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Poornachandra Sarang

Artificial Neural Networks with

TensorFlow 2
ANN Architecture Machine Learning Projects
1st ed.
Poornachandra Sarang
Mumbai, India

Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the

author in this book is available to readers on GitHub via the book’s
product page, located at www.​apress.​com/​978-1-4842-6149-1. For
more detailed information, please visit http://​www.​apress.​com/​
source-code.

ISBN 978-1-4842-6149-1 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-6150-7

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6150-7

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Preface
With recent advances in deep learning and the ever-growing popularity
of TensorFlow, you see several domains where machine learning
models have caused a tremendous impact. For a developer, it gives a
great opportunity to apply their skills in real-world projects across a
wide range of domains. Having a knowledge of what is available in the
industry today becomes an important asset. This book attempts to
provide you with a wide range of real-world applications based on deep
neural networks (DNN) and the latest version of TensorFlow. It
provides a comprehensive coverage of various deep learning
architectures. It is fully project-oriented and contains about 25 fully
implemented real-life projects.
Chapter 1 starts with an introduction to TensorFlow 2, describing
why it is considered a complete platform for machine learning. It
describes the various additions to TensorFlow such as tf.keras
integration, eager execution, distributed training, deployment on edge
devices, and the use of data pipelines. At the end, it provides guidance
for setting up the development environment for running projects in the
book.
Chapter 2 goes deeper into TensorFlow 2. As is the convention, we
start with a trivial “Hello World” kind of application introducing you to
the complete machine learning development cycle. The chapter then
deals with a binary classification problem that is a typical application
taught at the beginning of any machine learning course. Here, you are
introduced to data preprocessing, defining a dense neural network
using tf.keras API, training the model, and evaluating its performance
using TensorBoard metrics and the traditional confusion matrix. Rather
than dealing with only the classification, the project teaches you how to
load data at runtime into your development environment, how to
preprocess it, how to develop a machine learning model, and finally
how to evaluate the model’s performance using TensorBoard analytics
and other traditional techniques.
Chapter 3 goes deeper in the tf.keras module. It introduces you to
the functional API for model building. It talks about object orientation
in TensorFlow and shows how to create a class hierarchy for your
models and how to create custom layers by subclassing. You will learn
how to save the model using TensorFlow’s new SavedModel interface
and several ways of saving partial or full models. You will then do a
project on a multiclass classification using predefined Convolutional
Neural Network (CNN) layers in tf.keras. Again, unlike the traditional
ways of teaching, I show you how to experiment with different network
architectures to optimize model performance.
As training deep neural networks using multiple CNN layers is
resource hungry, in Chapter 4 I show you how to take advantage of
somebody else’s training. This chapter deals with transfer learning
where the knowledge of a domain expert and somebody else’s model
development efforts are used to your advantage almost effortlessly. The
chapter deals with two projects. The first project shows you how to use
a pre-trained ImageNet classifier to classify your own set of images. The
second project shows you how to construct your own classifier based
on a pre-trained model.
Any machine learning training starts with classification and
regression problems. In the previous chapters, we tackled classification
to a great depth. The question arises: Can we use deep neural networks
for regression analysis where there are several successful statistical-
based techniques already available for our use? I show you how to use
DNN for regression in Chapter 5 with the help of three different dense
neural network architectures.
Though the use of pre-trained models eases your custom model
development, there are many instances where you cannot find a pre-
trained model that fits your purpose. The model development from
scratch requires lots of plumbing; the Estimators in TensorFlow come
to your help in these situations. Chapter 6 deals with estimators. It
contains four projects. The first two projects describe how to use a
predefined estimator for classification and then a regression. The third
project talks about how to create a custom estimator from scratch, and
the last one talks about creating a custom estimator for a pre-trained
model.
Chapter 7 talks about text generation techniques. It describes the
traditional techniques of RNNs (recurrent neural networks) and LSTM
(long short-term memory) for text generation and shows you how to
use LSTM for a trivial application of generating baby names. The next
