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About the Author
Judith Skuce earned a Bachelor of Mathematics from the University of
Waterloo and a Master of Arts in Political Economy from the University of
Toronto. She spent many years as an economic policy advisor and manager
for several Canadian government departments before joining Georgian
College in 1990. Judith teaches statistics and economics in the School of
Business.
This page intentionally left blank
Brief Contents

PART I INTRODUCTION 1
1 Using Data to Make Better Decisions 1

PART II DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 25

2 Using Graphs and Tables to Describe Data 25
3 Using Numbers to Describe Data 100

PART III BUILDING BLOCKS FOR INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 152

4 Calculating Probabilities 152
5 Probability Distributions 184
6 Using Sampling Distributions to Make Decisions 224

PART IV MAKING DECISIONS 259

7 Making Decisions with a Single Sample 259
8 Estimating Population Values 297
9 Making Decisions with Matched-Pairs Samples,
Quantitative or Ranked Data 325
10 Making Decisions with Two Independent Samples,
Quantitative or Ranked Data 371
11 Making Decisions with Three or More Samples,
Quantitative Data—Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 399
12 Making Decisions with Two or More Samples, Qualitative Data 437

PART V ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS 477

13 Analyzing Linear Relationships, Two Quantitative Variables 477
14 Analyzing Linear Relationships, Two or More Variables 525
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Table of Guides xviii • Table of Excel Instructions and Excel Templates xix • Table of Examples xxi
• A Note to Students: How to Get the Most Out of This Text xxiv • Preface xxv • Using Microsoft®
Excel 2010 for Analyzing Data and Making Decisions xxx
Why Excel? xxx • Excel Templates xxxii • Additional Excel Add-ins xxxiii • Excel Data Sets xxxiv

PART I INTRODUCTION 1
1 Using Data to Make Better Decisions 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Getting the Data 2
Primary and Secondary Data 3
1.2 Sampling 5
Why Sampling Is Necessary 5
Nonstatistical Sampling 5
Statistical Sampling 7
Sampling and Nonsampling Error 11
1.3 Analyzing the Data 12
1.4 Making Decisions 15
1.5 Communication 18
1.6 A Framework for Data-Based Decision Making 19
Chapter Summary 21 • Chapter Review Exercises 22

PART II DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 25

2 Using Graphs and Tables to Describe Data 25
INTRODUCTION 25
2.1 Types of Data 26
Quantitative and Qualitative Data 27
Quantitative Data: Discrete or Continuous? 28
Qualitative Data: Ranked or Unranked? 29
Cross-Sectional and Time-Series Data 29
2.2 Frequency Distributions and Histograms for Quantitative Data 30
Stem-and-Leaf Displays 30
Frequency Distributions 33
GUIDE TO TECHNIQUE Setting Up Appropriate Classes for a Frequency
Distribution 38
Histograms 44
Symmetry and Skewness 52
Comparing Histograms 55
GUIDE TO TECHNIQUE Comparing Histograms 60
 xii CONTENTS

2.3 Tables, Bar Graphs, and Pie Charts for Qualitative Data 62
Bar Graphs and Pie Charts for a Simple Table 62
Bar Graphs for Contingency Tables 66
2.4 Time-Series Graphs 70
2.5 Scatter Diagrams for Paired Quantitative Data 76
2.6 Misleading and Uninteresting Graphs 80
Misleading Graphs 80
Uninteresting Graphs 88
Chapter Summary 92 • Chapter Review Exercises 93

3 Using Numbers to Describe Data 100

INTRODUCTION 100
3.1 Some Useful Notation 101
Order of Operations 101
Summation Notation 101
Some Examples 102
3.2 Measures of Central Tendency 105
The Mean 105
The Median 108
The Mode 111
Which Measure of Central Tendency Is Best? 113
GUIDE TO DECISION MAKING Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency 114
3.3 Measures of Variability 115
The Range 115
The Standard Deviation 116
The Interquartile Range 127
GUIDE TO DECISION MAKING Choosing a Measure of Variability 131
3.4 Measures of Association 132
The Pearson Correlation Coefficient for Quantitative Variables 132
The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient for Ranked Variables 138
GUIDE TO DECISION MAKING Choosing a Measure of Association 142
Chapter Summary 145 • Chapter Review Exercises 147

PART III BUILDING BLOCKS FOR INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 152

4 Calculating Probabilities 152
INTRODUCTION 152
4.1 Sample Spaces and Basic Probabilities 154
4.2 Conditional Probabilities and the Test for Independence 160
Conditional Probabilities 160
The Test for Independence 162
4.3 “And,” “Or,” and “Not” Probabilities 165
“And” Probabilities 165
“Or” Probabilities 170
“Not” Probabilities 172
Chapter Summary 177 • Chapter Review Exercises 178
 CONTENTS xiii

5 Probability Distributions 184

INTRODUCTION 184
5.1 Probability Distributions 185
Building a Discrete Probability Distribution 185
Mean and Standard Deviation of a Probability Distribution 186
5.2 The Binomial Probability Distribution 189
Conditions for a Binomial Experiment 189
Mean and Standard Deviation of a Binomial Distribution 190
Checking the Conditions for a Binomial Experiment 190
Calculating Binomial Probabilities 192
5.3 The Normal Probability Distribution 202
Chapter Summary 219 • Chapter Review Exercises 221

6 Using Sampling Distributions to Make Decisions 224

INTRODUCTION 224
6.1 The Decision-Making Process for Statistical Inference 225
6.2 The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean 233
An Empirical Exploration of the Sampling Distribution of x 236
When Is the Sampling Distribution Normal? The Central Limit
Theorem 240
GUIDE TO DECISION MAKING Using the Sampling Distribution of x
to Decide About  When  Is Known 243
6.3 The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Proportion 244
Making Decisions About Population Proportions with
the Binomial Distribution 244
GUIDE TO DECISION MAKING Using the Sampling Distribution of pN to Decide
About p 252
6.4 Hypothesis Testing 254
Chapter Summary 255 • Chapter Review Exercises 256

PART IV MAKING DECISIONS 259

7 Making Decisions with a Single Sample 259
INTRODUCTION 259
7.1 Formal Hypothesis Testing 260
The Null and the Alternative Hypotheses 260
One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Hypothesis Tests 261
Making a Decision: Rejecting or Failing to Reject the Null Hypothesis 262
Significance Level and Type I and Type II Errors 263
Deciding on the Basis of p-Values 265
GUIDE TO TECHNIQUE Calculating p-Values 265
GUIDE TO TECHNIQUE Steps in a Formal Hypothesis Test 268
7.2 Deciding About a Population Proportion— The z-Test of p 269
GUIDE TO DECISION MAKING Hypothesis Test to Decide About a Population
Proportion 274
 xiv CONTENTS

7.3 Deciding About the Population Mean— The t-Test of μ 276

The t-Distribution 276
GUIDE TO DECISION MAKING Hypothesis Test to Decide About
a Population Mean 288
How Normal Is Normal Enough? 289
Chapter Summary 291 • Chapter Review Exercises 292

8 Estimating Population Values 297

INTRODUCTION 297
8.1 Estimating the Population Proportion 299
GUIDE TO TECHNIQUE Creating a Confidence Interval Estimate for p 304
8.2 Estimating the Population Mean 306
GUIDE TO TECHNIQUE Creating a Confidence Interval Estimate for  309
8.3 Selecting the Sample Size 312
Sample Size to Estimate a Mean 312
GUIDE TO TECHNIQUE Choosing the Sample Size to Estimate  314
Sample Size to Estimate a Proportion 315
GUIDE TO TECHNIQUE Choosing the Sample Size to Estimate p 316
8.4 Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Tests 317
Chapter Summary 320 • Chapter Review Exercises 321

9 Making Decisions with Matched-Pairs Samples, Quantitative

or Ranked Data 325
INTRODUCTION 325
9.1 Matched Pairs, Quantitative Data, Normally Distributed Differences— The t-Test
and Confidence Interval of μD 327
GUIDE TO DECISION MAKING Matched Pairs, Quantitative Data, Normal
Differences—The t-Test to Decide About the Average
Population Difference D 335
Confidence Interval Estimate of D 335
9.2 Matched Pairs, Quantitative Data, Non-Normal Differences— The Wilcoxon Signed Rank
Sum Test 339
GUIDE TO DECISION MAKING Matched Pairs, Quantitative Data, Non-Normal
Differences—The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Sum Test
to Decide About the Difference in Matched
Populations 352
Quantitative Matched-Pairs Data: Which Test? 353
9.3 Matched Pairs, Ranked Data— The Sign Test 355
GUIDE TO DECISION MAKING Matched Pairs, Ranked Data–The Sign Test to Decide
About the Difference in Matched Populations 361
Chapter Summary 363 • Chapter Review Exercises 364
 CONTENTS xv

10 Making Decisions with Two Independent Samples, Quantitative

or Ranked Data 371
INTRODUCTION 371
10.1 Independent Samples, Normal Quantitative Data— The t-Test and Confidence
Interval Estimate of 1   2 372
Equal or Unequal Variances? 378
GUIDE TO DECISION MAKING Independent Samples, Normal Quantitative
Data—The t-Test of 1  2 to Decide About the
Difference in Two Population Means 380
Confidence Interval for 1  2 381
10.2 Independent Samples, Non-Normal Quantitative Data or Ranked Data— The Wilcoxon
Rank Sum Test 384
Independent Samples, Non-Normal Quantitative Data 385
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test or t-Test of 1  2? 389
Independent Samples, Ranked Data 389
GUIDE TO DECISION MAKING Independent Samples, Non-Normal Quantitative Data or
Ranked Data—The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test to Decide
About the Difference in Two Population Locations 391
Chapter Summary 394 • Chapter Review Exercises 395

11 Making Decisions with Three or More Samples, Quantitative Data—Analysis

of Variance (ANOVA) 399
INTRODUCTION 399
11.1 Checking Conditions for One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 402
Required Conditions for ANOVA Analysis 402
11.2 The Hypothesis Test for Independent Samples, Normal Quantitative Data— One-Way
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 408
The F Distribution 412
Using Data Analysis Anova: Single Factor 414
GUIDE TO DECISION MAKING Three or More Independent Samples, Normal
Quantitative Data—One-Way ANOVA to Decide About
the Equality of Population Means 419
11.3 Making Multiple Comparisons to Decide Which Means Differ— The Tukey-Kramer
Procedure 422
11.4 A Brief Introduction to Two-Factor ANOVA 427
Chapter Summary 429 • Chapter Review Exercises 430

