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Chapter 10: Object-Oriented
Programming: Polymorphism
Section 10.1 Introduction
10.1 Q1: Polymorphism enables you to:
a. program in the general.
b. program in the specific.
c. absorb attributes and behavior from previous classes.
d. hide information from the user.
Ans: a. program in the general.

Section 10.2 Polymorphism Examples

10.2 Q1: For which of the following would polymorphism not provide a clean
solution?
a. A billing program where there is a variety of client types that are billed with
different fee structures.
b. A maintenance log program where data for a variety of types of machines is
collected and maintenance schedules are produced for each machine based on the
data collected.
c. A program to compute a 5% savings account interest for a variety of clients.
d. An IRS program that maintains information on a variety of taxpayers and
determines who to audit based on criteria for classes of taxpayers.
Ans: c. A program to compute a 5% savings account interest for a variety of
clients. Because there is only one kind of calculation, there is no need for
polymorphism.

10.2 Q2: Polymorphism allows for specifics to be dealt with during:

a. execution.
b. compilation.
c. programming.
d. debugging.
Ans: a. execution

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 10.3 Demonstrating Polymorphic
Behavior
10.3 Q1: Which statement best describes the relationship between superclass and
subclass types?
a. A subclass reference cannot be assigned to a superclass variable and a superclass
reference cannot be assigned to a subclass variable.
b. A subclass reference can be assigned to a superclass variable and a superclass
reference can be assigned to a subclass variable.
c. A superclass reference can be assigned to a subclass variable, but a subclass
reference cannot be assigned to a superclass variable.
d. A subclass reference can be assigned to a superclass variable, but a superclass
reference cannot be assigned to a subclass variable.
Ans: d. A subclass reference can be assigned to a superclass variable, but a
superclass reference cannot be assigned to a subclass variable.

Section 10.4 Abstract Classes and Methods

10.4 Q1: A(n) class cannot be instantiated.
a. final.
b. concrete.
c. abstract.
d. polymorphic.
Ans: c. abstract.

10.4 Q2: Non-abstract classes are called ________.

a. real classes.
b. instance classes.
c. implementable classes.
d. concrete classes.
Ans: d. concrete classes.

Section 10.5 Case Study: Payroll System

Using Polymorphism
10.5 Q1: It is a UML convention to denote the name of an abstract class in
________.
a. bold.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
b. italics.
c. a diamond.
d. there is no convention of the UML to denote abstract classes—they are listed just
as any other class.
Ans: b. italics.

10.5 Q2: If the superclass contains only abstract method declarations, the
superclass is used for ________.
a. implementation inheritance.
b. interface inheritance.
c. Both.
d. Neither.
Ans: b. interface inheritance.

Section 10.5.1 Abstract Superclass Employee

10.5.1 Q1: Which of the following could be used to declare abstract method
method1 in abstract class Class1 (method1 returns an int and takes no arguments)?
a. public int method1();
b. public int abstract method1();
c. public abstract int method1();
d. public int nonfinal method1();
Ans: c. public abstract int method1();

10.5.1 Q2: Which of the following statements about abstract superclasses is true?
a. abstract superclasses may contain data.
b. abstract superclasses may not contain implementations of methods.
c. abstract superclasses must declare all methods as abstract.
d. abstract superclasses must declare all data members not given values as
abstract.
Ans: a. abstract superclasses may contain data.

Section 10.5.2 Concrete Subclass

SalariedEmployee
10.5.2 Q1: Consider the abstract superclass below:
public abstract class Foo
{
private int a;
public int b;
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
 public Foo(int aVal, int bVal)
{
a = aVal;
b = bVal;
}

public abstract int calculate();

}

Any concrete subclass that extends class Foo:

a. Must implement a method called calculate.
b. Will not be able to access the instance variable a.
c. Neither (a) nor (b).
d. Both (a) and (b).
Ans: d. Both (a) and (b).

Section 10.5.3 Concrete Subclass HourlyEmployee

(No questions.)

Section 10.5.4 Concrete Subclass

CommisionEmployee
(No Questions.)

Section 10.5.5 Indirect Concrete Subclass

BasePlusCommissionEmployee
10.5.5 Q1: Consider classes A, B and C, where A is an abstract superclass, B is a
concrete class that inherits from A and C is a concrete class that inherits from B. Class
A declares abstract method originalMethod, implemented in class B. Which of the
following statements is true of class C?
a. Method originalMethod cannot be overridden in class C—once it has been
implemented in concrete class B, it is implicitly final.
b. Method originalMethod must be overridden in class C, or a compilation error will
occur.
c. If method originalMethod is not overridden in class C but is called by an object of
class C, an error occurs.
d. None of the above.
Ans: d. None of the above.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 10.5.6 Polymorphic Processing, Operator
instanceof and Downcasting
10.5.6 Q1: When a superclass variable refers to a subclass object and a method is
called on that object, the proper implementation is determined at execution time.
What is the process of determining the correct method to call?
a. early binding.
b. non-binding.
c. on-time binding.
d. late binding.
Ans: d. late binding (also called dynamic binding).

10.5.6 Q2: Every object in Java knows its own class and can access this information
through method .
a. getClass.
b. getInformation.
c. objectClass.
d. objectInformation.
Ans: a. getClass.

Section 10.6 Allowed Assignments Between

Superclass and Subclass Variables

10.6 Q1: Assigning a subclass reference to a superclass variable is safe ________.

a. because the subclass object has an object of its superclass.
b. because the subclass object is an object of its superclass.
c. only when the superclass is abstract.
d. only when the superclass is concrete.
Ans: b. because the subclass object is an object of its superclass.

Section 10.7 final Methods and Classes

10.7 Q1: Classes and methods are declared final for all but the following reasons:
a. final methods allow inlining the code.
b. final methods and classes prevent further inheritance.
c. final methods are static.
d. final methods can improve performance.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
Ans: c. final methods are static.

10.7 Q2: All of the following methods are implicitly final except:
a. a method in an abstract class.
b. a private method.
c. a method declared in a final class.
d. static method.
Ans: a. a method in an abstract class.

10.7 Q3: Declaring a method final means:

a. it will prepare the object for garbage collection.
b. it cannot be accessed from outside its class.
c. it cannot be overloaded.
d. it cannot be overridden.
Ans: d. it cannot be overridden.

Section 10.8 A Deeper Explanation of Issues

with Calling Methods from Constructors
10.8 Q1: Which of the following is false?
a. You should not call overridable methods from constructors—when creating a
subclass object, this could lead to an overridden method being called before the
subclass object is fully initialized.
b. It’s OK to any of a class’s methods from its constructors.
c. When you construct a subclass object, its constructor first calls one of the direct
superclass’s constructors. If the superclass constructor calls an overridable method,
the subclass’s version of that method will be called by the superclass constructor.
d. It’s acceptable to call a static method from a constructor.
ANS: b. It’s OK to any of a class’s methods from its constructors.

Section 10.9 Creating and Using Interfaces

10.9 Q1: In Java SE 7 and earlier, an interface may contain:
a. private static data and public abstract methods.
b. only public abstract methods.
c. public static final data and public abstract methods.
d. private static data and public final methods.
Ans: c. public static final data and public abstract methods.

10.9 Q2: Which of the following does not complete the sentence correctly?
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
An interface .
a. forces classes that implement it to declare all the abstract interface methods.
b. can be used in place of an abstract class when there is no default implementation
to inherit.
c. is declared in a file by itself and is saved in a file with the same name as the
interface followed by the .java extension.
d. can be instantiated.
Ans: d. can be instantiated.

Section 10.9.1 Developing a Payable Hierarchy

10.9.1 Q1: The UML distinguishes an interface from other classes by placing the
word “interface” in above the interface name.
a. italics.
b. carets.
c. guillemets.
d. bold.
Ans: c. guillemets.

Section 10.9.2 Interface Payable

10.9.2 Q1: Interfaces can have methods.

a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. any number of
Ans: d. any number of

Section 10.9.3 Class Invoice

10.9.3 Q1: Which keyword is used to specify that a class will define the methods of
an interface?
a. uses
b. implements
c. defines
d. extends
Ans: b. implements

10.9.3 Q2: Which of the following is not possible?

a. A class that implements two interfaces.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
b. A class that inherits from two classes.
c. A class that inherits from one class, and implements an interface.
d. All of the above are possible.
Ans: b. A class that inherits from two classes.

