Java How to Program Early Objects 11th Edition

Deitel Test Bank pdf download

https://testbankfan.com/product/java-how-to-program-early-
objects-11th-edition-deitel-test-bank/
We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit testbankfan.com
to discover even more!

Java How to Program Early Objects 11th Edition Deitel

Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/java-how-to-program-early-
objects-11th-edition-deitel-solutions-manual/

Java How to Program Early Objects 10th Edition Deitel

Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/java-how-to-program-early-
objects-10th-edition-deitel-test-bank/

Java How to Program Early Objects 10th Edition Deitel

Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/java-how-to-program-early-
objects-10th-edition-deitel-solutions-manual/

Biology Life on Earth 10th Edition Audesirk Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/biology-life-on-earth-10th-
edition-audesirk-test-bank/
Financial Accounting 15th Edition Williams Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/financial-accounting-15th-
edition-williams-test-bank/

Calculus 7th Edition Stewart Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/calculus-7th-edition-stewart-
test-bank/

Quantitative Methods for Business 12th Edition Anderson

Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/quantitative-methods-for-
business-12th-edition-anderson-test-bank/

Questioning Gender A Sociological Exploration 3rd

Edition Ryle Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/questioning-gender-a-
sociological-exploration-3rd-edition-ryle-test-bank/

Business Law Text and Exercises 7th Edition Miller

Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/business-law-text-and-
exercises-7th-edition-miller-solutions-manual/
Animal Physiology From Genes to Organisms 2nd Edition
Sherwood Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/animal-physiology-from-genes-to-
organisms-2nd-edition-sherwood-test-bank/
Java How to Program, 11/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 1 of 4

Chapter 9 Object Oriented Programming: Inheritance

Section 9.1 Introduction
9.1 Q1: Which of the following statements is false?
a. A subclass is often larger than its superclass.
b. A superclass object is a subclass object.
c. The class following the extends keyword in a class declaration is the direct superclass of the class
being declared.
d. Java uses interfaces to provide the benefits of multiple inheritance.
ANS: b. A superclass object is a subclass object.

9.1 Q2: Inheritance is also known as the

a. knows-a relationship.
b. has-a relationship.
c. uses-a relationship.
d. is-a relationship.
ANS: d. is-a relationship

Section 9.2 Superclasses and Subclasses

9.2 Q1: Which of the following is not a superclass/subclass relationship?
a. Employee/Hourly Employee.
b. Vehicle/Car.
c. Sailboat/Tugboat.
d. None of the above.
ANS: c. Sailboat/Tugboat. A Sailboat is not a superclass for Tugboats. Both sailboat and tugboats
would be subclasses of Boat.

9.2 Q2: An advantage of inheritance is that:

a. All methods can be inherited.
b. All instance variables can be uniformly accessed by subclasses and superclasses.
c. Objects of a subclass can be treated like objects of their superclass.
d. None of the above.
ANS: c. Objects of a subclass can be treated like objects of their superclass.

Section 9.3 protected Members

9.3 Q1: Which of the following keywords allows a subclass to access a superclass method even when the
subclass has overridden the superclass method?
a. base.
b. this.
c. public.
d. super.
ANS: d. super.

9.3 Q2: Using the protected keyword also gives a member:

a. public access.
b. package access.
c. private access.
d. block scope.

© Copyright 1992-2018 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
Java How to Program, 11/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 2 of 4

ANS: b. package access.

9.3 Q3: Superclass methods with this level of access cannot be called from subclasses.
a. private.
b. public.
c. protected.
d. package.
ANS: a. private.

Section 9.4 Relationship between Superclasses and

Subclasses
9.4 Q1: Which of the following statements is false?
a. A class can directly inherit from class Object.
b. It's often much more efficient to create a class by inheriting from a similar class than to create the class
by writing every line of code the new class requires.
c. If the class you're inheriting from declares instance variables as private, the inherited class can access
those instance variables directly.
d. A class's instance variables are normally declared private to enforce good software engineering.
ANS: c. If the class you're inheriting from declares instance variables as private, the inherited class
can access those instance variables directly. (Actually, if the class you're inheriting from declares
instance variables as protected, the inherited class can access those instance variables directly.)

Section 9.4.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee

Class
9.4.1 Q1: Every class in Java, except ________, extends an existing class.
a. Integer.
b. Object.
c. String.
d. Class.
ANS: b. Object.

9.4.1 Q2: Overriding a method differs from overloading a method because:

a. Overloaded methods have the same signature.
b. Overridden methods have the same signature.
c. Both of the above.
d. Neither of the above.
ANS: b. Overridden methods have the same signature.

Section 9.4.2 Creating and Using a

BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class
9.4.2 Q1: To avoid duplicating code, use ________, rather than ________.
a. inheritance, the “copy-and-past” approach.
b. the “copy-and-paste” approach, inheritance.
c. a class that explicitly extends Object, a class that does not extend Object.
d. a class that does not extend Object, a class that explicitly extends Object.
ANS: a. inheritance, the “copy-and-past” approach.

© Copyright 1992-2018 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
Java How to Program, 11/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 3 of 4

Section 9.4.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee-

BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy
9.4.3 Q1: Consider the classes below, declared in the same file:
class A {
int a;
public A() {
a = 7;
}
}

class B extends A {
int b;
public B() {
b = 8;
}
}

Which of the statements below is false?

a. Both variables a and b are instance variables.
b. After the constructor for class B executes, the variable a will have the value 7.
c. After the constructor for class B executes, the variable b will have the value 8.
d. A reference of type A can be treated as a reference of type B.
ANS: d. A reference of type A can be treated as a reference of type B.

9.4.3 Q2: Which of the following is the superclass constructor call syntax?
a. keyword super, followed by a dot (.) .
b. keyword super, followed by a set of parentheses containing the superclass constructor arguments.
c. keyword super, followed by a dot and the superclass constructor name.
d. None of the above.
ANS: b. keyword super, followed by a set of parentheses containing the superclass constructor
arguments.

Section 9.4.4 CommissionEmployee-

BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy
Using protected Instance Variables
9.4.4 Q1: Which superclass members are inherited by all subclasses of that superclass?
a. private instance variables and methods.
b. protected instance variables and methods.
c. private constructors.
d. protected constructors.
ANS: b. protected instance variables and methods.

9.4.4 Q2: Which statement is true when a superclass has protected instance variables?
a. A subclass object can assign an invalid value to the superclass’s instance variables, thus leaving an
object in an inconsistent state.
b. Subclass methods are more likely to be written so that they depend on the superclass’s data
implementation.
c. We may need to modify all the subclasses of the superclass if the superclass implementation changes.
d. All of the above.
ANS: d. All of the above.

© Copyright 1992-2018 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
Java How to Program, 11/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 4 of 4

Section 9.4.5 CommissionEmployee-

BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy
Using private Instance Variables
9.4.5 Q1: private fields of a superclass can be accessed in a subclass
a. by calling private methods declared in the superclass.
b. by calling public or protected methods declared in the superclass.
c. directly.
d. All of the above.
ANS: b. by calling public or protected methods declared in the superclass.

9.4.5 Q2: When overriding a superclass method and calling the superclass version from the subclass
method, failure to prefix the superclass method name with the keyword super and a dot (.) in the superclass
method call causes ________.
a. a compile-time error.
b. a syntax error.
c. infinite recursion.
d. a runtime error.
ANS: c. infinite recursion.

Section 9.5 Constructors in Subclasses

9.5 Q1: When a subclass constructor calls its superclass constructor, what happens if the superclass’s
constructor does not assign a value to an instance variable?
a. A syntax error occurs.
b. A compile-time error occurs.
c. A run-time error occurs.
d. The program compiles and runs because the instance variables are initialized to their default values.
ANS: d. The program compiles and runs because the instance variables are initialized to their default
values.

Section 9.6 Class Object

9.6 Q1: The default implementation of method clone of Object performs a ________.
a. empty copy.
b. deep copy.
c. full copy.
d. shallow copy.
ANS: d. shallow copy.

9.6 Q2: The default equals implementation of class Object determines:

a. whether two references refer to the same object in memory.
b. whether two references have the same type.
c. whether two objects have the same instance variables.
d. whether two objects have the same instance variable values.
ANS: a. whether two references refer to the same object in memory.

© Copyright 1992-2018 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
 ENGLISH COINS.
FROM THE CONQUEST DOWN TO THE REIGN
OF QUEEN VICTORIA.

WILLIAM I. and WILLIAM II.

(1066 to 1087, and 1087 to 1100.)
The coins of William the Conqueror and his son William Rufus
cannot, with any degree of certainty, be distinguished the one from
the other; their appropriation is therefore purely conjectural.
Denominations.—Silver. Pennies only.

