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vi Contents
Unit Four
NUTRITION ThERAPY FOR LOWER
gASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 105
10 Celiac Disease 107
11 Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) 117
12 Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Crohn’s Disease 129
13 gastrointestinal Surgery with Ostomy 141
Unit Five
NUTRITION ThERAPY FOR hEPATOBILIARY
AND PANCREATIC DISORDERS 151
14 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) 153
15 Acute Pancreatitis 163
Unit Six
NUTRITION ThERAPY FOR ENDOCRINE DISORDERS 175
Unit Seven
NUTRITION ThERAPY FOR RENAL DISORDERS 215
Unit Eight
NUTRITION ThERAPY FOR NEUROLOgICAL
DISORDERS 249
22 Ischemic Stroke 251
23 Progressive Neurological Disease: Parkinson’s Disease 263
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Contents vii
Unit Nine
NUTRITION THERAPY FOR PULMONARY
DISORDERS 297
26 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 299
27 COPD with Respiratory Failure 311
Unit Ten
NUTRITION THERAPY FOR METABOLIC STRESS
AND CRITICAL ILLNESS 323
28 Metabolic Stress and Trauma: Open Abdomen 325
29 Nutrition Support for Burn Injury 337
30 Nutrition Support in Sepsis and Morbid Obesity 351
Unit Eleven
NUTRITION THERAPY FOR NEOPLASTIC DISEASE 363
Appendices
Index 397
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PREFACE
In teaching, I seek to promote the fundamental val- instructor can choose a variety of questions from
ues of humanism, democracy, and the sciences—that each case, even if he or she chooses not to have the
is, a curiosity about new ideas and enthusiasm for student complete the entire case. The cases represent
learning, a tolerance for the unfamiliar, and the abil- both introductory and advanced-level practice and,
ity to critically evaluate new ideas. therefore, use of this text allows faculty to choose
I wish to provide the environment that will among many cases and questions that fit students’
support students in their quest for integration of varying skill levels.
knowledge and support the development of critical The cases cross the life span, allowing the stu-
thinking skills. Thus, I strive to develop these “labo- dent to see the practice of nutrition therapy during
ratories” and “real-world” situations that mimic the childhood, adolescence, and adulthood through the
professional community to build that bridge to clini- elder years. I have tried to represent the diversity of
cal practice. individual patients the Registered Dietitian encoun-
The idea for this book actually began more than ters today. Placing nutrition therapy and nutrition
fifteen years ago as I began teaching medical nutri- education within the appropriate cultural context is
tion therapy to dietetic students, and now, as this crucial.
fifth edition publishes, I hope that these cases reflect The electronic medical record provides the struc-
the most recent nutrition therapy practice. Enter- ture for each case. The student will seek information
ing the classroom after being a clinician for many to solve the case by using the exact tools he or she
years, I knew I wanted my students to experience will need to use in the clinical setting. As the student
nutritional care as realistically as possible. I wanted moves from the admission or outpatient visit record
the classroom to actually be the bridge between the to the physician’s history and physical, to laboratory
textbook and the clinical setting. In fashioning one data, and to documentation of daily care, the student
of the tools used to build that bridge, I relied heavily will need to discern the relevant information from
on my clinical experience to develop what I hoped the medical record.
would be realistic clinical applications. Use of a clini- Questions for each case are organized using
cal application or case study is not a new concept; the the nutrition care process, beginning with items
use of case studies in nutrition, medicine, nursing, introducing the pathophysiology and principles of
and many other allied health fields is commonplace. nutrition therapy for the case and then proceeding
The case study places the student in a situation that through each component of the process. Questions
forces integration of knowledge from many sources; prompt the student to identify nutrition problems
supports use of previously learned information; puts and then synthesize a PES statement. It will be help-
the student in a decision-making role; and nurtures ful to begin by orienting the student to the compo-
critical thinking. nents of a case. I have provided an outline of this
What makes this text different, then, from a introduction below (see “Introducing Case Studies”).
simple collection of case studies? The pedagogy we Teaching needs to be purposeful. If the instructor
have developed over the years with each case takes takes the responsibility of teaching students how to
the student one step closer as he or she moves from use this book seriously, it is much more likely that
the classroom to the real world. The cases represent student autonomy will be the end result.