Section 10.9.4 Modifying Class Employee to

Implement Interface Payable

10.9.4 Q1: A class that implements an interface but does not declare all of the
interface’s methods must be declared ________.
a. public.
b. interface.
c. abstract.
d. final.
Ans: c. abstract.

Section 10.9.5 Modifying Class SalariedEmployee

for Use in the Payable Hierarchy
10.9.5 Q1: Which of the following statements is false?
a. An advantage of inheritance over interfaces is that only inheritance provides the is-a
relationship.
b. Objects of any subclass of a class that implements an interface can also be thought of
as objects of that interface type.
c. When a method parameter is declared with a subclass or interface type, the method
processes the object passed as an argument polymorphically.
d. All objects have the methods of class Object.
ANS: a. An advantage of inheritance over interfaces is that only inheritance
provides the is-a relationship. Actually, when a class implements an interface, the
same is-a relationship provided by inheritance applies.

Section 10.9.6 Using Interface Payable to Process

Invoices and Employees Polymorphically
10.9.6 Q1: Which of the following statements is false?
a. References to interface types do not have access to method toString.
b. Method toString can be invoked implicitly on any object.
c. With inheritance, classes and their inherited classes tend to be very similar.
d. Dramatically different classes can often meaningfully implement the same interface.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
ANS: a. References to interface types do not have access to method toString.
Actually, all references, including those of interface types, refer to objects that
extend Object and therefore have a toString method.

Section 10.9.7 Some Common Interfaces of the Java

API
10.9.7: Q1: Which interface is used to identify classes whose objects can be written
to or read from some type of storage or transmitted across a network?
a. Comparable
b. Runnable
c. AutoCloseable
d. Serializable
ANS: d. Serializeable.

10.9.7: Q2: Which interface is specifically intended to be implemented by classes

that can be used with the try-with-resources statement?
a. Comparable
b. Runnable
c. AutoCloseable
d. Serializable
ANS: c. AutoCloseable.

Section 10.10 Java SE 8 Interface Enhancements

(No questions.)

Section 10.10.1 default Interface Methods

10.10.1 Q1: Which of the following statements is false?
a. In Java SE 8, an interface may declare default methods—that is, public methods
with concrete implementations that specify how an operation should be performed.
b. When a class implements an interface, the class receives the interface’s default
concrete implementations if it does not override them.
c. When you enhance an existing interface with default methods—any class that
implemented the original interface will break.
d. With default methods, you can declare common method implementations in
interfaces (rather than abstract classes), which gives you more flexibility in designing
your classes.
Ans: c. When you enhance an existing interface with default methods—any
class that implemented the original interface will break. Actually, when you
enhance an existing interface with default methods—any class that
implemented the original interface will not break—it’ll simply receive the
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
default method implementations.

Section 10.10.2 static Interface Methods

10.10.2 Q1: Which of the following statements is false?
a. Prior to Java SE 8, it was common to associate with an interface a class containing
static helper methods for working with objects that implemented the interface.
b. Class Collections contains many static helper methods for working with objects
that implement interfaces Collection, List, Set and more.
c. Collections method sort can sort objects of any class that implements interface
List.
d. With non-static interface methods, helper methods can now be declared directly
in interfaces rather than in separate classes.
Ans: d. With non-static interface methods, helper methods can now be declared
directly in interfaces rather than in separate classes. Actually, it's with static
interface methods that helper methods can now be declared directly in
interfaces rather than in separate classes.

Section 10.10.3 Functional Interfaces

10.10.3 Q1: Which of the following statements is false?
a. As of Java SE 8, any interface containing only one method is known as a
functional interface.
b. There are many functional interfaces throughout the Java APIs.
c. Functional interfaces are used extensively with Java SE 8’s new lambda
capabilities.
d. Anonymous methods provide a shorthand notation for creating lambdas.
Ans: Anonymous methods provide a shorthand notation for creating lambdas.
Actually, lambdas provide a shorthand notation for creating anonymous
methods.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
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people might come, leaving their canoes where such inlet
terminated.
They did not appear to have among them any government or
subordination: none was more respected than another; yet they
seemed to live together in the utmost harmony and good fellowship.
Neither did we discover any appearance of religion among them,
except the noises which have been mentioned, and which we
supposed to be a superstitious ceremony, merely because we could
refer them to nothing else: they were used only by one of those who
came on board the ship, and the two who conducted Mr. Banks and
Dr. Solander to the town, whom we therefore conjectured to be
priests. Upon the whole, these people appeared to be the most
destitute and forlorn, as well as the most stupid, of all human
beings; the outcasts of nature, who spent their lives in wandering
about the dreary wastes, where two of our people perished with cold
in the midst of summer; with no dwelling but a wretched hovel of
sticks and grass, which would not only admit the wind, but the snow
and the rain; almost naked; and destitute of every convenience that
is furnished by the rudest art, having no implement even to dress
their food: yet they were content. They seemed to have no wish for
any thing more than they possessed, nor did any thing that we
offered them appear acceptable but beads, as an ornamental
superfluity of life. What bodily pain they might suffer from the
severities of their winter we could not know; but it is certain that
they suffered nothing from the want of the innumerable articles
which we consider not as the luxuries and conveniencies only but
the necessaries of life: as their desires are few, they probably enjoy
them all; and how much they may be gainers by an exemption from
the care, labour, and solicitude, which arise from a perpetual and
unsuccessful effort to gratify that infinite variety of desires which the
refinements of artificial life have produced among us, is not very
easy to determine: possibly this may counterbalance all the real
disadvantages of their situation in comparison with ours, and make
the scales by which good and evil are distributed to man hang even
between us.
 In this place we saw no quadruped except seals, sea-lions, and
dogs: of the dogs it is remarkable that they bark, which those that
are originally bred in America do not. And this is a further proof, that
the people we saw here had, either immediately or remotely,
communicated with the inhabitants of Europe. There are, however,
other quadrupeds in this part of the country; for when Mr. Banks
was at the top of the highest hill that he ascended in his expedition
through the woods, he saw the footsteps of a large beast imprinted
upon the surface of a bog, though he could not with any probability
guess of what kind it might be.
Of land-birds there are but few: Mr. Banks saw none larger than
an English blackbird, except some hawks and a vulture; but of
water-fowl there is great plenty, particularly ducks. Of fish we saw
scarce any, and with our hooks could catch none that was fit to eat;
but shell-fish, limpets, clams, and mussels, were to be found in
abundance.
Among the insects, which were not numerous, there was neither
gnat nor musquito, nor any other species that was either hurtful or
troublesome, which perhaps is more than can be said of any other
uncleared country. During the snow-blasts, which happened every
day while we were here, they hide themselves; and the moment it is
fair they appear again, as nimble and vigorous as the warmest
weather could make them.
Of plants, Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander found a vast variety; the far
greater part wholly different from any that have been hitherto
described. Besides the birch and winter’s bark, which have been
mentioned already; there is the beach, Fagus antarcticus, which, as
well as the birch, may be used for timber. The plants cannot be
enumerated here; but as the scurvy-grass, Cardamine
antiscorbutica, and the wild celery, Apium antarcticum, probably
contain antiscorbutic qualities, which may be of great benefit to the
crews of such ships as shall hereafter touch at this place, the
following short description is inserted:
The scurvy-grass will be found in plenty in damp places, near
springs of water, and, in general, in all places that lie near the
beach, especially at the watering-place in the Bay of Good Success:
when it is young, the state of its greatest perfection, it lies flat upon
the ground, having many leaves of a bright green, standing in pairs
opposite to each other, with a single one at the end, which generally
makes the fifth upon a foot-stalk. The plant, passing from this state,
shoots up in stalks that are sometimes two feet high, at the top of
which are small white blossoms, and these are succeeded by long
pods: the whole plant greatly resembles that which in England is
called Lady’s smock, or Cuckow-flower. The wild celery is very like
the celery in our gardens, the flowers are white, and stand in the
same manner, in small tufts at the top of the branches, but the
leaves are of a deeper green. It grows in great abundance near the
beach, and generally upon the soil that lies next above the spring
tides. It may, indeed, easily be known by the taste, which is between
that of celery and parsley. We used the celery in large quantities,
particularly in our soup, which, thus medicated, produced the same
good effects which seamen generally derive from a vegetable diet,
after having been long confined to salt provisions.
On Sunday the 22d of January, about two o’clock in the morning,
having got our wood and water on board, we sailed out of the bay,
and continued our course through the Streight.
 CHAP. VI.

