Download the full version and explore a variety of test banks

or solution manuals at https://testbankbell.com

Solution manual for C++ Programming: From Problem

Analysis to Program Design, 6th Edition – D.S.
Malik

_____ Tap the link below to start your download _____

http://testbankbell.com/product/solution-manual-for-c-
programming-from-problem-analysis-to-program-design-6th-
edition-d-s-malik/

Find test banks or solution manuals at testbankbell.com today!

 We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit testbankbell.com
to discover even more!

Test Bank for C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to

Program Design, 6th Edition – D.S. Malik

http://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-c-programming-from-
problem-analysis-to-program-design-6th-edition-d-s-malik/

C++ Programming From Problem Analysis to Program Design

8th Edition Malik Solutions Manual

http://testbankbell.com/product/c-programming-from-problem-analysis-
to-program-design-8th-edition-malik-solutions-manual/

Solution Manual for C++ Programming: Program Design

Including Data Structures, 6th Edition D.S. Malik

http://testbankbell.com/product/solution-manual-for-c-programming-
program-design-including-data-structures-6th-edition-d-s-malik/

Andersons Business Law and the Legal Environment Standard

Volume 23rd Edition Twomey Test Bank

http://testbankbell.com/product/andersons-business-law-and-the-legal-
environment-standard-volume-23rd-edition-twomey-test-bank/
Fundamental Accounting Principles Wild Shaw 20th Edition
Solutions Manual

http://testbankbell.com/product/fundamental-accounting-principles-
wild-shaw-20th-edition-solutions-manual/

Test Bank for Multinational Management, 7th Edition, John

B. Cullen, K. Praveen Parboteeah

http://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-multinational-
management-7th-edition-john-b-cullen-k-praveen-parboteeah/

Racial and Ethnic Relations in America 7th Edition

McLemore Romo Test Bank

http://testbankbell.com/product/racial-and-ethnic-relations-in-
america-7th-edition-mclemore-romo-test-bank/

Solution Manual for Financial Accounting Tools for

Business Decision Making 9th by Kimmel

http://testbankbell.com/product/solution-manual-for-financial-
accounting-tools-for-business-decision-making-9th-by-kimmel/

Test Bank for Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric

Nursing, 7th Edition, Gloria Leifer

http://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-introduction-to-
maternity-and-pediatric-nursing-7th-edition-gloria-leifer/
Adventures in the Human Spirit 7th Edition Bishop Test
Bank

http://testbankbell.com/product/adventures-in-the-human-spirit-7th-
edition-bishop-test-bank/
Solution manual for C++ Programming: From Problem
Analysis to Program Design, 6th Edition – D.S. Malik
Download full chapter at: https://testbankbell.com/product/solution-manual-
for-c-programming-from-problem-analysis-to-program-design-6th-
edition-d-s-malik/

Chapter 1

1. a. false; b. false; c. true; d. false; e. false; f; false; g. false; h. true; i. true; j. false; k. true; l. false
3. Central processing unit (CPU), main memory (MM), and input/output devices.
5. An operating system monitors the overall activity of the computer and provides services. Some of
these services include memory management, input/output activities, and storage management.
7. In machine language the programs are written using the binary codes while in high-level language the
program are closer to the natural language. For execution, a high-level language program is translated
into the machine language while a machine language need not be translated into any other language.
9. Because the computer cannot directly execute instructions written in a high-level language, a compiler
is needed to translate a program written in high-level language into machine code.
11. Every computer directly understands its own machine language. Therefore, for the computer to execute
a program written in a high-level language, the high-level language program must be translated into the
computer’s machine language.
13. In linking an object program is combined with other programs in the library, used in the program, to
create the executable code.
15. To find the weighted average of the four test scores, first you need to know each test score and its
weight. Next, you multiply each test score with its weight, and then add these numbers to get the
average. Therefore,
1. Get testScore1, weightTestScore1
2. Get testScore2, weightTestScore2
3. Get testScore3, weightTestScore3
4. Get testScore4, weightTestScore4
5. weightedAverage = testScore1 * weightTestScore1 +
testScore2 * weightTestScore2 +
testScore3 * weightTestScore3 +
testScore4 * weightTestScore4;
17. To find the price per square inch, first we need to find the area of the pizza. Then we divide the price
of the pizza by the area of the pizza. Let radius denote the radius and area denote the area of the
circle, and price denote the price of pizza. Also, let pricePerSquareInch denote the price per
square inch.
a. Get radius
b. area = π * radius * radius
c. Get price

1
 d. pricePerSquareInch = price / area
19. To calculate the area of a triangle using the given formula, we need to know the lengths of the
sides―a, b, and c―of the triangle. Next, we calculate s using the formula:
s = (1/2)(a + b + c)
and then calculate the area using the formula:
area = sqrt(s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c))
where sqrt denotes the square root.
The algorithm, therefore, is:
a. Get a, b, c
b. s = (1/2)(a + b + c)
c. area = sqrt(s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c))
The information needed to calculate the area of the triangle is the lengths of the sides of the triangle.
21. Suppose that numOfPages denoes the number of pages to be faxed and billingAmount denotes
the total charges for the pages faxed. To calculate the total charges, you need to know the number of
pages faxed.
If numOfPages is less than or equal to ten, the billing amount is services charges plus
(numOfPages × 0.20); otherwise, billing amount is service charges plus 10 × 0.20 plus
(numOfPages - 10) × 0.10. That is,
You can now write the algorithm as follows:
a. Get numOfPages.
b. Calculate billing amount using the formula:
if (numOfPages is less than or equal to 10)
billingAmount = 3.00 + (numOfPages × 0.20);
otherwise
billingAmount = 3.00 + 10 × 0.20 + (numOfPages - 10) × 0.10;
23. Suppose averageTestScore denotes the average test score, highestScore denotes the highest
test score, testScore denotes a test score, sum denote the sum of all the test scores, and count
denotes the number of students in class, and studentName denotes the name of a student.
a. First you design an algorithm to find the average test score. To find the average test score, first
you need to count the number of students in the class and add the test score of each student. You
then divide the sum by count to find the average test score. The algorithm to find the average test
score is as follows:
i. Set sum and count to 0.
ii. Repeat the following for each student in class.
1. Get testScore
2. Increment count and update the value of sum by adding the current test score to sum.
iii. Use the following formula to find the average test score.
if (count is 0)
averageTestScore = 0;

2
 otherwise
averageTestScore = sum / count;
b. The following algorithm determines and prints the names of all the students whose test score is
below the average test score.
Repeat the following for each student in class:
i. Get studentName and testScore
ii.
if (testScore is less than averageTestScore)
print studentName
c. The following algorithm determines and highest test score
i. Get first student’s test score and call it highestTestScore.
ii. Repeat the following for each of the remaining student in class
1. Get testScore
2.
if (testScore is greater than highestTestScore)
highestTestScore = testScore;

d. To print the names of all the students whose test score is the same as the highest test score,
compare the test score of each student with the highest test score and if they are equal print the
name. The following algorithm accomplishes this
Repeat the following for each student in class:
i. Get studentName and testScore
ii.
if (testScore is equal to highestTestScore)
print studentName

You can use the solutions of the subproblems obtained in parts a to d to design the main algorithm as
follows:
1. Use the algorithm in part a to find the average test score.
2. Use the algorithm in part b to print the names of all the students whose score is below the average
test score.
3. Use the algorithm in part c to find the highest test score.
4. Use the algorithm in part d to print the names of all the students whose test score is the same as the
highest test score

3
 Chapter 2

1. a. false; b. false; c. false; d. true; e. true; f. false; g. true; h. true; i. false; j. true; k. false
3. b, d, e
5. The identifiers firstName and FirstName are not the same. C++ is case sensitive. The first letter
of firstName is lowercase f while the first character of FirstName is uppercase F. So these
identifiers are different
7. a. 3
b. Not possible. Both the operands of the operator % must be integers. Because the second operand,
w, is a floating-point value, the expression is invalid.
c. Not possible. Both the operands of the operator % must be integers. Because the first operand,
which is y + w, is a floating-point value, the expression is invalid .
d. 38.5
e. 1
f. 2
g. 2
h. 420.0
9. 7
11. a and c are valid
13. a. 32 * a + b
b. '8'
c. "Julie Nelson"
d. (b * b – 4 * a * c) / (2 * a)
e. (a + b) / c * (e * f) – g * h
f. (–b + (b * b – 4 * a * c)) / (2 * a)
15. x = 28
y = 35
z = 1
w = 22.00
t = 6.5
17. a. 0.50
b. 24.50
c. 37.6
d. 8.3
e. 10
f. 38.75
19. a and c are correct