the most common diagnoses that rely on nutrition To be consistent with the philosophy of the text,
therapy as an essential component of the medical each case requires that the student seek information
care. Therefore, I believe these cases represent the from multiple resources to complete the case. Many
type of patient with which the student will most of the articles and online sites provide essential data
likely be involved. The concepts presented in these regarding diagnosis and treatment within that case. I
cases can apply to many other medical conditions have found that when students learn how to research
that may not be presented here. Furthermore, the the case, their expertise grows exponentially.
ix
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x Preface
The cases lend themselves to be used in several literature so that the student moves toward higher
different teaching situations. They fit easily into a levels of practice.
problem-based learning curriculum, and also can The fifth edition introduces the following new
be used as a summary for classroom teaching of the cases:
pathophysiology and nutrition therapy for each diag-
Case 8 gastroparesis
nosis. The cases can be integrated into the appropri-
Case 13 gastrointestinal surgery with ostomy
ate rotation for a dietetic internship, medical school,
Case 14 Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASh)
or nursing school curricula. Furthermore, these cases
Case 24 Adult Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
can be successfully used to develop standardized
Case 25 Pediatric Cerebral Palsy
patient and simulation experiences.
Case 31 Breast Cancer
Objectives for student learning within each
Case 32 Tongue Cancer treated with surgery and
case are built around the nutrition care process and
radiation
competencies for dietetic education. This allows an
additional path for nutrition and dietetic faculty to For the additional cases you will find in this
document student performance as part of program edition—although the diagnosis may have been
assessment. included in previous editions—the cases have also
been significantly changed to reflect current medi-
cal care with appropriate changes in drugs, proce-
New to the Fifth Edition
dures, and nutrition interventions. For example, the
Several important factors have prompted the changes presenting signs and symptoms in the celiac disease
to this fifth edition. As we introduced in the fourth case have been changed so they are not the classic
edition, the template for the cases is a typical elec- gastrointestinal complaints traditionally associated
tronic medical record (EMR). Though the EMRs with this disorder. Case 4, on hypertension and
used in clinics, physician’s offices, and hospitals vary, cardiovascular disease, incorporates questions and a
these cases capture the primary sources of informa- discussion of the Mediterranean dietary pattern. The
tion that the clinician will access to provide a thor- heart failure case includes discussion of malnutrition
ough nutrition assessment for her or his patient. The risk. Within the open abdomen surgical case, mor-
setting for some of the cases has also been changed bid obesity with sepsis case, and acute pancreatitis
to reflect outpatient care within the patient-centered case, we have incorporated the most recent litera-
medical home. ture about assessment of these critically ill patients,
Secondly, our reviewers requested that the cases and the use of nutrition support has been altered to
be shortened in length. I have streamlined all of the reflect current practice. Incorporation of evidence-
cases so that questions are more precise. Finally, based guidelines is encouraged throughout each of
even within a two- to three-year period, medical and the cases, and the questions are designed to not only
nutritional care can change dramatically. These cases follow the nutrition care process but also require the
reflect the most recent research and evidenced-based student to evaluate the most current literature.
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Preface xi
TEAChINg STRATEgIES
You can find cases to emphasize specific topics that Dysphagia: Case 22 Ischemic Stroke; Case 23 Pro-
are part of the curriculum for pathophysiology and gressive Neurological Disease: Parkinson’s Disease;
medical nutrition therapy (a list of cases by topic is Case 25 Pediatric Cerebral Palsy; Case 32 Tongue
provided below). I have found that when specific Cancer Treated with Surgery and Radiation
questions are selected for each case, they can be
modified to assist in the pedagogy for other classes Nutritional Needs of the Elderly: Case 3 Malnutri-
as well. tion associated with chronic disease; Case 6 heart
Failure; Case 22 Ischemic Stroke; Case 27 COPD
Nutrition Assessment: Case 1 Pediatric Weight with Respiratory Failure
Management; Case 3 Malnutrition associated with
chronic disease; Case 4 hypertension and Cardiovas- Malnutrition: Case 3 Malnutrition associated with
cular Disease chronic disease; Case 6 heart Failure; Case 26
COPD; Case 28 Metabolic Stress and Trauma:
Fluid Balance/Acid-Base Balance: Case 13 gI sur- Open Abdomen; Case 29 Nutrition Support for
