw it.
[373] The remains of a smaller, but later church, are still to be seen
a little to the south of the older and larger building.
[374] Sneidhius of Disert Diarmada was Cormac’s principal tutor.
[375] See the Rev. Denis Murphy in the Journal of the R. H. A. A.,
for July, 1889.
[376] See Life of St. Fintan in this work, p. 399.
[377] The ruins of a mediæval monastery may still be seen at
Terryglass; and a beautiful new church has been lately erected
through the munificence of Colonel Hickie of Slevoir, at a cost to him
of nearly £10,000.
[378] This anchorite, who died in a.d. 898, is called Cosgraich. He
dwelt in the round tower, which on that account is sometimes call
Cosgraich’s tower.
[379] “Wars of the Gael,” page 139.
[380] “Qui Propheta in scholis illiset etiam Sanctorum Hiberniae
habebatur.” Vita.
[381] Ad gurgitem Ruyad, perhaps Ballyshannon.
[382] See Gilbert’s National Manuscripts, Vol. i., page 21.
[383] See Skene’s Celtic Scotland, Introduction, page 3.
[384] Bede, Liber iii., C. v.
[385] See Irish Ecclesiastical Record, for April, 1887.
[386] Bede, Eccles. Hist., Book iv., c. 4.
[387] a.d. 644, “Navigatio Colmain episcopi cum reliquis Scotorum ad
insulam Vaccae Albae in quâ fundavit ecclesiam.” Ch. Scotorum.
[388] They say he came in the year in which Diarmait and Blathmac
died; that is, in a.d. 664, according to the first entry.
[389] See the Four Masters, the second entry in the Annals of Ulster
a.d. 667, and Tighernach, who has it in a.d. 668.
[390] See also O’Hanlon’s Lives of the Saints.
[391] Clare was a part of Connaught, at least at an earlier date.
[392] Bede, Eccles. Hist., Book.
[393] See Reeves’ Adamnan, 378.
[394] See Brady, Vol. ii., p. 134.
[395] See Theiner, Vet. Mon., page 4.
[396] See Theiner. Vet. Mon., p. 2.
[397] See Acta Sanctorum, pp. 308-310.
[398] Martyr. of Donegal, page 349.
[399] Annals of Ulster, page 467.
[400] See Loca Patriciana, page 474.
[401] O’Donovan says it is another form of “Tuaim da Ghualann.”
[402] In like manner Bishop O’Cattan is described in the previous
year as High-bishop of Ferns, as there was as yet no Archbishop of
Dublin.—See Four Masters, a.d. 1135.
[403] The ancient poem ascribed to Ængus Cele De, and quoted by
Colgan from the Saltair na Rann, describes the Siol Briuin of
Roscommon as under the patronage of Ciaran of Clonmacnoise.
[404] See Cambrensis Eversus, Vol. ii., p. 786.
[405] See O’Hart’s Pedigrees, page 556.
[406] Round Towers, page 317.
[407] Round Towers, page 317.
[408] Wilde’s Lough Corrib, pages 179, 180.
[409] Early Christian Art, by Miss Stokes, page 109.
[410] See Christian Inscriptions, Vol. ii., page 129.
[411] See Christian Inscriptions, Vol. ii., page 129.
[412] See Pro. Roy. I. Ac., vii., p. 514.
[413] See Dr. Monaghan’s Records, p. 354.
[414] “Protulit in lucem quem mater Hibernia primum, instituit,
docuit, nutrivit ... amavit.”—Poemata.
[415] “Hic pater et pastor, humilis doctusque sacerdos corpore
Virgilius pausat, quem Hibernia tellus, Disponente Deo, partes direxit
in istas,” etc.
[416] Virgilius et Sidonius religiosi viri apud Bojoarium provinciam
degentes, suis apud nos litteris usi sunt, per quas intimaverunt quod
tua reverenda paternitas eis injungeret Christianos denuo baptizare.
Sanctissme frater, si is qui baptizavit, non errorem introducens aut
heresim sed pro sola ignorantia Romanae locutionis infringendo
linguam baptizans dixisset ut supra fati sumus, non possumus
consentire ut denuo baptizentur.
[417] There is very good reason to believe that Boniface though
born in England, was himself of Irish origin. See Irish Eccles. Record
for 1884, pages 115, 190.
[418] “Malignatur adversum te pro eo quod confundebatur a te,
erroneum se esse a Catholica doctrina.”
[419] “Immissiones faciens Ottiloni duci Bojoariorum ut odium inter
te et illum seminaret.”
[420] “Quod a nobis esset absolutus.”
[421] “Quod alius mundus et alii homines sub terra sint et sol et
luna.” See Epistola xi. Zachariae ad Bonifacium, Migne’s edition, page
943.
[422] “De perversa autem et iniqua doctrina ejus, qui contra Deum
et animam suam locutus est; si clarificatum fuerit ita eum confiteri
quod alius mundus et alii homines sub terra sint, seu sol et luna,
hunc, habito concilio, ab ecclesia pelle sacerdotii honore privatum.”*
* See Zachary’s letter to Boniface loco citato.
[423] It was while building this church that the saint so paid his
men, that none of them could take out of the money-bag (pelle)
more than his labours entitled him to. See the Lessons on the saint’s
Feast.