12 Making Decisions with Two or More Samples, Qualitative Data 437

INTRODUCTION 437
12.1 Comparing Two Proportions— z-Test and Confidence Interval of p1  p2 438
Special Case: H0: p1  p2  0 439
General Case: H0: p1  p2  Fixed Amount (Non-Zero) 442
Confidence Interval Estimate of p1  p2 444
 xvi CONTENTS

GUIDE TO DECISION MAKING Comparing Two Population Proportions 445

12.2 2 Goodness-of-Fit Tests 448
GUIDE TO DECISION MAKING 2 Goodness-of Fit Test to Compare Proportions
in One Population with a Desired
Distribution 457
12.3 Comparing Many Population Proportions or Testing Independence—  2 Test
of a Contingency Table 459
Comparing Many Population Proportions 459
Testing for Independence 463
GUIDE TO DECISION MAKING Contingency Table Tests to Compare Proportions
Across Many Populations, or Decide About the
Independence of Population Characteristics 466
Chapter Summary 470 • Chapter Review Exercises 472

PART V ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS 477

13 Analyzing Linear Relationships, Two Quantitative Variables 477
INTRODUCTION 477
13.1 Creating a Graph and Determining the Relationship— Simple Linear
Regression 478
Creating a Graph of the Relationship 479
Determining the Relationship 480
13.2 Assessing the Model 488
The Theoretical Model 488
Checking the Required Conditions 489
GUIDE TO TECHNIQUE Checking Requirements for the Linear
Regression Model 504
13.3 Hypothesis Test About the Regression Relationship 505
GUIDE TO DECISION MAKING Testing the Slope of the Regression Line
for Evidence of a Linear Relationship 509
13.4 How Good Is the Regression? 510
13.5 Making Predictions 513
Chapter Summary 520 • Chapter Review Exercises 521

14 Analyzing Linear Relationships, Two or More Variables 525

INTRODUCTION 525
14.1 Determining the Relationship— Multiple Linear Regression 526
Creating Graphs to Examine the Relationships Between
the Response Variable and the Explanatory Variables 527
Determining the Relationship Between the Response Variable
and the Explanatory Variables 529
14.2 Checking the Required Conditions 531
The Theoretical Model 531
Examining the Residuals 532
 CONTENTS xvii

GUIDE TO TECHNIQUE Checking Requirements for the Linear Multiple

Regression Model 540
14.3 How Good Is the Regression? 541
Is the Regression Model Significant?—The F-Test 542
Are the Explanatory Variables Significant?—The t-Test 544
Adjusted Multiple Coefficient of Determination 546
14.4 Making Predictions 548
14.5 Selecting the Appropriate Explanatory Variables 550
A New Consideration: Multicollinearity 556
14.6 Using Indicator Variables in Multiple Regression 559
14.7 More Advanced Modelling 565
Chapter Summary 566 • Chapter Review Exercises 568

Appendix 1 Cumulative Binomial Tables 574

Appendix 2 Standard Normal Table 578

Appendix 3 Critical Values for the t-Distribution 580

Appendix 4 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Sum Test Table, Critical Values

and p-Values 581
Appendix 5 Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test Table, Critical Values 582

Appendix 6 F-Distribution, Critical Values 584

Appendix 7 Critical Values of q 586

Appendix 8 Critical Values for the 2-Distribution 590

Glossary 591 • Index 593

Table of Guides

The following is a list of Guides used in this text. Matched Pairs, Quantitative Data, Non-Normal
Differences—The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Sum
Test to Decide About the Difference in Matched
CHAPTER 2 Populations, p. 352
Setting Up Appropriate Classes for a Frequency Matched Pairs, Ranked Data—The Sign Test to
Distribution, p. 38 Decide About the Difference in Matched
Comparing Histograms, p. 60 Populations, p. 361

CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 10
Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency, p. 114 Independent Samples, Normal Quantitative Data—
Choosing a Measure of Variability, p. 131 The t-Test of 1  2 to Decide About the
Choosing a Measure of Association, p. 142 Difference in Two Population Means, p. 380
Independent Samples, Non-Normal Quantitative Data
CHAPTER 6 or Ranked Data—The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
to Decide About the Difference in Two
Using the Sampling Distribution of x to Decide
Population Locations, p. 391
About  When  Is Known, p. 243
Using the Sampling Distribution of pN to Decide
About p, p. 252 CHAPTER 11
Three or More Independent Samples, Normal
CHAPTER 7 Quantitative Data—One-Way ANOVA to Decide
About the Equality of Population Means, p. 419
Calculating p-Values, p. 266
Steps in a Formal Hypothesis Test, p. 268
Hypothesis Test to Decide About a Population CHAPTER 12
Proportion, p. 274 Comparing Two Population Proportions, p. 445
Hypothesis Test to Decide About a Population 2 Goodness-of-Fit Test to Compare Proportions in One
Mean, p. 288 Population with a Desired Distribution, p. 457
Contingency Table Tests to Compare Proportions Across
Many Populations, or Decide About the Independ-
CHAPTER 8 ence of Population Characteristics, p. 466
Creating a Confidence Interval Estimate
for p, p. 304
Creating a Confidence Interval Estimate CHAPTER 13
for , p. 309 Checking Requirements for the Linear Regression
Choosing the Sample Size to Estimate , p. 314 Model, p. 504
Choosing the Sample Size to Estimate p, p. 316 Testing the Slope of the Regression Line for Evidence
of a Linear Relationship, p. 509
CHAPTER 9
Matched Pairs, Quantitative Data, Normal CHAPTER 14
Differences—The t-Test to Decide About the Checking Requirements for the Linear Multiple
Average Population Difference (D), p. 335 Regression Model, p. 540
Table of
Excel Instructions
and Excel Templates
The following is a list of Excel instructions and templates used CHAPTER 7
in this text. Note: Excel’s Data Analysis Tools may need to be
turned on. See Using Microsoft® Excel 2010 for Analyzing Data Organizing Coded Data, p. 271
and Making Decisions on page xxx for more information. Excel Template for Making Decisions About a Population
Proportion with a Single Sample, p. 272
TDIST Function, p. 279
CHAPTER 1 Excel Template for Making Decisions About the
Population Mean with a Single Sample, p. 280
Taking a Random Sample with Random Number AVERAGE/STDEV/ COUNT Functions, p. 281
Generation, p. 8

CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 2
Excel Template for a Confidence Interval Estimate
Class Width Template, p. 34 of the Population Proportion, Exhibit 8.8, p. 305
Histogram Tool, p. 39 Excel Template for a Confidence Interval Estimate
Histogram Chart, Exhibit 2.29, p. 45 of the Population Mean, Exhibit 8.14, p. 311
Adjusting Excel’s Histogram, p. 46
Bar Graph, p. 63
Pie Chart, p. 64 CHAPTER 9
Contingency Table, p. 67 Excel Template for Making Decisions About the
Line Graph, p. 72 Population Mean with a Single Sample
Scatter Diagram, p. 77 for Matched Pairs, p. 330
Adjust Axis Scale, p. 81 Data Analysis t-Test: Paired Two Sample
for Means, p. 330
Excel Template for a Confidence Interval Estimate
CHAPTER 3
of D, Exhibit 9.13, p. 337
MEDIAN Function, p. 109 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Sum Test
MODE Function, p. 112 Calculations, p. 347
STDEV Function, p. 118 Sign Test Calculations, Add-in and
QUARTILE Function, p. 129 Template, p. 358
PEARSON Function, p. 134
Non-parametric Tools, p. 141
Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient CHAPTER 10
Calculation, p. 141 Data Analysis t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal
Variances, p. 373
Excel Template for t-Test of Mean, p. 378
CHAPTER 5
Excel Template for Confidence Interval Estimate
BINOMDIST Function, p. 195 for the Difference in Population Means, p. 382
NORMDIST Function, p. 205 Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test Calculations Add-in and
NORMINV Function, p. 209 Template, p. 388
 xx TABLE OF EXCEL INSTRUCTIONS AND EXCEL TEMPLATES

CHAPTER 11 CHAPTER 13
VAR Function, p. 406 Add Trendline, Exhibit 13.5, p. 483
FDIST Function, p. 414 Regression Tool, p. 485
Data Analysis Anova: Single Factor, p. 414 Regression Residuals, p. 492
Excel Template for the Tukey-Kramer Confidence Regression Output for Hypothesis Test About the
Interval, p. 426 Regression Relationship, p. 507
Regression Output for R2, p. 511
Multiple Regression Tools for Confidence
CHAPTER 12 and Prediction Intervals, p. 514
Excel Template for Making Decisions About Two
Population Proportions, H0: p1  p2  0, p. 442
Excel Template for Making Decisions About the
CHAPTER 14
Difference in Population Proportions, Regression Tool for Multiple Regression,
H0: p1  p2  Fixed Amount, p. 444 Exhibit 14.4, p. 530
Excel Template for the Confidence Interval Residual Output, p. 533
Estimate for the Difference in Population Plots of Residuals vs. Predicted Values, p. 533
Proportions, p. 447 Residual Plots, p. 534
Excel’s CHITEST Function for a  2 Confidence Interval and Prediction Intervals –
Goodness-of-Fit Test, p. 456 Calculations, p. 548
Chi-Squared Expected Values Calculations, p. 462 All Possible Regressions Calculations, p. 552
Table of Examples