Obverse.—Type. Crowned bust, sometimes full-faced, at others in

dexter or sinister profile; on some the shoulders and arm extending
to the edge of the coin, on others the whole confined within the
inner circle; sometimes with tassel, or pendant, hanging from the
crown on either side (“bonnet” type), or with a canopy over the
head (“canopy” type). On one or both sides of the bust is generally a
sceptre, or star; or sceptre on one side and star on the other; or
sword. Those usually ascribed to the first William are those with the
sceptres only; the others are attributed to William II. But this is
entirely supposititious.
Legend. PILEM. [1] PILELM. PILLEM. PILLELM. PILEMV. PILLEMV.PILLEMVS,
etc.— R. or REX.— A. AN. ANG. ANGL. ANGLO. ANGLOR., etc.
Reverse.—Type. Crosses in considerable variety, including fleury,
battonée, annulæ, voided, etc.; others terminating in pellets, knots,
etc.; cross and saltire; cross and lozenge; cross and annulets, etc.
One type of common occurrence has, in circles between the limbs of
the cross, the letters P A X S. In all cases the device is confined within
the inner circle.

Legend. Mint master’s and town names, as GODPINE ON LIN, which

signifies that it was struck by Godwine of Lincoln; SIPORD ON PINC, by
Siward of Winchester; ESBRN ON SERBR, by Osbern of Salisbury;
SIBODE ON LVNDEN; and so on. About sixty or seventy different places
of mintage are known.
Rarity. Some scarce; those with the canopy over the head
exceedingly so. Those with P A X S are common.

HENRY I. (1100 to 1135.)

Denominations.—Silver. Pennies only.
Obverse.—Type. Crowned bust, sometimes full-faced, at others three-
quarter faced, or in dexter or sinister profile; generally with a sceptre
in the right hand, sometimes one, two, or three stars, or a rose
before the face. In some instances the figure is half length and full
robed, showing right hand holding sceptre, and left extended. There
are many varieties.
Legend. H. HNRI. HNRE. HENRI. HENRIE. HENRIC. HNRICVS. or HENRICVS.—
R. RE. or REX.—A. AN. ANG. or ANGL.

Reverse.—Type. Crosses of the same general character as those of

previous monarchs; quatrefoils with crosses, pellets, bezants, roses,
etc., in them; others the letters P A X, bars and annulets.
Legend. Mint master’s and town names. About eighty moneyers’
names are known. One example has the legend in two circles.
Rarity. All rare; some types extremely so.

STEPHEN. (1135 to 1154.)

Denominations.—Silver. Pennies only.

Obverse.—Type. Crowned bust, sometimes almost full-faced, but
generally in dexter profile; sceptre, mace, lance, or flag in the right
hand. On one are two figures, variously surmised to be Stephen and
Henry, and Stephen and Matilda, represented standing side by side,
hand clasped in hand, and between them a sceptre.
Legend. S. STE. STEF. STEFN. STIFN. STIEN. STEFNE. STEIFNE. STIEFEN.
STIEFNEI. STIFNE. STEFENERE. STEP. STEPHENI. STEFANVS, or STEPHANVS.—
R. or REX.

Reverse.—Type. Crosses, etc., in great variety, all within the inner

circle; some have the space usually allotted to the legend filled with
various little devices, as roses, escallops, etc.; the Stephen and
Henry (or Matilda) is of this kind. One example, struck at Derby, has
within the inner circle a double cross, between the limbs of which
are four martlets.
Legend. Mint master’s and town names, of which there are many
varieties.
Rarity. All very rare. The Stephen and Henry (or Matilda) at Tyssen’s
sale, in 1802, brought ten guineas, and at Dimsdale’s, in 1824,
thirteen pounds two shillings and sixpence, and later, much higher
prices.
Other coins bear the name of Eustace, son of Stephen (EVSTACIVS.
EISTCHIVS, etc.); Matilda (MA[T]ILD[A] IM[PERATRIX], etc.); William,
second son of Stephen (WILLELMVS. LVI—LLEM DVD); Earl of Warwick;
Robert Earl of Gloucester; and Henry Bishop of Winchester (HENRICVS
EPC.); all rare.

HENRY II. (1154 to 1189.)

Denominations.—Silver. Pennies only.
Obverse.—Type. Crowned bust, full-faced or profile; sceptre in his
right hand, generally held upright, but on some leaned on the
shoulder. In one instance, with three stars before the face.
Legend. HENRI.—R. RE. or REX.—A. AN. ANG. or ANGL.
Reverse.—Type. Cross patée, with four small ones, one in each
quarter; all within the inner circle.
Legend. Mint master’s and town names; as, WALTER ON LV. (Walter of
London), IOHAN ON LUNDEN (John of London), and so on.
Rarity. All rare.

RICHARD I. (1189 to 1199.)

Denominations.—Silver. Pennies and Halfpennies.
Obverse.—Type. The only coins known of this monarch are those
struck at Poictou and Aquitaine; they have no bust, merely a plain
cross patée. No English examples have as yet been discovered; the
Evesham ones, etc., were forged by White.
Legend. RICARDVS.—RE. or REX.
Reverse.—In three lines across the coin—
pic
tavie
nsis.

or ACVITAINE. No device.
Rarity. Extremely rare.

JOHN. (1199 to 1216.)

Denominations.—Silver. Pennies, Halfpennies, and Farthings.
Obverse.—Type. No English coins of John are known, but there are
abundant proofs that coins were during his reign struck to a
considerable extent in England. The supposition, amounting almost
to a certainty, is that the “short cross” pennies of Henry II.
continued to be struck and issued during this reign as well as in the
early part of the next. The Irish coins of John have—Penny, full-
faced, crowned bust, within a triangle, sceptre in the right hand; on
the left of the head a rose. Halfpenny and Farthing, head in triangle,
on either side a star; one variety of halfpenny, called the “full moon
halfpenny,” has the face filling up the whole field of the coin, the
inner circle forming the outline of the face.
Legend. IOHAN. or IOHANNES.—REX or DOM. or DO.—the latter has
IOHANNES DOM.; Farthing, WILLEM ON.

Reverse.—Type. Penny and Halfpenny, within a triangle a crescent,

above which is a star or cross. Penny, a star at each point and side
of triangle; Halfpenny, star on either side the crescent; Farthing,
within a triangle a star; “full moon” halfpenny, a voided cross
between four annulets, within inner circle.
Legend. Mint master’s and town names; as ROBERD ON DIVE., for
Robert of Dublin; WILLEM ON LI, or WILLEM ON LIME, for William of
Limerick; or WILLEM ON WA, for William, of Waterford. The Farthing
has IOHANNES and DW (Dublin) in continuation of obverse.
Rarity. All very rare, the Farthing more particularly so.

HENRY III. (1216 to 1272.)

Denominations.—Gold, Penny. Silver, Pennies only.
Obverse.—Type. Silver Penny. Full face, crowned in some, without
neck or shoulders; on some, on the right of the head (in the
legend), a hand holding a sceptre over the head; in some, a mullet
or star, in others a crescent and mullet.
Legend. HERICVS. or HENRICVS.—REX. or REX ANG.—III. TER. or TERCI.
The legends of these coins are remarkable for the letters in many
instances being conjoined.
Reverse.—Type. There are two mintages. The early one (called “short
cross pennies”) has a voided cross within the inner circle, and four
pellets conjoined in each compartment; but the practice of clipping
and filing the moneys had been carried to such an extent, that about
1248 Henry issued a new coinage, called “long cross pennies,” with
the same cross, but extending through to the outer edge, thereby
rendering any mutilation visible. The cross is a voided or double one,
each end terminating in a pellet, and one in the centre; three pellets
were now inserted in each compartment instead of four, and not
conjoined.
Legend. Mint master’s and town names; some have TER. or TERCI.
added; as, TER. RI ON LVND. in continuation of obverse. One variety
reads LIE TERCI LON, being a continuation of HENRICVS REX ANG. of the
obverse; this, in full, would be “HENRICVS REX ANGLIE TERCI. LON.”
Rarity. Not uncommon; those with TERCI. and REX ANG. rare.

Gold. The Gold Penny of Henry III. was the first gold coin struck by
any English monarch; it is therefore important as marking a new era
in numismatics. The weight is forty-five grains, and it is of pure,
unalloyed gold. On the obverse is a full length robed and crowned
figure of the king seated on a throne or chair of state, with sceptre
in right hand, and orb and cross in the left. Legend HENRIC REX III.
Reverse, a long double or voided cross and pellets, a rose between
the pellets in each compartment. This coin has fetched at sales as
much as £140.
From this time till Edward III., no other gold coins were struck by
English monarchs.

EDWARD I. (1272 to 1307.)

Denominations.—Silver. Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing.

