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Learning Linux Shell Scripting Second Editionn. Edition
Ganesh Naik Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Ganesh Naik
ISBN(s): 9781788993197, 1788993195
Edition: Second Editionn.
File Details: PDF, 4.83 MB
Year: 2018
Language: english
Learning Linux Shell Scripting
Second Edition

-FWFSBHFUIFQPXFSPGTIFMMTDSJQUTUPTPMWFSFBMXPSME
QSPCMFNT

Ganesh Naik

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Learning Linux Shell Scripting
Second Edition
Copyright a 2018 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations
embedded in critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented.
However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the
author, nor Packt Publishing or its dealers and distributors, will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to
have been caused directly or indirectly by this book.

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mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy
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Acquisition Editor: Shrilekha Inani
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I wish to dedicate this book to my Gurudev, His Holiness Dr. Jayant Balaji Athavale. I
wish to express gratitude for his guidance, which I have received on how to become good
human being, good professional, and a seeker on the path of spiritual progress.
- Ganesh Sanjiv Naik
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 Contributors

About the author

Ganesh Naik is an author, consultant, and corporate trainer for embedded Android,
embedded Linux, IoT, and machine learning related product development. He has more
than 20 years, professional experience and project accomplishment in information
technology. He has worked as a corporate trainer for the Indian Space Research
Organization, Intel, GE, Samsung, Motorola, Penang Skills Development Center, and
various companies in Singapore and India. He has started a company called Levana
Technologies, which works with organizations for consulting and training activities.

I would like to thank my wife, Vishalakshi, for providing valuable suggestions, support,
and continuous motivation. Also, my colleague, Mansi Joshi, who provided feedback from
a technical perspective.

A big thanks to the entire team at Packt: Shrilekha Inani, Priyanka Deshpande, and
Prashant Chaudhari, for providing me with very positive and motivating support
throughout the book.
About the reviewer
Shawn Soloman is a technology veteran with a wide range of skill sets from 20+ years in
the technology field. While working in the ISP, VoIP, educational, open source
development and disaster recovery fields, his skill set has adapted and broadened over
the years.

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 Table of Contents
Preface 1
Chapter 1: Getting Started and Working with Shell Scripting 7
Comparison of shells 8
Tasks done by the shell 9
Working in the shell 9
Learning basic Linux commands 10
Our first script – Hello World 11
When not to use scripts 13
Various directories 14
Working with permissions 20
Changing file permissions 20
The chmod command 21
Technique one – the symbolic method 21
Technique two – the numeric method 21
Setting umask 21
Setuid 22
Setgid 22
Sticky bit 23
Summary 23
Chapter 2: Drilling Deep into Process Management, Job Control, and
Automation 24
Introducing process basics 24
Monitoring processes using ps 27
Process management 30
Process monitoring tools – top, iostat, and vmstat 33
Understanding "at" 37
Understanding crontab 38
Summary 40
Chapter 3: Using Text Processing and Filters in Your Scripts 41
Text filtering tools 41
Head and tail 42
The diff command 43
The cut command 44
The paste command 45
The join command 46
The uniq command 46
Table of Contents

The comm command 47

The tr command 48
The sort command 49
IO redirection 49
File descriptors 49
Redirection 50
Brace expansion 53
Pattern matching with the vi editor 55
Pattern searching using grep 57
Summary 59
Chapter 4: Working with Commands 60
Learning shell interpretation of commands 60
Checking and disabling shell internal commands 62
The exit status 63
Command substitution 64
Command separators 66
Command1; command2 66
Command grouping 67
Logical operators 68
Command1 & command2 68
Command1 && command2 68
Command1 || command2 68
Pipes 70
Summary 71
Chapter 5: Exploring Expressions and Variables 72
Understanding variables 72
Working with environment variables 74
The local variable and its scope 77
Exporting variables 78
Working with read-only variables 80
Working with command-line arguments (special variables, set and
shift, getopt) 81
Understanding set 82
Understanding shift 85
Resetting positional parameters 87
Understanding getopts 87
Understanding default parameters 89
Working with arrays 90
Creating an array and initializing it 90
Accessing array values 91
Summary 93
Chapter 6: Neat Tricks with Shell Scripting 94