The following is a list of Examples used in this text. Example 3.2a Using Excel to calculate the
mean, p. 107
Example 3.2b The mean is greatly affected by
CHAPTER 1 extreme values, p. 108
Example 1.1 Secondary data, p. 3 Example 3.2c Finding the median in a data set,
Example 1.2a Nonstatistical sampling, p. 6 p. 109
Example 1.2b Nonstatistical sampling, p. 6 Example 3.3a Calculating standard deviation with
Example 1.2c Random sampling with Excel, p. 8 Excel, p. 118
Example 1.3 Analyzing the data, p. 13 Example 3.3b Calculating the standard deviation
Example 1.4a Cause and effect cannot be concluded with the computational formula, p. 119
from observational studies, p. 16 Example 3.3c Applying the Empirical Rule, p. 126
Example 1.4b Cause and effect may be concluded Example 3.3d Finding the 75th percentile, p. 128
from experimental studies, p. 16 Example 3.3e Calculate the interquartile range,
Example 1.5 State conclusions carefully, p. 18 p. 129
Example 3.4a Calculating the Pearson correlation
coefficient, p. 138
CHAPTER 2 Example 3.b Calculating the Spearman rank
correlation coefficient, p. 139
Example 2.2a Setting up a frequency distribution
with Excel, p. 42
Example 2.2b Modifying Excel’s automatic CHAPTER 4
histogram, p. 51 Example 4.1 Representing a sample space with a
Example 2.3 Using Excel to create a bar graph with contingency table, a joint probability
coded data, p. 64 table, and a tree diagram, p. 157
Example 2.4 Graphing time-series data, p. 73 Example 4.2a Calculating conditional probabilities,
Example 2.5 Graphing paired quantitative p. 162
data, p. 77 Example 4.2b Testing for independence, p. 163
Example 4.3a The rule of multiplication: Calculating
“and” probability, p. 169
CHAPTER 3 Example 4.3b The rule of addition: calculating “or”
Example 3.1a Evaluating ©x, p. 103 probabilities, p. 172
Example 3.1b Evaluating ©x 2, p. 103 Example 4.3c Calculating probabilities with a tree
Example 3.1c Evaluating 1©x22 , p. 103 diagram and probability rules, p. 175
Example 3.1d Evaluating ©xy, p. 103
Example 3.1e Evaluating ©(x - 6), p. 104
CHAPTER 5
Example 3.1f Evaluating ©(x - 6)2, p. 104
Example 5.1 Calculating the mean and standard
(x - 6)2 deviation of a discrete probability
Example 3.1g Evaluating © , p. 104
n - 1 distribution, p. 188
Example 3.1h Evaluating ©(x - 6)(y - 3), Example 5.2a Calculating binomial probabilities
p. 104 with a formula, p. 195
 xxii TABLE OF EXAMPLES

Example 5.2b Using Excel to calculate the binomial CHAPTER 8

probabilities, p. 197
Example 5.2c Calculating binomial probabilities Example 8.1 Constructing a confidence interval
with tables, p. 200 estimate for p, p. 304
Example 5.3a Calculating normal probabilities with Example 8.2 Constructing a confidence interval
NORMDIST, p. 206 estimate for , p. 309
Example 5.3b Using NORMINV to calculate x-values Example 8.3a Deciding on sample size to
for normal probabilities, p. 209 estimate , p. 315
Example 5.3c Calculating normal probabilities with Example 8.3b Deciding on sample size to
a table, p. 215 estimate p, p. 316
Example 8.4 Using a confidence interval for a
hypothesis test, p. 318
CHAPTER 6
Example 6.1a Using a sampling distribution to CHAPTER 9
decide if a sample mean is unusual,
Example 9.1a The t-test for matched pairs, p. 328
p. 230
Example 9.1b The t-test for matched pairs, p. 332
Example 6.1b Using a sampling distribution to
Example 9.1c Confidence interval for D , p. 336
decide whether a sample proportion
Example 9.2a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Sum Test,
is unusual, p. 231
sample size Ú 25, p. 344
Example 6.2a Constructing a sampling distribution
Example 9.2b Wilcoxon Signed Rank Sum Test,
and using it to decide about a
small sample, p. 350
population mean, p. 235
Example 9.3a Sign Test, using the binomial
Example 6.2b Assessing population normality,
distribution, p. 355
constructing a sampling distribution,
Example 9.3b Sign Test, large sample, using the
and using it to decide about a
sampling distribution of pN , p. 360
population mean, p. 241
Example 6.3a Using the binomial distribution to
make a decision about a population CHAPTER 10
proportion, p. 245
Example 6.3b Using the sampling distribution Example 10.1a t-Test for independent samples,
of pN to make a decision about a using Excel, p. 374
population proportion, p. 250 Example 10.1b t-Test for independent samples,
Example 6.3c Using the sampling distribution using t-table, p. 377
of pN to make a decision about a Example 10.1c Confidence interval for difference in
population proportion, p. 251 means, p. 381
Example 10.2a Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, sample
sizes Ú 10, p. 385
CHAPTER 7 Example 10.2b Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, sample
size 6 10, p. 389
Example 7.1a Setting up correct null and alterna-
tive hypotheses, p. 260
Example 7.1b Type I and Type II errors, p. 264 CHAPTER 11
Example 7.1c Calculating p-values, p. 267
Example 7.2a Hypothesis test about a population Example 11.1 Checking conditions for one-factor
proportion, summary data, p. 269 ANOVA, p. 405
Example 7.2b Hypothesis test about a population Example 11.2 One-factor ANOVA, p. 416
proportion with coded data, p. 271 Example 11.3 Using the Tukey-Kramer approach to
Example 7.3a Right-tailed hypothesis test about find out which means differ, p. 424
a population mean, p. 277
Example 7.3b Right-tailed hypothesis test about CHAPTER 12
a population mean, p. 281
Example 7.3c Estimating p-values from the table Example 12.1a Comparing two proportions,
of critical values for the no difference in proportions,
t-distribution, p. 285 coded data, p. 441
Example 7.3d Two-tailed hypothesis test about a Example 12.1b Comparing two proportions, non-zero
population mean, p. 287 difference in proportions, p. 443
 TABLE OF EXAMPLES xxiii

Example 12.1c Confidence interval for difference in CHAPTER 14

proportions, p. 446
Example 12.2a  2 goodness-of-fit test, p. 450 Example 14.2 Checking conditions for linear
Example 12.2b Goodness-of-fit test, adjusting multiple regression, p. 537
when ei < 5, p. 453 Example 14.3a Hypothesis test of significance of
Example 12.3a Contingency table test, comparing regression model, p. 543
many populations, p. 460 Example 14.3b Hypothesis tests of individual coeffi-
Example 12.3b Contingency table test for cients in regression model, p. 545
independence, p. 465 Example 14.4 Calculating confidence and predic-
tion intervals with Excel, p. 549
Example 14.5a Assess all possible regressions,
CHAPTER 13 p. 554
Example 14.5b Multiple regression, dealing with
Example 13.2 Influential observations, p. 498
collinearity, p. 558
Example 13.3 Hypothesis test of β1 with Excel,
Example 14.6 Regression with a qualitative
p. 508
explanatory variable, p. 562
Example 13.4 Interpreting R 2, p. 512
Example 13.5 Calculating a confidence interval
estimate for an average y,
given x, p. 518
A Note to Students: How to Get
the Most Out of This Text
I wrote this book for you. I have taught many, many statis- the text (with page numbers). You can find the guides
tics students over the years, and they have taught me where quickly by looking at the detailed table of contents, or
students need help. This text is full of features to help you the Table of Guides on p. xviii.
learn. Here are some important tips: 4. Refer to the Table of Examples. On page xxi, you will
find a list of all of the Examples in the book. If you need
1. Read the text. My students have told me the book is easy
to look up how to do something, check there.
to read and understand. Sometimes a student says to
5. Refer to the Table of Excel Instructions and Excel
me, “I don’t know how to do this exercise.” If I’m in a
Templates. On page xix, you will find a list of Excel
tutorial and can’t spend much time with each student,
instructions and descriptions of Excel templates. Use
I sometimes point out a section and an example the
this list to quickly find what you need to know about
student can read to help them understand. Usually,
Microsoft® Excel 2010. Also, see Using Microsoft®
when I come back a few minutes later, the student is
Excel 2010 for Analyzing Data and Making Decisions
happily doing the exercise that was previously a stum-
(page xxx) if you have any questions about how to find
bling block. This book can help you!
Excel templates or data sets, or how to install Excel
2. Do all of the exercises. You can learn statistical tech-
add-ins.
niques only if you practise them. Depending on the
6. Refer to the Guide to the Descriptive and Inferential
approach your instructor has chosen, you will find
Techniques of Analyzing Data and Making Decisions,
solutions to at least the odd-numbered exercises in the
inside the formula card at the back of the book. This
Study Plan of the MyStatLab that accompanies this
overall guide to all the descriptive and inferential tech-
text. Don’t ignore MyStatLab as a learning tool, even if
niques in the text will direct you to specific chapter(s)
your professor chooses not to use MyStatLab in your
for reference. Then you can use the detailed table of
course evaluation. Start by taking the sample test for a
contents to locate the correct technique for the decision
chapter, and then use the Study Plan that guides you to
you need to make. If you know what type of data you
areas where you need to do more work. From inside the
have (data types are explained at the beginning of
Study Plan, you will have access to guided solutions
Chapter 2) and what type of decision you have to
and examples to help you learn. It’s as if your teacher is
make, chapter and section headings will lead you
standing over your shoulder to give you help, exactly
directly to the technique you should use.
when you need it.
3. Rely on the Guides. Guide to Technique and Guide to Finally, keep at it. Persist, practise, get help when you
Decision Making features throughout the text will are stuck on something, and keep working. I wish you the
remind you of all the things you need to do and think best of luck with the material in this text, and most of all, I
about when performing certain tasks. The decision hope that you will learn enough to confidently analyze data
making guides also point you to specific examples in and make better decisions.
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supervision and paid into the native treasury. A fixed portion is
paid by the emir to the British government. The emir is not
allowed to maintain a standing army, and the city of Kano is the
headquarters of the British garrison. The conditions of
appointment of the emirs are fully laid down in the terms
accepted at Sokoto on the close of the Sokoto-Kano campaign of
1903. Since the introduction of British rule there has been no
serious trouble in the province. The emir Abbas worked loyally
with the British and proved himself a ruler of remarkable ability
and intelligence. He was indefatigable in dispensing justice, and
himself presided over a native court in which he disposed of from
fifty to a hundred cases a month. He also took an active interest
in the reform and reorganization of the system of taxation, and in
the opening of the country to trade. He further showed himself
helpful in arranging difficulties which at times arose in connexion
with the lesser chiefs of his province.

The province of Kano is generally fertile. For a radius of 30 m.

round the capital the country is closely cultivated and densely
populated, with some 40 walled towns and with villages and
hamlets hardly half a mile apart. Kano district proper contains
170 walled towns and about 450 villages. There are many
streams, but water is chiefly obtained from wells 15 to 40 ft.
deep. The principal crops are African grains, wheat, onions,
cotton, tobacco, indigo, with sugar-cane, cassava, &c. The
population is chiefly agricultural, but also commercial and
industrial. The chief industries are weaving, leather-making,
dyeing and working in iron and pottery. Cattle are abundant. (See
Nigeria: History; and Sokoto.)

Consult the Travels of Heinrich Barth (new ed., London, 1890);

Hausaland, by C. H. Robinson (London, 1896); Northern Nigeria,
 by Sir F. D. Lugard, in vol. xxii. Geographical Journal (London,
1904); A Tropical Dependency, by Lady Lugard (London, 1905);
the Colonial Office Reports on Northern Nigeria from 1902
onward, and other works cited under Nigeria. (F. L. L.)