A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE S. E. PART OF

TERRA DEL FUEGO, AND THE STREIGHT OF LE
MAIRE; WITH SOME REMARKS ON LORD ANSON’S
ACCOUNT OF THEM, AND DIRECTIONS FOR THE
PASSAGE WESTWARD, ROUND THIS PART OF
AMERICA, INTO THE SOUTH SEAS.

A lmost all writers who have mentioned the island of Terra del
Fuego, describe it as destitute of wood, and covered with snow. In
the winter it may possibly be covered with snow, and those who saw
it at that season might, perhaps, be easily deceived, by its
appearance, into an opinion that it was destitute of wood. Lord
Anson was there in the beginning of March, which answers to our
September, and we were there the beginning of January, which
answers to our July; which may account for the difference of his
description of it from ours. We fell in with it about twenty-one
leagues to the westward of the Streight of Le Maire, and from the
time that we first saw it, trees were plainly to be distinguished with
our glasses: and as we came nearer, though here and there we
discovered patches of snow, the sides of the hills and the sea coast
appeared to be covered with a beautiful verdure. The hills are lofty,
but not mountainous, though the summits of them are quite naked.
The soil in the valleys is rich, and of a considerable depth: and at the
foot of almost every hill there is a brook, the water of which has a
reddish hue, like that which runs through our turf bogs in England;
but it is by no means ill tasted, and, upon the whole, proved to be
the best that we took in during our voyage. We ranged the coast to
the Streight, and had soundings all the way from forty to twenty
fathom upon a gravelly and sandy bottom. The most remarkable
land on Terra del Fuego is a hill in the form of a sugar-loaf, which
stands on the west side not far from the sea; and the three hills,
called the Three Brothers, about nine miles to the westward of Cape
St. Diego, the low point that forms the north entrance of the Streight
of Le Maire.
It is said in the account of Lord Anson’s voyage, that it is difficult
to determine exactly where the Streight lies, though the appearance
of Terra del Fuego be well known, without knowing also the
appearance of Staten Land; and that some navigators have been
deceived by three hills on Staten Land, which have been mistaken
for the Three Brothers on Terra del Fuego, and so over-shot the
Streight. But no ship can possibly miss the Streight that coasts Terra
del Fuego within sight of land, for it will then of itself be sufficiently
conspicuous; and Staten Land, which forms the east side, will be still
more manifestly distinguished, for there is no land on Terra del
Fuego like it. The Streight of Le Maire can be missed only by
standing too far to the eastward, without keeping the land of Terra
del Fuego in sight: if this is done, it may be missed, however
accurately the appearance of the coast of Staten Land may have
been exhibited; and if this is not done, it cannot be missed, though
the appearance of that coast be not known. The entrance of the
Streight should not be attempted but with a fair wind and moderate
weather, and upon the very beginning of the tide of flood, which
happens here at the full and change of the moon, about one or two
o’clock; it is also best to keep as near to the Terra del Fuego shore
as the winds will admit. By attending to these particulars, a ship may
be got quite through the Streight in one tide; or, at least, to the
southward of Success Bay, into which it will be more prudent to put,
if the wind should be southerly, than to attempt the weathering of
Staten Land with a lee wind and a current, which may endanger her
being driven on that island.
 The Streight itself, which is bounded on the west by Terra del
Fuego, and on the east by the west end of Staten Land, is about five
leagues long, and as many broad. The Bay of Good Success lies
about the middle of it, on the Terra del Fuego side, and is discovered
immediately upon entering the Streight from the northward: and the
south head of it may be distinguished by a mark on the land, that
has the appearance of a broad road, leading up from the sea into
the country: at the entrance it is half a league wide, and runs in
westward about two miles and a half. There is good anchorage in
every part of it, in from ten to seven fathom, clear ground; and it
affords plenty of exceeding good wood and water. The tides flow in
the Bay, at the full and change of the moon, about four or five
o’clock, and rise about five or six feet perpendicular. But the flood
runs two or three hours longer in the Streight than in the Bay; and
the ebb, or northerly current, runs with near double the strength of
the flood.
In the appearance of Staten Land, we did not discover the
wildness and horror that is ascribed to it in the account of Lord
Anson’s voyage. On the north side are the appearances of bays or
harbours; and the land, when we saw it, was neither destitute of
wood nor verdure, nor covered with snow. The island seems to be
about twelve leagues in length, and five broad.
On the west side of the Cape of Good Success, which forms the S.
W. entrance of the Streight, lies Valentine’s Bay, of which we only
saw the entrance; from this bay the land trends away to the W. S.
W. for twenty or thirty leagues; it appears to be high and
mountainous, and forms several bays and inlets.
At the distance of fourteen leagues from the Bay of Good Success,
in the direction of S. W. ½ W. and between two and three leagues
from the shore, lies New Island. It is about two leagues in length
from N. E. to S. W. and terminates to the N. E. in a remarkable
hillock. At the distance of seven leagues from New Island, in the
direction of S. W. lies the Isle Evouts; and a little to the W. of the
south of this island lie Barnevelt’s two small flat islands, close to
each other; they are partly surrounded with rocks, which rise to
different heights above the water, and lie twenty-four leagues from
the Streight of Le Maire. At the distance of three leagues from
Barnevelt’s islands, in the direction of S. W. by S. lies the S. E. point
of Hermit’s islands: these islands lie S. E. and N. W., and are pretty
high: from most points of view they will be taken for one island, or a
part of the main.
From the S. E. point of Hermit’s islands to Cape Horn the course is
S. W. by S., distance three leagues.
The appearance of this Cape and Hermit’s islands is represented in
the chart of this coast, from our first making land to the Cape, which
includes the Streight of Le Maire, and part of Staten Land. In this
chart I have laid down no land, nor traced out any shore but what I
saw myself, and thus far it may be depended upon: the bays and
inlets, of which we saw only the openings, are not traced; it can,
however, scarcely be doubted, but that most, if not all of them,
afford anchorage, wood, and water. The Dutch squadron,
commanded by Hermit, certainly put into some of them in the year
1624. And it was Chapenham, the Vice-Admiral of this squadron,
who first discovered that the land of Cape Horn consisted of a
number of islands. The account, however, which those who sailed in
Hermit’s fleet have given of these parts is extremely defective; and
those of Schouton and Le Maire are still worse. It is therefore no
wonder that the charts hitherto published should be erroneous, not
only in laying down the land, but in the latitude and longitude of the
places they contain. I will, however, venture to assert, that the
longitude of few parts of the world is better ascertained than that of
the Streight of Le Maire, and Cape Horn, in the chart now offered to
the public, as it was laid down by several observations of the sun
and moon, that were made both by myself and Mr. Green.
The variation of the compass on this coast I found to be from 23°
to 25° E. except near Barnevelt’s islands and Cape Horn, where we
found it less, and unsettled: probably it is disturbed here by the
land, as Hermit’s squadron, in this very place, found all their
compasses differ from each other. The declination of the dipping-
needle, when set upon shore in Success Bay, was 68° 15ʹ below the
horizon.
Between Streight Le Maire and Cape Horn we found a current
setting, generally very strong, to the N. E. when we were in with the
shore; but lost it when we were at the distance of fifteen or twenty
leagues.
On the 26th January, we took our departure from Cape Horn,
which lies in latitude 55° 53ʹ S. longitude, 68° 13ʹ W. The farthest
southern latitude that we made was 60° 10ʹ, our longitude was then
74° 30ʹ W.; and we found the variation of the compass, by the mean
of eighteen azimuths, to be 27° 9ʹ E. As the weather was frequently
calm, Mr. Banks went out in a small boat to shoot birds, among
which were some albatrosses and sheerwaters. The albatrosses were
observed to be larger than those which had been taken northward of
the Streight; one of them measured ten feet two inches from the tip
of one wing to that of the other, when they were extended: the
sheerwater, on the contrary, is less, and darker coloured on the
back. The albatrosses we skinned, and having soaked them in salt-
water till the morning, we parboiled them, then throwing away the
liquor, stewed them in a very little fresh water till they were tender,
and had them served up with savoury sauce; thus dressed, the dish
was universally commended, and we eat of it very heartily even
when there was fresh pork upon the table.
From a variety of observations which were made with great care,
it appeared probable in the highest degree, that, from the time of
our leaving the land to the 13th of February, when we were in
latitude 49° 32ʹ, and longitude 90° 37ʹ, we had no current to the
west.
At this time we had advanced about 12° to the westward, and 3
and ½ to the northward of the Streight of Magellan; having been
just three and thirty days in coming round the land of Terra del
Fuego, or Cape Horn, from the east entrance of the Streight to this
situation. And though the doubling of Cape Horn is so much
dreaded, that, in the general opinion, it is more eligible to pass
through the Streight of Magellan, we were not once brought under
our close-reef’d topsails after we left the Streight of Le Maire. The
Dolphin, in her last voyage, which she performed at the same
season of the year with ours, was three months in getting through
the Streight of Magellan, exclusive of the time that she lay in Port
Famine; and I am persuaded, from the winds we had, that if we had
come by that passage, we should not at this time have been in these
seas; that our people would have been fatigued, and our anchors,
cables, sails and rigging much damaged; neither of which
inconveniencies we had now suffered. But supposing it more eligible
to go round the Cape, than through the Streight of Magellan; it may
still be questioned, whether it is better to go through the Streight of
Le Maire, or stand to the eastward, and go round Staten Land. The
advice given in the Account of Lord Anson’s voyage is, “That all ships
bound to the South Seas, instead of passing through the Streight of
Le Maire, should constantly pass to the eastward of Staten Land,
and should be invariably bent on running to the southward as far as
the latitude of 61 or 62 degrees, before they endeavour to stand to
the westward.” But, in my opinion, different circumstances may at
one time render it eligible to pass through the Streight, and to keep
to the eastward of Staten Land at another. If the land is fallen in
with to the westward of the Streight, and the wind is favourable for
going through, I think it would be very injudicious to lose time by
going round Staten Land, as I am confident that, by attending to the
directions which I have given, the Streight may be passed with the
utmost safety and convenience. But if, on the contrary, the land is
fallen in with to the eastward of the Streight, and the wind should
prove tempestuous or unfavourable, I think it would be best to go
round Staten Land. But I cannot in any case concur in
recommending the running into the latitude of 61 or 62, before any
endeavour is made to stand to the westward. We found neither the
current nor the storms which the running so far to the southward is
supposed necessary to avoid; and, indeed, as the winds almost
constantly blow from that quarter, it is scarcely possible to pursue
the advice. The navigator has no choice but to stand to the
southward, close upon a wind, and by keeping upon that tack, he
will not only make southing, but westing; and, if the wind varies
towards the north of the west, his westing will be considerable. It
will, indeed, be highly proper to make sure of a westing sufficient to
double all the lands, before an attempt is made to stand to the
northward, and to this every man’s own prudence will of necessity
direct him.
We now began to have strong gales and heavy seas, with irregular
intervals of calm and fine weather.
 CHAP. VII.