Obverse.—Type. Crowned full-faced bust of the king, with neck and
part of the shoulders draped; crown, consisting of three fleurs-de-lis,
and two lozenges, balls, or points; beneath the rim of the crown, on
the forehead, is a row of from one to five pearls; the hair, which is
very abundant, stands out a considerable distance on either side the
face, and curled; the whole within the inner circle. The Irish
mintages are distinguished by having the head in a triangle, the
legend running on its three sides; there are one or two specimens of
English coins with the triangle, but they are very rare.
Legend. E. EDW. [EDWA. EDWAR. EDWARD. EDWARDVS.]—R. REX. or D.G.R.
—A. AN. ANG or ANGL.—D.H. or DNS HYB. There are many opinions
respecting the Pennies of the first three Edwards. The one most
generally received is, that those with the name contracted to EDW.
belong to Edward I.; those with the name in full EDWARD, to Edward
III.; and the intermediate varieties to Edward II. It remains still,
however, a vexed question, and one not easy of solution.
Reverse.—Type. A plain cross, with its terminations enlarged,
extending through to the outer edge of the coin and dividing the
legend into four parts; three pellets in each compartment within the
inner circle.
Legend. In every instance except one, which has a moneyer’s name,
ROBERTVS DE HADL., or ROBERT DE HADELIE, consists of the name of the
city or town where struck; as, CIVITAS LONDON. VILL BEREWICI. VILLA
BRISTOLLIE. CIVITAS EBORACI. CIVITAS CANTOR. CIVITAS DVREME. CIVITAS
LINCOL. VILL SCI EDMVNDI. CIVITAS CESTRIE. CIVITAS EXONIE. VIL NOVI
CASTRI. VILL KYNGESTON, etc.

Rarity. Pennies common, with the exception of a few mintages. The

Halfpenny and Farthing very rare, the Farthing particularly so.

EDWARD II. (1307 to 1327.)

Denominations.—Silver. Pennies, Halfpennies, and Farthings.
As I have just remarked, the coins bearing intermediate
abbreviations of the king’s name, between EDW. and EDWARD, are,
more for convenience than by right, appropriated to this monarch.
The description just given will therefore apply to the coins of this
reign.

EDWARD III. (1327 to 1377.)

Denominations.—Silver. Groat, Half-groat, Penny, Halfpenny and
Farthing. Gold.—Florin, Half-florin, Quarter-florin; Noble, Half-noble,
and Quarter-noble.
Obverse.—Type. Groat and Half-groat, head same as Edward I.’s,
within a circle formed of nine arches, fleury; Pennies, Halfpennies,
and Farthings, as Edward I.’s.
Legend. Groat, EDWARD. DEI G. REX. ANGL. DNS. HY. Z. AQT.; or EDWAR. or
EDWARD D. G. REX. ANGL. Z. FRANC. D.H.Y., or HYB. or HIBE. Half-groat,
EDWARDVS. REX. ANGL. (or ANGLI) DNS. HYB., or Z. FRANCI or FRANCIE.; or
ANGL. FRA. Z. HI. Penny, EDWARD or EDWARDVS.—D. G. or DI. GRA.—R. or
REX.—ANGL. ANGLI. or ANGLIE.—D. or DNS. HYB. Z. FRA. FRANC. or FRANCI.

Reverse.—Type. Cross and pellets as his predecessor; one limb of the

cross of the Durham coins terminating in a crozier.
Legend. Groat and Half-groat. In the outer circle, POSVI DEVM
ADIVTOREM MEVM, or MEV. Inner circle, town name where struck; as,
CIVITAS LONDON or CIVITAS EBORACI. Pennies, etc., town, etc., names.

Rarity. Calais Groat very rare; Halfpence and Farthings rare; all
others not uncommon.
Gold. Florins (six shillings), Half-florins (three shillings), and Quarter-
florins (eighteenpence); Nobles (six and eightpence), Half-nobles, or
Maille-nobles (three and fourpence), and Quarter or Ferling-nobles
(twenty pence). Florin: obverse, the king crowned and robed, seated
under a canopy, with sceptre in right hand and orb and cross in the
left; on the robe a fleur-de-lis; two lions, one on each side the
throne: reverse, within a quatrefoil a short beaded cross with
foliated ends; in each of the angles between the four limbs a lion, or
leopard, surmounted with a crown. Half-florin: a lion, crowned; a
mantle, or banner, charged with the royal arms, hung from his neck:
reverse, within a quatrefoil a foliated cross having a lion in each
angle; legend, DOMINE NE IN FVRORE TVO ARGVAS ME, and variations.
Quarter-florin: helmet, with lamberquins and crest of lion, field
semé-de-lis; reverse, richly foliated cross; legend, EXALTABITVR IN
GLORIA. Noble and Half-noble, king in armour, crowned, standing in a
ship, with sword in his right hand, and in his left a shield of England
and France quarterly; reverse, in a tressure of eight arches a rich
foliated cross, in each angle a lion surmounted by a crown, a fleur-
de-lis at the end of each limb of the cross; legend, IHC TRANSIENS PER
MEDIVM ILLORVM IBAT, with variations. Quarter-noble: an escutcheon
with the arms of France and England, quarterly, within a tressure of
eight foils. All more or less rare. A Florin has sold for £113; a
Quarter-florin for £170.

RICHARD II. (1377 to 1399.)

Denominations.—Silver. Groat, Half-groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and
Farthing. Gold. Noble, Half-noble, and Quarter-noble.
Obverse.—Type. Groat and Half-groat, crowned bust within a tressure
of nine arches, as his predecessor; the Penny, Halfpenny, and
Farthing similar to the last reigns.
Legend. RICARD. RICARDVS.—D. G. DI. G. or DI. GRA.—R. REX.—ANG. ANGL.
or ANGLIE.—Z. FRA. FRANC. or FRANCIE.
Reverse.—Type and Legend. Similar to the preceding reign; on some,
a rose in the centre of the cross.
Rarity. All rare.
Gold. Nobles, Half-nobles, and Quarter nobles; same types as
before, with only the necessary change in the legend. All rare; the
Half-noble particularly so.

HENRY IV. (1399 to 1413.)

Denominations.—Silver. Groat, Half-groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and
Farthing. Gold. Noble, Half-noble, and Quarter-noble.
Obverse.—Type. All his coins like his predecessor’s; (the head within
the circle of arches on the Groat and Half-groat;) and are only to be
distinguished from those of his successors Henry V. and VI. by
weight. The Groat weighs seventy-two grains, the others of course
of proportionate weights.
Legend. HENRIC. or HENRICVS.—D. G. or DI. GRA.—REX. ANGL. or ANGLIE.
—Z. FRAN. or FRANC.—D. or DNS. HI. HIB. or HYB.—Z. AQ. or AQE., etc.
Reverse.—Type. As his predecessor’s; the pellets in two of the
quarters are joined together by an annulet.
Legend. Groat and Half-groat; POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEV or MEVM in
outer circle, and name of town, as CIVITAS LONDON, in inner one.
Pennies, etc., names of towns, as CIVITAS EBORACI, etc.
Rarity. Not uncommon; Groat rarest.

Gold. Noble, Half-noble, and Quarter-noble, same as Richard II.,

with only alteration of name. All rare; first coinage particularly so.

HENRY V. (1413 to 1422.)

His coins are precisely like Henry IV.; no distinguishing mark has as
yet been discovered, so that what is said of the one will equally
apply to the other.

HENRY VI. (1422 to 1461.)

Denominations.—Silver. Groat, Half-groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and
Farthing. Gold. Noble, Half-noble, Quarter-noble, and, later, Angel,
and Half-angel or Angelet.
Silver. Same in every respect with the preceding ones, the only
distinction being by weight, and minor differences, which are not to
be taken as certain indications for appropriation; the weight of the
earlier Groat being 60 grains, and the later, or “light coinage,” 48,
and the other coins in proportion; the 48 grains Groat very rare.

Gold. Noble, Half-noble, and Quarter-noble, as before. The Angel,

and Angelet or Half-angel, bear on the obverse a winged and
nimbed figure of the Archangel Michael standing upon a dragon,
which he is transfixing through the mouth with a spear, the upper
end of which terminates in a cross crosslet.
Legend. HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC.; or HENRIC DEI GRA REX ANGL Z
FR.

Reverse.—A ship with a large plain cross in place of mast, on which is

a shield of the royal arms. On the dexter side of the cross a letter H,
on the sinister a fleur-de-lis.
Legend. PER CRVSE TVA SALVA NOS XPE REDETOR.; or IHC AVTE TRANSIENS
PER MEDIV ILORV.; or O CRVX AVE SPES VNICA.
Rarity. All rare.

EDWARD IV. (1461 to 1483.)