gery with ostomy; Case 27 COPD with Respiratory Burn Injury; Case 30 Nutrition Support in Sepsis
Failure; Case 29 Metabolic Stress and Trauma: Open and Morbid Obesity; Case 32 Tongue Cancer treated
Abdomen with surgery and radiation
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ACKNOWLEDgMENTS
I first need to thank my previous developmental Dena Champion, MS, RD, CSO
editor—Elesha hyde—who has provided expert Deborah Cohen, DCN, RD
guidance for this book since its inception. I would holly Estes Doetsch, MS, RDN, LD, CNSC
like to thank the following Ohio State University georgiana Sergakis, PhD, RRT, RCP
graduate students in medical dietetics who provided Dawn Scheiderer, RD, LD
input to the cases and the answer guide: Kathleen Colleen Spees, PhD, RDN, LD, FAND
Crockett and garrett Davidson. I also have several Sheela Thomas, MS, RD, CNSC
contributors to new cases and I am fortunate to
benefit from the expertise of these outstanding
clinicians:
xiii
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ABOUT ThE AUThOR
Marcia Nahikian-Nelms, PhD, RDN, LD, CNSC, FAND
Dr. Nahikian-Nelms is currently a professor of clini- of numerous peer-reviewed journal articles and
cal health and rehabilitation sciences and director chapters for other texts. The focus of her clinical ex-
of the coordinated dietetic programs in the Division pertise is the development and practice of evidence-
of Medical Dietetics. She is also nutrition faculty for based nutrition therapy for a variety of conditions,
the Division of gastroenterology, hepatology, and including diabetes, gastrointestinal disease, and
Nutrition, and for the Leadership Education in Neu- hematology/oncology for both pediatric and adult
rodevelopmental Disabilities (LEND) in the College populations, as well as the development of alternative
of Medicine at The Ohio State University. She has teaching environments for students receiving their
practiced as a dietitian and public health nutrition- clinical training. Dr. Nahikian-Nelms has received
ist for over thirty years. She is the lead author for the the Outstanding Teaching Award in the School of
textbooks Nutrition Therapy and Pathophysiology; health and Rehabilitation Sciences at Ohio State;
Medical Nutrition Therapy: A Case Study Approach; governor’s Award for Outstanding Teaching for the
and a contributing author for Food and Culture. State of Missouri, Outstanding Dietetic Educator
Additionally, she has contributed to the Academy of in Missouri and Ohio, and the PRIDE award from
Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition Care Manual sec- Southeast Missouri State University in recognition of
tions on gastrointestinal disorders and is the author her teaching.
xv
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INTRODUCINg CASE STUDIES, OR FINDINg
YOUR WAY ThROUgh A CASE STUDY
have you ever put together a jigsaw puzzle or taught Chief complaint
a young child how to complete a puzzle? Patient and family history
Almost everyone has at one time or another. Lifestyle risk factors
Recall the steps that are necessary to build a puz-
zle. You gather together the straight edges, identify 4. Review the medical record.
the corner pieces, and match the like colors. There Examine the patient’s vital statistics and de-
is a method and a procedure to follow that, when mographic information (e.g., age, education,
used persistently, leads to the completion of the marital status, religion, ethnicity).
puzzle. Read the patient history (remember, this is the
Finding your way through a case study is much patient’s subjective information).
like assembling a jigsaw puzzle. Each piece of the
5. Use the information provided in the physical
case study tells a portion of the story. As a student,
examination.
your job is to put together the pieces of the puzzle to
learn about a particular diagnosis, its pathophysiol- Familiarize yourself with the normal values
ogy, and the subsequent medical and nutritional found in Appendix B.
treatment. Although each case in the text is different, Make a list of those things that are abnormal.
the approach to working with the cases remains the Now compare abnormal values to the patho-
same, and with practice, each case study and each physiology of the admitting diagnosis. Which
medical record becomes easier to manage. The fol- are consistent? Which are inconsistent?
lowing steps provide guidance for working with each 6. Evaluate the nutrition history.
case study. Note appetite and general descriptions.
1. Identify the major parts of the case study. Evaluate the patient’s dietary history: calculate
Admitting history and physical average kcal and protein intakes and compare
Documentation of MD orders, nursing assess- to population standards and recommendations
ment, and results from other care providers such as the USDA Food Patterns.
Laboratory data Is there any information regarding physical
Bibliography activity?
Find anthropometric information.
2. Read the case carefully. Is the patient responsible for food
get a general sense of why the person has been preparation?
admitted to the hospital. Is the patient taking a vitamin or mineral
Use a medical dictionary to become acquainted supplement?
with unfamiliar terms.