project in the chapter uses some advanced text generation techniques
to create text matching the linguistics of a famous novel by Tolstoy. As
training a text generation model is a very lengthy process, I will show
some techniques of performing such long-duration training by showing
you how to continue upon an interrupted training, which may be an
intentional or unintentional interrupt.
Chapter 8 takes you further in the text generation where I describe
the seq2seq model, encoder/decoder architecture, and a recent
attention model for language translation. The chapter gives an in-depth
coverage of the English to Spanish translator that uses glove word
embedding. It shows you how to define your own machine learning
model with encoder, decoder, and attention layers.
Chapter 9 describes the state-of-the-art technology for text
generation. It describes the latest transformer-based architecture for
natural language processing. A complete in-depth project teaches you
how to construct a transformer model on your own in Python, and not
to depend fully on just the pre-trained models such as BERT
(Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers).
After text generation, the book takes you into image processing.
Chapter 10 teaches you how to process an image and use an LSTM
architecture that you learned in Chapters 7 and 8 to generate a caption
for an image. The chapter deals with a hands-on project for image
captioning. The project uses a pre-trained model, InceptionV3, for
image processing. This is yet another practical use of transfer learning
that you learned in Chapter 4. It shows you how to create a decoder
with Bahdanau Attention. In the end, you will use this model for
captioning any image taken from the Web.
Chapter 11 takes you into another domain of machine learning, and
that is time series analysis and forecasting. The chapter gives you two
full projects – one for a univariate time series forecasting and the other
one for a multivariate time series forecasting.
Chapter 12 deals with yet another aspect of machine learning that
can apply the style of a famous painter to your own camera-captured
pictures to make them look like the paintings created by the famous
painter. We call this style transfer. The chapter contains two projects.
The first project shows you how to use a pre-trained model from the
TensorFlow hub to perform a quick style transfer. By doing this, you
will understand what is a style transfer. The next project takes you
deeper into the technique where you would use a predefined VGG16
architecture to extract the features of an image and a famous painting.
Then, you will learn how to define an evaluator to compare the content
and style losses during a style transfer to create a final stylized picture.
Chapter 13 deals with another important DNN architecture called
GAN (Generative Adversarial Networks). It contains a total of three
projects. The first one is trivial. It shows you how to use GAN for
generating images for handwritten digits. The second one takes you
further into the generation of handwritten alphabets. The last one
finally takes you into the most advanced use of GANs for generating
complex anime colored character images.
Chapter 14 teaches you an important technique of image
manipulation, that is, how to colorize a B&W image. You use
AutoEncoder for colorizing an image. The chapter describes two
projects. The first one shows you how to build an AutoEncoder of your
own. The second one uses a pre-trained VGG16 model for encoding to
improve the model’s performance.
The book gives an exhaustive collection of several deep neural
network architectures with an emphasis on their practical usage in
real-life scenarios. So, get started!
Acknowledgments
I would first like to thank my past student Prof. Abhijit Gole, who is
currently a faculty member in the Department of Computer Science at
an autonomous college affiliated to the University of Mumbai. Abhijit
initiated me into delivering a postgraduate course in machine learning
to his students. This triggered my interest in guiding students in
machine/deep learning for their projects at the master’s level and in
guiding those pursuing Ph.D.
My sincere thanks to my four intern students for their contribution
in developing this book. Mukul Rawat graduated this year (2020), and
Karan Aryan, Chandrakant Sharma, and Udit Dashore will be graduating
next year (2021). All four are brilliant students, and without their help
in developing the projects in this book, I would have taken much longer
time in completing this book. All of them took painstaking efforts in
reviewing the first draft of this book for technical discrepancies.
I would like to thank Mr. Aaron Black, Senior Editor, Apress, who
gave me the opportunity to author this book, taking quick decisions on
the book’s outline and providing me the desired flexibility in finalizing
the outline as I kept developing the contents. I would like to thank
Jessica Vakili, Coordinating Editor, for her excellent coordination on
various fronts, especially on tech review. I would also like to thank the
entire Apress team for bringing this book out quickly to market.
Lastly, but not least importantly, I would like to thank Vijay Jadhav