4
21. a. int num1;
int num2;
b. cout << "Enter two numbers separated by spaces." << endl;
c. cin >> num1 >> num2;
d. cout << "num1 = " << num1 << "num2 = " << num2
<< "2 * num1 – num2 = " << 2 * num1 – num2 << endl;
23. A correct answer is:
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

const char STAR = '*';

const int PRIME = 71;

int main()
{
int count, sum;
double x;

int newNum; //declare newNum

count = 1;
sum = count + PRIME;
x = 25.67; // x = 25.67;
newNum = count * 1 + 2; //newNum = count * ONE + 2;
sum = sum + count; //sum + count = sum;
x = x + sum * count; // x = x + sum * COUNT;
cout << " count = " << count << ", sum = " << sum
<< ", PRIME = " << PRIME << endl;
return 0;
}

25. An identifier must be declared before it can be used.

27. a. x *= 2;
b. x += y - 2;
c. sum += num;
d. z *= x + 2;
e. y /= x + 5;
29.
a b c
a = (b++) + 3; 9 7 und
c = 2 * a + (++b); 9 8 26
b = 2 * (++c) – (a++); 10 45 27

31. (The user input is shaded.)

5
 a = 25
Enter two integers: 20 15

The numbers you entered are 20 and 15

z = 45.5
Your grade is A
The value of a = 65
33.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

const double X = 13.45;

const int Y = 34;
const char BLANK = ' ';

int main()
{
string firstName, lastName;
int num;
double salary;

cout << "Enter first name: ";

cin >> firstName;
cout << endl;

cout << "Enter last name: ";

cin >> lastName;
cout << endl;

cout << "Enter a positive integer less than 70: ";

cin >> num;
cout << endl;

salary = num * X;

cout << "Name: " << firstName << BLANK << lastName << endl;
cout << "Wages: $" << salary << endl;
cout << "X = " << X << endl;
cout << "X + Y = " << X + Y << endl;

return 0;
}

6
 Chapter 3

1. a. true; b. true; c. false; d. false; e. true; f. true

3. a. x = 37, y = 86, z = 0.56
b. x = 37, y = 32, z = 86.56
c. Input failure: z = 37.0, x = 86, trying to read the . (period) into y.
5. Input failure: Trying to read A into y, which is an int variable. x = 46, y = 18, and z =
'A'. The values of y and z are unchanged.
7. iomanip
9. cmath
11. To use the function putback, the program must include the header file iomanip. To use the function
peek, the program must include the header file iostream.
13. getline(cin, name);
15. a. name = " Lance Grant", age = 23
b. name = " ", age = 23
17.
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
int num1, num2;
ifstream infile;
ofstream outfile;

infile.open("input.dat");
outfile.open("output.dat");

infile >> num1 >> num2;

outfile << "Sum = " << num1 + num2 << endl;

infile.close();
outfile.close();

return 0;
}

19. fstream
21. a. Same as before.
b. The file contains the output produced by the program.
c. The file contains the output produced by the program. The old contents are erased.
d. The program would prepare the file and store the output in the file.
23. a. outfile.open("travel.dat ");
b. outfile >> fixed >> showpoint >> setprecision(2);

7
c. outfile >> day >> " " >> distance >> " " >> speed >> endl;
d. travelTime = distance / speed;
outfile >> travelTime;
e. fstream and iomanip.

8
 Chapter 4
1. a. false; b. false; c. false; d. true; e. false; f. false; g. false; h. false; i. false; j. true
3. a. true; b. false; c. true; d. true; e. false
5. a. x = y: 0
b. x != z: 1
c. y == z – 3: 1
d. !(z > w): 0
e. x + y < z: 0
7. a. %%
b. 10 2 * 5
c. A
d. C--
e. Sam Tom
Tom Sam
f. -6
**
9. a. R&
b. 1 2 3 4
$$
c. Jack Accounting
John Business

11. The value of found is: 1

13. Omit the semicolon after else. The correct statement is:
if (score >= 60)
cout << "You pass." << endl;
else
cout << "You fail." << endl;
15. The correct code is:
if (0 < numOfItemsBought && numOfItemsBought < 5)
shippingCharges = 5.00 * numOfItemsBought;
else if (5 <= numOfItemsBought && numOfItemsBought < 10)
shippingCharges = 2.00 * numOfItemsBought;
else
shippingCharges = 0.0;

17. 3 1
19. if (sale > 20000)
bonus = 0.10
else if (sale > 10000 && sale <= 20000)
bonus = 0.05;
else
bonus = 0.0;

9
21. a. The output is: Discount = 10%. The semicolon at the end of the if statement terminates the if
statement. So the cout statement is not part of the if statement. The cout statement will execute
regardless of whether the expression in the if statement evaluates to true or false.
b. The output is: Discount = 10%. The semicolon at the end of the if statement terminates the if
statement. So the cout statement is not part of the if statement. The cout statement will execute
regardless of whether the expression in the if statement evaluates to true or false.

23. a. (x >= y) ? z = x – y : z = y – x;

b. (hours >= 40.0) ? wages = 40 * 7.50 + 1.5 * 7.5 * (hours – 40)

: wages = hours * 7.50;
c. (score >= 60) ? str = "Pass" : str = "Fail";
25. a. 40.00
b. 40.00
c. 55.00
27. a. 16 b. 3 c. 18 d. 23
29. a. 3 b. -20 c. 3 d. 5

31.
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

const int SECRET = 5;

int main()
{
int x, y, w, z;

z = 9;

if (z > 10)
{
x = 12;
y = 5;
w = x + y + SECRET;
}
else
{
x = 12;
y = 4;
w = x + y + SECRET;
}

cout << "w = " << w << endl;

return 0;
}

33.
switch (classStanding)
{
case 'f':
dues = 150.00;
break;
case 's':
if (gpa >= 3.75)
dues = 75.00;

10
 else
dues = 120.00;
break;
case 'j':
if (gpa >= 3.75)
dues = 50.00;
else
dues = 100.00;
break;
case 'n':
if (gpa >= 3.75)
dues = 25.00;
else
dues = 75.00;
break;
default:
cout << "Invalid class standing code." << endl;
}

11
 Chapter 5

1. false; b. true; c. false; d. true; e. true; f. true; g. true; h. false

3. 181.00
5. if ch > 'Z' or ch < 'A'
7. Sum = 94
9. Sum = 37
11. a. 29
b. 2 8
c. 8 13 21 34
d. The value of num1 + num2 becomes larger than the largest int value and the value of
temp overflows its memory space. Some of the values output by the program are: 4 7 11
18 29 47 76 123 199 322 521 843 1364 2207 3571 5778 9349 15127 24476
39603 64079 103682 167761 271443 439204 710647 1149851 1860498
3010349 4870847 7881196 12752043 20633239 33385282 54018521
87403803 141422324 228826127 370248451 599074578 969323029
1568397607
13. Replace the while loop statement with the following:
while (response == 'Y' || response == 'y')
Replace the cout statement:
cout << num1 << " + " << num2 << " = " << (num1 - num2)
<< endl;

with the following:

cout << num1 << " + " << num2 << " = " << (num1 + num2)
<< endl;
15. 4 3 2 1
17. 0 3 8 15 24
19. Loop control variable: j
The initialization statement: j = 1;
Loop condition: j <= 10;
Update statement: j++
The statement that updates the value of s: s = s + j * (j – 1);
21. -1 1 3 5 7 6
23. a. *
b. infinite loop
c. infinite loop
d. ****
e. ******
f. ***
25. The relationship between x and y is: 3y = x.
Output: x = 19683, y = 10

12
27.
0 - 24
25 - 49
50 - 74
75 - 99
100 - 124
125 - 149
150 - 174
175 - 200
29. a. both
b. do...while
c. while
d. while

31. In a pretest loop, the loop condition is evaluated before executing the body of the loop. In a posttest
loop, the loop condition is evaluated after executing the body of the loop. A posttest loop executes at
least once, while a pretest loop may not execute at all.
33. int num;
do
{
cout << "Enter a number less than 20 or greater than 75: ";
cin >> num;
}
while (20 <= num && num <= 75);