KANSAS (known as the “Sunflower State”), the central

commonwealth of the United States of America, lying between 37°
and 40° N. lat. and between 94° 38′ and 102° 1′ 34″ W. long. (i.e.
25° W. long, from Washington). It is bounded on the N. by Nebraska,
on the E. by Missouri, on the S. by Oklahoma, and on the W. by
Colorado. The state is nearly rectangular in shape, with a breadth of
about 210 m. from N. to S. and a length of about 410 m. from E. to
W. It contains an area of 82,158 sq. m. (including 384 sq. m. of
water surface).

Physiography.—Three physiographic regions may be distinguished

within the state—the first, a small portion of the Ozark uplift in the
extreme south-east corner; the second, the Prairie Plains, covering
approximately the east third of the state; the third, the Great Plains,
covering the remaining area. Between the latter two there is only the
most gradual transition. The entire state is indeed practically an
undulating plain, gently sloping from west to east at an average of
about 7 ft. per mile. There is also an inclination in the eastern half
from north to south, as indicated by the course of the rivers, most of
which flow south-easterly (the Kansas, with its general easterly
course, is the principal exception), the north-west corner being the
highest portion of the state. The lowest point in the state in its south-
east part, in Montgomery county, is 725 ft. above sea level. The
average elevation of the east boundary is about 850 ft., while contour
lines of 3500-3900 ft. run near the west border. Somewhat more than
half the total area is below 2000 ft. The gently rolling prairie surface
is diversified by an endless succession of broad plains, isolated hills
and ridges, and moderate valleys. In places there are terraced
uplands, and in others the undulating plain is cut by erosion into low
escarpments. The bluffs on the Missouri are in places 200 ft. high,
and the valley of the Cimarron, in the south-west, has deep cuts,
almost gorges. The west central portion has considerable
irregularities of contour, and the north-west is distinctively hilly. In the
south-west, below the Arkansas river, is an area of sandhills, and the
Ozark Plateau region, as above stated, extends into the south-east
corner, though not there much elevated. The great central valley is
traversed by the Kansas (or Kaw) river, which, inclusive of the Smoky
Hill Branch, extends the entire length of the state, with lateral valleys
on the north. Another broad valley is formed in the south half of the
state by the Arkansas river, with lateral valleys on the north and
south. The south-east portion contains the important Neosho and
smaller valleys. In the extreme south-west is the valley of the
Cimarron, and along the south boundary is a network of the south
tributaries of the Arkansas. Numerous small affluents of the Missouri
enrich and diversify the north-east quarter. The streams of Kansas
are usually fed by perennial springs, and, as a rule, the east and
middle portions of the state are well watered. Most of the streams
maintain a good flow of water in the driest seasons, and in case of
heavy rains many of them “underflow” the adjacent bottom lands,
saturating the permeable substratum of the country with the surplus
water, which in time drains out and feeds the subsiding streams. This
feature is particularly true of the Saline, Solomon and Smoky Hill
rivers. The west part is more elevated and water is less abundant.

(Click to enlarge.)
 Climate.—The climate of Kansas is exceptionally salubrious.
Extremes of heat and cold occur, but as a rule the winters are dry
and mild, while the summer heats are tempered by the perpetual
prairie breezes, and the summer nights are usually cool and
refreshing. The average annual temperature of the state for
seventeen years preceding 1903 was 54.3° F., the warmest mean
being 56.0°, the coldest 52.6°. The extreme variation of yearly
means throughout the east, west and middle sections during the
same period was very slight, 51.6° to 56.6°, and the greatest
variation for any one section was 3.7°. The absolute extremes
were 116° and -34°. The dryness of the air tempers exceedingly
to the senses the cold of winter and the heat of summer. The
temperature over the state is much more uniform than is the
precipitation, which diminishes somewhat regularly westward. In
the above period of seventeen years the yearly means in the
west section varied from 11.93 to 29.21 in. (av. 19.21), in the
middle from 18.58 to 34.30 (av. 26.68), in the east from 26.00 to
45.71 (av. 34.78); the mean for the state ranging from 20.12 to
35.50 (av. 27.12).1 The precipitation in the west is not sufficient
for confident agriculture in any series of years, since agriculture
is practically dependent upon the mean fall; a fact that has been
and is of profound importance in the history of the state. The line
of 20 in. fall (about the limit of certain agriculture) approximately
bisects the state in dry years. The precipitation is very largely in
the growing season—at Dodge the fall between April and October
is 78% of that for the year. Freshets and droughts at times work
havoc. The former made notable 1844 and 1858; and the latter
1860, 1874 and 1894. Tornadoes are also a not infrequent
infliction, least common in the west. The years 1871, 1879, 1881
and 1892 were made memorable by particularly severe storms.
There are 150 to 175 “growing days” for crops between the
frosts of spring and autumn, and eight in ten days are bright with
sunshine—half of them without a cloud. Winds are prevailingly
from the south (in the winter often from the north-west).

Fauna and Flora.—The fauna and flora of the state are those
which are characteristic of the plain region generally of which
Kansas is a part. The state lies partly in the humid, or Carolinian,
and partly in the arid, or Upper Sonoran, area of the Upper
Austral life-zone; 100° W. long. is approximately the dividing line
between these areas. The bison and elk have disappeared. A
very great variety of birds is found within the state, either as
residents or as visitants from the adjoining avifaunal regions—
mountain, plain, northern and southern. In 1886 Colonel N. S.
Goss compiled a list of 335 species, of which 175 were known to
breed in the state. The wild turkey, once abundant, was near
extermination in 1886, and prairie chickens (pinnated grouse)
have also greatly diminished in number. The jack-rabbit is
characteristic of the prairie. Locusts (“grasshoppers” in local
usage) have worked incalculable damage, notably in 1854, 1866,
and above all in 1874-1875. In the last two cases their ravages
extended over a great portion of the state.

Kansas has no forests. Along the streams there is commonly a

fringe of timber, which in the east is fairly heavy. There is an
increasing scarcity westward. With the advancing settlement of
the state thin wind-break rows become a feature of the prairies.
The lessened ravages of prairie fires have facilitated artificial
afforesting, and many cities, in particular, are abundantly and
beautifully shaded. Oaks, elms, hickory, honey-locusts, white ash,
sycamore and willows, the rapid growing but miserable box-elder
and cottonwood, are the most common trees. Black walnut was
common in the river valleys in Territorial days. The planting of
tree reserves by the United States government in the arid
counties of this state promises great success. A National Forest of
302,387 acres in Finney, Kearney, Hamilton and Grant counties
was set aside in May 1908. Buffalo and bunch, and other short
native prairie grasses, very nutritious ranging food but
unavailable as hay, once covered the plains and pastured
immense herds of buffalo and other animals, but with increasing
settlement they have given way generally to exotic bladed
species, valuable alike for pasture and for hay, except in the
western regions. The hardy and ubiquitous sunflower has been
chosen as the state flower or floral emblem. Cactus and yucca
occur in the west.

The soil of the upland prairies is generally a deep rich clay

loam of a dark colour. The bottom lands near the streams are a
black sandy loam; and the intermediate lands, or “second
bottoms,” show a rich and deep black loam, containing very little
sand. These soils are all easily cultivated, free from stones, and
exceedingly productive. There are exceptional spots on the
upland prairies composed of stiff clay, not as easily cultivated,
but very productive when properly managed and enriched. The
south-west section is distinctively sandy.

Agriculture.—The United States Census of 1900 shows that of

the farming area of the state in 1900 (41,662,970 acres, 79.6%
of the total area), 60.1% was “improved.” The value of all farm
property was $864,100,286—of which land and improvements
(including buildings), livestock and implements and machinery
represented respectively 74.5, 22.1 and 3.4%. Almost nine-
tenths of all farms derived their principal income from livestock or
hay and grain, these two sources being about equally important.
Of the total value of farm products in 1899 ($209,895,542), crops
represented 53.7, animal products 45.9 and forest products only
0.4%. In 1899 the wheat crop was 38,778,450 bushels, being
less than that of Minnesota, North Dakota, Ohio or South Dakota.
According to the Year Book of the United States Department of
Agriculture, the crop in 1906 was 81,830,611 bushels, almost
one-ninth of the crop of the entire country for that year, and
much more than the crop of any other state. In 1909 it was
87,203,000 bushels (less than the crops of either Minnesota or
North Dakota). Winter wheat constitutes almost the entire
output. The hard varieties rank in the flour market with the finest
Minnesota wheat. The wheat belt crosses the state from north to
south in its central third. Greater even than wheat in absolute
output, though not relatively to the output of other states, is
Indian corn. In 1906 the crop was 195,075,000 bushels, and in
1909 it was 154,225,000. The crop is very variable, according to
seasons and prospective markets; ranging e.g. in the decade
1892-1901 from 42.6 (1901) to 225.1 (1899) million bushels. The
Indian corn belt is mainly in the eastern third of the state. In the
five years 1896-1900 the combined value of the crops of Indian
corn and wheat exceeded the value of the same crops in any
other state of the Union (Illinois being a close second). In the
western third irrigation has been tried, in the earlier years
unsuccessfully; in all Kansas, in 1899, there were 23,620 acres
irrigated, of which 8939 were in Finney and 7071 in Kearney
county. In this western third the rainfall is insufficient for Indian
corn; but Kafir corn, an exceptional drought-resisting cereal, has
made extraordinary progress in this region, and indeed generally
over the state, since 1893, its acreage increasing 416.1% in the
decade 1895-1904. With the saccharine variety of sorghum,
which increased greatly in the same period, this grain is replacing
Indian corn. Oats are the third great cereal crop, the yield being
24,780,000 bushels in 1906 and 27,185,000 in 1909. Alfalfa
showed an increased acreage in 1895-1904 of 310.8%; it is
valuable in the west for the same qualities as the Kafir corn. The
hay crop in 1909 was 2,652,000 tons. Alfalfa, the Japanese soy
bean and the wheat fields—which furnish the finest of pasture in
the early spring and ordinarily well into the winter season—are
the props of a prosperous dairy industry. In the early ’eighties the
organization of creameries and cheese factories began in the
county-seats; they depended upon gathered cream. About 1889
separators and the whole-milk system were introduced, and
about the same time began the service of refrigerator cars on the
railways; the hand separator became common about 1901.
Western Kansas is the dairy country. Its great ranges, whose
insufficient rainfall makes impossible the certain, and therefore
the profitable, cultivation of cereals, or other settled agriculture,
lend themselves with profit to stock and dairy farming. Dairy
products increased 60.6% in value from 1895 to 1904,
amounting in the latter year to $16,420,095. This value was
almost equalled by that of eggs and poultry ($14,050,727), which
increased 79.7% in the same decade. The livestock interest is
stimulated by the enormous demand for beef-cattle at Kansas
City.