Use the list of medical abbreviations provided 7. Review the laboratory values.
in Appendix A to define any that are unfamil- hematology
iar to you. Chemistry
What other reports are present?
3. Examine the admitting history and physical for Compare the values to the normal values listed.
clues.
Which are abnormal? highlight those and
height, Weight then compare to the pathophysiology. Are they
Vital signs (compare to normal values for consistent with the diagnosis? Do they support
physical examination in Appendix B) the diagnosis? Why?
xvii
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xviii Introducing Case Studies, or Finding Your Way Through a Case Study
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Unit One
ENErgy BaLaNcE aNd Body WEight
Unit one introduces nutrition therapy for treatment overweight and obesity in adults, those individuals
of disorders of weight balance and draws our atten- who have failed to lose weight by less invasive means,
tion to these major public health concerns in the and who meet the medical criteria, may consider
United States. The first case uses pediatric obesity as a bariatric surgery as a treatment method for weight
springboard for a discussion of the implications of the control. This case allows the student to research the
rapidly rising rate of childhood obesity. The incidence surgical options used for bariatric surgery and to
of childhood obesity has more than tripled over the begin to understand the progression of nutrition
past three decades with an estimated 12.5 million therapy used postoperatively.
children and adolescents in the United States meeting case 3 explores the diagnosis of malnutrition.
the criteria for overweight and obesity. The child fea- as early as 1979, charles Butterworth attempted
tured in case 1 is representative of children ages 6–11. to raise awareness of the increasing incidence of
Pediatric obesity treatment requires complex interven- malnutrition in the U.S. health care system with his
tions to address family, environmental, and economic classic article, “The Skeleton in the hospital closet.”
concerns. This case allows the student to explore the Unfortunately, the rate of malnutrition is still con-
current research and the use of evidence-based guide- sidered to be significant today—and is associated
lines to determine appropriate nutrition therapy. with increased hospital costs, increased morbidity
case 2 uses the record of a bariatric surgery and mortality, and decreased quality of life for these
patient as an opportunity to learn about morbid obe- individuals. recently, new definitions of malnutrition
sity. More than 3 million individuals in the United have been proposed by the academy of Nutrition
States are considered to be morbidly obese—this is and dietetics (aNd) and the association for Paren-
also referred to as class iii obesity or a body mass teral and Enteral Nutrition (aSPEN) in an effort to
index (BMi) >40.0. health consequences of un- more consistently identify those individuals who are
treated morbid obesity include type 2 diabetes melli- at risk for malnutrition and who are malnourished,
tus, coronary heart disease and hypertension, cancer, so that expedient interventions may occur. This case
sleep apnea, and even premature death. according to uses the most recent literature to provide the op-
the 2013 american heart association and american portunity to recognize and apply the newly proposed
college of cardiology guideline for management of diagnostic criteria for malnutrition.
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Case 1
Pediatric Weight Management
Objectives
after completing this case, the student will be 6. develop a nutrition care plan with appro-
able to: priate measurable goals, interventions, and
1. describe the physiological effects of over- strategies for monitoring and evaluation
weight/obesity in the pediatric population. consistent with the nutrition diagnoses of
2. interpret laboratory parameters for nutri- this case.
tional implications and significance.
3. analyze nutrition assessment data to evalu- Jamey Whitmer is taken to see her pediatrician
ate nutritional status and identify specific by her parents, who have noticed she appears
nutrition problems. to stop breathing while sleeping. She is diag-
4. determine nutrition diagnoses and write nosed with sleep apnea related to her weight and
appropriate PES statements. referred to the registered dietitian for nutrition
5. Prescribe appropriate nutrition therapy. counseling.
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4 Unit One Energy Balance and Body Weight
Patient Summary: 10-year-old female is here with parents who describe concerns that their daugh-
ter appears to stop breathing while she is sleeping.
History:
Onset of disease: Parents describe sleep disturbance in their daughter for the past several years,
including: sleeping with her mouth open, cessation of breathing for at least 10 seconds (per epi-
sode), snoring, restlessness during sleep, enuresis, and morning headaches. They also mention
that Jamey’s teacher reports difficulty concentrating in school and a change in her classroom perfor-
mance. She is the second child born to these parents—full-term infant with birthweight of
10 lbs 5 oz; 23" length. Actual date of onset for current medical problems is unclear, but parents
first noticed onset of the above-mentioned symptoms about one year ago.