35. int i = 0, value = 0;

do
{
if (i % 2 == 0 && i <= 10)
value = value + i * i;
else if (i % 2 == 0 && i > 10)
value = value + i;
else
value = value - i;
i = i + 1;
}
while (i <= 20);

cout << "value = " << value << endl;

The output is: value = 200

37 cin >> number;

while (number != -1)
{
total = total + number;
cin >> number;
}
cout << endl;
cout << total << endl;

13
39. a.
number = 1;
while (number <= 10)
{
cout << setw(3) << number;
number++;
}

b.
number = 1;
do
{
cout << setw(3) << number;
number++;
}
while (number <= 10);

41. a. 29
b. 2 8
c. 8 13 21 34
d. 28 43 71 114
43 -1 0 3 8 15 24
45. 12 11 9 7 6 4 2 1

14
 Chapter 6
1. a. false; b. true; c. true; d. true; e. false; f. true; g. false; h. true; i. false; j. true; k. false; l. false;
m. false; n. true
3. a. 12 b. 23.45 c. 7.8 d. 23.04 e. 32.00 f. 7.0 g. 2.7
h. 6.0 i. 36.00 j. 19.00

5. (ii) and (iii)

7. a, b, c, d, e are valid. In f, the second argument in the function call is missing. In g and h, the function
call requires one more argument.
9. a. 2; int
b. 3; double
c. 4; char
d. 2; string
e. The function func1 requires 2 actual parameters. The type and the order of these
parameters is: int, double
f. cout << func1(3, 8.5) << endl;.
g. cout << join("John", "Project Manager") << endl;
h. cout << static_cast<char>(static_cast<int>
(three(4, 3, 'A', 17.6)) + 1) << endl;

11. bool isLowercaseLetter(char ch)

{
if (islower(ch))
return true;
else
return false;
}

13. a. (i) 45 (ii) 30

b. Let k = abs(n). The function computes (k – 1 ) * k * m / 2, where m and n are the arguments of the
function and k = abs(n).
15. a. 385
b. This function computes 1+4+9+16+25+36+49+64+81+100
17. double funcEx17(double x, double y, double z)
{
return x * pow(y, z);
}

19. a. In a void function, a return statement is used without any value such as return;
b. In a void function, a return statement is used to exit the function early.

21. a. A variable declared in the heading of a function definition is called a formal parameter. A variable
or expression used in a function call is called an actual parameter.
b. A value parameter receives a copy of the actual parameter’s data. A reference parameter receives
the address of the actual parameter.

15
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 emphatic manner, the evidence of the French alienist, and
supported himself by the approbation of the most prominent
alienists in Munich. Chorinsky was pronounced guilty.
Nevertheless, only a short time after his conviction, insanity
developed itself in him, and a few months later he died, in the
deepest mental darkness, thus justifying all the previous
assertions of the French physician, who had, in the German
tongue, demonstrated to a German jury the incompetence of his
professional confrères in Munich.

[6] Morel, op. cit., p. 683.

[7] L’Uomo delinquente in rapporto all’ Antropologia, Giurisprudenza

e alle Discipline carcerarie. 3ª edizione. Torino, 1884, p. 147 et
seq. See also Dr. Ch. Féré, ‘La Famille nevropathique.’ Paris, 1894,
pp. 176-212.

[8] ‘La Famille nevropathique,’ Archives de Nevrologie, 1884, Nos.

19 et 20.

[9] See, on this subject, in particular, Krafft Ebing, Die Lehre vom
moralischen Wahnsinn, 1871; H. Maudsley, Responsibility in
Mental Disease, International Scientific Series; and Ch. Féré,
Dégénérescence et Criminalité, Paris, 1888.

[10] J. Roubinovitch, Hystérie mâle et Dégénérescence; Paris, 1890,

p. 62: ‘The society which surrounds him (the degenerate) always
remains strange to him. He knows nothing, and takes interest in
nothing but himself.’

Legrain, Du Délire chez les Dégénérés; Paris, 1886, p. 10: ‘The

patient is ... the plaything of his passions; he is carried away by
his impulses, and has only one care—to satisfy his appetites.’ P.
27: ‘They are egoistical, arrogant, conceited, self-infatuated,’ etc.

[11] Henry Colin, Essai sur l’État mental des Hystériques; Paris,
1890, p. 59: ‘Two great facts control the being of the hereditary
degenerate: obsession [the tyrannical domination of one thought
from which a man cannot free himself; Westphal has created for
this the good term ‘Zwangs-Vorstellung,’ i.e., coercive idea] and
impulsion—both irresistible.’

[12] Morel, ‘Du Délire émotif,’ Archives générales, 6 série, vol. vii.,
pp. 385 and 530. See also Roubinovitch, op. cit., p. 53.
[13] Morel, ‘Du Délire panophobique des Aliénés gémisseurs,’
Annales médico-psychologiques, 1871.

[14] Roubinovitch, op. cit., p. 28.

[15] Ibid., p. 37.

[16] Ibid., p. 66.

[17] Charcot, ‘Leçons du Mardi à la Salpétrière,’ Policlinique, Paris,

1890, 2e partie, p. 392: ‘This person [the invalid mentioned] is a
performer at fairs; he calls himself “artist.” The truth is that his
art consists in personating a “wild man” in fair-booths.’

[18] Legrain, op. cit., p. 73: ‘The patients are perpetually tormented
by a multitude of questions which invade their minds, and to
which they can give no answer; inexpressible moral sufferings
result from this incapacity. Doubt envelops every possible subject:
—metaphysics, theology, etc.’

[19] Magnan, ‘Considérations sur la Folie des Héréditaires ou

Dégénerés,’ Progrès médical, 1886, p. 1110 (in the report of a
medical case): ‘He also thought of seeking for the philosopher’s
stone, and of making gold.’

[20] Lombroso, ‘La Physionomie des Anarchistes,’ Nouvelle Revue,

May 15, 1891, p. 227: ‘They [the anarchists] frequently have
those characteristics of degeneracy which are common to
criminals and lunatics, for they are anomalies, and bear
hereditary taints.’ See also the same author’s Pazzi ed Anomali.
Turin, 1884.

[21] Colin, op. cit., p. 154.

[22] Legrain, op. cit., p. 11.

[23] Roubinovitch, op. cit., p. 33.

[24] Lombroso, Genie und Irrsinn; German translation by A. Courth.

Reclam’s Universal Bibliothek, Bde. 2313-16. See also in
particular, J. F. Nisbet, The Insanity of Genius. London, 1891.

[25] Falret, Annales médico-psychologiques, 1867, p. 76: ‘From

their childhood they usually display a very unequal development
 of their mental faculties, which, weak in their entirety, are
remarkable for certain special aptitudes; they have shown an
extraordinary gift for drawing, arithmetic, music, sculpture, or
mechanics ... and, together with those specially developed
aptitudes, obtaining for them the fame of “infant phenomena,”
they for the most part give evidence of very great deficiencies in
their intelligence, and of a radical debility in the remaining
faculties.’

[26] Nouvelle Revue, July 15, 1891.

[27] Tarabaud, Des Rapports de la Dégénérescence mentale et de

l’Hystérie. Paris, 1888, p. 12.

[28] Legrain, op. cit., pp. 24 and 26.

[29] Lombroso, Nouvelles recherches de Psychiatrie et

d’Anthropologie criminelle. Paris, 1892, p. 74.

[30] Axenfeld, Des Névroses. 2 vols., 2e édition, revue et complétée

par le Dr. Huchard. Paris, 1879.

[31] Paul Richer, Études cliniques sur l’Hystéro-épilepsie ou Grande

Hystérie. Paris, 1891.

[32] Gilles de la Tourette, Traité clinique et thérapeutique de

l’Hystérie. Paris, 1891.

[33] Paul Michaut, Contribution à l’Étude des Manifestations de

l’Hystérie chez l’Homme. Paris, 1890.

[34] Colin, op. cit., p. 14.

[35] Gilles de la Tourette, op. cit., p. 548 et passim.

[36] Colin, op. cit., pp. 15 and 16.

[37] Gilles de la Tourette, op. cit., p. 493.

[38] Ibid., p. 303.

[39] Legrain, op. cit., p. 39.