Sugar-beet culture was tried in the years following 1890 with

indifferent success until the introduction of bounties in 1901. It
has extended along the Arkansas valley from the Colorado beet
district and into the north-western counties. There is a large
beet-sugar factory at Garden City, Finney county. Experiments
have been made unsuccessfully in sugar cane (1885) and silk
culture (1885 seq.). The bright climate and pure atmosphere are
admirably adapted to the growth of the apple, pear, peach, plum,
grape and cherry. The smaller fruits also, with scarce an
exception, flourish finely. The fruit product of Kansas ($2,431,773
in 1899) is not, however, as yet particularly notable when
compared with that of various other states.

According to the estimates of the state department of

agriculture, of the total value of all agricultural products in the
twenty years 1885-1904 ($3,078,999,855), Indian corn and
wheat together represented more than two-fifths (821.3 and
518.1 million dollars respectively), and livestock products nearly
one-third (1024.9 millions). The aggregate value of all
agricultural products in 1903-1904 was $754,954,208.

Minerals.—In the east portion of the state are immense beds of

bituminous coal, often at shallow depths or cropping out on the
surface. In 1907 more than 95% of the coal came from
Crawford, Cherokee, Leavenworth and Osage counties, and about
91.5% from the first two. The total value of the production of
coal in 1905 (6,423,979 tons) was $9,350,542, and in 1908
(6,245,508 tons) $9,292,222. In the central portion, which
belongs to the Triassic formation, magnesian limestone,
ferruginous sandstone and gypsum are representative rocks.
Gypsum (in beautiful crystalline form) is found in an almost
continuous bed across the state running north-east and south-
west with three principal areas, the northern in Marshall county,
the central in Dickinson and Saline counties, and the southern
(the heaviest, being 3 to 40 ft. thick) in Barber and Comanche
counties. The product in 1908 was valued at $281,339.
Magnesian limestone, or dolomite, is especially plentiful along the
Blue, Republican and Neosho rivers and their tributaries. This
beautiful stone, resembling white, grey and cream-coloured
marble, is exceedingly useful for building purposes. It crops out
in the bluffs in endless quantities, and is easily worked. The
stone resources of the state are largely, but by no means
exclusively, confined to the central part. There are marbles in
Osage and other counties, shell marble in Montgomery county,
white limestone in Chase county, a valuable bandera flagstone
and hydraulic cement rock near Fort Scott, &c. The limestones
produced in 1908 were valued at $403,176 and the sandstones
at $67,950. In the central region salt is produced in immense
quantities, within a great north to south belt about Hutchinson.
The beds, which are exploited by the brine method at
Hutchinson, at Ellsworth (Ellsworth county), at Anthony (Harper
county) and at Sterling (Rice county), lie from 400 to 1200 ft.
underground, and are in places as much as 350 ft. thick and 99%
pure. At Kanopolis in Ellsworth county, at Lyons in Rice county
and at Kingman, Kingman county, the salt is mined and sold as
rock-salt. In the south-west salt is found in beds and dry
incrustations, varying in thickness from a few inches to 2 ft. The
total product from 1880-1899 was valued at $5,538,855; the
product of 1908 (when Kansas ranked fourth among the states
producing salt) was valued at $882,984. The development has
been mainly since 1887 at Hutchinson and since about 1890 in
the rock-salt mines. In the west portion of the state, which
belongs to the Cretaceous formation, chalks and a species of
native quicklime are very prominent in the river bluffs. The white
and cream-coloured chalks are much used for building purposes,
but the blue is usually too soft for exposure to the weather. The
quicklime as quarried from the bluffs slakes perfectly, and with
sand makes a fairly good mortar, without calcination or other
previous preparation. The lignite found near the Colorado line
makes a valuable domestic fuel.

Natural gas, oil, zinc and lead have been discovered in south-
east Kansas and have given that section an extraordinary growth
and prosperity. Indications of gas were found about the time of
the Civil War, but only in the early ’seventies were they
recognized as unmistakable, and they were not successfully
developed until the ’eighties. Iola, in Allen county, is the centre of
the field, and the gas yields heat, light, and a cheap fuel for
smelters, cement-works and other manufacturing plants
throughout a large region. The pools lie from 400 to 950 ft.
below the surface; some wells have been drilled 1500 ft. deep.
The value of the natural gas produced in the state was $15,873
in 1889, $2,261,836 in 1905 and $7,691,587 in 1908, when there
were 1917 producing wells, and Kansas ranked fourth of the
states of the United States in the value of the natural gas
product, being surpassed by Pennsylvania, West Virginia and
Ohio. Petroleum was discovered about 1865 in Miami and
Bourbon counties, and about 1892 at Neodesha, Wilson county.
There was only slight commercial exploitation before 1900. The
production increased from 74,714 barrels in that year to
4,250,779 in 1904; in 1908 it was 1,801,781 barrels. Chanute has
been the most active centre of production. The field was
prospected here in the ’nineties, but developed only after 1900.
In 1877 an immense deposit of lead was discovered on land now
within the limits of Galena. Rich zinc blendes were at first thrown
away among the by-products of the lead mines. After the
discovery of their true nature there was a slow development, and
at the end of the century a notable boom in the fields. From
1876 to 1897 the total value of the output of the Galena field
was between $25,000,000 and $26,000,000; but at present
Kansas is far more important as a smelter than as a miner of zinc
and lead, and in 1906 58% of all spelter produced in the United
States came from smelters in Kansas. In 1908 the mines’ output
was 2293 tons of lead valued at $192,612 and 8628 tons of zinc
valued at $811,032. Pottery, fire, ochre and brick clays are
abundant, the first two mainly in the eastern part of the state.
Coffeyville has large vitrified brick interests. In 1908 the total
value of all the mineral products (incompletely reported) of
Kansas was $26,162,213.

Industry and Trade.—Manufactures are not characteristic of the

state. The rank of the state in manufactures in 1900 was
sixteenth and in farm products seventh in the Union. The value
of the manufactured product in 1900, according to the Twelfth
United States Census, was $172,129,398, an increase of 56.2%
over the output of 1890; of this total value, the part representing
establishments under the “factory system” was $154,008,544,2
and in 1905 the value of the factory product was $198,244,992,
an increase of 28.7%. Kansas City, Topeka, Wichita, Leavenworth
and Atchison were the only cities which had manufactures whose
gross product was valued in 1905 at more than $3,000,000 each;
their joint product was valued at $126,515,804, and that of
Kansas City alone was $96,473,050, almost half the output of the
state. The most important manufacturing industry, both in 1900
and in 1905, was slaughtering and meat-packing—for which
Kansas City is the second centre of the country—with a product
for the state valued at $77,411,883 in 1900, and $96,375,639 in
1905; in both these years the value of the product of Kansas was
exceeded only by that of Illinois. The flour and grist mill industry
ranked next, with a product valued at $21,328,747 in 1900 and
 nearly twice that amount, $42,034,019, in 1905. In 1900 a
quarter of the wheat crop was handled by the mills of the state.
Lesser manufacturing interests are railway shop construction
(value in 1905, $11,521,144); zinc smelting and refining (value in
1905, $10,999,468); the manufacture of cheese, butter and
condensed milk (value in 1905, $3,946,349); and of foundry and
machine shop products (value in 1905, $3,756,825).

Communications.—Kansas is excellently provided with railways,

with an aggregate length in January 1909 of 8914.77 m. (in
1870, 1880, 1890 respectively, 1,501, 3,244 and 8,710 m.). The
most important systems are the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé, the
Missouri Pacific, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Union
Pacific, the Missouri, Kansas & Texas, the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy, and the St Louis & San Francisco systems. The first train
entered Kansas on the Union Pacific in 1860. During the following
decade the lines of the Missouri Pacific, the Missouri, Kansas &
Texas and the Santa Fé were well under construction. These
roads give excellent connexions with Chicago, the Gulf and the
Pacific. Kansas has an eastern river front of 150 m. on the
Missouri, which is navigable for steamboats of good size. The
internal rivers of the state are not utilized for commercial
purposes.

Population.—In population Kansas ranked in 1900 and 1910

(1,690,949) twenty-second in the Union. The decennial increases of
population from 1860 to 1900 were 239.9, 173.4, 43.3 and 3.0%, the
population in 1900 being 1,470,495, or 18 to the sq. m.3 Of this
number 22.5% lived in cities of 2500 or more inhabitants. Nine cities
numbered more than 10,000 inhabitants: Kansas City (51,418),
Topeka—the state capital (33,608), Wichita (24,671), Leavenworth
(20,735), Atchison (15,722), Lawrence—the seat of the state
university (10,862), Fort Scott (10,322), Galena (10,155) and
Pittsburg (10,112). The life of all of these save the last two goes back
to Territorial days; but the importance of Fort Scott, like that of
Galena and Pittsburg, is due to the development of the mineral
counties in the south-east. Other cities of above 5000 inhabitants
were Hutchinson (9379), Emporia (8223), Parsons (7682), Ottawa
(6934), Newton (6208), Arkansas City (6140), Salina (6074),
Argentine (5878) and Iola (5791). The number of negroes (3.5%) is
somewhat large for a northern and western state. This is largely
owing to an exodus of coloured people from the South in 1878-1880,
at a time when their condition was an unusually hard one: an exodus
turned mainly toward Kansas. The population is very largely
American-born (91.4% in 1900; 47.1% being natives of Kansas).
Germans, British, Scandinavians and Russians constitute the bulk of
the foreign-born. The west third of the state is comparatively scantily
populated, owing to its aridity. In the ’seventies, after a succession of
wet seasons, and again in the ’eighties, settlement was pushed far
westward, beyond the limits of safe agriculture, but hundreds of
settlers—and indeed many entire communities—were literally starved
out by the recurrence of droughts. Irrigation has made a surer future
for limited areas, however, and the introduction of drought-resisting
crops and the substitution of dairy and livestock interests in the place
of agriculture have brightened the outlook in the western counties,
whose population increased rapidly after 1900. The early ’eighties
were made notable by a tremendous “boom” in real estate, rural and
urban, throughout the commonwealth. As regards the distribution of
religious sects, in 1906 there were 458,190 communicants of all
denominations, and of this number 121,208 were Methodists
(108,097 being Methodist Episcopalians of the Northern Church),
93,195 were Roman Catholics, 46,299 were Baptists (34,975 being
members of the Northern Baptist Convention and 10,011 of the
National (Colored) Baptist Convention), 40,765 were Presbyterians
(33,465 being members of the Northern Church) and 40,356 were
Disciples of Christ. The German-Russian Mennonites, whose
immigration became notable about 1874, furnished at first many
examples of communal economy, but these were later abandoned. In
1906 the total number of Mennonites was 7445, of whom 3581 were
members of the General Conference of Mennonites of North America,
1825 belonged to the Schellenberger Brüder-gemeinde, and the
others were distributed among seven other sects.