Denominations.—Silver. Groat, Half-groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and
Farthing. Gold. Noble, Rose-noble Royal or Rial, Half-noble or Half-
rial, Quarter-noble or Quarter-rial, Angel, an Angelet or Half-angel.
Obverse.—Type. The general types of his silver coins are same as
those of his predecessors. The Groat and Half-groat have the bust
within the circle of arches; Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing, the same
as before. Some have the royal badge of the House of York, the
rose, on either side the neck of the bust, and others an annulet and
rose, or four pellets, etc., on the breast; others with the initial letter
of the town.
Legend. Edward. With titles as before. On the Farthing EDWARD REX
ANGL. Reverse.—Type. Similar to the others.

Legend. On Groat and Half-groat. POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE MEVM in the

outer circle, and name of town in the inner. On the lesser coins the
names of towns only, as CIVITAS LONDON, etc.
Gold. Noble. Same type as his predecessor. Rial or Rose-noble, and
its Half, much the same general type, but with a rose on the side of
the ship, beneath the king and letter E on the flag.
Reverse.—Within a tressure as before a sun of sixteen rays in place of
limbs of the cross, the lions and crowns and the terminations of the
limbs remaining.
Legend. As before. Quarter-rial: arms as before within a quatrefoil;
there are several minor varieties. Angel and angelet as before. The
sun and the rose were badges of the House of York.

EDWARD V. (1483.)
There are some gold and silver coins exactly similar to those of
Edward IV., but bearing as mint marks a boar’s head, a rose-en-
soleil, or a rose-en-soleil on one side and boar’s head on the other,
that are conjectured to have been issued by this youthful king by
authority and order of his uncle the “Protector,” afterwards Richard
III., whose badges they bear. They are extremely rare.

RICHARD III. (1483 to 1485.)

Denominations.—Silver. Groat, Half-groat, Penny, and Halfpenny. Gold.
Angel, and Angelet or Half-angel.
Obverse.—Type. As his predecessors’; the only difference being the
alteration of name in the legend; on some he has a cross on the
breast; mint marks, a boar’s head, and rose-en-soleil.
Legend. Ricard.—D. G. or GRA.—REX.—AN. ANG. or ANGL.—Z. FRANC.
Reverse.—Type. As before, but with the different mint marks and
badges.
Legend. As before, Groat and Half-groat, POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE MEVM,
in outer, and name of town in inner circle. Penny and Halfpenny,
name of town only, as CIVITAS LONDON. Angel, PER CRVSEM (or CRVCE)
TVA SALVA NOS XPE REDEMPT. Half-angel, O CRVX AVE SPES VNICA.

Rarity. All rare, those with M. M., a boar’s head, especially so.

HENRY VII. (1485 to 1509.)

Denominations.—Silver. Testoon or Shilling, Groat, Half-groat, Penny,
Halfpenny, and Farthing. Gold. Rose-noble or Rial, Angel, Angelet or
Half-angel, Sovereign or Double-rial, and Double-sovereign.
Obverse.—Type. To this monarch we owe the great change which has
been, since his reign, gradually improving in coins. In the first issue,
his coins very closely resemble those of Henry VI. Bust crowned with
an open double-arched crown, now first used; some have a key on
either side the Bust. In the 18th year of his reign his coins assumed
a very different character. The circle of arches was discarded; the
head (which, for the first time, may be considered as a portrait) is
represented in dexter profile, crowned with a double or single arched
crown, with the ball and cross on top. The Penny of his later issue
has the king sitting in a chair of state, crowned, sceptre in his right,
and globe in his left hand.

Legend. H. HENRIC or HENRICVS.--VII. or SEPTIM.--D. G. DI. or DEI.--G. or

GRA REX.--A. AN. ANG. ANGL. AGL. or ANGLIE.--Z.--F. FR. FRAN. FRANC.--DNS.
HIBN. IBAR. or IBARNC.

Reverse.—Type. In his first coinage are the cross and pellets, but in
his subsequent one the cross (fleury) is retained, but in the place of
the pellets is a shield, France and England quarterly. The cross
dividing the shield.
Legend. POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM and its usual abbreviations. On
the Groats and Half-groats the inner circle of legend bearing name of
town is dismissed, its place being filled with the shield. In this reign
the Testoon or Shilling makes its first appearance.
Rarity. Penny of first coinage extremely rare; Halfpenny rare; others
common. Second coinage, Shilling with VII., Groat with SEPTIM., and
Penny, rare; others far from uncommon.
Gold. The Sovereign and Double-sovereign now make their
appearance; they have on the obverse the king, fully robed, sitting
on a richly canopied throne, crowned, sceptre in his right, and orb
and cross in his left, hand; reverse within a tressure of ten arches a
large double rose, in the centre of which is a shield bearing the arms
of France and England quarterly. In the space between the arches of
the tressure and the outer petals of the rose are, alternately
throughout, a lion and a fleur-de-lis. There are several varieties of
this coin. The Rial has the king in a ship, on the obverse as before;
on the reverse a rose with royal shield in the centre as first
described. Angel and angelet much the same as those of his
predecessors. Rial, Double-sovereign, and Sovereign, rare; others,
common.

HENRY VIII. (1509 to 1547.)

Denominations.—Silver. Testoon or Shilling, Groat, Half-groat, Penny,
Halfpenny, Farthing. Gold. Double-sovereign, Sovereign, Pound-
sovereign, Half-sovereign, Rose-noble or Rial, George-noble, Angel,
Angelet or Half-angel, Quarter-angel, Crown, Half-crown.
Obverse.—Type. His first coinage very closely resembles Henry VII. In
his 15th year the Farthing has a portcullis. In his 34th year the head
is almost full-faced, in a robe crowned with an open-arched crown.
In his 36th and 37th years, full-faced portrait, on some with the cap.
Legend. H. HE. HERIC. HENRIC. or HENRICVS. VIII. or 8.—D. DI. or DEI.—
G. GR. or GRA.—A. ANG. ANGL. or ANGLIE.—FR. FRA. FRAN. or FRANC.—Z.
HIB. or HYB.—R. RE. or REX. Testoon, HERIC. VIII. DI. GRA. AGL. FRA. Z.
HIB. REX. Penny, H. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA; Halfpenny the same, or
abbreviated.
Reverse.—Type. First coinage, like Henry VII., with only the numeral
changed from VII. to VIII.; Farthing has a rose and cross or
portcullis. The Testoon or Shilling has the royal rose, crowned with
an open-arched crown, between the royal initials H and R also each
crowned. The others with the cross and shield. There are many
varieties with different marks of towns and prelates, where and by
whom they were struck.
Legend. POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM, and its abbreviations on the
Shilling and Groat. Half-groat, occasionally the same, or with name
of town. Penny and Halfpenny, name of town. Farthing, CIVITAS
LONDON or RVTILANS ROSA.

Rarity. Groat struck at Tournay, CIVITAS TORNACI. etc., very rare.

Henry VIII. debased his silver so much that his later coins have
more the appearance of brass than silver. The shillings and
halfpenny rare, the rest are not.
Gold. Double-sovereign, Sovereign, Half-sovereign, Rial, Half and
Quarter-rials, similar in general type to those of Henry VII.: George-
noble, with an equestrian figure of St. George riding over and
transfixing with a spear a dragon, on the obverse; and on the
reverse a ship, a cross, between H R, for a mast, and upon it a
double rose. Angel and Angelet as before. Crown and Half-crown
obverse a double rose, etc., crowned, between the crowned or
uncrowned letters H. K. (Henry and Katherine), H. A. (Henry and
Ann Boleyn), H. I. (Henry and Jane Seymour), or H. R.; reverse,
royal arms crowned between same initials. RVTILANS ROSA SINE SPINA.
Half-george, Noble, Crown, and Half-crown, George-noble, rare; Rial
extremely so.

EDWARD VI. (1547 to 1553.)

Denominations.—Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Testoon or Shilling,
Sixpence, Groat, Threepence, Half-groat, Penny, Halfpenny, Farthing.
Gold. Treble-sovereign, Double-sovereign, Sovereign or Double-rial,
Half-sovereign, Quarter-sovereign or Crown, Half-crown, Six-angel,
Angel, Angelet.
Obverse.—Type. First coinage, which is base in the same degree as
Henry VIII.’s last coinage. Testoon, etc., profile, crowned with an
open arched crown; Penny and Halfpenny, some with crowned
profile, others with the royal rose. Farthing, portcullis.
Later coinages. Crown, the king in armour, crowned, sword drawn,
on horseback; to the right, under the horse, the date. Half-crown,
the same, sometimes with the addition of a plume on the horse’s
head. Shilling, Sixpence, and Threepence, fullfaced bust of king in
robes, with the chain of the Order of the Garter round his neck,
crowned, a rose on the left, and the value on the right side of the
head. Penny, king enthroned, crowned ball and sceptre in his hands,
or royal rose.
Legend. E. ED. EDWAR. EDWARD. EDOARD. EDOVARD. or EDWARDVS. VI. or
6.—D. DEI.—G. GRA.—AGL. ANGL.—FRA. FRANCIE. Z.—HIB. HIBE. HIBER.—
REX. etc. Testoon, TIMOR DOMINI FONS VITE. MDXLIX. or MDXL.[2]—
likewise on reverse, INIMICOS EIVS INDVAM CONFVSIONE. Penny, E. D. G.
ROSA SINE SPINA. Crown, SCVTUM FIDEI PROTEGET EVM; or RVTILANS ROSA
SINE SPINA. Half-sovereign, SCVTVM FIDEI PROTEGET EVM MDXLVIII[3]; or
LVCERNA PEDIBVS MEIS VERBVM TVVM.