[40] Dr. Emile Berger, Les Maladies des Yeux dans leurs rapports
avec la Pathologie général. Paris, 1892, p. 129 et seq.
[41] Traité clinique et thérapeutique de l’Hystérie, p. 339. See also
Drs. A. Marie et J. Bonnet, La Vision chez les Idiots et les
Imbéciles. Paris, 1892.

[42] Alfred Binet, ‘Recherches sur les Altérations de la Conscience

chez les Hystériques,’ Revue philosophique, 1889, vol. xxvii.

[43] Op. cit., p. 150.

[44] Ch. Féré, ‘Sensation et Mouvement,’ Revue philosophique,

1886. See also the same author’s Sensation et Mouvement, Paris,
1887; Dégénérescence et criminalité, Paris, 1888; and ‘L’Énergie
et la Vitesse des Mouvements volontaires,’ Revue philosophique,
1889.

[45] Lombroso, L’Uomo délinquente, p. 524.

[46] ‘Les Nerveux se recherchent,’ Charcot, Leçons du Mardi,

passim.

[47] Legrain, op. cit., p. 173: ‘The true explanation of the

occurrence of folie à deux must be sought for, on the one hand,
in the predisposition to insanity, and, on the other hand, in the
accompanying weakness of mind.’ See also Régis, La Folie à
Deux. Paris, 1880.

[48] Journal des Goncourt. Dernière série, premier volume, 1870-

71. Paris, 1890, p. 17.

[49] Viennese for ‘fop.’—Translator.

[50] Traité des Dégénérescences, passim.

[51] Personally communicated by the distinguished statistician, Herr

Josef Körösi, Head of the Bureau of Statistics at Budapest.

[52] Speech of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr. Goschen, in the

House of Commons, April 11, 1892.

[53] J. Vavasseur in the Economiste français of 1890. See also

Bulletin de Statistique for 1891. The figures are uncertain, for
they have been given differently by every statistician whom I
have consulted. The fact of the increase in the consumption of
alcohol alone stands out with certainty in all the publications
 consulted. Besides spirits, fermented drinks are consumed per
head of the population, according to J. Körösi:

Great Britain.
Wine Beer and Cider
Gall. Gall.
1830-1850 0.2 26
1880-1888 0.4 27
France.
1840-1842 23 3
1870-1872 25 6
Prussia.
Quarts.
1839 13.48
1871 17.92
German Empire.
Litres.
1872 81.7
1889-1890 90.3

[54] In France the general mortality was, from 1886 to 1890, 22.21
per 1,000. But in Paris it rose to 23.4; in Marseilles to 34.8; in all
towns with more than 100,000 inhabitants to a mean of 28.31; in
all places with less than 5,000 inhabitants to 21.74. (La Médecine
moderne, year 1891.)

[55] Traité des Dégénérescences, pp. 614, 615.

[56] Brouardel, La Semaine médicale. Paris, 1887, p. 254. In this

very remarkable study by the Parisian Professor, the following
passage appears: ‘What will these [those remaining stationary in
their development] young Parisians become by-and-by?
Incapable of accomplishing a long and conscientious work, they
excel, as a rule, in artistic activities. If they are painters they are
stronger in colour than in drawing. If they are poets, the flow of
their verses assures their success rather than the vigour of the
thought.’

[57] The 26 German towns which to-day have more than 100,000
inhabitants, numbered altogether, in 1891, 6,000,000, and in
 1835, 1,400,000. The 31 English towns of this category, in 1891,
10,870,000; in 1841, 4,590,000; the 11 French towns, in 1891,
4,180,000; in 1836, 1,710,000. It should be remarked that about
a third of these 68 towns had not in 1840 as many generally as
100,000 inhabitants. To-day, in the large towns in Germany,
France, and England, there reside 21,050,000 individuals, while in
1840 only 4,800,000 were living under these conditions.
(Communicated by Herr Josef Körösi.)

[58] Féré, La Semaine médicale. Paris, 1890, p. 192.

[59] See, besides the lecture by Hofmann, the excellent book: Eine
deutsche Stadt vor 60 Jahren, Kulturgeschichtliche Skizze, von Dr.
Otto Bähr, 2 Auflage. Leipzig, 1891.

[60] In order not to make the footnotes too unwieldy, I state here
that the following figures are borrowed in part from
communications made by Herr Josef Körösi, in part from a
remarkable study by M. Charles Richet: ‘Dans Cent Ans,’ Revue
scientifique, 1891-92; and in a small degree from private
publications (such as Annuaire de la Presse, Press Directory,
etc.). For some of the figures I have also used, with profit,
Mulhall, and the speech of Herr von Stephan to the Reichstag,
February 4, 1892.

[61] See G. André, Les nouvelles maladies nerveuses. Paris, 1892.

[62] Legrain, op. cit., p. 251: ‘Drinkers are “degenerates”;’ and p.

258 (after four reports of invalids which serve as a basis to the
following summary): ‘Hence, at the base of all forms of
alcoholism we find mental degeneracy.’

[63] Revue scientifique, year 1892; vol. xlix., p. 168 et seq.

[64] Legrain, op. cit., p. 266.

[65] Quoted by J. Roubinovitch, Hystérie mâle et Dégénérescence,

p. 18.

[66] Legrain, op. cit., p. 200.

[67] The scientific psychologist will perhaps read with impatience

expositions with which he is so familiar; but they are,
unfortunately, not superfluous for a very numerous class of even
 highly educated persons, who have never had instruction in the
laws of the operations of the brain.

[68] Mosso’s experiments on, and observations of, the exposed

surface of the brain during trepanning have quite established this
fact.

[69] The experiments of Ferrier, it is true, have led him to deny that
a stimulus which touches the cortex of the frontal lobes can
result in movement. The case, nevertheless, is not so simple as
Ferrier sees it to be. A portion of the energy which is set free by
the peripheral stimulus in the cells of the cortex of the frontal
lobes certainly transmutes itself into a motor impulse, even if the
immediate stimulation of the anterior brain releases no muscular
contractions. But this is not the place to defend this point against
Ferrier.

[70] A. Herzen is the author of the hypothesis that consciousness is

connected with the destruction of organic connections in the
brain-cells, and the restoration of this connection with rest, sleep,
and unconsciousness. All we know of the chemical composition of
the secretions in sleeping and waking points to the correctness of
this hypothesis.

[71]
‘One tread moves a thousand threads,
The shuttles dart to and fro,
The threads flow on invisible,
One stroke sets up a thousand ties.’

[72] Karl Abel, Ueber den Gegensinn der Urworte. Leipzig, 1884.

[73] James Sully, Illusions. London, 1881.

[74] Th. Ribot, Psychologie de l’Attention. Paris, 1889.

[75] It is possible that an active expansion of the bloodvessels does

not take place, but only a contraction. It has been lately denied
that there are any nerves of vascular dilatation (inter alia by Dr.
Morat, La Semaine médicale, 1892, p. 112). But the effect may
be the same in both cases. For through the contraction of the
vessels in a single brain-circuit, the dislodged blood would be
driven to other portions of the brain, and these would experience
 a greater access of blood, just as if their vessels were actively
dilated.

[76] When I wrote these words I was under the impression that I
was the sole originator of the physiological theory of attention
therein set forth. Since the appearance of this book, however, I
have read Alfred Lehmann’s work, Die Hypnose und die damit
verwandten normalen Zustände, Leipzig, 1890, and have there
(pp. 27 et seq.) found my theory in almost identical words.
Lehmann, then, published it two years before I did, which fact I
here duly acknowledge. That we arrived at this conclusion
independently of each other would testify that the hypothesis of
vaso-motor reflex action is really explanatory. Wundt
(Hypnotismus und Suggestion, Leipzig, 1892, pp. 27-30), it is
true, criticises Lehmann’s work, but he seems to agree with this
hypothesis—which is also mine—or, at least, raises no objection
to it.

[77] Brain, January, 1886, quoted by Ribot, Psychologie de

l’Attention, p. 68.

[78] Ribot, op. cit., pp. 106 and 119.

[79] Legrain, op. cit., p. 177.

[80] Ibid., p. 156.