who put in lots of effort in running all the project sources to bring out
the discrepancies in writing and the code. His efforts in formatting the
manuscript as per Apress authoring guidelines require a special
mention.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​TensorFlow Jump Start
What Is TensorFlow 2.​0?​
TensorFlow 2.​x Platform
Training
Model Saving
Deployment
What TensorFlow 2.​x Offers?​
The tf.​keras in TensorFlow
Eager Execution
Distribution
TensorBoard
Vision Kit
Voice Kit
Edge TPU
Pre-trained Models for AIY Kits
Data Pipelines
Installation
Installation
Docker Installation
No Installation
Testing
Summary
Chapter 2:​A Closer Look at TensorFlow
A Trivial Machine Learning Application
Creating Colab Notebook
 Imports
Setting Up Data
Defining Neural Network
Compiling Model
Training Network
Examining Training Output
Predicting
Full Source Code
Binary Classification in TensorFlow
Setting Up Project
Imports
Mounting Google Drive
Loading Data
Data Preprocessing
Defining ANN
Model Training
Full Source Code
Summary
Chapter 3:​Deep Dive in tf.​keras
Getting Started
Functional API for Model Building
Sequential Models
Model Subclassing
Predefined Layers
Custom Layers
Saving Models
 Whole-Model Saving
Convolutional Neural Networks
Image Classification with CNN
Creating Project
Image Dataset
Loading Dataset
Creating Training/​Testing Datasets
Preparing Data for Model Training
Model Development
Defining Models
Saving Model
Predicting Unseen Images
Summary
Chapter 4:​Transfer Learning
Knowledge Transfer
TensorFlow Hub
Pre-trained Modules
Using Modules
ImageNet Classifier
Setting Up Project
Classifier URL
Creating Model
Preparing Images
Loading Label Mappings
Displaying Prediction
Listing All Classes
 Result Discussions
Dog Breed Classifier
Project Description
Creating Project
Loading Data
Setting Up Images and Labels
Preprocessing Images
Processing Image
Associating Labels to Images
Creating Data Batches
Display Function for Images
Selecting Pre-trained Model
Defining Model
Creating Datasets
Setting Up TensorBoard
Model Training
Examining Logs
Evaluating Model Performance
Predicting on Test Images
Visualizing Test Results
Predicting an Unknown Image
Training with Smaller Datasets
Saving/​Reloading Model
Submitting Your Work
Further Work
Summary
Chapter 5:​Neural Networks for Regression
Regression
Definition
Applications
Regression Problem
Regression Types
Regression in Neural Networks
Setting Up Project
Extracting Features and Label
Defining/​Training Model
Predicting
Wine Quality Analysis
Creating Project
Data Preparation
Downloading Data
Preparing Dataset
Creating Datasets
Scaling Data
Model Building
Visualization Function for Metrics
Small Model
Medium Model
Large Model
Fixing Overfitting
Result Discussion
Loss Functions
 Mean Squared Error
Mean Absolute Error
Huber Loss
Log Cosh
Quantile
Optimizers
Summary
Chapter 6:​Estimators
Introduction
Estimator Overview
API Stack
Estimator Benefits
Estimator Types
Workflow for Estimator-Based Projects
Premade Estimators
DNNClassifier for Classification
Loading Data
Preparing Data
Estimator Input Function
Creating Estimator Instance
Model Training
Model Evaluation
Predicting Unseen Data
Experimenting Different ANN Architectures
Project Source
LinearRegressor for Regression
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Malandáre, to goe or fall into danger and destruction.
Malandáta, a going or falling in danger and destruction.
Malandáto, wasted, spent, consumed to nothing. Also straied or mis-gone.
Malandrináre, to rob by the high-way, to play the high-way-theefe or
robber.
Malandríno, a robber or high-way-theefe.
Mal'ánno, an ill yeere, continuall trouble, vsed in Italie for a Curse to ones
enemie, as Il mal'ánno che Dío ti dij, an ill yeere God giue thee.
Malanúro, a kind of fish.
Mala pásqua, Vsed as Mal'ánno.
Maláre, to fall sicke, to sicken.
Malarrináre, to come to some ill.
Mála sórte, ill hap, lucke, chance or fortune.
Malatía, Maladía, a maladie, a sicknesse.
Malatíccio, sickish, subiect to sicknesse.
Maláto, sicke, sickened, crazed, fallen sicke.
Mal'attaccatíccio, any contagious euill.
Mal'auedúto, as Mal'accórto.
Malauentúra, ill fortune, hap, or lucke.
Malauenturáre, to misaduenture.
Malauenturáto, vnfortunate.
Malauenturóso, vnhappie, vnfortunate.
Mal'auézzo, ill fashioned, vnmannerly, ill brought vp.
Malauogliẻnza, ill-will, dislike, hatred.
Maláuro, ill lucke, malheur, ill hap.
Malauróso, vnluckie, malhereux, vnhappie.
Malbauísco, Marsh-mallowes.
Mal cadúco, the falling sicknesse.
Mal compósto, ill framed, ill composed.
Mal cóncio, ill drest, in ill plight, ill handled, hardly bestead.
Mal conoscẻnte, ill acknowledging.
Mal contẻnto, displeased, malcontent.
Mal creáto, vnmannerly, ill nurtured.
Maldacóne, as Brocóne.
Mal dell'ánimo. Looke Ánima.
Mal del córno, a disease in a horses necke.
Mal del pánno, a disease in a horses head.
Maldẻstro, vnhandsome, vnproper, vnfit.
Maldétto, cursed, banned, forespoken.
Maldicẻnte, ill-speaking. Also a backbiter.
Maldicẻnza, ill-speaking, backbiting.
Mal di fẻbbre, a Feauer, or Ague.
Mal di mórte, a deadly disease.
Mal di pẻtto, the heart-burning.
Mal di piẻtra, the stone-shollike.
Mal di púnta, a stitch, or pleurisie.
Mal dispósto, ill disposed, crazed, vnlustie.