Medical history: None
Surgical history: None
Family history: What? Possible gestational diabetes; type 2 DM; Who? Mother and grandmother
Demographics:
Years education: Third grade
Language: English only
Occupation: Student
Household members: Father age 36, mother age 35, sister age 5
Ethnicity: Caucasian
Religious affiliation: Presbyterian
MD Progress Note:
Review of Systems
Constitutional: Negative
Skin: Negative
Cardiovascular: Negative
Respiratory: Negative
Gastrointestinal: Negative
Neurological: Negative
Psychiatric: Negative
Physical Exam
Constitutional: Somewhat tired and irritable 10-year-old female
Cardiovascular: Regular rate and rhythm, heart sounds normal
HEENT: Eyes: Clear
Ears: Clear
Nose: Normal mucous membranes
Throat: Dry mucous membranes, no inflammation, tonsillar hypertrophy
Genitalia: SMR (Tanner) pubic hair stage 3, genital stage 3
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Case 1 Pediatric Weight Management 5
Dx: R/O obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) secondary to obesity and physical inactivity
Medical Tx plan: Polysomnography to diagnose OSA, FBG, HbA1C, lipid panel (total cholesterol,
HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides), psychological evaluation, nutrition assessment
SD Lambert, MD
Nutrition:
General: Very good appetite with consumption of a wide variety of foods. Jamey’s physical activity level
appears to be minimal. Her elementary school discontinued physical education, art, and music classes
due to budget cuts five years ago. She likes playing video games and reading. Mother is 5'2" and weighs
225# lbs. Father is 5'10" and weighs 185 lbs. Sister has a weight/height at 85%tile with BMI at 75%tile.
24-hour recall:
AM: 2 breakfast burritos, 8 oz whole milk, 4 oz apple juice, 6 oz coffee with
¼ c cream and 2 tsp sugar
Lunch: 2 bologna and cheese sandwiches with 1 tbsp mayonnaise each, 1-oz pkg
Fritos corn chips, 2 Twinkies, 8 oz whole milk
After-school snack: Peanut butter and jelly sandwich (2 slices enriched bread with 2 tbsp crunchy
peanut butter and 2 tbsp grape jelly), 12 oz whole milk
Dinner: Fried chicken (2 legs and 1 thigh), 1 c mashed potatoes (made with whole
milk and butter), 1 c fried okra, 20 oz sweet tea
Snack: 3 c microwave popcorn, 12 oz Coca-Cola
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Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hiltu ja
Ragnar: Kertomus kahdesta ihmislapsesta
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
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Language: Finnish
HILTU JA RAGNAR
Kertomus kahdesta ihmislapsesta
Kirj.
F. E. SILLANPÄÄ
Helsingissä, Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, 1923.
LUKIJALLE.
F. E. S.
Tämä oli nyt juuri sama rehtorska, jonka huvilaan Toivolan Juhan
Hiltu-tytär äsken oli joutunut palvelukseen ja joka palvelus sitten niin
pian — rehtorskan ollessa tällä samalla matkalla — päättyi järven
kuutamoisiin laineisiin.
— Onko Hildulla nyt tee valmiina, täällä on Hildun veli, Hildu antaa
sitten hänellekin teetä.
*****
Ragnar tunsi, ettei hän olisi sanonut juuri niin, jos hän olisi saanut
puhua ruotsia.
— Olenhan.
*****
*****
*****
Kun Hiltusta kerran alkoi olla apua, oli hänestä sitä paljon
enemmän kuin monesta hänen ikäisestään. Riitaiselle äidilleen hän
oli melkein vaivaksi sillä, ettei häntä päässyt kunnolla kurittamaan;
hänellä oli siinä suhteessa ikäänkuin rintalapsen olemus. Tytöllä oli
joka päivä ikäänkuin jokin päämäärä, johon haaleahkot silmät
aamusta alkaen katsoivat. Hän teki käskemättä sen, minkä tiesi
jokapäiväiseksi tehtäväksi, häiriten sillä joskus äitiään, jolle
laiminlyönti tuotti eräänlaista nautintoa. Kun Hiltu pesi jonkin astian
ihan puhtaaksi, vaikkei se sillä hetkellä ollut ihan välttämätöntä, niin
äiti tuskastui ja ärähti. Sillä sellainen puhtaana seisova astia häiritsi
yleisen olon ehjää ja auttamatonta tilaa.