[81] In the chapter which treats of French Neomystics, I shall give

a cluster of such disconnected and mutually exclusive
expressions, which are quite parallel with the instances cited by
Legrain, of the manner of speech among those acknowledged to
be of weak mind. In this place only one passage may be repeated
from the Vte E. M. de Vogué, Le Roman Russe, Paris, 1888, in
which this mystical author, unconsciously and involuntarily,
characterizes admirably the shadowiness and emptiness of mystic
diction, while praising it as something superior. ‘One trait,’ he says
(p. 215), ‘they’ (certain Russian authors) ‘have in common, viz.,
the art of awakening series of feelings and thoughts by a line, a
word, by endless re-echoings [résonnances].... The words you
read on this paper appear to be written, not in length, but in
depth. They leave behind them a train of faint reverberations,
which are gradually lost, no one knows where.’ And p. 227: ‘They
 see men and things in the gray light of earliest dawn. The weakly
indicated outlines end in a confused and clouded “perhaps.” ...’

[82] ‘It is certain that the Beautiful never has such charms for us as
when we read it attentively in a language which we only half
understand. It is the ambiguity, the uncertainty, i.e.. the pliability
of words, which is one of their greatest advantages, and renders
it possible to make an exact [!] use of them.’—Joubert, quoted by
Charles Morice, La Littérature de tout-à-l’heure. Paris, 1889, p.
171.

[83] Gérard de Nerval, Le Rêve et la Vie, Paris, 1868, p. 53:

‘Everything in Nature assumed a different aspect. Mysterious
voices issued from plants, trees, animals, the smallest insects, to
warn and to encourage me. I discerned mysterious turns in the
utterances of my companions, and understood their purport.
Even formless and inanimate things ministered to the workings of
my mind.’ Here is a perfect instance of that ‘comprehension of
the mysterious’ which is one of the most common fancies of the
insane.

[84] An imbecile degenerate, the history of whose illness is related

by Dr. G. Ballet, said: ‘Il y a mille ans que le monde est monde.
Milan, la cathédrale de Milan’ (La Semaine médicale, 1892, p.
133). ‘Mille ans’ (a thousand years) calls up in his consciousness
the like-sounding word ‘Milan,’ although there is absolutely no
rational connection between the two ideas. A graphomaniac
named Jasno, whose case is cited by Lombroso, says ‘la main se
mène’ (the hand guides itself). He then begins to speak of
‘semaine’ (week), and continues to play upon the like-sounding
words ‘se mène,’ ‘semaine,’ and ‘main’ (Genie und Irsinn, p. 264).
In the book of a German graphomaniac entitled Rembrandt als
Erzieher, Leipzig, 1890 (a book which I shall have to refer to
more than once, as an example of the lucubrations of a weak
mind), I find, on the very first pages, the following juxtaposition
of words according to their resemblance in sound: ‘Sie verkünden
eine Rückkehr ... zur Einheit und Feinheit’ (p. 3). ‘Je
ungeschliffener Jemand ist, desto mehr ist an ihm zu schleifen’
(p. 4). ‘Jede rechte Bildung ist bildend, formend, schöpferisch,
und also künstlerisch’ (p. 8). ‘Rembrandt war nicht nur ein
protestantischer Künstler, sondern auch ein künstlerischer
Protestant’ (p. 14). ‘Sein Hundert guldenblatt allein könnte schon
als ein Tausendgüldenkraut gegen so mancherlei Schäden ...
 dienen’ (p. 23). ‘Christus und Rembrandt haben ... darin etwas
Gemeinsames, dass Jener die religiöse, dieser die künstlerische
Armseligkeit—die Seligkeit der Armen—zu ... Ehren bringt’ (p.
25.), etc.

[85] Dr. Paul Sollier, Psychologie de l’Idiot et de l’Imbécile. Paris,

1891, p. 153.

[86] Poems by Dante Gabriel Rossetti. With a memoir of the author

by Franz Hüffer. Leipzig, 1873, p. viii.

[87] Gustave Freytag, Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit, Bd.

I.: ‘Aus dem Mittelalter.’ Leipzig, 1872, § 266. H. Taine, Histoire
de la Littérature anglaise. Paris, 1866, 2e édition, vol. i., p. 46.

[88] This is not an arbitrary assertion. One of D. G. Rossetti’s most

famous poems, of which further mention will be made, Eden
Bowers, treats of the pre-Adamite Lilith.

[89] J. Ruskin, Modern Painters, American edition, vol. i., pp. xxi. et
seq.

[90] Ruskin, op. cit., p. 24.

[91] Ibid., p. 26.

[92] ‘Ballade que Villon feit à la requeste de sa mère pour prier Nostre
Dame.
‘Femme je suis povrette et ancienne.
Que riens ne scay, oncques lettres ne leuz,
Au Monstier voy (dont suis parroissienne)
Paradis painct, ou sont harpes et luz,
Et ung enfer, où damnez sont boulluz,
L’ung me faict paour, l’autre joye et liesse,
La joye avoir faictz moy (haulte deesse)
A qui pecheurs doivent tous recourir
Combley de foy, sans faincte ne paresse,
En ceste foy je vueil vivre et mourir.’
It is significant that the pre-Raphaelite Rossetti has translated
this very poem of Villon, His Mother’s Service to Our Lady.
Poems, p. 180.

[93] Edward Rod, Études sur le XIX. Siècle. Paris et Lausanne,

1888, p. 89.
[94] Rossetti, Poems, p. 277.

[95]
‘The springing green, the violet’s scent,
The trill of lark, the blackbird’s note,
Sunshowers soft, and balmy breeze:
If I sing such words as these,
Needs there any grander thing
To praise thee with, O day of spring?’

[96] Rod, op. cit., p. 67.

[97] Poems, p. 16.

[98] Sollier, Psychologie de l’Idiot et de l’Imbécile, p. 184. See also

Lombroso, The Man of Genius (Contemporary Science Series),
London, 1891, p. 216. A special characteristic found in literary
mattoids, and also, as we have already seen, in the insane, is
that of repeating some words or phrases hundreds of times in the
same page. Thus, in one of Passanante’s chapters the word
riprovate (blame) occurs about 143 times.

[99] Poems, p. 31.

[100] Poems, p. 247.

[101] Algernon Charles Swinburne, Poems and Ballads. London:

Chatto and Windus, 1889, p. 247.

[102]
‘The Runic stone stands out in the sea,
There sit I with my dreams,
‘Mid whistling winds and wailing gulls,
And wandering, foaming waves.
I have loved many a lovely child,
And many a good comrade—
Where are they gone? The wind whistles,
The waves wander foaming on.’

[103] William Morris, Poems (Tauchnitz edition), p. 169:

‘And if it hap that ...
My master, Geoffrey Chaucer, thou do meet,
Then speak ... the words:
“O master! O thou great of heart and tongue!”’...
[104] A history of the commencement of this society has been
written by one of the members, Mathias Morhardt. See ‘Les
Symboliques,’ Nouvelle Revue du 15 Février, 1892, p. 765.

[105] Charles Morice, La Littérature de tout-à-l’heure. Paris, 1889,

p. 274.

[106] Jules Huret, Enquête sur l’Évolution littéraire. Paris, 1891, p.

65.

[107] Charles Morice, op. cit., p. 271.

[108] Huret, op. cit., p. 14.

[109] Vte E. M. de Vogüé, op. cit., p. xix et seq.

[110] Morice, op. cit., pp. 5, 103, 177.

[111] Rembrandt als Erzieher. Leipzig, 1890, p. 2.

[112] Edouard Rod, Les Idées morales du Temps présent. Paris,

1892, p. 66.

[113] Paul Desjardins, Le Devoir présent. Paris, 1892, pp. 5, 8, 39.

[114] F. Paulhan, Le nouveau Mysticisme. Paris, 1891, p. 120.

[115] Pierre Janet, ‘Les Actes inconscients et le Dédoublement de la

Personalité,’ Revue philosophique, December, 1886. Paul Janet,
‘L’Hystérie et l’Hypnotisme d’après la Théorie de la double
Personnalité,’ Revue scientifique, 1888, 1er vol., p. 616

[116] Morhardt, op. cit., p. 769.

[117] See the Catalogue of Scientific Papers compiled and published

by the Royal Society. The first series of this catalogue, covering
the time from 1800 to 1863, comprises six volumes; the second,
dealing with the decade from 1864 to 1873, comprises two
volumes, equivalent to at least three of the first series (1047 and
1310 pages); of the third series (1874 to 1883) only one volume
has been issued as yet, but it promises to outrun the second by
at least one half.

[118] Jules Huret, Enquête sur l’Évolution littéraire. Paris, 1891.

[119] Huret, op. cit., p. 65.