THE SEQUEL OF THE PASSAGE FROM CAPE HORN

TO THE NEWLY DISCOVERED ISLANDS IN THE
SOUTH SEAS, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THEIR
FIGURE AND APPEARANCE; SOME ACCOUNT OF THE
INHABITANTS, AND SEVERAL INCIDENTS THAT
HAPPENED DURING THE COURSE, AND AT THE
SHIP’S ARRIVAL AMONG THEM.

O n the first of March, we were in latitude 38° 44ʹ S. and longitude

110° 33ʹ W. both by observation and by the log. This agreement,
after a run of 660 leagues, was thought to be very extraordinary;
and is a demonstration, that after we left the land of Cape Horn we
had no current that affected the ship. It renders it also highly
probable, that we had been near no land of any considerable extent;
for currents are always found when land is not remote, and
sometimes, particularly on the east side of the continent in the North
Sea, when land has been distant 100 leagues.
Many birds, as usual, were constantly about the ship, so that Mr.
Banks killed no less than 62 in one day; and what is more
remarkable, he caught two forest flies, both of them of the same
species, but different from any that have hitherto been described;
these probably belonged to the birds, and came with them from the
land, which we judged to be at a great distance. Mr. Banks also,
about this time, found a large cuttle-fish, which had just been killed
by the birds, floating in a mangled condition upon the water; it is
very different from the cuttle-fishes that are found in the European
seas; for its arms, instead of suckers, were furnished with a double
row of very sharp talons, which resemble those of a cat, and, like
them, were retractable into a sheath of skin, from which they might
be thrust at pleasure. Of this cuttle-fish we made one of the best
soups we had ever tasted.
The albatrosses now began to leave us, and after the 8th there
was not one to be seen. We continued our course without any
memorable event till the 24th, when some of the people who were
upon the watch in the night, reported that they saw a log of wood
pass by the ship; and that the sea, which was rather rough, became
suddenly as smooth as a mill pond. It was a general opinion that
there was land to windward; but I did not think myself at liberty to
search for what I was not sure to find; though I judged we were not
far from the islands that were discovered by Quiros in 1606. Our
latitude was 22° 11ʹ S. and longitude 127° 55ʹ W.
On the 25th, about noon, one of the marines, a young fellow
about twenty, was placed as centry at the cabin-door; while he was
upon this duty, one of my servants was at the same place preparing
to cut a piece of seal-skin into tobacco pouches: he had promised
one to several of the men, but had refused one to this young fellow,
though he had asked him several times; upon which he jocularly
threatened to steal one, if it should be in his power. It happened that
the servant being called hastily away, gave the skin in charge to the
centinel, without regarding what had passed between them. The
centinel immediately secured a piece of the skin, which the other
missing at his return, grew angry; but after some altercation,
contented himself with taking it away, declaring that, for so trifling
an affair, he would not complain of him to the officers. But it
happened that one of his fellow-soldiers, over-hearing the dispute,
came to the knowledge of what had happened, and told it to the
rest; who, taking it into their heads to stand up for the honour of
their corps, reproached the offender with great bitterness, and
reviled him in the most opprobrious terms; they exaggerated his
offence into a crime of the deepest dye; they said it was a theft by a
centry when he was upon duty, and of a thing that had been
committed to his trust; they declared it a disgrace to associate with
him; and the serjeant, in particular, said that, if the person from
whom the skin had been stolen would not complain, he would
complain himself; for that his honour would suffer if the offender
was not punished. From the scoffs and reproaches of these men of
honour, the poor young fellow retired to his hammock in an agony of
confusion and shame. The serjeant soon after went to him, and
ordered him to follow him to the deck: he obeyed without reply; but
it being in the dusk of the evening, he slipped from the serjeant and
went forward: he was seen by some of the people, who thought he
was gone to the head; but a search being made for him afterwards,
it was found that he had thrown himself overboard; and I was then
first made acquainted with the theft and its circumstances.
The loss of this man was the more regretted as he was
remarkably quiet and industrious, and as the very action that put an
end to his life was a proof of an ingenuous mind; for to such only
disgrace is insupportable.
On Tuesday the 4th of April, about ten o’clock in the morning, Mr.
Banks’s servant, Peter Briscoe, discovered land, bearing south, at the
distance of about three or four leagues. I immediately hauled up for
it, and found it to be an island of an oval form, with a lagoon in the
middle, which occupied much the larger part of it; the border of land
which circumscribes the lagoon is in many places very low and
narrow, particularly on the south side, where it consists principally of
a beach or reef of rocks. It has the same appearance also in three
places on the north side; so that the firm land being disjoined, the
whole looks like many islands covered with wood. On the west end
of the island is a large tree, or clump of trees, that in appearance
resembles a tower; and about the middle are two cocoa-nut trees,
which rise above all the rest, and, as we came near to the island,
appeared like a flag. We approached it on the north side, and
though we came within a mile, we found no bottom with 130 fathom
of line, nor did there appear to be any anchorage about it. The
whole is covered with trees of different verdure, but we could
distinguish none, even with our glasses, except cocoa-nuts and
palm-nuts. We saw several of the natives upon the shore, and
counted four and twenty. They appeared to be tall, and to have
heads remarkably large; perhaps they had something wound round
them which we could not distinguish; they were of a copper colour,
and had long black hair. Eleven of them walked along the beach
abreast of the ship, with poles or pikes in their hands which reached
twice as high as themselves. While they walked on the beach they
seemed to be naked; but soon after they retired, which they did as
soon as the ship had passed the island, they covered themselves
with something that made them appear of a light colour. Their
habitations were under some clumps of palm-nut trees, which at a
distance appeared like high ground; and to us, who for a long time
had seen nothing but water and sky, except the dreary hills of Terra
del Fuego, these groves seemed a terrestrial paradise. To this spot,
which lies in latitude 18° 47ʺ S., and longitude 139° 28ʹ W. we gave
the name of Lagoon Island. The variation of the needle here is 2° 54ʹ
E.
About one o’clock we made sail to the westward, and about half
an hour after three we saw land again to the N. W. We got up with it
at sunset, and it proved to be a low woody island, of a circular form,
and not much above a mile in compass. We discovered no
inhabitants, nor could we distinguish any cocoa-nut trees, though we
were within half a mile of the shore. The land, however, was covered
with verdure of many hues. It lies in latitude 18° 35ʹ S., and
longitude 139° 48ʹ W., and is distant from Lagoon Island, in the
direction of N. 62 W., about seven leagues. We called it Thrumb-Cap. I
discovered by the appearance of the shore, that at this place it was
low water; and I had observed at Lagoon Island, that it was either
high water, or that the sea neither ebbed nor flowed. I infer,
therefore, that a S. by E. or S. moon makes high water.
We went on with a fine trade-wind and pleasant weather, and on
the 5th, about three in the afternoon, we discovered land to the
westward. It proved to be a low island of much greater extent than
either of those that we had seen before, being about ten or twelve
leagues in compass. Several of us remained at the mast-head the
whole evening, admiring its extraordinary figure: it was shaped
exactly like a bow, the arch and cord of which were land, and the
space between them water: the cord was a flat beach, without any
signs of vegetation, having nothing upon it but heaps of sea-weed,
which lay in different ridges, as higher or lower tides had left them.
It appeared to be about three or four leagues long, and not more
than two hundred yards wide; but as a horizontal plane is always
seen in perspective, and greatly foreshortened, it is certainly much