[424] The epitaph on the saint’s tomb in St. Peter’s Abbey is worth
transcribing:—
“Hic pater et pastor humilis doctusque sacerdos
Corpore Virgilius pausat, quem Hibernia tellus
Disponente Deo partes direxit in istas,
Quique regebat ovans praesentis culmina sedis
Ferme quater denos, caris cum fratribus annos
A quibus ille et amatus erat, pie quos et amavit.
Interim et extruxit pulchro molimine multa
Templa, loco quaedam nunc cernuntur in isto
Insuper et miseris largus, simul omnibus aptus,
Pro quo, quisquis legis versus orare memento.”
[425] See Haddan and Stubbs, Vol. ii., part i., page 7.
[426] “Sedulius Episcopus Britanniæ de genere Scotorum, huic
constituto a nobis promulgato subscripsi.”—Labb. vi., 1458.
[427] Four Masters.
[428] Palaeographia Graeca, iii.
[429] See Professor Stokes’ Celtic Church, page 226.
[430] “Quid Hiberniam memorem, contempto pelagi discrimine, pene
toto cum grege philosophorum ad littera nostra migrantem,”
“concrepantibus,” says William of Malmesbury, “undique belli
fragoribus.”
[431] “Non ita sum territus auctoritate, aut minus capacium
animorum expavesco impetum, ut ea quæ vera ratio clare colligit
indubitanterque definit aperta fronte pronuntiare confundar,
praesertim cum de talibus non nisi inter sapientes tractandum sit,
quibus nil suavius est ad audiendum vera ratione, nil delectabilius ad
investigandum, quando quæritur, nil pulchrius ad contemplandum
quando invenitur.”
[432] We can only quote the headings:—
1. Quod una tantum sit prædestinatio Dei.
2. Quod liberum hominis arbitrium per gratiam sanetur.
3. Quod Deus omnes homines velit salvos fieri.
4. Quod Christus pro omnibus hominibus passus sit.
The opponents of these propositions could not be orthodox.
[433] As, for instance, when he says—“Spiritualiter enim Christum
immolamus, et intellectualiter eum mente, non dente, comedimus.”
Scotus meant spiritualiter et realiter in the same sense precisely as
St. Augustin used similar words to the exclusion of the carnal
revolting meaning of the Capharnaites.
[434] See Dean Cogan’s Diocese of Meath, Vol. i., page 58.
[435] See Dictionary of Christian Biography, Arts. ‘Sigebert’ and
‘Dagobert,’ and the authorities there cited.
[436] Book iii., chapters iv. and xxvii.
[437] See Bohn’s Edition, page 163.
[438] Was this the “Colman of the Britons” mentioned in the
Additions to Tirechan? See Stokes’ Tripartite, Vol. ii., page 341.
[439] Bede, Book iii., c. 13.
[440] Agilbert may have been consecrated bishop in Ireland. The
following are the words of Bede:—
“Venit in provinciam de Hibernia pontifex quidam nomine
Agilberctus, natione quidem Gallus, sed tunc legendarum gratia
Scripturarum in Hibernia non parvo tempore demoratus ... cujus
eruditionem atque industriam videns rex rogavit eum, accepta ibi (in
Wessex) sede episcopali, suae genti manere pontificem.”—Haddan
and Stubbs, Vol. iii., p. 91.
[441] By A. G. Richey in the Introduction, for which he declares
himself alone responsible. Vol. iv., c. vii.
[442] Vol. iv., page 355.
[443] Vol. iv., page 361.
[444] See O’Curry. Lectures, page 240.
[445] See Senchus Mor, p. 231.
[446] See O’Curry, Lecture iii., Vol. ii., p. 53.
[447] Annals of Innisfallen, anno 1127.
[448] Keating.
[449] See Lectures on MS. Materials.
[450] Acta SS., page 5.
[451] See Acta SS., page 5, n. x.
[452] Fol. 58, b. a.
[453] Manuscript Materials, Lecture iii., page 53, and Manners and
Customs, Vol. ii., pages 90-178.
[454] Irish Writers, page xlvii. to page lxxxv.
[455] See O’Curry, page 29.
[456] The “Tain-Quest” in the Lays of the Western Gael.
[457] Page 221.
[458] O’Donovan’s Four Masters, a.d. 891—note.
[459] Annals of Ulster, a.d. 974 and 663.
[460] See page 24 of this present work.
[461] See O’Curry’s Lectures, p. 521.
[462] See O’Reilly, page lxiv.
[463] Its Irish title is Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh.
[464] See page 51.
[465] See page 117.
[466] It was this narrative that inspired Moore’s beautiful lyric—“Rich
and Rare.”
[467] Manners and Customs, Vol. ii., page 138.
[468] The Annals of Lough Cé, a.d. 1024.
[469] Annals of Ulster and Four Masters.
[470] Chapter II., page 21.
[471] Brehon Laws, Vol. iii., p. 89.
[472] Grammatica, p. xxxiv.
[473] “Lingua formis suis, et regulis certis, circumscripta.”
[474] See O’Curry’s Lectures—Manners and Customs—Vol. ii., p. 154.
[475] Lectures, Vol. i., p. 53.
[476] Lectures—Manners and Customs—Vol. ii., page 157.