[120] Paul Verlaine, Choix de Poësies. Paris, 1891.

[121] Lombroso, L’Uomo delinquente, p. 184.

[122] Lombroso, op. cit., p. 276.

[123] Verlaine, op. cit., p. 272.

[124] Verlaine, op. cit., pp. 72, 315, 317.

[125] Shortly, but not immediately after, the immediate result being
a sense of great relief and satisfaction.

[126] Verlaine, op. cit., pp. 175, 178.

[127] Legrain, Du délire chez les dégénéres, pp. 135, 140, 164.

[128] Huret, op. cit., p. 8.

[129] E. Marandon de Montyel, ‘De la Criminalité et de la

Dégénérescence,’ Archives de l’Anthropologie criminelle, Mai,
1892, p. 287.

[130]
Ah! if these are dream hands,
So much the better, or so much the worse, or so much the
better.

[131] Virgil’s ‘lentus,’ when applied to aspects of nature conveys a

very different meaning.

[132] Charles Morice, La Littérature de tout-à-l’heure, p. 238.

[133] Huret, op. cit., p. 33.

[134] Since these words were written, M. Mallarmé has decided to

publish his poems in one volume. This, far from invalidating what
has been said, is its best justification.

[135] Huret, op. cit., p. 55.

[136] Hartmann, Der Gorilla. Leipzig, 1881, p. 34.

[137] Dr. L. Frigerio, L’Oreille externe: Étude d’Anthropologie
criminelle. Lyon, 1889, pp. 32 and 40.

[138] Lombroso, L’Uomo delinquente, p. 255.

[139] Huret, op. cit., p. 102.

[140] Ibid., p. 106.

[141] Ibid., p. 401.

[142] Jean Moréas, Le Pélerin passionné. Paris, 1891, p. 3.

[143] Moréas, op. cit., pp. 21 and 2.

[144] Ibid., p. 43.

[145] Moréas, op. cit., p. 311.

[146]

‘O Syrinx! do you see and understand the Earth, and the wonder
of this morning, and the circulation of life!
O thou, there! and I, here! O thou! O me! All is in All!’

[147] Morice, op. cit., p. 30.

[148] Morice, op. cit., p. 321.

[149] Dr. F. Suarez de Mendoza, L’Audition colorée: Étude sur les

fausses Sensations secondaires physiologiques. Paris, 1892.

[150] Alfred Binet, ‘Recherche sur les altérations de la conscience

chez les hystériques,’ Revue philosophique, 1889, 27e vol., p.
165.

[151] Legrain, op. cit., p. 162.

[152] Lombroso, Genie und Irrsinn. German edition, p. 233.

[153] I may here be allowed to remind my readers that in the year

1885, and, accordingly, before the promulgation of the professed
symbolistic programme, I laid down in my Paradoxe (popular
edition, part ii., p. 253) the principle that the poet must ‘to the
majority of his readers utter the deep saying, “Tat twam
 asi!”—“That art thou!” of the Indian sage,’ and ‘must be able,
with the ancient Romans, to repeat to the sound and normally
developed man, “Of thee is the fable related.” In other words, the
poem must be “symbolical” in the sense that it brings into view
characters, destinies, feelings and laws of life which are
universal.’

[154] Hugues Le Roux, Portraits de Cire. Paris, 1891, p. 129.

[155] Vte E. M. de Vogüé, Le Roman russe. Paris, 1888, p. 293 et

seq.

[156] See, in War and Peace (Leo. N. Tolstoi’s collected works,

published, with the author’s sanction, by Raphael Löwenfeld,
Berlin, 1892, vols. v.-viii.), the soldiers’ talk, part i., p. 252; the
scene at the outposts, p. 314 et seq., the description of the
troops on the march, p. 332; the death of Count Besuchoi, pp.
142-145; the coursing, part ii., pp. 383-407, etc.

[157] See, in War and Peace, the thoughts of the wounded Prince
Andrej, part i., p. 516; Count Peter’s conversation with the
freemason and Martinief Basdjejeff, part ii., pp. 106-114, etc.

[158] War and Peace, the episode of Princess Maria and her suitor,
part i., pp. 420-423; the confinement of the little Princess, part ii.,
pp. 58-65; and all the passages where Count Rostoff sees the
Emperor Alexander, or where the author speaks of the Emperor
Napoleon I., etc.

[159] Vogüé, op. cit., p. 282.

[160] Count Leo Tolstoi, A Short Exposition of the Gospel. From the
Russian, by Paul Lauterbach. Leipzig: Reclam’s Universal-
Bibliothek, p. 13.

[161] L. Tolstoi, Short Exposition of the Gospel, p. 13.

[162] Tolstoi, Short Exposition, etc., p. 172.

[163] More accurately, in Vedântism.—Translator.

[164] Tolstoi, Short Exposition, etc., p. 128.

[165] Short Exposition, p. 60.

[166] De Vogüé, op. cit., p. 333.

[167] L. Tolstoi, Gesammelte Werke, Berlin, 1891, Band II.: Novels

and Short Tales, part i.

[168] Léon Tolstoi, La Sonate à Kreutzer. Traduit du Russe par E.

Halpérine-Kaminsky. Paris: Collection des auteurs célèbres, p. 72.

[169] P. 119.

[170] Short Exposition of the Gospel, p. 140.

[171] Le Roman du Mariage. Traduit du Russe par Michel Delines.

Paris. Auteurs célèbres.

[172] Ed. Rod, Les Idées morales du Temps présent. Paris, 1892, p.
241.

[173] Raphael Löwenfeld, Leo N. Tolstoi, sein Leben, seine Werke,

seine Weltanschauung. Erster Theil. Berlin, 1892, Introd., p. 1.

[174] Lombroso, Genie und Irrsinn, p. 256, foot-note.

[175] Löwenfeld, op. cit., p. 39.

[176] Ibid., p. 276.

[177] Professor Kowalewski, in The Journal of Mental Science,

January, 1888.

[178] Griesinger, ‘Ueber einen wenig bekannten psychopathischen

Zustand,’ Archiv für Psychiatrie, Band I.

[179] Lombroso, Genie und Irrsinn, p. 324.

[180] Sollier, Psychologie de l’Idiot et de l’Imbécile.

[181] Löwenfeld, op. cit., p. 100.

[182] Löwenfeld, op. cit., p. 47.

[183] Legrain, Du Délire chez les Dégénérés, pp. 28, 195.

[184] It is not my object, in a book intended primarily for the

general educated reader, to dwell on this delicate subject. Anyone
wishing to be instructed more closely in the morbid eroticism of
 the degenerate may read the books of Paul Moreau (of Tours)
Des Aberrations du Sens génésique, 2e édition, Paris, 1883; and
Krafft-Ebing’s Psychopathia sexualis, Stuttgart, 1886. Papers on
this subject by Westphal (Archiv für Psychiatrie, 1870 and 1876),
by Charcot and Magnan (Archives de Neurologie, 1882), etc., are
scarcely accessible to the general public.

[185] V. Magnan, Leçons cliniques sur la Dipsomanie, faites à l’asile

Sainte-Anne. Recueillies et publiées par M. le Dr. Marcel Briand.
Paris, 1884.

[186] Richard Wagner, Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft. Leipzig, 1850.

The numbering of the pages given in quotations from this work
refers to the edition here indicated.

[187] Arthur Schopenhauer, Parerga und Paralipomena, Kurze Phil.

Schriften. Leipzig, 1888, Band II., p. 465.

[188] Charles Féré, Sensation et Mouvement. Paris, 1887.

[189] Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft, p. 169: ‘It is only when the
desire of the artistic sculptor has passed into the soul of the
dancer, of the mimic interpreter, of him who sings and speaks,
that this desire can be conceived as satisfied. It is only when the
art of sculpture no longer exists, or has followed another
tendency than that of representing human bodies—when it has
passed, as sculpture, into architecture—when the rigid solitude of
this one man carved in stone will have been resolved into the
infinitely flowing plurality of veritable, living men ... it is only
then, too, that real plastic will exist.’ And on p. 182: ‘That which it
[painting] honestly exerts itself to attain, it attains in ... greatest
perfection ... when it descends from canvas and chalk to ascend
to the tragic stage.... But landscape-painting will become, as the
last and most finished conclusion of all the fine arts, the life-
giving soul, properly speaking, of architecture; it will teach us
thus to organize the stage for works of the dramatic art of the
future, in which, itself living, it will represent the warm
background of nature for the use of the living, and not for the
imitated man.’