Mal di tísico, a consumption, or pining disease.

Mále, ill, bad, euill. Also any kind of ill, badnesse, euill, or sicknesse.
Mále affáre, as Mal'affáre, ill doing.
Mále affẻtto, ill affected.
Maleáre, to forge, to hammer, to mallet.
Male arriuáto, ill ariued, brought to an euill passe, in ill plight, in bad
taking.
Maleatióne, Malleatióne, a forging, or hammering.
Mále bólge, a place in hell vsed in Dant, a receptacle of all mischiefes.
Mále bránche, a diuels name, ill clawes, ill pawes. Vsed also for a Cat.
Mále comitiále, the falling-sicknesse.
Mále de lómbi, the paine of the reines or loynes.
Mále del orzuólo, a falling or staggring disease in a horse.
Mále de póndi, the bloodie flix.
Maledétto, as Maladétto.
Maledicẻnza, as Maldicẻnza.
Maledicéuole, as Maldicẻnte.
Maledíco, a cursed or cursing-man, ill tongued, an euill speaker, a
detracter.
Mále di mádre, a disease in many women.
Maledittióne, as Maladittióne.
Mále fámmi, a nick-name for an ill neighbour, as wrong me or harme me.
Malefattóre, a malefactor, a misdoer.
Maleferíto, a disease in a horse.
Maleficẻnza, ill doing.
Maleficiáre, to misdoe, to doe any euill. Also to charme or inchant.
Malefício, an ill fact, a misdeed, a bad act. Also a charme or bewitching.
Maléfico, hurtfull, ill doing, wicked.
Mále insupẻrbíto, ill and wickedly growen proud.
Malemẻrito, that deserueth ill.
Malenággia, a Curse as one would say, ill may betide him.
Malenánza, as Maleuoléntia.
Máleo, Málleo, a mallet or hammer.
Maléoli, little mallets, the ankles or ankle bones. Also a kind of bolt or little
dart.
Malescálco, as Mariscálco.
Mal'ẻssere, euill being, ill plight.
Malestánte, being ill.
Malettióne. Vsed as Maledittióne.
Maleuadóre, a suretie, a baile, a pledge.
Maleuolẻntia, maleuolence, ill will, grudge.
Maleuolére, to hate or beare ill wil vnto.
Maléuolo, bearing ill will, spitefull.
Mal dell'ánca, broken-hipt, hip-broken.
Mal del fíco, a disease breeding in the sole of a horses foote, of euill curing
some former disease therein.
Mal di língua, the sorenesse of the tongue in a horse. Also backbiting.
Mal di nápoli, the Neapolitane disease that is the french poxe.
Mal del dósso, a hurt in the backe, which in some horses is suffered to
runne so long, that it is not easie to bee cured afterward.
Malfámmi, as Malefámmi.
Malfáre, fáccio, féci, fátto, to misdoe, to doe euill, to misact, to commit
euill.
Malfátto, misdone, ill done, ill made. Also a misdeed, a bad act, a fault.
Malfattoría, the arte of euill doing.
Malferíto, the name of a disease in a horse.
Malfóro, the diuels arse, a mischieuous hole, taken for a womans quaint.
Malfrancése, the french euill or pox.
Malfranciosáto, full of the french-pox.
Malfússo, an vnluckie or ill boding fellow.
Malgradéuole, as Malgrádito.
Malgradíre, to take in ill part.
Malgradíto, ill accepted, taken in ill part, displeasing.
Malgrádo, maugre, in despight.
Malgrámma, a Gold-smithes toole.
Mal gratióso, vnhandsome, without grace.
Mál'hábbia, ill may he haue.
Malhóra, an ill houre and vnluckie.
Malía, witch-craft, sorcery.
Maliárda, a witch, a sorceresse.
Maliárdo, a man witch or sorcerer.
Maliáre, to bewitch, to charme.
Maliáta, a floty or raft of timber bound together instead of a flat-boat.
Malichíte, a precious stone of the colour of greene Malloes.
Malicório, the rynde of Pomegranates. Also the Curriers or Tanners shrub.
Máli del sẻsso, hamoroides, piles, or chaps in the fundament.
Malíe amatórie, loue-charmes.
Malífero, ill-bearing or bring-euill.
Malificáre, to doe or commit euill.
Malificióso, full of euill doing.
Malígie, Ciues, Cibols or Scalions.
Malignánza, as Malignità.
Malignáre, to maligne, to malice, to enuie.
Malignità, malignity, spite, enuy.
Malígno, malicious, wicked, spitefull.
Mal'in arnése, ill dight, poore.
Malinconía, melancholy, blacke choler, sadnesse, pensiueness.
Malincónico, melancholike, full of blacke choller, sad, sullen, pensiue.
Malinconióso, as Malincónico.
Mal'in córpo. Looke A mal in córpo.
Mal'in órdine, ill prepared.
Malióso, full of witch-craft, or charmes.
Maliscálco, as Marescálco.
Malisciálco, as Marescálco.
Malíssimo, most, or exceeding ill.
Malistálla, a Poune for cattell.