wider than it appeared: the horns, or extremities of the bow, were
two large tufts of cocoa-nut trees; and much the greater part of the
arch was covered with trees of different height, figure, and hue; in
some parts, however, it was naked and low, like the cord. Some of
us thought they discovered openings through the cord, into the pool
or lake, that was included between that and the bow; but whether
there were or were not such openings is uncertain. We sailed
abreast of the low beach or bow-string, within less than a league of
the shore, till sunset, and we then judged ourselves to be about
half-way between the two horns. Here we brought to, and sounded,
but found no bottom with one hundred and thirty fathom; and, as it
is dark almost instantly after sunset in these latitudes, we suddenly
lost sight of the land, and making sail again, before the line was well
hauled in, we steered by the sound of the breakers, which were
distinctly heard till we got clear of the coast.
We knew this island to be inhabited, by smoke which we saw in
different parts of it, and we gave it the name of Bow Island. Mr. Gore,
my second lieutenant, said, after we had sailed by the island, that he
had seen several of the natives, under the first clump of trees, from
the deck; that he had distinguished their houses, and seen several
canoes hauled up under the shade; but in this he was more
fortunate than any other person on board. The east end of this
island, which, from its figure, we called the Bow, lies in latitude 18°
23ʹ S., and longitude 141° 12ʹ W.; we observed the variation of the
compass to be 5° 38ʹ E.
 On the next day, Thursday the 6th, about noon, we saw land
again to the westward, and came up with it about three. It appeared
to be two islands, or rather groups of islands, extending from N. W.
by N. to S. E. by S. about nine leagues. Of these, the two largest
were separated from each other by a channel of about half a mile
broad, and were severally surrounded by smaller islands, to which
they were joined by reefs that lay under water.
These islands were long narrow strips of land, ranging in all
directions, some of them ten miles or upwards in length, but none
more than a quarter of a mile broad, and upon all of them there
were trees of various kinds, particularly the cocoa-nut. The south-
eastermost of them lies in the latitude of 18° 12ʹ S. and longitude
142° 42ʹ W., and at the distance of twenty-five leagues in the
direction of W. ½ N. from the west end of Bow Island. We ranged
along the S. W. side of this island, and hauled into a bay which lies
to the N. W. of the southermost point of the Group, where there was
a smooth sea, and the appearance of anchorage, without much surf
on the shore. We sounded, but we found no bottom with one
hundred fathom, at the distance of no more than three quarters of a
mile from the beach; and I did not think it prudent to go nearer.
While this was doing, several of the inhabitants assembled upon
the shore, and some came out in their canoes as far as the reefs,
but would not pass them. When we saw this, we ranged, with an
easy sail, along the shore; but just as we were passing the end of
the island, six men, who had for some time kept abreast of the ship,
suddenly launched two canoes with great quickness and dexterity,
and three of them getting into each, they put off, as we imagined,
with a design to come on board us; the ship was therefore brought
to, but they, like their fellows, stopped at the reef. We did not,
however, immediately make sail, as we observed two messengers
dispatched to them from the other canoes, which were of a much
larger size. We perceived that these messengers made great
expedition, wading and swimming along the reef; at length they
met, and the men on board the canoes making no dispositions to
pass the reef, after having received the message, we judged that
they had resolved to come no farther. After waiting, therefore, some
little time longer, we stood off; but when we were got about two or
three miles from the shore, we perceived some of the natives
following us in a canoe with a sail. We did not, however, think it
worth while to wait for her, and though she had passed the reef, she
soon after gave over the chace.
According to the best judgment that we could form of the people
when we were nearest the shore, they were about our size, and
well-made. They were of a brown-complexion, and appeared to be
naked; their hair, which was black, was confined by a fillet that went
round the head, and stuck out behind like a bush. The greater part
of them carried in their hands two weapons; one of them was a
slender pole, from ten to fourteen feet long, on one end of which
was a small knob, not unlike the point of a spear; the other was
about four feet long, and shaped like a paddle, and possibly might
be so, for some of their canoes were very small: those which we saw
them launch seemed not intended to carry more than the three men
that got into them: we saw others that had on board six or seven
men, and one of them hoisted a sail which did not seem to reach
more than six feet above the gun-wale of the boat, and which, upon
the falling of a slight shower, was taken down and converted into an
awning or tilt. The canoe which followed us to sea hoisted a sail not
unlike an English lug-sail, and almost as lofty as an English boat of
the same size would have carried.
The people, who kept abreast of the ship on the beach, made
many signals; but whether they were intended to frighten us away,
or invite us on shore, it is not easy to determine: we returned them
by waving our hats and shouting, and they replied by shouting
again. We did not put their disposition to the test, by attempting to
land; because, as the island was inconsiderable, and as we wanted
nothing that it could afford, we thought it imprudent as well as cruel
to risk a contest, in which the natives must have suffered by our
superiority, merely to gratify an idle curiosity; especially as we
expected soon to fall in with the island where we had been directed
to make our astronomical observation, the inhabitants of which
would probably admit us without opposition, as they were already
acquainted with our strength, and might also procure us a ready and
peaceable reception among the neighbouring people, if we should
desire it.
To these islands we gave the name of The Groups.
On the 7th, about half an hour after six in the morning, being just
at day-break, we discovered another island to the northward, which
we judged to be about four miles in circumference. The land lay very
low, and there was a piece of water in the middle of it; there
seemed to be some wood upon it, and it looked green and pleasant;
but we saw neither cocoa-trees nor inhabitants: it abounded,
however, with birds, and we therefore gave it the name of Bird
Island.
It lies in latitude 17° 48ʹ S. and longitude 143° 35ʹ W. at the
distance of ten leagues, in the direction W. ½ N. from the west end
of the Groups. The variation here was 6° 32ʹ E.
On the 8th, about two o’clock in the afternoon, we saw land to the
northward, and about sunset came abreast of it, at about the
distance of two leagues. It appeared to be a double range of low
woody islands joined together by reefs, so as to form one island, in
the form of an ellipsis or oval, with a lake in the middle of it. The
small islands and reefs that circumscribe the lake have the
appearance of a chain, and we therefore gave it the name of Chain
Island. Its length seemed to be about five leagues, in the direction of
N. W. and S. E., and its breadth about five miles. The trees upon it
appeared to be large, and we saw smoke rising in different parts of
it from among them, a certain sign that it was inhabited. The middle
of it lies in latitude 17° 23ʹ S. and longitude 145° 54ʹ W., and is
distant from Bird Island forty-five leagues, in the direction of W. by
N. The variation here was, by several azimuths, found to be 4° 54ʹ
E.
On the 10th, having had a tempestuous night with thunder and
rain, the weather was hazy till about nine o’clock in the morning,
when it cleared up, and we saw the island to which Captain Wallis,
who first discovered it, gave the name of Osnaburgh Island, called
by the natives Maitea, bearing N. W. by W. distant about five
leagues. It is a high round island, not above a league in circuit; in
some parts it is covered with trees, and in others a naked rock. In
this direction it looked like a high-crowned hat; but when it bears
north, the top of it has more the appearance of the roof of a house.
We made its latitude to be 17° 48ʹ S. its longitude 148° 10ʹ W., and
its distance from Chain Island forty-four leagues, in the direction of
W. by S.
 CHAP. VIII.