Reverse.—Type. One Testoon has the arms of France and England in

an oval shield mantled; all others have the cross fleury, and plain
shield of France and England quarterly. Farthing, cross and pellets.
Legend. POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM and its abbreviations, and town
names. Other legends are E. R. INIMICOS EIVS INDVAM CONFVSIONE;
TIMOR DOMINE FONS VITE; IHS. AVTE TRANSIE PER MED ILLOR IBAT; SCVTVM
FIDEI PROTEGET EVM; PER CRVCEM TVAM SALVA NOS XPE. RED.; IHESV. AVTEM
TRANSIENS PER MEDIVM ILLORVM IBAT; and on some the titles appear.

Rarity. Gold coins rare, some extremely so. Silver, first coinage, the
Testoon, Groat, Half-groat, and Penny, rare; all his last are tolerably
common, with the exception of the Crown, Half-crown, and Penny.
Halfpenny and Farthing rare.
Gold.Treble-sovereigns, with the king in robes, and crowned, seated
on the throne, drawn sword in right, and orb in left, hand; reverse,
royal arms, with supporters, a lion and a dragon. Double-sovereigns,
similar figure, but with sceptre instead of sword; a portcullis at his
feet. Sovereign, same as Double-sovereign, or a half-length figure of
the king in profile, in armour, crowned, sword in right hand, orb in
left; reverse, arms of France and England, crowned, with or without
lion and dragon supporters; beneath, on the mantling, E. R.; others
have the same type as the foregoing. Half-sovereigns, king in chair
of state; half-length figure, and bust crowned, etc.

MARY I. AND PHILIP AND MARY. (1553 to

1558.)
Married Philip of Spain, 1554.
Denominations.—Silver. Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, Groat, Half-
groat, Penny. Gold. Sovereign or Double-rial, Rial, Angel, Angelet.
Obverse.—Type. Before her marriage, Mary’s coins have a sinister
bust profile, crowned, arched crown, hair long and flowing, draped.
One Penny, a rose instead of head. After her marriage with Philip of
Spain, the Shilling and Half-shilling have their busts face to face,
with a crown above between them: here she appears with her dress
up to her chin, and a head dress; he has the stiff ruffle about his
neck. This arrangement of the profile heads facing each other gave
rise to the couplet,

“... cooing and billing

Like Philip and Mary on a shilling.”

The Half-crown, which appears to be merely a pattern-

piece, but never issued, has on one side her bust, over
which is the crown between the date 1554, with the
legend MARIA D. G. R. ANG. FR. NEAP. PR. HISP.; and on the
other a similar bust of Philip, beneath a crown, and the
legend PHILIPVS D. G. R. ANG. FR. NEAP. PR. HISP. Some of
the coins have no date, others the date above, others
below the heads.
Legend. M. or MARIA.—D. G. ANG.—FR. FRA. Z. HIB. REG. or
REGI. Shilling and Sixpence, PHILIP. ET. or Z.; or MARIA. D.
G. R. ANG. FR. NEAP. PR. HISP.; or PHILIP ET MARIA D. G. REX
ET REGINA ANG. or ANGL. Some have the date as 1553
either beneath the heads or by the crown. Penny, M. D.
G. ROSA SINE SPINA; or P. Z. [ET] M. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA.

Reverse.—Type. Before the marriage, cross fleury and

shield, as on her predecessor’s coins. After the
marriage, Shilling and Sixpence bear the Spanish and
Neapolitan royal arms, impaling those of England, in
an oval shield, mantled; surmounted by a crown,
between numerals for value.
Legend. Groat and Half-groat of Mary, VERITAS
TEMPORIS FILIA, and also abbreviated; of Philip and
Mary, POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTO NOS. Shilling and Sixpence,
POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTOREM NOSTRVM, and abbreviated.
Penny, CIVITAS LONDON; or VERITAS TEMP FILIA.
Rarity. Rose-penny rare; Half-crown, Half-groat, and
Penny, extremely so.
Gold. Sovereign or Double-rial, the queen full-robed
and crowned seated on the throne, in her right hand a
sceptre, in the left the orb and cross; at her feet a
portcullis; reverse, within a tressure of ten arches a
double rose, with shield of royal arms in centre.
Legend, A. DNO. FACTV. EST ISTV. Z. EST MIRA IN. OCVL.
NRIS. (“It is the work of the Lord, and is wonderful in
our eyes.”) Rial, the queen crowned standing in a ship,
in her right hand a drawn sword, in her left a shield of
arms; in front, a rose. Same legend. Angel and
Angelet, with St. Michael and the Dragon as on those
of preceding monarchs.
 ELIZABETH. (1558 to 1603.)
Denominations.—Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, Groat,
Threepence, Half-groat, Three-halfpence, Penny, Three-farthing,
Halfpenny. Gold. Sovereign or Double-rial, Rial, Pound-sovereign,
Half-sovereign, Crown, Half-crown, Angel, Angelet, Quarter-angel.
Obverse.—Type. Silver. Crown and Half-crown, sinister bust profile,
crowned, open double-arched crown, hair turned back, draped, robe
with wide puffed sleeves, stiff frill round the neck; in the right hand
the sceptre, the orb as if held in the left. The Shilling, Sixpence,
Groat, Threepence, Half-groat, Three-halfpence, Penny, Three-
farthing, Halfpenny, and Farthing have also the bust profile, crowned
with a single-arched crown, hair long and flowing down the back,
draped robe, much plainer than before, and having no sceptre or
orb.[4] The Sixpence, Threepence, Three-halfpence, and Three-
farthing pieces are distinguished from the others by having the
Tudor rose behind the head. It was in reference to this distinguishing
mark of a rose behind the head that the satirist on costumes wrote:
—

“... Behind her head a rose

That people cry, ‘Lo! there Three-farthings goes!’”

The commonest Halfpenny has a portcullis instead of the bust; the

one with the bust is extremely rare. The “milled” money is neater in
execution than the earlier “hammered” pieces. The “portcullis”
money, struck in 1601 for foreign use, has on the obverse the royal
arms, surmounted by a crown, between the initials E. and R., each
crowned, and the usual name and titles of the queen; reverse, a
portcullis crowned, and the POSVI, etc., legend.
Legend. E. ELIZ. ELIZAB. or ELIZABETH.—D. G. ANG. FR. (or FRA.) ET. HIB.
(or HIBER.) REG. (REGI or REGINA). Three-halfpence, Penny, etc., E. R.,
—E. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA.
Reverse.—Type. Cross fleury, or plain cross, and shield of France and
England; the shield on the crown mantled. Halfpenny, cross and
pellets. Farthing, crowned monogram of name.
Legend. POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM, or its abbreviations; or name of
town.
Gold. Sovereign, or Double-rial, same general type as the Sovereign
of Mary. Pound-sovereign, Half-sovereign, Crown and Half-crown,
sinister bust fully robed, crowned with an open crown of two, four,
or five arches. Rial, with the queen in a large ruff, standing in a ship,
crowned, etc. Angels, Angelets, and Quarter-angels, St. Michael and
the Dragon; reverse, a ship, royal shield in front, surmounted by a
cross, with E. and a rose. Some of the legends on the reverses of
gold coins are, A DNO. FACTV. EST ISTVD ET EST MIRAB. IN OCVL. NRS; IHS.
AVT TRANSIENS PER MEDIV. ILLORVM IBAT; SCVTVM FIDEI PROTEGET EAM;
and one Rial, referring to the taking of Virginia by Sir Walter Raleigh,
has on its obverse ELIZAB [ETHA] D [EI] G [RATIA] ANG [LIÆ]
FR[ANCIÆ]ETM[AGNÆ]PR[OVINCIÆ]C[APTÆ]A[VSPICIIS]I[LLIVS] REGINA
(“Elizabeth, by the Grace of God, Queen of England, France, and the
Great Province captured under her auspices”).
In this reign pattern copper coins were struck, but never issued. The
Penny bore on the obverse a full-face portrait of the queen, and the
words THE PLEDGE OF; and on the reverse the crowned monogram,
and the continuation of the legend, A PENNY, and date 1601. Other
pattern pieces were also struck of copper, lead, pewter, and leather,
but are all extremely rare.

JAMES I. (1603 to 1625.)