[190] Richard Wagner, Gesammelte Schriften und Dichtungen.

Leipzig, 1883, Band X., p. 68.
[191] Compare also, in Das Bühnenweihfestspiel in Bayreuth, 1882
(Gesammelte Schriften, Band X., p. 384): ‘This [the ‘sure
rendering of all events on, above, under, behind, and before the
stage’] anarchy accomplishes, because each individual does what
he wishes to do, namely (?), what is right.’

[192] Edward Hanslick, Musikalische Stationen. Berlin, 1880, pp.

220, 243.

[193] Wagner, Gesammelte Schriften und Dichtungen, Band VI., p.

3 ff.

[194] In a book on degeneration it is not possible wholly to avoid

the subject of eroticism, which includes precisely the most
characteristic and conspicuous phenomena of degeneration. I
dwell, however, on principle as little as possible on this subject,
and will, therefore, in reference to the characterization of
Wagner’s erotic madness, quote only one clinical work: Dr. Paul
Aubry, ‘Observation d’Uxoricide et de Libéricide suivis du Suicide
du Meurtrier,’ Archives de l’Anthropologie criminelle, vol. vii., p.
326: ‘This derangement [erotic madness] is characterized by an
inconceivable fury of concupiscence at the moment of approach.’
And in a remark on the report of a murder perpetrated on his
wife and children by an erotic maniac—a professor of
mathematics in a public school—whom Aubrey had under his
observation, he says, ‘Sa femme qui parlait facilement et à tous
des choses que l’on tient ordinairement le plus secrètes, disait
que son mari était comme un furieux pendant l’acte sexuel.’ See
also Ball, La Folie érotique. Paris, 1891, p. 127.

[195] Lombroso, Genie und Irrsinn, p. 229: ‘When the expression of

their ideas eludes their grasp ... they resort ... to the continual
italicizing of words and sentences,’ etc.

[196] Friedrich Nietzsche, Der Fall Wagner. Leipzig, 1889.

[197] Der Fall Wagner. Ein Musikanten-Problem. 2te Auflage.

Leipzig, 1889.

[198] Sollier, op. cit., p. 101.

[199] Lombroso, Genie und Irrsinn, p. 214 et seq.

[200] Wagner, Ges. Schriften, Band X., p. 222.

[201] Rubinstein, Musiciens modernes. Traduit du russe par M.
Delines. Paris, 1892.

[202] The Origin and Function of Music: Essays, Scientific, Political

and Speculative. London: Williams and Norgate, 1883; vol. i., p.
213 et seq.

[203] E. Hanslick, op. cit., p. 233: ‘As the dramatis personæ in

“music-drama” are not distinguished by the character of the
melodies they sing, as in ancient opera (Don Juan and Leporello,
Donna Anna and Zerlina, Max and Caspar), but all resemble each
other in the physiognomic pathos of the tones of their speech,
Wagner aims at replacing this characteristic by so-called leit-
motifs in the orchestra.’

[204] Wagner, Ueber die Anwendung der Musik auf das Drama.
Ges. Schriften, Band X., p. 242.

[205] Lombroso, Genie und Irrsinn, p. 225.

[206] Ibid., op. cit., p. 226.

[207] Wagner, Religion und Kunst. Ges. Schr., Band X., p. 307, note:
‘The author here expressly refers to A. Gleizès’ book, Thalysia
oder das Heil der Menschheit.... Without an exact knowledge of
the results, recorded in this book, of the most careful
investigations, which seem to have absorbed the entire life of one
of the most amiable and profound of Frenchmen, it might be
difficult to gain attention for ... the regeneration of the human
race.’

[208] ‘Alberich’s seductive appeal to the water-sprites makes

prominent the hard, mordant sound of N, so well corresponding
in its whole essence to the negative power in the drama,
inasmuch as it forms the sharpest contrast to the soft W of the
water-spirits. Then when he prepares to climb after the maidens,
the alliance of the Gl and Schl with the soft, gliding F marks most
forcibly the gliding off the slippery rock. In the appropriate Pr
(Fr), Woglinde as it were shouts “Good luck to you!” (Prosit)
when Alberich sneezes.’—Cited by Hanslick, Musikalische
Stationen, p. 255.

[209] Legrand du Saulle terms the persecutor who believes himself

persecuted, ‘persécuté actif.’ See his fundamental work: Le Délire
 des Persécutions. Paris, 1871, p. 194.

[210] Wagner, Das Judenthum in der Musik. Ges. Schr. Band V., p.
83. Aufklärungen über das Judenthum in der Musik. Band VIII.,
p. 299.

[211] Wagner, Deutsche Kunst und Deutsche Politik. Ges. Schr.

Band VIII., p. 39. Was ist Deutsche? Band X., p. 51 et passim.

[212] Wagner, Religion und Kunst. Ges. Schr. Band X., p. 311.

[213] Offenes Schreiben an Herrn Ernst von Weber, Verfasser der

Schrift. Die Folterkammern der Wissenschaft. Ges. Schr. Band X.,
p. 251.

[214] A game of cards to which Teutomaniacs are much addicted.

[215] F. Paulhan, Le nouveau Mysticisme. Paris, 1891, p. 104.

[216] Legrain, op. cit., p. 175: ‘The need for the marvellous is
almost always inevitable among the weak-minded.’

[217] Sar Mérodack J. Péladan, Amphithéatre des Sciences mortes.

Comment on devient Mage. Éthique. Avec un portrait pittoresque
gravé par G. Poirel. Paris, 1892.

[218] Joséphin Péladan, La Décadence latine. Ethopée IX.: ‘La

Gynandre.’ Couverture de Séon, eau-forte de Desboutins. Paris,
1891, p. xvii.

[219] Maurice Rollinat, Les Névroses (Les Ames—Les Suaires—Les

Refuges—Les Spectres—Les Ténèbres). Avec un portrait de
l’auteur par F. Desmoulin. Paris, 1883. Quite as striking is his later
collection of poems, L’Abîme. Paris, 1891.

[220] Humiliés et Offensés, p. 55; quoted by De Vogüé, Le Roman

russe, p. 222, foot-note.

[221] Legrain, op. cit., p. 246.

[222] Journal of Mental Science, January, 1888.

[223] Le Délire des Persécutions. Paris, 1871, p. 512.

[224] Morel, ‘Du Délire panophobique des Aliénés gémisseurs.’
Annales médico-psychologiques, 1871, 2e vol., p. 322.

[225] Maurice Maeterlinck, Serres chaudes. Nouvelle édition.

Bruxelles, 1890.

[226] Lombroso, Genie und Irrsinn, p. 322: ‘Walt Whitman, the poet
of the modern Anglo-Americans, and assuredly a mad genius,
was a typographer, teacher, soldier, joiner, and for some time also
a bureaucrat, which, for a poet, is the queerest of trades.’
This constant changing of his profession Lombroso rightly
characterizes as one of the signs of mental derangement. A
French admirer of Whitman, Gabriel Sarrazin (La Renaissance de
la Poésie anglaise, 1798-1889; Paris, 1889, p. 270, foot-note),
palliates this proof of organic instability and weakness of will in
the following manner: ‘This American facility of changing from
one calling to another goes against our old European prejudices,
and our unalterable veneration for thoroughly hierarchical,
bureaucratic routine-careers. We have remained in this, as in so
many other respects, essentially narrow-minded, and cannot
understand that diversity of capacities gives a man a very much
greater social value.’ This is the true method of the æsthetic
wind-bag, who for every fact which he does not understand finds
roundly-turned phrases with which he explains and justifies
everything to his own satisfaction.

[227] Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass; a new edition. Glasgow,

1884.

[228] Maurice Maeterlinck, The Princess Maleine and the Intruder.

London: W. Heinemann, 1892.

[229] Omitted in the English translation.—Translator.

[230] Lisandro Reyes has clearly seen this in his useful sketch
entitled Contribution à l’Etude de l’État mental chez les Enfants
dégénérés; Paris, 1890, p. 8. He affirms expressly that among
degenerate children there is no really exclusive ‘monomania.’
‘Among them an isolated delirious idea may endure for some
time, but it is most frequently replaced all at once by a new
conception.’
[231] Legrain (Du Délire chez les Dégénérés, Paris, 1886) merely
expresses this in somewhat different words, when he says (p.
68), ‘Obsession, impulsion, these are to be found at the base of
all monomania.’