THE ARRIVAL OF THE ENDEAVOUR AT OTAHEITE,

CALLED BY CAPTAIN WALLIS KING GEORGE THE
THIRD’S ISLAND.—RULES ESTABLISHED FOR
TRAFFIC WITH THE NATIVES, AND AN ACCOUNT OF
SEVERAL INCIDENTS WHICH HAPPENED IN A VISIT
TO TOOTAHAH AND TOUBOURAI TAMAIDA, TWO
CHIEFS.

A boutone o’clock, on Monday the 10th of April, some of the people

who were looking out for the island to which we were bound, said
they saw land a-head, in that part of the horizon where it was
expected to appear; but it was so faint that whether there was land
in sight or not, remained a matter of dispute till sunset. The next
morning, however, at six o’clock, we were convinced that those who
said they had discovered land were not mistaken; it appeared to be
very high and mountainous, extending from W. by S. ½ S. to W. by
N. ½ N., and we knew it to be the same that Captain Wallis had
called King George the Third’s Island. We were delayed in our
approach to it by light airs and calms, so that in the morning of the
12th we were but little nearer than we had been the night before;
but about seven a breeze sprung up, and before eleven several
canoes were seen making towards the ship: there were but few of
them, however, that would come near; and the people in those that
did could not be persuaded to come on board. In every canoe there
were young plantains, and branches of a tree which the Indians call
E’ Midho: these, as we afterwards learnt, were brought as tokens of
peace and amity; and the people in one of the canoes handed them
up the ship’s side, making signals at the same time with great
earnestness, which we did not immediately understand; at length we
guessed that they wished these symbols should be placed in some
conspicuous part of the ship; we, therefore, immediately stuck them
among the rigging, at which they expressed the greatest
satisfaction. We then purchased their cargoes, consisting of cocoa-
nuts, and various kinds of fruit, which, after our long voyage, were
very acceptable.

The Island of Otaheite.