Government.—The constitution is that adopted at Wyandotte on

the 29th of July 1859 and ratified by the people on the 4th of
October 1859; it came into operation on the 29th of January 1861,
and was amended in 1861, 1864, 1867, 1873, 1875, 1876, 1880,
1888, 1900, 1902, 1904 and 1906. An amendment may be proposed
by either branch of the legislature, and, if approved by two-thirds of
the members elected to each house as well as by a majority of the
electors voting on it at a general election, it is adopted. A
constitutional convention to revise or amend the constitution may be
called in the same manner. Universal manhood suffrage is the rule,
but women may vote in school and municipal elections, Kansas being
the first state to grant women municipal suffrage as well as the right
to hold municipal offices (1887). General elections to state, county
and township offices are biennial, in even-numbered years, and take
place on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The
state executive officers are a governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary
of state, auditor, treasurer, attorney-general and superintendent of
public instruction, all elected for a term of two years. The governor
appoints, with the approval of the Senate, a board of public works
and some other administrative boards, and he may veto any bill from
the legislature, which cannot thereafter become a law unless again
approved by two-thirds of the members elected to each house.

The legislature, consisting of a Senate and a House of

Representatives, meets in regular session at Topeka, the capital, on
the second Tuesday of January in odd-numbered years. The
membership of the senate is limited to 40, and that of the house of
representatives to 125. Senators are elected for four years and
representatives for two years. In regular sessions not exceeding fifty
days and in special sessions not exceeding thirty days the members
of both houses are paid three dollars a day besides an allowance for
travelling expenses, but they receive no compensation for the extra
time of longer sessions. In 1908 a direct primary law was passed
applicable to all nominations except for presidential electors, school
district officers and officers in cities of less than 5000 inhabitants; like
public elections the primaries are made a public charge; nomination
is by petition signed by a certain percentage (for state office, at least
1%; for district office, at least 2%; for sub-district or county office, at
least 3%) of the party vote; the direct nominating system applies to
the candidates for the United States Senate, the nominee chosen by
the direct primaries of each party being the nominee of the party.
 The judicial power is vested in one supreme court, thirty-eight district
courts, one probate court for each county, and two or more justices of the
peace for each township. All justices are elected: those of the supreme
court, seven in number, for six years, two or three every two years; those
of the district courts for four years; and those of the probate courts and
the justices of the peace for two years. The more important affairs of each
county are managed by a board of commissioners, who are elected by
districts for four years, but each county elects also a clerk, a treasurer, a
probate judge, a register of deeds, a sheriff, a coroner, an attorney, a clerk
of the district court, and a surveyor, and the district court for the county
appoints a county auditor. The township officers, all elected for two years,
are a trustee, a clerk, a treasurer, two or more justices of the peace, two
constables and one road overseer for each road district. Cities are
governed under a general law, but by this law they are divided into three
classes according to size, and the government is different for each class.
Those having a population of more than 15,000 constitute the first class,
those having a population of more than 2000 but not more than 15,000
constitute the second class, and those having a population not exceeding
2000 constitute the third class. Municipal elections are far removed from
those of the state, being held in odd-numbered years in April. In cities of
the first class the state law requires the election of a mayor, city clerk, city
treasurer, police judge and councilmen; in those of the second class it
requires the election of a mayor, police judge, city treasurer, councilmen,
board of education, justices of the peace and constables; and in those of
the third class it requires the election of a mayor, police judge and
councilmen. Several other offices provided for in each class are filled by the
appointment of the mayor.

The principal grounds for a divorce in Kansas are adultery, extreme

cruelty, habitual drunkenness, abandonment for one year, gross neglect of
duty, and imprisonment in the penitentiary as a felon subsequent to
marriage, but the applicant for a divorce must have resided in the state the
entire year preceding the presentment of the petition. A married woman
has the same rights to her property after marriage as before marriage,
except that she is not permitted to bequeath away from her husband more
than one-half of it without his written consent, and no will made by the
husband can affect the right of the wife, if she survive him, to one-half of
the property of which he died seized. Whenever a husband dies intestate,
leaving a farm or a house and lot in a town or city which was the residence
of the family at his death, his widow, widow and children, or children alone
if there be no widow, may hold the same as a homestead to the extent of
160 acres if it be a farm, or one acre if it be a town or city lot. A
homestead of this size is exempt from levy for the debts of the intestate
except in case of an incumbrance given by consent of both husband and
wife, or of obligations for purchase money, or of liens for making
improvements, and the homestead of a family cannot be alienated without
the joint consent of husband and wife. The homestead status ceases,
however, whenever the widow marries again or when all the children arrive
at the age of majority. An eight-hour labour law was passed in 1891 and
was upheld by the state supreme court. In 1909 a law was passed for state
regulation of fire insurance rates (except in the case of farmers’ mutuals
insuring farm property only) and forbidding local discrimination of rates
within the state. In the same year a law was passed requiring that any
corporation acting as a common carrier in the state must receive the
permission of the state board of railway commissioners for the issue of
stocks, bonds or other evidences of indebtedness.

The manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors except for medical,

scientific and mechanical purposes were prohibited by a constitutional
amendment adopted in 1880. The Murray liquor law of 1881, providing for
the enforcement of the amendment, was declared constitutional by the
state supreme court in 1883. At many sessions of the legislature its
enemies vainly attempted its repeal. It was more seriously threatened in
1890 by the “Original Package Decision,” of the United States Supreme
Court, the decision, namely, that the state law could not apply to liquor
introduced into Kansas from another state and sold from the original
package, such inter-state commerce being within the exclusive jurisdiction
of Congress. That body thereupon gave Kansas the power needed, and its
action was upheld by the Federal Supreme Court. The enforcement of the
law has varied, however, enormously according to the locality. In 1906-
1907 a fresh crusade to enforce the law was begun by the attorney-
general, who brought ouster suits against the mayors of Wichita, Junction
City, Pittsburg and Leavenworth for not enforcing the law and for replacing
it with the “fine” system, which was merely an irregular licence. In 1907
the attorney-general’s office turned its attention to outside brewing
companies doing business in the state and secured injunctions against
such breweries doing business in the state and the appointment of
receivers of their property. The provision of the law permitting the sale of
whisky for medicinal, scientific or mechanical purposes was repealed by a
law of 1909 prohibiting the sale, manufacture or barter of spirituous, malt,
vinous or any other intoxicating liquors within the state. The severity of
this law was ascribed to efforts of the liquor interests to render it
objectionable.

The constitution forbids the contraction of a state debt exceeding

$1,000,000. The actual debt on the 30th of June 1908 was $605,000,
which was a permanent school fund. Taxation is on the general-property
system. The entire system has been—as in other states where it prevails—
extremely irregular and arbitrary as regards local assessments, and very
imperfect; and the figures of total valuation (in 1880 $160,570,761, in
1890 $347,717,218, in 1906 $408,329,749, and in 1908, when it was
supposed to be the actual valuation of all taxable property,
$2,453,691,859), though significant of taxation methods, are not
significant of the general condition or progress of the state.

Education.—Of higher educational institutions, the state supports the

university of Kansas at Lawrence (1866), an agricultural college at
Manhattan (1863; aided by the United States government); a normal
school at Emporia (1865), a western branch of the same at Hays (1902); a
manual training normal school (1903) at Pittsburg, western university
(Quindaro) for negroes and the Topeka industrial and educational institute
(1896, reorganized on the plan of Tuskegee institute in 1900) also for
negroes. The university of Kansas was organized in 1864 and opened in
1866. Its engineering department was established in 1870, its normal
department in 1876 (abolished 1885), its department of music in 1877, its
department of law in 1878, and the department of pharmacy in 1885; in
1891 the preparatory department was abolished and the university was
reorganized with “schools” in place of the former “departments.” In 1899 a
school of medicine was established, in connexion with which the Eleanor
Taylor Bell memorial hospital was erected in 1905. In 1907-1908 the
university had a faculty of 211, an enrolment of 2063 (1361 men and 702
women); the university library contained 60,000 volumes and 37,000
pamphlets. An efficient compulsory education law was passed in 1903.
Kansas ranks very high among the states in its small percentage of
illiteracy (inability to write)—in 1900 only 2.9% of persons at least ten
years of age; the figures for native whites, foreign whites and negroes
being respectively 1.3, 8.5, 22.3. In addition to the state schools, various
flourishing private or denominational institutions are maintained. The
largest of these are the Kansas Wesleyan University (Methodist Episcopal,
1886) at Salina and Baker University (Methodist Episcopal, 1858) at
Baldwin. Among the many smaller colleges are Washburn College
(Congregational, 1869) at Topeka, the South-west Kansas College
(Methodist Episcopal, opened 1886) at Winfield, the College of Emporia
(Presbyterian, 1883) at Emporia, Bethany College (Lutheran, 1881) at
Lindsborg, Fairmount College (non-sectarian, 1895) at Wichita, St Mary’s
College (Roman Catholic, 1869) at St Mary’s, and Ottawa University
(Baptist, 1865) at Ottawa. At Topeka is the College of the Sisters of
Bethany (Protestant Episcopal, 1861) for women. There are also various
small professional schools and private normal schools. An industrial school
for Indian children is maintained by the United States near Lawrence
(Haskell Institute, 1884). Among the state charitable and reformatory
institutions are state hospitals for the insane at Topeka and Osawatomie
and a hospital for epileptics at Parsons; industrial reform schools for girls at
Beloit, for boys at Topeka, and for criminals under twenty-five at
Hutchinson; a penitentiary at Lansing; a soldiers’ orphans’ home at
Atchison and a soldiers’ home at Dodge City; and schools for feeble-
minded youth at Winfield, for the deaf at Olathe, and for the blind at
Kansas City. These institutions are under the supervision of a state board
of control. The state contributes also to many institutions on a private
basis. Most of the counties maintain poor farms and administer outdoor
relief, and some care for insane patients at the cost of the state.
 History.—The territory now included in Kansas was first visited by Europeans
in 1541, when Francisco de Coronado led his Spaniards from New Mexico across
the buffalo plains in search of the wealth of “Quivira,” a region located by
Bandelier and other authorities in Kansas north-east of the Great Bend of the
Arkansas. Thereafter, save for a brief French occupation, 1719-1725, and
possibly slight explorations equally inconsequential, Kansas remained in
undisturbed possession of the Indians until in 1803 it passed to the United
States (all save the part west of 100° long. and south of the Arkansas river) as
part of the Louisiana Purchase. The explorations for the United States of Z. M.
Pike (1807) and S. H. Long (1819) tended to confirm old ideas of sandy wastes
west of the Mississippi. But with the establishment of prairie commerce to Santa
Fé (New Mexico), the waves of emigration to the Mormon land and to
California, the growth of traffic to Salt Lake, and the explorations for a
transcontinental railway, Kansas became well known, and was taken out of that
mythical “Great American Desert,” in which, thanks especially to Pike and to
Washington Irving, it had been supposed to lie. The trade with Santa Fé began
about 1804, although regular caravans were begun only about 1825. This trade
is one of the most picturesque chapters in border history, and picturesque in
retrospect, too, is the army of emigrants crossing the continent in “prairie
schooners” to California or Utah, of whom almost all went through Kansas.