Denominations.—Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, Half-
groat, Penny, and Halfpenny. Gold. First issue. Sovereign or Thirty-
shilling-piece, Half-sovereign or Double-crown (15s.), Quarter-
sovereign or Crown (7s. 6d.), Eighth-of-Sovereign or Half-crown (3s.
9d.). Second issue. Unit (20s.), Double-crown (10s.), British-crown
(5s.), Half-British-crown (2s. 6d.), Thistle-crown (4s.). Third issue.
Rose-rial or Sovereign (30s.), Spur-rial (15s.), Angel (10s.), Angelet
or Half-angel (5s.). Last issue. Rose-rial or Sovereign (Thirty-shilling-
piece), Spur Rial (Fifteen-shilling-piece), Angel, Laurel or Unit,
Double-crown or Half-laurel, British-crown or Quarter-laurel. The
current values were from time to time raised.
Obverse.—Type. Crown and Half-crown, king on horseback, in
armour, crowned, drawn sword in his right hand; on the caparison
the royal rose or the thistle crowned.
On some IACOBVS D G MA (or MAG) BRI (or BRIT) FRA (or FRAN) ET HI (or
HIB or HIBER) REX.

Shilling, Half-shilling, etc., dexter bust profile, robed, crowned; long

pointed beard and mustachios, hair short, numerals at back of head
for value. Twopence, the bust as before on some, on others the
royal rose crowned. Penny, bust as before, or I. R. crowned; a rose
on one side the letters, and a thistle on the other: others, a rose.
Halfpenny, a portcullis, or rose.
Legend. I. IA. IACOBV. or IACOBVS. D. G. ANG. SCO. FRAN. ET. HIB. REX.,
and other abbreviations. Half-groat, etc., I. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA.
Penny with I. R.; and Halfpenny, no legend.
Reverse..—Type. Crown, etc., royal arms, quarterly, 1 and 4, France
and England quarterly; 2, Scotland; 3, Ireland. The shield of the
Crown and Half-crown mantled, the others plain; Twopence, on
some the same arms, on others a thistle, crowned. The Penny, with
I. R. has a portcullis crowned; the others, a thistle; others have the
arms. Halfpenny, cross moline with three pellets in each quarter; or
a thistle.
Legend. Crown, Shilling, etc., EXVRGAT DEVS. DISSIPENTVR INIMICI; or
QUÆ DEVS CONIVNXIT NEMO SEPARET. Half-groat, Penny, TVETVR VNITA
DEVS. Penny same as Half-groat; other pennies and halfpennies
without legend. Rarity. All common, except Half-crown.
Gold. Thirty-shilling, Unit, and other pieces, king enthroned, in full
regalia, his feet upon a portcullis, the field diapered; or half-length
or shorter portrait of king in armour, crowned, sceptre in right and
orb in left hand: reverse, shield of arms. Rose-rial, king enthroned as
before; reverse, a large double rose with shield of arms. Spur-rial,
king in armour, standing in a ship with sword and shield; or, the
Scottish lion, sejant, crowned, holding a sceptre in his right paw and
supporting with his left a shield of the royal arms; reverse, within a
tressure a Spur-rowel, or star of 16 points centred with a rose, four
points terminated with lions, and four with fleurs-de-lis. Angel, etc.,
usual type. Thistle crown, a double rose on its stem, crowned,
between the initials I. R.; reverse, a thistle crowned in like manner.
Some of the legends or reverses are EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR
INIMICI; TVEATVR VNITA DEVS; FACIAM EOS IN GENTEM VNAM; HENRICVS
ROSAS, REGNA IACOBVS; A DNO. FACTVM EST ISTVD ET EST MIRAB. IN OCVLIS
NRIS; A DNO. FACTVM EST ISTVD, etc.

Copper. Farthing, crown and two sceptres in saltire, IACO. D. G. BRIT.

Reverse, Irish harp, crowned, FRA. ET. HIB. REX. For Scotland a brass
Twopence, called “Hardhead” was struck: obverse three thistles on
one stem, IACOBVS D. G. MAG BRIT; reverse, lion rampant, FRAN and HIB
REX.

CHARLES I. (1625 to 1649).

Denominations.—Silver. Twenty-shilling-piece or Pound, Ten-shilling-
piece or Half-pound, Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, Groat,
Threepence, Half-groat, Penny, and Halfpenny.
Gold. Tower Mint. Unit, Broad, or Twenty-shilling-piece; Double-
crown or Half-broad or Ten-shilling-piece; crown, Britain-crown, or
Five-shilling-piece, Angel. Oxford Mint, Treble-Unit, or Three-Pound-
piece; Unit or Twenty-shilling-piece; Half-unit, Double-crown, or Ten-
shilling-piece. Briot’s Mint. Unit, Double-crown, or Half Unit, Angel.
Obverse.—Type. Twenty-shilling and Ten-shilling-piece, king on
horseback with or without artillery, armour, arms, etc., under horse’s
feet. Crowns and Half-crowns, king in armour on horseback, but with
very many variations in detail. One description is as much as our
limits will allow. The Oxford Crown, the rarest in the series, has the
king on horseback, in armour, to the left, crowned, double-arched
crown, drawn sword in his right hand, a sash round his neck, coming
under his left arm, the ends flying behind; the horse not
caparisoned, having only a saddle cloth. On the field of the coin,
beneath the horse, is a view of the city of Oxford, with the word
OXON above it. This coin is beautifully executed. Shilling, Half-shilling,
Quarter-shilling, Groat, Half-groat, and Penny, sinister bust profile, in
robes, crowned, hair long and flowing, beard long. Some Groats and
Half-groats have a rose crowned as also have Pennies. Halfpenny, a
rose, no legend, or a rose crowned between C. R. The variations in
the coins, consequent on the number of mints set up—London,
Exeter, Aberystwith, Oxford, Bristol, Chester, Worcester, Weymouth,
York, and other places—is very great; the differences being more or
less important both as to mint marks and other features.
Legend. C. CAR. or CAROLVS. D. G. MAGNA BRITAN. FRAN. ET HIBER. REX,
variously abbreviated. Oxford Crown, CAROLVS. D. G. MAG. BRIT. FRAN.
ET. HIBER. REX.

Reverse.—Type. Generally the royal shield. The Oxford Crown and

some other coins have no device, except an ornament to divide the
legends; and the Prince of Wales’ feathers three times repeated, or
single, above. On some, the shield (which is as James I.’s) is oval,
and mantled, sometimes crowned; others have shields, the
quarterings terminating in a cross moline, etc. The smaller coins
have sometimes a rose crowned, sceptres, or sceptre and trident in
saltire, etc., or the declaration EXVRGAT, etc., in lines across. One
Half-groat has two Cs interlinked, crowned.
Legend. Oxford Crown, EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR INIMICI. In the field
of the coin, in two parallel lines, is RELIG. PROT. LEG. ANG. LIBER. PARL.,
beneath which is 1644, OXON, and above v. for value. A branch of
leaves and flowers between the words of the first. Others have
CHRISTO AVSPICE REGNO. Others IVSTITIA THRONVM FIRMAT, or TVEATVR
VNITA DEVS. The groat has RELIG., etc., within a scroll on the field,
EXURGAT, etc.
Rarity. For the most part common. The Oxford crown is of the most
extreme rarity, and most of the Oxford mintages are rare, as are
those of Aberystwith and other places.
Gold. Three-pound-piece, crowned profile bust to the waist, with or
without sword and olive branch; feathers behind the head; reverse,
declaration in three lines. Unit or Broad-piece, bust profile, crowned,
much varied on some with drawn sword and olive branch; behind
the head XX for value. Reverse: On field, RELIG., etc., on a ribband.
Double-crown and Crown, bust profile crowned. Reverse. Shield
crowned, CVLTORES. SVI. DEVS. PROTEGIT. Angel same type as its
predecessors.
Copper.—Halfpence and Farthings, David playing the harp, looking
upward; above, a crown, FLOREAT REX. Reverse: Halfpenny, St.
Patrick in full robes, mitered, with crosier, etc., holding to figures
around him the shamrock leaf; behind him the arms of Dublin.
Farthing, St. Patrick as before, stretching his hand over reptiles;
behind him a cathedral; legend, QVIESCAT PLEBS. Other Halfpence,
Farthings and Half-farthings have on obverse two sceptres in saltire,
behind, a crown, or C. R. crowned. Reverse: Some, the royal rose
crowned; others, the Irish harp crowned; and others, again, the
Scotch thistle; others, a small pellet of brass inserted in the centre of
the rose. Legend. Obverse: CAR. CARO. or CAROLVS.—D. G. MAG. BRIT.
Reverse: On some, the Scotch motto, NEMO., etc.; others,
continuation of titles.
Obsidional or Siege Pieces. These rude coins, if coins they can be
called, were struck by the king, and those favourable to his cause, to
supply that monarch with the necessary funds for carrying on his
wars. They are extremely interesting, as showing the various
inconveniences and shifts the king was subject to. The nobility and
gentry, his partisans, were applied to for the use of all their plate, as
were also wardens and fellows of the different colleges in the
universities of Oxford, etc., the mayors and corporations, of cities
and towns, etc. The plate thus collected was chopped up, for the
greatest part, in unmeaning shapes, and struck or engraved with
different devices, and the value. The Scarborough Half-crown is a
piece of thin plate doubled, the corners turned over to hold together.
On one side is engraven in a very rude manner the castle, with the
value in numerals; and on the other, OBS. SCARBOROUGH, 1645. The
Newark Shilling, which is one of the commonest, is lozenge shaped.
Obverse, crown between C. R.; beneath, XII. Reverse, OBS. NEWARK,
1646. Pontefract, sometimes an octagonal, and sometimes a round
piece. Obverse, C. R. under a crown; DVM SPIRO SPERO. Reverse,
Pontefract Castle, with name or letters. Other places where these
were struck were Colchester, Carlisle, Dublin, Cork, etc. At Colchester
a gold siege piece of the value of 10s. was struck. A history of the
coinage in this reign alone would fill a folio volume.