We stood on with an easy sail all night, with soundings from

twenty-two fathom to twelve, and about seven o’clock in the
morning we came to an anchor in thirteen fathom, in Port-royal Bay,
called by the natives Matavai. We were immediately surrounded by
the natives in their canoes, who gave us cocoa-nuts, fruit resembling
apples, bread-fruit, and some small fishes, in exchange for beads
and other trifles. They had with them a pig, which they would not
part with for any thing but a hatchet, and therefore we refused to
purchase it; because if we gave them a hatchet for a pig now, we
knew they would never afterwards sell one for less, and we could
not afford to buy as many as it was probable we should want at that
price. The bread-fruit grows on a tree that is about the size of a
middling oak: its leaves are frequently a foot and a half long, of an
oblong shape, deeply sinuated like those of the fig-tree, which they
resemble in consistence and colour, and in the exuding of a white
milky juice upon being broken. The fruit is about the size and shape
of a child’s head, and the surface is reticulated, not much unlike a
truffle: it is covered with a thin skin, and has a core about as big as
the handle of a small knife: the eatable part lies between the skin
and the core: it is as white as snow, and somewhat of the
consistence of new bread: it must be roasted before it is eaten,
being first divided into three or four parts: its taste is insipid, with a
slight sweetness, somewhat resembling that of the crumb of
wheaten-bread mixed with a Jerusalem artichoke.
Among others who came off to the ship was an elderly man,
whose name, as we learnt afterwards, was Owhaw and who was
immediately known to Mr. Gore, and several others who had been
here with Captain Wallis. As I was informed that he had been very
useful to them, I took him on board the ship with some others, and
was particularly attentive to gratify him, as I hoped he might also be
useful to us.
As our stay here was not likely to be very short, and as it was
necessary that the merchandize which we had brought for traffic
with the natives should not diminish in its value, which it would
certainly have done if every person had been left at liberty to give
what he pleased for such things as he should purchase; at the same
time, that confusion and quarrels must necessarily have arisen from
there being no standard at market, I drew up the following rules,
and ordered that they should be punctually observed:—
Rules to be observed by every Person in or belonging to His
Majesty’s Bark the Endeavour, for the better establishing a regular
and uniform Trade for Provision, &c. with the Inhabitants of
George’s Island.
“I. To endeavour, by every fair means, to cultivate a friendship
with the natives; and to treat them with all imaginable humanity.
“II. A proper person or persons will be appointed to trade with the
natives for all manner of provisions, fruit, and other productions of
the earth; and no officer or seaman, or other person belonging to
the ship, excepting such as are so appointed, shall trade or offer to
trade for any sort of provision, fruit, or other productions of the
earth, unless they have leave so to do.
“III. Every person employed on shore, on any duty whatsoever, is
strictly to attend to the same; and if by any neglect he loseth any of
his arms, or working tools, or suffers them to be stolen, the full
value thereof will be charged against his pay, according to the
custom of the navy in such cases; and he shall receive such farther
punishment as the nature of the offence may deserve.
“IV. The same penalty will be inflicted on every person who is
found to embezzle, trade, or offer to trade, with any part of the
ship’s stores of what nature soever.
“V. No sort of iron, or any thing that is made of iron, or any sort of
cloth, or other useful or necessary articles, are to be given in
exchange for any thing but provision.
“J. Cook.”
As soon as the ship was properly secured, I went on shore with
Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander, a party of men under arms, and our
friend Owhaw. We were received from the boat by some hundreds of
the inhabitants, whose looks at least gave us welcome, though they
were struck with such awe, that the first who approached us
crouched so low that he almost crept upon his hands and knees. It is
remarkable that he, like the people in the canoes, presented to us
the same symbol of peace that is known to have been in use among
the ancient and mighty nations of the northern hemisphere, the
green branch of a tree. We received it with looks and gestures of
kindness and satisfaction; and observing that each of them held one
in his hand, we immediately gathered every one a bough, and
carried it in our hands in the same manner.
They marched with us about half a mile towards the place where
the Dolphin had watered, conducted by Owhaw; they then made a
full stop, and having laid the ground bare, by clearing away all the
plants that grew upon it, the principal persons among them threw
their green branches upon the naked spot, and made signs that we
should do the same; we immediately showed our readiness to
comply, and to give a greater solemnity to the rite, the marines were
drawn up, and marching in order, each dropped his bough upon
those of the Indians, and we followed their example. We then
proceeded, and when we came to the watering-place it was
intimated to us by signs, that we might occupy that ground, but it
happened not to be fit for our purpose. During our walk, they had
shaken off their first timid sense of our superiority, and were become
familiar: they went with us from the watering-place and took a
circuit through the woods; as we went along, we distributed beads
and other small presents among them, and had the satisfaction to
see that they were much gratified. Our circuit was not less than four
or five miles, through groves of trees, which were loaded with
cocoa-nuts and bread-fruit, and afforded the most grateful shade.
Under these trees were the habitations of the people, most of them
being only a roof without walls, and the whole scene realised the
poetical fables of Arcadia. We remarked, however, not without some
regret, that in all our walk we had seen only two hogs, and not a
single fowl. Those of our company who had been here with the
Dolphin told us, that none of the people whom we had yet seen
were of the first class: they suspected that the chiefs had removed;
and upon carrying us to the place where what they called the
Queen’s palace had stood, we found that no traces of it were left.
We determined therefore to return in the morning, and endeavour to
find out the noblesse in their retreats.
 In the morning, however, before we could leave the ship, several
canoes came about us, most of them from the westward, and two of
them were filled with people, who, by their dress and deportment,
appeared to be of a superior rank: two of these came on board, and
each singled out his friend; one of them, whose name we found to
be Matahah, fixed upon Mr. Banks, and the other upon me: this
ceremony consisted in taking off great part of their clothes and
putting them upon us. In return for this, we presented each of them
with a hatchet and some beads. Soon after they made signs for us
to go with them to the places where they lived, pointing to the S.
W.; and as I was desirous of finding a more commodious harbour,
and making farther trial of the disposition of the people, I
consented.
I ordered out two boats, and with Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander, the
other gentlemen, and our two Indian friends, we embarked for our
expedition. After rowing about a league, they made signs that we
should go on shore, and gave us to understand that this was the
place of their residence. We accordingly landed, among several
hundreds of the natives, who conducted us into a house of much
greater length than any we had seen. When we entered, we saw a
middle-aged man, whose name was afterwards discovered to be
Tootahah: mats were immediately spread, and we were desired to sit
down over against him. Soon after we were seated, he ordered a
cock and hen to be brought out, which he presented to Mr. Banks
and me: we accepted the present; and in a short time each of us
received a piece of cloth, perfumed after their manner, by no means
disagreeably, which they took great pains to make us remark. The
piece presented to Mr. Banks was eleven yards long and two wide; in
return for which, he gave a laced silk neckcloth, which he happened
to have on, and a linen pocket handkerchief: Tootahah immediately
dressed himself in this new finery, with an air of perfect complacency
and satisfaction. But it is now time that I should take some notice of
the ladies.
Soon after the interchanging of our presents with Tootahah, they
attended us to several large houses, in which we walked about with
great freedom: they showed us all the civility of which, in our
situation, we could accept; and, on their part, seemed to have no
scruple that would have prevented its being carried farther. The
houses, which, as I have observed before, are all open, except a
roof, afforded no place of retirement; but the ladies, by frequently
pointing to the mats upon the ground, and sometimes seating
themselves and drawing us down upon them, left us no room to
doubt of their being much less jealous of observation than we were.
We now took leave of our friendly chief, and directed our course
along the shore. When we had walked about a mile, we met, at the
head of a great number of people, another chief, whose name was
Toubourai Tamaide, with whom we were also to ratify a treaty of
peace, with the ceremony of which we were now become better
acquainted. Having received the branch which he presented to us,
and given another in return, we laid our hands upon our left breasts,
and pronounced the word Taio, which we supposed to signify friend;
the chief then gave us to understand, that if we chose to eat, he had
victuals ready for us. We accepted his offer, and dined very heartily
upon fish, bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts, and plantains, dressed after their
manner: they eat some of their fish raw; and raw fish was offered to
us, but we declined that part of the entertainment.
During this visit a wife of our noble host, whose name was Tomio,
did Mr. Banks the honour to place herself upon the same mat, close
by him. Tomio was not in the first bloom of her youth, nor did she
appear to have been ever remarkable for her beauty; he did not,
therefore, I believe, pay her the most flattering attention: it
happened, too, as a farther mortification to this lady, that seeing a
very pretty girl among the crowd, he, not adverting to the dignity of
his companion, beckoned her to come to him: the girl, after some
entreaty, complied, and sat down on the other side of him: he
loaded her with beads, and every showy trifle that would please her:
his princess, though she was somewhat mortified at the preference
that was given to her rival, did not discontinue her civilities, but still
assiduously supplied him with the milk of the cocoa-nut, and such
other dainties as were in her reach. This scene might possibly have
become more curious and interesting, if it had not been suddenly
interrupted by an interlude of a more serious kind. Just at this time,
Dr. Solander and Mr. Monkhouse complained that their pockets had
been picked. Dr. Solander had lost an opera-glass in a shagreen
case, and Mr. Monkhouse his snuff-box. This incident unfortunately
put an end to the good humour of the company. Complaint of the
injury was made to the chief; and, to give it weight, Mr. Banks
started up, and hastily struck the but-end of his firelock upon the
ground: this action, and the noise that accompanied it, struck the
whole assembly with a panic; and every one of the natives ran out
of the house with the utmost precipitation, except the chief, three
women, and two or three others, who appeared by their dress to be
of a superior rank.
The chief, with a mixture of confusion and concern, took Mr. Banks
by the hand, and led him to a large quantity of cloth, which lay at
the other end of the house: this he offered to him piece by piece,
intimating by signs, that if that would atone for the wrong which had
been done, he might take any part of it, or, if he pleased, the whole.
Mr. Banks put it by, and gave him to understand, that he wanted
nothing but what had been dishonestly taken away. Toubourai
Tamaide then went hastily out, leaving Mr. Banks with his wife
Tomio, who, during the whole scene of terror and confusion, had
kept constantly at his side, and intimating his desire that he should
wait there till his return. Mr. Banks accordingly sat down, and
conversed with her, as well as he could by signs, about half an hour.
The chief then came back with the snuff-box and the case of the
opera-glass in his hand, and, with a joy in his countenance that was
painted with a strength of expression which distinguishes these
people from all others, delivered them to the owners. The case of
the opera-glass, however, upon being opened, was found to be
empty; upon this discovery, his countenance changed in a moment;
and catching Mr. Banks again by the hand, he rushed out of the
house, without uttering any sound, and led him along the shore,
walking with great rapidity: when they had got about a mile from
the house, a woman met him and gave him a piece of cloth, which
he hastily took from her, and continued to press forward with it in his
hand. Dr. Solander and Mr. Monkhouse had followed them, and they
came at length to a house where they were received by a woman, to
whom he gave the cloth, and intimated to the gentlemen that they
should give her some beads. They immediately complied; and the
beads and cloth being deposited upon the floor, the woman went
out, and in about half an hour returned with the opera-glass,
expressing the same joy upon the occasion that had before been
expressed by the chief. The beads were now returned, with an
inflexible resolution not to accept them; and the cloth was, with the
same pertinacity, forced upon Dr. Solander, as a recompence for the
injury that had been done him. He could not avoid accepting the
cloth, but insisted in his turn upon giving a new present of beads to
the woman. It will not, perhaps, be easy to account for all the steps
that were taken in the recovery of this glass and snuff-box; but this
cannot be thought strange, considering that the scene of action was
among a people whose language, policy, and connections, are even
now but imperfectly known; upon the whole, however, they show an
intelligence and influence which would do honour to any system of
government, however regular and improved. In the evening, about
six o’clock, we returned to the ship.
 CHAP. IX.

A PLACE FIXED UPON FOR AN OBSERVATORY AND

FORT: AN EXCURSION INTO THE WOODS, AND ITS
CONSEQUENCES.—THE FORT ERECTED: A VISIT
FROM SEVERAL CHIEFS ON BOARD AND AT THE
FORT, WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF THE MUSIC OF
THE NATIVES, AND THE MANNER IN WHICH THEY
DISPOSE OF THEIR DEAD.