[ ii ]
Table of Contents

Interactive shell scripts – reading user input 94

Summarizing the read command with options 97
The here document and the << operator 97
The here operator with the sort command 99
The here operator with the wc command 99
The utility ed and here operator 101
A script for sending messages to all logged-in users 101
Using the << here operator for FTP usage and data transfer 102
Turning off variable substitution 103
The here string and the <<< operator 103
File handling 104
Introducing file handling 104
Using exec to assign a file descriptor (fd) to file 104
Understanding the opening, writing, and closing of a file 105
Understanding reading from a file 106
Understanding reading and writing to a file 106
Using the read command on a file descriptor (fd) 107
Reading from one file and writing to another file 107
Displaying the file descriptor information from the /proc folder 109
File handling - reading line by line 109
Summarizing usage of the exec command 111
Debugging 111
Debugging mode – disabling the shell (option -n) 112
Debugging mode - displaying commands (option -v) 113
Debugging mode – the tracing execution (option -x) 115
Using the set command 118
Summary of debugging options for the set command 119
The vi editor setting for debugging 119
Good practices for Shell scripts 120
Summary 121
Chapter 7: Performing Arithmetic Operations in Shell Scripts 122
Using a declare command for arithmetic 123
Listing integers 124
Using the let command for arithmetic 124
Using the expr command for arithmetic 126
Using an arithmetic expansion 128
Binary, octal, and hex arithmetic operations 132
Floating-point arithmetic 133
Summary 135
Chapter 8: Automating Decision-Making in Scripts 136
Checking the exit status of commands 137
Understanding the test command 138
Using the test command 138
Using the test command with double brackets 139

[ iii ]
Table of Contents

String comparison options for the test command 139

Numerical comparison operators for the test command 141
File test options for the test command 145
File-testing binary operators 146
Logical test operators 147
Conditional constructs – if else 148
Numerical handling if constructs 150
Using the exit command and the ? variable 151
String handling with the if construct 152
Checking for null values 155
File handling with the if command 156
Multiple test commands and if constructs 159
The if/elif/else command 162
The null command 163
Switching case 164
Implementing simple menus with select 170
Summary 174
Chapter 9: Automating Repetitive Tasks 175
Looping with the for command 175
Exiting from the current loop iteration with the continue command 180
Exiting from a loop with a break 182
Working with the do – while loop 184
Using until 187
Piping the output of a loop to a Linux command 190
Running loops in the background 190
The IFS and loops 191
Summary 192
Chapter 10: Working with Functions 193
Understanding functions 193
Displaying functions 197
Removing functions 198
Passing arguments or parameters to functions 198
Sharing the data with many functions 202
Declaring local variables in functions 202
Returning information from functions 204
Returning a word or string from a function 206
Running functions in the background 206
Command source and period (.) 207
Creating a library of functions 208
Summary 208
Chapter 11: Using Advanced Functionality in Scripts 209
Understanding signals and traps 209

[ iv ]
Table of Contents

Using the trap command 211

Ignoring signals 212
Resetting signals 212
Listing traps 213
Using traps inside a function 213
Running scripts or processes even if the user logs out 215
Creating dialog boxes with the dialog utility 215
Creating a message box (msgbox) 216
Creating a message box (msgbox) with a title 216
The yes/no box (yesno) 217
The input box (inputbox) 219
The textbox (textbox) 220
A password box 221
The checklist box (checklist) 222
The menu box (menu) 222
The radiolist box (radiolist) 224
The progress meter box (gauge) 225
Summary 226
Chapter 12: System Startup and Customizing a Linux System 227
System startup, inittab, and run levels 227
The kernel startup and init process 227
Understanding run levels 229
System initialization boot scripts 230
User initialization scripts 231
System-wide setting scripts 231
User level settings – default files 232
Summary 234
Chapter 13: Pattern Matching and Regular Expressions with sed and
awk 235
The basics of regular expressions 235
sed – non-interactive stream editor 236
Understanding sed 237
Addressing in sed 238
How to modify a file with sed 239
Printing – the p command 240
Deleting – the d command 241
Substitution – the s command 243
Range of selected lines the comma 244
Multiple edits – the e command 245
Reading from files – the r command 246
Writing to files – the w command 247
Appending – the a command 247
Inserting – the i command 248