COMMONWEALTH. (1649 to 1660.)

Denominations.—Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, Half-
groat, Penny, Halfpenny. Gold. Broad, or Twenty-shilling-piece; Half-
broad, or Ten-shilling-piece; Quarter-broad, or Five-shilling-piece.
Obverse.—Type. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Half-shilling, Half-groat,
and Penny, a plain shield charged with the cross of St. George,
encircled by a branch of palm, and an olive branch. Halfpenny, same
shield, without branches or numerals. Numerals to denote value (as
V for 5s.; II VI for 2s. 6d.; XII for 12d.; VI for 6d.; II for 2d.) on all
except the Halfpennies.
Legend. THE COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND. Half-groat, Penny, and
Halfpenny, no legend or numerals. Half-shilling, one type has TRVTH
AND PEACE.

Reverse.—Type. Shield of St. George’s cross, and shield of Irish harp

conjoined, above which is the value, in numerals. Halfpenny, single
shield of the Irish harp.
Legend. GOD WITH US, and date. Half-groat and Penny, without
legend. Halfpenny without legend or value.
Rarity. All comparatively common; the coins of 1658 and 1660 are
rarest.
Gold. Twenty-shilling, Ten-shilling, and Five-shilling pieces, same
type and legend as the silver; numerals to denote value.
Copper. Farthings. On the obverse a shield of St. George’s cross as
before; reverse, shield of Irish harp; legend, FARTHING TOKENS OF
ENGLAND. ENGLAND’S FARTHING. THE FARTHIN TOKENS FOR. FOR NECESSITY
OF CHANGE, 1649. RELEFE OF THE PORE, etc. Pewter Farthing, shield
with voided cross, surmounted by the letters, T.K., in an oval; legend,
¼ OVNCE OF FINE PEWTR. Reverse: shield of Irish harp, upon rays,
surmounted by a palm and laurel wreath; legend, FOR NECESSARY
CHANGE. These are all pattern pieces, and are all rare. Several
pattern pieces for other coins are also known. One of these has the
two shields on the reverse held by a winged angel, and the words
GVARDED WITH ANGELS, 1651.

PROTECTORATE.—OLIVER CROMWELL. (1653

to 1658.)
Denominations.—Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Nine-pence, and
Sixpence. Gold. Fifty-shilling-piece, Broad or Twenty-shilling-piece,
Half-broad or Ten-shilling-piece. Copper. Farthings.
Obverse. Type. Sinister bust profile of the Protector, draped, loose
drapery, head laureated, hair long.
Legend. OLIVAR. D.G. RP. ANG. SCO. ET HIB. and PRO. or otherwise
abbreviated.
Reverse.—Type. Shield surmounted by an open arched crown,
bearing quarterly, 1 and 4, cross of St. George; 2, cross of St.
Andrew; 3, Irish harp, upon an escutcheon of pretence, the arms of
Cromwell, a lion rampant.
Legend. PAX QVÆRITVR BELLO. and date.
Edge. HAS NISI PERITVRVS MIHI ADIMAT NEMO.
 Gold. Same type and legend as silver. On the
edge of the fifty-shilling-piece, PROTECTOR LITERIS
LITERÆ NVMMIS CORONA ET SALVS.

Copper. Farthing. Obverse, head as before,

OLIVAR PRO ENG SC IRL. Reverse, shield as before,
and legend CHARITIE AND CHANGE; another, three
columns tied together, having on top of the first a
cross, the second a harp, and the third a thistle,
and the legend THVS VNITED INVINCIBLE; another, a ship under sail,
and legend, AND GOD DIRECT OVR COVRS; another, CONVENIENT CHANGE.

CHARLES II. (1660 to 1685.)

Denominations.—Silver. First issue, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, Half-
groat, Penny. Second, same. Third, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence,
Fourpence or Groat, Threepence, Half-groat, Penny. Fourth, Crown,
Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence. Gold. Broad or Twenty-shilling-piece,
Half-broad or Ten-shilling-piece, Quarter-broad or Five-shilling-piece.
Five-Guinea-piece, Two-guinea-piece, Guinea, Half-guinea. Copper.
Halfpenny and Farthing. Tin. Farthing.
Obverse.—Type. Sinister laureated bust profile, crowned, loose
drapery, hair long and flowing.
Legend. CAROLVS. II. D.G. (or DEI. GRA. or GRATIA). MAG. BRI. FRA. ET HIB.
REX, or otherwise abbreviated. Reverse.—Type. The first three issues
of coins bore a plain shield of arms, quarterly, 1 and 4 France and
England quarterly, 2 Scotland, 3 Ireland, over a cross fleury. Those
of the fourth and last issue bear four shields, with the bottoms
joined, forming a cross; the shields being England, Scotland, France,
and Ireland, each crowned; in the centre, within a star, St. George’s
cross. Between the shields, in the four compartments, are two Cs
interlinked. One Shilling has one shield of France and England,
quarterly, two shields of Scotland, and one of Ireland, not crowned;
between the shields are the interlinked Cs crowned. The Fourpence
has a monogram of four Cs interlinked, in form of a cross, crowned;
and in the compartments are severally a rose, a thistle, a fleur-de-lis,
and a harp. The Threepence has three Cs interlinked; the Twopence
two Cs interlinked; and the Penny a single C, all crowned; these
denote the value; others have numerals crowned.
Legend. MAG. BR. FRA. ET HIB. REX., or otherwise abbreviated, and
date. CHRISTO AVSPICE REGNO.
Edge. DECVS ET TVTAMEN ANNO XV or VICESIMO, or other year of reign.
Gold. Same type, sceptres between shields. Obverse: Bust, laureated
and draped, with long hair. Reverse: First issue, arms, etc., as on
silver; later issue, Five-guinea, Guinea, etc., four shields arranged as
a cross, and each crowned; in the centre four Cs interlinked, from
which issue four sceptres, terminating respectively in orb and cross,
thistle, fleur-de-lis, and harp. Legend on reverses, FLORENT
CONCORDIA REGNA, or titles. Edge, DECVS ET TVTAMEN, and year of
reign as on the silver.
Copper. Halfpence and Farthings, sinister bust profile, laureated, in
armour. English, CAROLVS A CAROLO. Scotch, CAR. II. D. G. SCO. AN. FR. ET
HIB. R. Irish, CAROLVS II DEI GRATIA. Reverse, English, figure of
Britannia, which now first appears; Irish, a harp crowned, date on
field; Scotch, a thistle crowned. English, BRITANNIA, date in exergue;
Irish, MAG. BR. FRA. ET. HIB. REX.; Scotch, NEMO ME IMPVNE LACESSET. and
date; all common. Farthing with Britannia particularly so.
Tin or Pewter. Halfpence and Farthings, some with a plug of copper
in the centre. On the edge, NVMMORVM FAMVLVS and date.
Siege pieces of Charles II., CAROLVS SECVNDVS, or CAROL. II. D.G. MAG.
B. F. ET H. REX.; and on the reverse, C. R. under a crown; DVM SPIRO
SPERO, or POST MORTEM PATRIS PRO FILIO were struck at Pontefract.

I may here mention a most splendid specimen of the die-sinker’s art,

produced by Simon, the celebrated die-sinker, as a trial piece against
an artist who was employed by Charles. The obverse has a bust of
the king of most exquisite workmanship, and round the edge of the
coin, in place of DECVS., etc., was this simple petition in two lines:
“THOMAS. SIMON. most humbly prays your MAJESTY to compare this,
his tryal piece, with the Dutch, and, if more truly drawn, and
embossed, more gracefully ordered, and more accurately engraven,
to relieve him.” At Trattle’s sale, in 1832, a very fine specimen sold
for £225. It is said that only twenty copies were struck with the
petition on the edge, and a few others with a different edge, REDDITE
QVAE CAESARES CAESARI & POST; and one is recorded to be known
bearing, RENDER TO CÆSAR THE THINGS WHICH ARE CÆSAR’S.