O n the next morning, Saturday the 15th, several of the chiefs

whom we had seen the day before came on board, and brought with
them hogs, bread-fruit, and other refreshments, for which we gave
them hatchets and linen, and such things as seemed to be most
acceptable.
As in my excursion to the westward, I had not found any more
convenient harbour than that in which we lay, I determined to go on
shore and fix upon some spot, commanded by the ship’s guns,
where I might throw up a small fort for our defence, and prepare for
making our astronomical observation.
I therefore took a party of men, and landed without delay,
accompanied by Mr. Banks, Dr. Solander, and the astronomer, Mr.
Green. We soon fixed upon a part of the sandy beach, on the N. E.
point of the bay, which was in every respect convenient for our
purpose, and not near any habitation of the natives. Having marked
out the ground that we intended to occupy, a small tent belonging to
Mr. Banks was set up, which had been brought on shore for that
purpose: by this time a great number of the people had gathered
about us; but, as it appeared, only to look on, there not being a
single weapon of any kind among them. I intimated, however, that
none of them were to come within the line I had drawn, except one
who appeared to be a chief, and Owhaw. To these two persons I
addressed myself by signs, and endeavoured to make them
understand, that we wanted the ground which we had marked out
to sleep upon for a certain number of nights, and that then we
should go away. Whether I was understood I cannot certainly
determine; but the people behaved with a deference and respect
that at once pleased and surprised us: they sat down peaceably
without the circle, and looked on, without giving us any interruption
till we had done, which was upwards of two hours. As we had seen
no poultry, and but two hogs, in our walk when we were last on
shore at this place, we suspected that, upon our arrival, they had
been driven farther up the country; and the rather, as Owhaw was
very importunate with us, by signs, not to go into the woods, which,
however, and partly for these reasons, we were determined to do.
Having therefore appointed the thirteen marines and a petty officer
to guard the tent, we set out, and a great number of the natives
joined our party. As we were crossing a little river that lay in our way
we saw some ducks, and Mr. Banks, as soon as he had got over,
fired at them, and happened to kill three at one shot: this struck
them with the utmost terror, so that most of them fell suddenly to
the ground, as if they also had been shot at the same discharge: it
was not long, however, before they recovered from their fright, and
we continued our route; but we had not gone far before we were
alarmed by the report of two pieces, which were fired by the guard
at the tent. We had then straggled a little distance from each other,
but Owhaw immediately called us together, and by waving his hand
sent away every Indian who followed us except three each of whom,
as a pledge of peace on their part, and an entreaty that there might
be peace on ours, hastily broke a branch from the trees, and came
to us with it in their hands. As we had too much reason to fear that
some mischief had happened, we hasted back to the tent, which
was not distant above half a mile, and when we came up, we found
it entirely deserted, except by our own people.
It appeared that one of the Indians who remained about the tent
after we left it had watched his opportunity, and, taking the sentry
unawares, had snatched away his musket. Upon this, the petty
officer, a midshipman, who commanded the party, perhaps from a
sudden fear of farther violence, perhaps from the natural petulance
of power newly acquired, and perhaps from a brutality in his nature,
ordered the marines to fire: the men, with as little consideration or
humanity as the officer, immediately discharged their pieces among
the thickest of the flying crowd, consisting of more than a hundred;
and observing that the thief did not fall, pursued him, and shot him
dead. We afterwards learnt that none of the others were either killed
or wounded.
Owhaw, who had never left us, observing that we were now
totally deserted, got together a few of those who had fled, though
not without some difficulty, and ranged them about us: we
endeavoured to justify our people as well as we could, and to
convince the Indians that if they did no wrong to us, we should do
no wrong to them: they went away without any appearance of
distrust or resentment; and having struck our tent, we returned to
the ship, but by no means satisfied with the transactions of the day.
Upon questioning our people more particularly, whose conduct
they soon perceived we could not approve, they alleged that the
sentinel whose musket was taken away was violently assaulted and
thrown down, and that a push was afterwards made at him by the
man who took the musket, before any command was given to fire. It
was also suggested, that Owhaw had suspicions, at least, if not
certain knowledge, that something would be attempted against our
people at the tent, which made him so very earnest in his
endeavours to prevent our leaving it; others imputed his importunity
to his desire that we should confine ourselves to the beach; and it
was remarked that neither Owhaw nor the chiefs who remained with
us after he had sent the rest of the people away would have inferred
the breach of peace from the firing at the tent, if they had had no
reason to suspect that some injury had been offered by their
countrymen; especially as Mr. Banks had just fired at the ducks: and
yet that they did infer a breach of peace from that incident was
manifest from their waving their hands for the people to disperse,
and instantly pulling green branches from the trees. But what were
the real circumstances of this unhappy affair, and whether either and
which of these conjectures were true, can never certainly be known.
The next morning but few of the natives were seen upon the
beach, and not one of them came off to the ship. This convinced us
that our endeavours to quiet their apprehensions had not been
effectual; and we remarked with particular regret, that we were
deserted even by Owhaw, who had hitherto been so constant in his
attachment, and so active in renewing the peace that had been
broken.
Appearances being thus unfavourable, I warped the ship nearer to
the shore, and moored her in such a manner as to command all the
N. E. part of the bay, particularly the place which I had marked out
for the building a fort. In the evening, however, I went on shore with
only a boat’s crew, and some of the gentlemen: the natives gathered
about us, but not in the same number as before: there were, I
believe, between thirty and forty, and they trafficked with us for
cocoa-nuts and other fruit, to all appearance as friendly as ever.
On the 17th, early in the morning, we had the misfortune to lose
Mr. Buchan, the person whom Mr. Banks had brought out as a
painter of landscapes and figures. He was a sober, diligent, and
ingenious young man, and greatly regretted by Mr. Banks; who
hoped, by his means, to have gratified his friends in England with
representations of this country and its inhabitants, which no other
person on board could delineate with the same accuracy and
elegance. He had always been subject to epileptic fits, one of which
seized him on the mountains of Terra del Fuego, and this disorder
being aggravated by a bilious complaint which he contracted on
board the ship, at length put an end to his life. It was at first
proposed to bury him on shore, but Mr. Banks thinking that it might
perhaps give offence to the natives, with whose customs we were
then wholly unacquainted, we committed his body to the sea, with
as much decency and solemnity as our circumstances and situation
would admit.
In the forenoon of this day we received a visit from Tubourai
Tamaide and Tootahah, our chiefs, from the west: they brought with
them, as emblems of peace, not branches of plantain, but two young
trees, and would not venture on board till these had been received,
having probably been alarmed by the mischief which had been done
at the tent. Each of them also brought, as propitiatory gifts, some
bread-fruit, and a hog ready dressed: this was a most acceptable
present, as we perceived that hogs were not always to be got; and
in return we gave to each of our noble benefactors a hatchet and a
nail. In the evening we went on shore and set up a tent, in which
Mr. Green and myself spent the night, in order to observe an eclipse
of the first satellite of Jupiter; but the weather becoming cloudy, we
were disappointed.
On the 18th, at day-break, I went on shore, with as many people
as could possibly be spared from the ship, and began to erect our
fort. While some were employed in throwing up intrenchments,
others were busy in cutting pickets and fascines, which the natives,
who soon gathered round us as they had been used to do, were so
far from hindering, that many of them voluntarily assisted us,
bringing the pickets and fascines from the wood where they had
been cut, with great alacrity: we had, indeed, been so scrupulous of
invading their property, that we purchased every stake which was
used upon this occasion, and cut down no tree till we had first
obtained their consent. The soil where we constructed our fort was
sandy, and this made it necessary to strengthen the intrenchments
with wood; three sides were to be fortified in this manner; the fourth
was bounded by a river, upon the banks of which I proposed to
place a proper number of water-casks. This day we served pork to
the ship’s company for the first time, and the Indians brought down
so much bread-fruit and cocoa-nuts, that we found it necessary to
send away part of them unbought, and to acquaint them by signs,
that we should want no more for two days to come. Every thing was
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