[v]
Table of Contents

Changing – the c command 249

Transform – the y command 249
Quit – the q command 250
Holding and getting – the h and g commands 251
Holding and exchanging – the h and x commands 251
sed scripting 252
Using awk 254
The meaning of awk 254
Using awk 254
Input from files 255
Input from commands 256
How awk works 257
awk commands from within a file 259
Records and fields 259
Records 260
The record separator 260
The $0 variable 260
The NR variable 261
Fields 261
Field separators 262
The input field separator 262
Patterns and actions 263
Patterns 263
Actions 264
Regular expressions 264
Writing the awk script file 265
Using variables in awk 266
Decision-making using an if statement 267
Using the for loop 268
Using the while loop 268
Using the do while loop 269
Summary 270
Chapter 14: Taking Backup and Embedding Other Languages in Shell
Scripts 271
Backup of files from command line 271
Backup command rsync 272
Backup across the network 274
Automating backup activity 275
Embedding other language codes or scripts in Bash shell scripts 275
Embedding other language code in Bash shell script 276
Sending output to Bash Script 277
Storing other language output to Bash variable 277
Sending data to an embedded language code 278
Using data from file by embedded language 278
Sending user input to the embedded code 278

[ vi ]
Table of Contents

Embedding Python code in Bash shell Script 278

Embedding Ruby code 280
Embedding other language code in Bash – comparative study 280
Summary 282
Chapter 15: Database Administration Using Shell Scripts 283
Introduction to database administration 283
Working with a MySQL Database 284
Checking the version of MySQL database 284
Creating a database 284
Show databases 285
Creating a user 285
Creating a table in MySQL 286
Inserting data into table 287
Retrieving data from the table 288
Updating data 289
Deleting data 289
Altering a table 290
Describing a table 290
Drop the table 291
Drop the database 292
Working with Oracle Database 292
Switching to an Oracle user 292
Creating a user in Oracle SQL command line 293
The Grant statement 293
The Define command 294
Predefined variables 294
Create user through a shell script 295
Creating a table 296
Inserting the data into table 297
Retrieving data from a table 298
Update the data 299
Delete the data 300
Drop the table 301
Summary 302
Other Books You May Enjoy 303
Index 306

[ vii ]
 Preface
Shell scripts are an essential part of any modern operating system, such as Unix, Linux, or
Windows. The scripting language and its syntax may vary from OS to OS, but the
fundamental principles remain the same. I first encountered Linux shell scripts during the
development of embedded Linux product development. Shell scripts initialized the
complete product, from basic booting procedure to the user logging, to the complete
operating system being initialized. Another situation was automation of regular activities
such as build and release management of the source codes of very complex products, where
more than 10,000 files were part of the single project. Similarly, another very common
requirement is, automatic routine administration activities.

Initially, I learned scripts to solve practical problems and customize pre-existing products.
This book is a summary of what I have learned over the years about Linux shell scripting
through project development work, consultancy, and corporate training and Q&A sessions.

In this book, we will learn the very basics of shell scripting to real-world complex,
customized automation. By the end of the book, the reader will be able to confidently use
their own shell scripts for the real-world problems out there. The idea is to be as practical as
possible and give the reader the look and feel of what real-world scripting looks like.

This book covers the GNU Bourne Again Shell (BASH) scripting. You can use the
knowledge gained by reading this book for any shell of any of the UNIX flavors or Linux
distributions. You may need to take care of few syntax changes if you are working in other
shells, such as Korn or similar. You should be able to read this book cover to cover, or just
pick it up and read anything you find interesting. But, perhaps most importantly, if you
have a question about how to solve a particular problem or you need a hint, you will find it
easy to find the right solutionbor something close enoughbto save your time and energy.
Exploring the Variety of Random
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