But this movement of hunters, trappers, traders, Mormons, miners and

homeseekers left nothing to show of settlement in Kansas, for which, therefore,
the succession of Territorial governments organized for the northern portion of
the Louisiana Purchase had no real significance. Before 1854 Kansas was an
Indian land, although on its Indian reservations (created in its east part for
eastern tribes removed thither after 1830) some few whites resided:
missionaries, blacksmiths, agents, farmers supposed to teach the Indians
agriculture, and land “squatters,”—possibly 800 in all. Fort Leavenworth was
established in 1827, Fort Scott in 1842, Fort Riley in 1853. There were
Methodist (1829), Baptist, Quaker, Catholic and Presbyterian missions active by
1837. Importunities to Congress to institute a Territorial government began in
1852. This was realized by the Kansas-Nebraska Bill of 1854.

By that Act Kansas (which from 1854 to 1861 included a large part of
Colorado) became, for almost a decade, the storm centre of national political
passion, and her history of prime significance in the unfolding prologue of the
Civil War. Despite the Missouri Compromise, which had prohibited slavery in the
Louisiana Purchase N. of 36° 30′ N. lat. (except in Missouri), slaves were living
at the missions and elsewhere, among Indians and whites, in 1854. The
“popular sovereignty” principle of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill involved a sectional
struggle for the new Territory. Time showed that the winning of Kansas was a
question of the lightest-footed immigrant. Slaveholders were not footloose; they
had all to lose if they should carry their blacks into Kansas and should
nevertheless fail to make it a slave-state. Thus the South had to establish
slavery by other than actual slaveholders, unless Missouri should act for her to
establish it. But Missouri did not move her slaves; while her vicinity encouraged
border partisans to seek such establishment even without residence—by
intimidation, election frauds and outrage. This determined at once the nature of
the Kansas struggle and its outcome; and after the South had played and lost in
Kansas, “the war for the Union caught up and nationalized the verdict of the
Territorial broil.”

In the summer of 1854 Missouri “squatters” began to post claims to border

lands and warn away intending anti-slavery settlers. The immigration of these
from the North was fostered in every way, notably through the New England
Emigrant Aid Company (see Lawrence, A. A.), whose example was widely
imitated. Little organized effort was made in the South to settle the Territory;
Lawrence (Wakarusa) and Topeka, free-state centres, and Leavenworth,
Lecompton and Atchison, pro-slavery towns, were among those settled in 1854.

At the first election (Nov. 1854), held for a delegate to Congress, some 1700
armed Missourians invaded Kansas and stuffed the ballot boxes; and this
intimidation and fraud was practised on a much larger scale in the election of a
Territorial legislature in March 1855. The resultant legislature (at Pawnee, later
at Shawnee Mission) adopted the laws of Missouri almost en bloc, made it a
felony to utter a word against slavery, made extreme pro-slavery views a
qualification for office, declared death the penalty for aiding a slave to escape,
and in general repudiated liberty for its opponents. The radical free-state men
thereupon began the importation of rifles. All criticism of this is inconsequent;
“fighting gear” was notoriously the only effective asset of Missourians in Kansas,
every Southern band in Kansas was militarily organized and armed, and the
free-state men armed only under necessity. Furthermore, a free-state
“government” was set up, the “bogus” legislature at Shawnee being
“repudiated.” Perfecting their organization in a series of popular conventions,
they adopted (Dec. 1855) the Topeka Constitution—which declared the
exclusion of negroes from Kansas—elected state officials, and sent a contestant
delegate to Congress. The Topeka “government” was simply a craftily
impressive organization, a standing protest. It met now and then, and directed
sentiment, being twice dispersed by United States troops; but it passed no laws,
and did nothing that conflicted with the Territorial government countenanced by
Congress. On the other hand, the laws of the “bogus” legislature were generally
ignored by the free-state partisans, except in cases (e.g. the service of a writ)
where that was impossible without apparent actual rebellion against the
authority of the legislature, and therefore of Congress.

Meanwhile the “border war” began. During the (almost bloodless) “Wakarusa
War” Lawrence was threatened by an armed force from Missouri, but was saved
by the intervention of Governor Shannon. Up to this time the initiative and the
bulk of outrages lay assuredly heavily on the pro-slavery side; hereafter they
became increasingly common and more evenly divided. In May 1856 another
Missouri force entered Lawrence without resistance, destroyed its printing
offices, wrecked buildings and pillaged generally. This was the day before the
assault on Charles Sumner (q.v.) in the Senate of the United States. These two
outrages fired Northern passion and determination. In Kansas they were a
stimulus to the most radical elements. Immediately after the sack of Lawrence,
John Brown and a small band murdered and mutilated five pro-slavery men, on
Pottawatomie Creek; a horrible deed, showing a new spirit on the free-state
side, and of ghastly consequence—for it contributed powerfully to widen further
the licence of highway robbery, pillage and arson, the ruin of homes, the driving
off of settlers, marauding expeditions, attacks on towns, outrages in short of
every kind, that made the following months a welter of lawlessness and crime,
until Governor Geary—by putting himself above all partisanship, repudiating
Missouri, and using Federal troops—put an end to them late in 1856. (In the
isolated south-eastern counties they continued through 1856-1858, mainly to
the advantage of the “jay-hawkers” of free-state Kansas and to the terror of
Missouri.)
 The struggle now passed into another phase, in which questions of state
predominate. But something may be remarked in passing of the leaders in the
period of turbulence. John Brown wished to deal a blow against slavery, but did
nothing to aid any conservative political organization to that end. James H. Lane
was another radical, and always favoured force. He was a political adventurer,
an enthusiastic, energetic, ambitious, ill-balanced man, shrewd and magnetic.
He assuredly did much for the free-state cause; meek politics were not alone
sufficient in those years in Kansas. The leader of the conservative free-soilers
was Charles Robinson (1818-1894). He was born in Massachusetts, studied
medicine at the Berkshire Medical School, and had had political experience in
California, whither he had gone in 1849, and where in 1850-1852 he was a
member of the legislature and a successful anti-slavery leader. In 1854 he had
come to Kansas as an agent of the Emigrant Aid Company. He was the author
of the Topeka government idea, or at least was its moving spirit, serving
throughout as the “governor” under it; though averse to force, he would use it
if necessary, and was first in command in the “Wakarusa War.” His partisans say
that he saved Kansas, and regard Lane as a fomenter of trouble who
accomplished nothing. Andrew H. Reeder (1807-1864), who showed himself a
pro-slavery sympathizer as first Territorial governor, was removed from office for
favouring the free-state party; he became a leader in the free-state cause.
Every governor who followed him was forced by the logic of events and truth
tacitly to acknowledge that right lay with the free-state party. Reeder and
Shannon fled the Territory in fear of assassination by the pro-slavery party, with
which at first they had had most sympathy. Among the pro-slavery leaders
David Rice Atchison (1807-1886), United States Senator in 1843-1855,
accompanied both expeditions against Lawrence; but he urged moderation, as
always, at the end of what was a legitimate result of his radical agitation.

In June 1857 delegates were elected to a constitutional convention. The

election Act did not provide for any popular vote upon the constitution they
should form, and was passed over Governor John W. Geary’s veto. A census,
miserably deficient (largely owing to free-state abstention and obstruction), was
the basis of apportionment of delegates. The free-state party demanded a
popular vote on the constitution. On the justice of this Governor Robert J.
Walker and President Buchanan were at first unequivocally agreed, and the
governor promised fairplay. Nevertheless only pro-slavery men voted, and the
convention was thus pro-slavery. The document it framed is known as the
Lecompton Constitution. Before the convention met, the free-state party,
abandoning its policy of political inaction, captured the Territorial legislature. On
the constitutional convention rested, then, all hope of saving Kansas for slavery;
and that would be impossible if they should submit their handiwork to the
people. The convention declared slave property to be “before and higher than
any constitutional sanction” and forbade amendments affecting it; but it
provided for a popular vote on the alternatives, the “constitution with slavery”
or the “constitution with no slavery.” If the latter should be adopted, slavery
should cease “except” that the right to property in slaves in the Territory should
not be interfered with. The free-state men regarded this as including the right
to property in offspring of slaves, and therefore as pure fraud. Governor Walker
stood firmly against this iniquitous scheme; he saw that slavery was, otherwise,
doomed, but he thought Kansas could be saved to the Democratic party though
lost to slavery. But President Buchanan, under Southern influence, repudiated
his former assurances. There is reason to believe that the whole scheme was
originated at Washington, and though Buchanan was not privy to it before the
event, yet he adopted it. He abandoned Walker, who left Kansas; and he
dismissed Acting-Governor Frederick P. Stanton for convoking the (now free-
state) legislature. This body promptly ordered a vote on the third alternative,
“Against the Constitution.”

The free-state men ignored the alternatives set by the Lecompton

Convention; but they participated nevertheless in the provisional election for
officers under the Lecompton government, capturing all offices, and then, the
same day, voted overwhelmingly against the constitution (Jan. 4, 1858).