JAMES II. (1685 to 1689.)

Denominations.—Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence,
Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. Gold. Five-guinea, Two-
guinea, Guinea, Half-guinea. Tin or Pewter. Halfpenny, Farthing. Gun
Money. As silver.
Obverse.—Type. Sinister bust profile, laureated, on some draped, on
others undraped; hair long. The Crown has the king in armour on
horseback, with drawn sword.
Legend. IACOBVS. II. DEI. GRATIA.
Reverse.—Type. Shields in cross, etc. The Fourpence, Threepence,
Twopence, and Penny have the value, IIII., III., II., I., crowned.
Legend. MAG. BR. FRA. ET. HIB. REX. and date.
Edge. DECVS ET TVTAMEN REX, and year of reign.
Gun Money. Silver being scarce in this reign, an issue of base money
was resorted to, some of which, being struck from the old cannon
and domestic utensils melted down, is called “Gun Money.” The
Crown, which is scarce, has the king in armour, laureated, on
horseback, with a drawn sword, a long sash flying behind; reverse,
four shields in cross, with the crown in the centre; the Half-crowns,
Shillings, and Sixpences have two sceptres in saltire, behind a
crown, between I. R.; above the crown are numerals for value, and
beneath, the month in which it was struck. Gold. The Five-guinea-
piece is rare, the others common. They are of the same general type
as the silver.
Tin or Pewter. Halfpence and Farthings: obverse, bust profile, as
before; reverse, English, figure of Britannia, BRITANNIA; Irish, figure
of Hibernia with the harp, HIBERNIA, or Irish harp crowned. Half-
farthings: obverse, sceptres in saltire, and crown; reverse, harp or
rose, crowned. There is also a kind called plug-money; this was
struck owing to a scarcity of copper; it is of pewter, and in the
middle is inserted a very small square plug of copper, to show that it
is intended to pass for copper money. One tin Halfpenny has the
king on horseback with drawn sword, on the obverse, and on the
reverse the harp surmounted by a crown with lion crest, and two
sceptres in saltire; in this two or more plugs of brass are inserted.
Other varieties need not be particularized. White metal coins were
also issued.

WILLIAM III. AND MARY II. (1689 to 1702.

1689 to 1694.)
Denominations. Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence,
Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. Gold. Five-guinea, Two-
guinea, Guinea, Half-Guinea. Tin. Halfpenny, Farthing. Copper.
Halfpenny, Farthing.
Obverse.—Type. Dexter busts profile of king and queen, (William and
Mary) side by side, that of the king laureated, partly in armour.
Queen draped, hair curled; some have the bust of Mary only;
Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, and Penny, busts undraped.
After Mary’s death, the bust of William, profile and laureated,
appears alone.
Legend. First, GVLIELMVS ET MARIA or GVLIELMVS ET MARIA DEI GRATIA.
Later, GVLIELMVS TERTIVS. or GVLIELMVS III. DEI GRATIA.
Reverse.—Type. Four crowned shields in cross, as before; in the
centre, the shield of Nassau; between the shields, W. and M.
conjoined; the four figures of the date, as 1693, one under each
monograph. Some Half-crowns have a plain shield of the royal arms,
crowned; Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, and Penny, values
crowned. After the death of Mary, feathers on some, and on others
roses, take the place of the monogram of W and M between the
shields; on others the space is left blank.
Legend. MAG BR FRA ET HIB REX ET REGINA, or the same, leaving off “et
regina.”
Edge. DECVS ET TVTAMEN and year of reign.
Gold. Busts as before; reverse, royal arms in large shield, crowned.
After Mary’s death, reverse, shields in cross, with sceptres, as on the
silver.
Copper. Halfpence and Farthings. Obverse, busts as before,
GVLIELMVS ET MARIA, or GVLIELMVS TERTIVS. Reverse, figure of
Britannia, BRITANNIA, date in exergue; Irish, GVLIELMVS ET MARIA DEI
GRATIA; reverse, Irish harp crowned, MAG BR FR ET HIB REX ET REGINA,
date on field. There are coins also, of Mary’s only, one of which has,
on obverse, bust profile of queen, draped, hair turned up behind,
MARIA II DEI GRATIA; reverse, full blown rose on a branch, EX CANDORE
DECVS. After the queen’s death, the coins have the bust of William,
as before, with GVLIELMVS TERTIVS; reverse, same as before. Scotch
have, on obverse, a sword and sceptre in saltire, with a crown
above: reverse, thistle, crowned; another has a monogram.

ANNE. (1702 to 1714.)

Denominations.—Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence,
Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. Gold. Five-guinea, Two-
guinea, Guinea, Half-guinea. Copper. Farthing.
Obverse.—Type. Sinister bust profile, draped, hair thrown back, and
tied at back of head with a ribband, which passes round the head.
Legend. ANNA DEI GRATIA.
Reverse.—Type. Four crowned shields in cross. Before the union
these shields were, 1 England, 2 Scotland, 3 France, 4 Ireland. After
the union they were altered to two shields of England and Scotland
impaled, one of France, and one of Ireland. In the centre, the cross
of St. George, in a star of the garter; between the shields, feathers
or roses, or feathers and roses alternately; Fourpence, Threepence,
Twopence, and Penny, values, crowned.
Legend. MAG BRI FR ET HIB REG and date.
Edge. DECVS ET TVTAMEN, and year of reign.
Rarity. All common. The smaller denominations scarcer than the
others.
Gold. Same type and legend and edge. Reverse, sceptres between
the shields.
Copper. As there is so much popular error concerning the farthings,
it may be well to remark at length upon them, in order to clear away
the absurd idea generally entertained, of there being only three in
existence. Instead of this being the case, there are absolutely six
distinct varieties. The first, which is the only one which was ever in
general circulation, has, on the obverse, sinister bust profile, of
queen, draped, hair thrown back, encircled with a string of pearls,
ANNA DEI GRATIA; reverse, figure of Britannia, olive branch in her
right, and spear in her left hand, BRITANNIA, date, 1714, in exergue:
this, although scarce, is by far the commonest of the whole: there is
one with the same type, but broad rim, which is rare. Second, bust
as before, ANNA REGINA; reverse, as last. Third, same bust, ANNA DEI
GRATIA; reverse, figure of Britannia, right leg bare; BRITANNIA, 1713,
round. Fourth, obverse as before; reverse, Britannia, as last, under
an arch; BRITANNIA in exergue, 1713. Fifth, bust as before, with band
instead of pearls, within an inner circle (the busts on the others are
on the field); reverse, figure of Britannia standing, helmeted, in the
right hand the olive branch, and in her left the spear, within inner
circle; BELLO ET PACE; date 1715, in exergue. Sixth, bust as one, ANNA
AVGVSTA; reverse, same figure as last, standing in a car, drawn by
two horses; in her right hand she holds the olive branch, in her left
the reins and a spear; PAX MISSA PER ORBEM; in exergue, 1713. The
prices depend upon the state of preservation of the coins, but, for
FINE ones, the following are about the values: 1, from six shillings to
fourteen shillings; 2 and 3, from fifteen shillings to thirty shillings; 3,
4, and 6, from two to three pounds: 5, the rarest, from five to ten,
or twelve pounds. There is a small medal, or counter, which is very
frequently mistaken by the generality of persons for one of her
farthings. It has on the obverse the bust, with ANNA DEI GRATIA;
reverse, the four shields in cross, sometimes plain, and sometimes
with roses between the shields, MAG BR FRA ET HIB REG 1711;
frequently RIG instead of REG. Some of these are of beautiful
workmanship, and others very rude: they are far from being scarce;
they were not struck as current coins. Halfpenny, bust, ANNA D G MAG
BR FR ET HIB REG; reverse, sitting figure of Britannia, leaning on a
shield, in her left hand a spear, in her right a rose and thistle
emanating from the same branch; the whole beneath a crown.

GEORGE I. (1714 to 1727.)

Denominations.—Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence,
Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. Gold. Five-guinea, Two-
guinea, Guinea, Half-guinea, Quarter-guinea. Copper. Halfpenny,
Farthing.
Obverse.—Type. Dexter laureated bust profile, in armour and draped,
hair long and curled.
Legend. GEORGIVS D. G. M. BR. FR. ET. HIB. REX. F. D.
Reverse.—Type. Four crowned shields in cross. 1, England and
Scotland impaled; 2, France; 3, Ireland; 4, Brunswick, and
Lunenberg with Hanoverian escutcheon. Between the shields, on
some, are a rose and thistle or feathers alternately; on others, S. S.