[232] Analyzed in the Journal of Mental Science, January, 1888.

[233] J. Roubinovitch, Hystérie mâle et Dégénérescence. Paris,

1890, p. 62.

[234] Legrain, op. cit., p. 10.

[235] Lombroso, Genie und Irrsinn (German edition cited in vol. i.),
p. 325.

[236] Dr. Paul Sollier, Psychologie de l’Idiot et de l’Imbécile. Paris,

1890, p. 174.

[237] See on this subject the remarkable treatise of Alfred Binet,

‘On the Psychic Life of Micro-organisms,’ contained in the volume
of extracts: ‘Le Fétichisme dans l’Amour (Etudes de Psychologie
expérimentale). La Vie psychique des Micro-organismes,
l’Intensité des Images mentales, le Problème hypnotique, Note
sur l’Écriture hystérique.’ Paris, 1890.—A short time before Binet,
this same subject was treated by Verworn in a very deserving
manner, at once original and suggestive, in his Psycho-
physiologische Protisten-Studien. Jena, 1889.

[238] ‘Certain [sick] persons enjoy keenly a sense of the lightness

of their body, feel themselves hovering in the air, believe they
could fly; or else they have a feeling of weight either in the whole
body, in many limbs, or in one single limb, which seems to them
huge and heavy. A young epileptic sometimes felt his body so
extraordinarily heavy that he could scarcely raise it. At other
times he felt himself so light that he believed he did not touch
the ground. Sometimes it seemed to him that his body had
assumed such proportions that it was impossible for him to pass
through a door. In this last illusion ... the patient feels himself
very much smaller or very much larger than he really is.’—Th.
Ribot, Les Maladies de la Personnalité, 3e édition. Paris, 1889, p.
35.

[239] Sollier, Psychologie de l’Idiot et de l’Imbécile, p. 52 et seq.

[240] Lombroso, L’Uomo delinquente. 3a edizione. Torino, 1884, p.
329 et seq.

[241] Lombroso, Les Applications de l’Anthropologie criminelle.

Paris, 1892, p. 179.

[242] Th. Ribot, Les Maladies de la Personnalité, pp. 61, 78, 105.

[243] Maudsley, The Pathology of Mind. London, 1879, p. 287.

[244] See also Alfred Binet, Les Altérations de la Personnalité, Paris,

1892, p. 39: ‘His senses close to outside stimulation; for him, the
external world ceases to exist; he lives no more than his
exclusively personal life; he acts only through his own stimuli,
with the automatic movement of his brain. Although he receives
nothing more from outside, and his personality is completely
isolated from the surroundings in which he is placed, he may be
seen to go, come, do, act, as if he had his senses and intelligence
in full exercise.’ This, it is true, is the description of a patient, but
what he says of the latter applies equally, with a difference of
degree only, to the ego-maniac. Féré has communicated to the
Biological Society of Paris, in the séance of November 12, 1892,
the results of a great number of experiments made by him,
whence it appears ‘that among the greater part of epileptics,
hysterical and degenerate subjects, cutaneous sensibility is
diminished.’ See La Semaine médicale, 1892, p. 456.

[245] Alfred Binet, Les Altérations de la Personnalité. Paris, 1892,

pp. 83, 85, et seq.

[246] ‘The organic, cardiac, vaso-motor, secretory, etc., phenomena

accompanying almost all, if not all, affective states ... far from
following the conscious phenomenon, precede it; none the less
they remain in many cases unconscious.’—Gley, quoted by A.
Binet, Les Altérations de la Personnalité, p. 208.

[247] This is not merely a simple hypothesis, but a well-

demonstrated fact. Hundreds of experiments by Boeck, Weill,
Moebius, Charrin, Mairet, Bosc, Slosse, Laborde, Marie, etc., have
established that among the deranged, during periods of
excitation and afterwards, the urine is more toxic, i.e., more full
of waste and excreted organic matter, while after the periods of
depression it is less toxic, i.e., poorer in disaggregated matter,
than among sane individuals, which proves that, among the
 former, the nutrition of the tissues is morbidly increased or
retarded.

[248] Dr. Paul Moreau, of Tours, describes perversion (l’aberration)

in these somewhat obscure terms: ‘Perversion constitutes a
deviation from the laws which rule the proper sensibility of the
organs and faculties. By this word we mean to designate those
cases in which observation testifies to an unnatural, exceptional,
and wholly pathological change, a change carrying palpable
disturbance into the regular working of a faculty.’—Des
Aberrations du Sens génésique. 4e édition. Paris, 1887, p. 1.

[249] ‘The vices of the psycho-physical organization manifesting

themselves by acts prohibited, not only by morality—that
aggregate of necessary rules elaborated by the secular
experience of peoples—but also by their penal codes, are in
discord with life in society, in the midst of which humanity can
alone make progress.... A man, from his birth adapted to social
life, can only acquire such vices as a consequence of certain
pernicious conditions, through which his psycho-physical powers
are set in opposition to the necessary exigencies of social life.’—
Drill, Les Criminels mineurs, quoted by Lombroso in Les
Applications de l’Anthropologie criminelle. Paris, 1892, p. 94. See
also G. Tarde, La Philosophie pénale, Lyon, 1890, passim; ‘The
morally deranged are not true lunatics. A Marquise de Brinvilliers,
a Troppmann, a being born without either compassion or sense of
shame—can it be said of such an one that he is not himself when
he commits his crime? No. He is only too much himself. But his
existence, his person, are hostile to society. He does not feel the
same sentiments which we civilized people regard as
indispensable. It is useless to think of curing him or of reforming
him.’

[250] Darwinism explains adaptation only as the result of the

struggle for existence, and of selection which is a form of this
struggle. In one individual a quality appears accidentally, which
makes it more capable of preserving itself and of conquering its
enemies than those individuals not born with this quality. It finds
more favourable conditions of existence, leaves behind it more
numerous descendants inheriting this advantageous quality, and
by the survival of the fittest and the disappearance of the less fit,
the whole species comes into the possession of this
advantageous quality. I do not at all deny that an accidental
individual deviation from the type of the species, which proves an
advantage in the struggle for existence, can be a source of
transformations having as their result a better adaptation of the
species to given and unmodifiable circumstances. But I do not
believe that such an accident is the only source, or even the most
frequent source, of such transformations. The process of
adaptation appears to me to be quite otherwise, viz., the living
being experiences in some situation feelings of discomfort from
which he wishes to escape, either by change of situation
(movement, flight), or by trying to act vigorously on the causes
of these feelings of discomfort (attack, modification of natural
conditions). If the organs possessed by the living being, and the
aptitude these organs have acquired, are not sufficient to furnish
the counteractions felt and wished for as necessary to those
feelings of discomfort, the weaker creatures submit to their
destiny, and suffer or even perish. More vigorous individuals, on
the contrary, make violent and continuous efforts in order to
attain their design, of flight, defence, attack, suppression of
natural obstacles; they give strong nervous impulses to their
organs to increase to the highest degree their functional capacity,
and these nervous impulses are the immediate cause of
transformations, giving to the organs new qualities, and
rendering them more fit to make the living creature thrive. That
the nervous impulse produces, as a consequence, an increase in
the flow of blood, and a better nutrition for the organ in play, is a
positive biological fact. In my opinion, then, adaptation is most
frequently an act of the will, and not the result of qualities
accidentally acquired. It has as premise the clear perception and
representation of the external causes of the feelings of
discomfort, and a keen desire to escape from them, or, again,
that of procuring feelings of pleasure, i.e., an inorganic appetite.
Its mechanism consists in the elaboration of an intense
representation of serviceable acts of certain organs, and in the
sending of adequate impulses to these organs. That such
impulses can modify the anatomical structure of the organs, Kant
already anticipated when he wrote his treatise, Von der Macht
des Gemüthes; and modern therapeutics has fully confirmed this,
by showing that the stigmata of a Louise Lateau, the healing of
tumours on the tomb of the Deacon Paris, the modifications
induced by suggestion on the skin of hysterical subjects, the
formation of birth-marks by eventualities and emotions, are the
effect of presentations on the bodily tissues. It was wrong to
laugh at Lamarck for teaching that the giraffe has a long neck
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

testbankbell.com