Nevertheless, Buchanan, against the urgent counsel of Governor Denver,

urged on Congress (Feb. 2) the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton
Constitution. He was opposed by Senator Stephen A. Douglas, the leader of the
Northern Democracy. The Senate upheld the President; the House of
Representatives voted down his policy; and finally both houses accepted the
English Bill, by which Kansas was virtually offered some millions of acres of
public lands if she should accept the Lecompton Constitution.4 On the 21st of
August 1858, by a vote of 11,300 to 1788, Kansas resisted this temptation. The
plan of the Administration thus effectually miscarried, and its final result was a
profound split in the Democratic party.

The free-state men framed an excellent anti-slavery constitution at

Leavenworth in March-April 1858, but the origins of the convention were illegal
and their work was still-born. On the 29th of July 1859 still another constitution
was therefore framed at Wyandotte, and on the 4th of October it was ratified by
the people. Meanwhile the Topeka “government” disappeared, and also, with its
single purpose equally served, the free-state party, most of it (once largely
Democratic) passing into the Republican party, now first organized in the
Territory. On the 29th of January 1861 Kansas was admitted to the Union under
the Wyandotte Constitution. The United States Census of 1860 gave her a
population of 107,204 inhabitants. The struggle in Kansas, the first physical
national struggle over slavery, was of paramount importance in the breaking up
of the Whig party, the firm establishment of an uncompromisingly anti-slavery
party, the sectionalization of the Democracy, and the general preparation of the
country for the Civil War.

Drought and famine came in 1860, and then upon the impoverished state
came the strain of the Civil War. Nevertheless Kansas furnished proportionally a
very large quota of men to the Union armies. Military operations within her own
borders were largely confined to a guerrilla warfare, carrying on the bitter
neighbourhood strife between Kansas and Missouri. The Confederate officers
began by repressing predatory plundering from Missouri; but after James H.
Lane, with an undisciplined brigade, had crossed the border, sacking, burning
and killing in his progress, Missouri “bushrangers” retaliated in kind.
Freebooters trained in Territorial licence had a free hand on both sides. Kansas
bands were long the more successful. But William C. Quantrell, after sacking
various small Kansas towns along the Missouri river (1862-63), in August 1863
took Lawrence (q.v.) and put it mercilessly to fire and sword—the most ghastly
episode in border history. In the autumn of 1864 the Confederate general,
Sterling Price, aiming to enter Kansas from Missouri but defeated by General
Pleasanton’s cavalry, retreated southward, zig-zagging on both sides of the
Missouri-Kansas line. This ended for Kansas the border raids and the war. Lane
was probably the first United States officer to enlist negroes as soldiers. Many
of them (and Indians too) fought bravely for the state. Indian raids and wars
troubled the state from 1864 to 1878. The tribes domiciled in Kansas were
rapidly moved to Indian Territory after 1868.

After the Civil War the Republicans held uninterrupted supremacy in national
elections, and almost as complete control in the state government, until 1892.
From about 1870 onward, however, elements of reform and of discontent were
embodied in a succession of radical parties of protest. Prohibition arose thus,
was accepted by the Republicans, and passed into the constitution. Woman
suffrage became a vital political issue. Much legislation has been passed to
control the railways. General control of the media of commerce, economic co-
operation, tax reform, banking reforms, legislation against monopolies, disposal
of state lands, legislation in aid of the farmer and labourer, have been issues of
one party or another. The movement of the Patrons of Industry (1874), growing
into the Grange, Farmers’ Alliance, and finally into the People’s (Populist) party
(see Farmers’ Movement), was perhaps of greatest importance. In conjunction
with the Democrats the Populists controlled the State government in 1892-1894
and 1896-1898. These two parties decidedly outnumbered the Republicans at
the polls from 1890-1898, but they could win only by fusion. In 1892-1893,
when the Populists elected the governor and the Senate, and the Republicans
(as the courts eventually determined) the House of Representatives, political
passion was so high as to threaten armed conflicts in the capital. The Australian
ballot was introduced in 1893. In the decade following 1880, struggles in the
western counties for the location of county seats (the bitterest local political
fights known in western states) repeatedly led to bloodshed and the
interference of state militia.

Territorial Governors5

Andrew H. Reeder July 7, 1854-Aug. 16, ’55

Wilson Shannon Sept. 7, 1855-Aug. 18, ’56
John W. Geary Sept. 9, 1856-Mar. 12, ’57
Robert J. Walker May 27, 1857-Nov. 16, ’57
James W. Denver May 12, 1858-Oct. 10, ’58
Samuel Medary Dec. 18, 1858-Dec. 17, ’60
 Acting Governors6

Aggregate
Daniel Woodson 5 times (164 days) Apr. 17, 1855-Apr. 16, ’57
Frederick P. Stanton 2 ” ( 78 days) Apr. 16, 1857-Dec. 21, ’57
James W. Denver 1 ” ( 23 days) Dec. 21, 1857-May 12, ’58
Hugh S. Walsh 4(5?) ” (177 days) July 3, 1858-June 16, ’60
George M. Beebe 2 ” (131 days) Sept. 11, 1860-Feb. 9, ’61

State Governors

Charles Robinson Republican 1861-1863

Thomas Carney ” 1863-1865
Samuel J. Crawford ” 1865-1869
N. Green (to fill vacancy) ” 1869 (3 months)
James M. Harvey ” 1869-1873
Thomas A. Osborn ” 1873-1877
George T. Anthony ” 1877-1879
John P. St John ” 1879-1883
George W. Glick Democrat 1883-1885
John A. Martin Republican 1885-1889
Lyman U. Humphrey ” 1889-1893
Lorenzo D. Lewelling Populist 1893-1895
Edmund N. Morrill Republican 1895-1897
John W. Leedy Democrat-Populist 1897-1899
W. E. Stanley Republican 1899-1903
Willis J. Bailey ” 1903-1905
Edward W. Hoch ” 1905-1909
Walter R. Stubbs ” 1909-
 Authorities.—Consult for physiographic descriptions general works on the
United States, exploration, surveys, &c., also paper by George I. Adams in
American Geographical Society, Bulletin 34 (1902), pp. 89-104. On climate
see U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kansas Climate and Crop Service
(monthly, since 1887). On soil and agriculture, see Biennial Reports
(Topeka, 1877 seq.) of the State Board of Agriculture; Experiment Station
Bulletin of the Kansas Agricultural College (Manhattan); and statistics in the
United States Statistical Abstract (annual, Washington), and Federal Census
reports. On manufactures see Federal Census reports; Kansas Bureau of
Labor and Industry, Annual Report (1885 seq.); Kansas Inspector of Coal
Mines, Annual Report (1887 seq.). On administration consult the State of
Kansas Blue Book (Topeka, periodical), and reports of the various state
officers (Treasurer, annual, then biennial since 1877-1878; Board of
Trustees of State Charities and Corrections, biennial, 1877-1878 seq.; State
Board of Health, founded 1885, annual, then biennial reports since 1901-
1902; Bureau of Labor Statistics, founded 1885, annual reports; Irrigation
Commission, organized 1895, annual reports, &c.). On taxation see Report
and Bill of the State Tax Commission, created 1901 (Topeka, 1901). On the
history of the state, see A. T. Andreas, History of Kansas (Chicago, 1883;
compiled mainly by J. C. Hebbard); D. W. Wilder’s Annals of Kansas
(Topeka, 1875 and later), indispensable for reference; L. W. Spring’s
Kansas (Boston, 1885, in the American Commonwealth Series); Charles
Robinson, The Kansas Conflict (New York, 1892); Eli Thayer, The Kansas
Crusade (New York, 1889); the Proceedings of the Kansas State Historical
Society (Topeka, 1891 seq.), full of the most valuable material; W. E.
Connelley, Kansas Territorial Governors (Topeka, 1900); W. E. Miller, The
Peopling of Kansas (Columbus, O., 1906), a doctoral dissertation of
Columbia University; and for the controversy touching John Brown, G. W.
Brown’s The Truth at Last, Reminiscences of Old John Brown (Rockford, Ill.,
1880), and W. E. Connelley, An Appeal to the Record ... Refuting ... Things
Written for ... Charles Robinson and G. W. Brown (Topeka, 1903). W. C.
Webb’s Republican Election Methods in Kansas, General Election of 1892,
and Legislative Investigations (Topeka, 1893) may also be mentioned.
 1 For the thirty years 1877-1906 the mean rainfall for ten-year periods was: at
Dodge, 22.8 in., 18.4 in. and 22.7 in.; and at Lawrence, 35.1 in., 39.2 in. and 36.7 in.
for the first, second and third periods respectively.

2 All subsequent figures in this paragraph for manufactures in 1900 are given for
establishments under the “factory system” only, so as to be comparable with statistics
for 1905, which do not include minor establishments.

3 According to the state census Kansas had in 1905 a total population of 1,544,968;
nearly 28% lived in cities of 2500 or more inhabitants; 13 cities had more than 10,000
inhabitants: Kansas City (67,614). Topeka (37,641), Wichita (31,110), Leavenworth
(20,934), Atchison (18,159), Pittsburg (15,012), Coffeyville (13,196), Fort Scott
(12,248), Parsons (11,720), Lawrence (11,708), Hutchinson (11,215), Independence
(11,206), and Iola (10,287). Other cities of above 5000 inhabitants each were:
Chanute (9704), Emporia (8974), Winfield (7845), Salina (7829), Ottawa (7727),
Arkansas City (7634), Newton (6601), Galena (6449), Argentine (6053), Junction City
(5264) and Cherryvale (5089).

4 The English Bill was not a bribe to the degree that it has usually been considered
to be, inasmuch as it “reduced the grant of land demanded by the Lecompton
Ordinance from 23,500,000 acres to 3,500,000 acres, and offered only the normal
cession to new states.” But this grant of 3,500,000 acres was conditioned on the
acceptance of the Lecompton Constitution, and Congress made no promise of any
grant if that Constitution were not adopted. The bill was introduced by William Hayden
English (1822-1896), a Democratic representative in Congress in 1853-1861 (see Frank
H. Hodder, “Some Aspects of the English Bill for the Admission of Kansas,” in Annual
Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1906, i. 201-210).

5 Terms of actual service in Kansas, not period of commissions. The appointment

was for four years. Reeder was removed, all the others resigned.

6 Secretaries of the Territory who served as governors in the interims of

gubernatorial terms or when the governor was absent from the Territory. In the case of
H. S. Walsh several dates cannot be fixed with exactness.
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