Malítia, malice, enuie, spite. Also craft, sleight, or wile. Also badnesse or
euill qualitie. Vsed also for maladie or sicknesse.
Malitiáre, to malice, to enuie, to spite.
Malitiáto, vsed for Malitióso.
Malitiosétto, some what malicious.
Malitióso, malicious, shrewd, spitefull.
Malittióne, vsed for Maledittióne.
Maliuogliẻnza, ill will, maleuolence.
Malíuolo, ill minded, maleuolent, churlish.
Mal'in assẻtto, in ill plight, in bad state.
Mal'in órdine, as Mal'in assẻtto.
Mal'in púnto, as Mal'in assẻtto.
Malleggiáre, to euill-intreate, to rifle, to ransake, or strip, and rob.
Málleo, a woodden mallet, or beetle.
Malleólo, a little woodden mallet or beetle. Also the lower part of the leg or
ankle bone. Also a bundle of sticks pitched all ouer, and bound together,
 and set on fire, are flung ouer walles among enemies.
Malleuadóre, a baile, a suretie, a pledge.
Malleuería, baile, maineprize, or suretiship. Also a trespas, or offence.
Mállo, as Máglio.
Mállo, the barke of any tree. Also a mallet.
Malmenáre, to misuse, to euill-intreate.
Malmenáto, ill vsed, euill-intreated, brought to some hard state.
Malméndo, a fault added to another fault, fault vpon fault.
Malmẻrito, ill merit, or deseruing.
Mal napolitáno, the Neapolitane euill, that is, the french poxe.
Mál náto, ill-borne, id est, vnluckie.
Malnétto, vncleane, foule, defiled.
Malobátro, a tree that yeelds an oyle that perfumers vse.
Malomẻllo, a Sweeting-apple.
Malopéno, a kind of Mallow.
Malóre, euill, harme, or ill lucke. Also any swelling blane, sore or disease.
Malósso, a choaking-bit, a hard bone to gnaw.
Málpica, the hearbe Water-cresses.
Mal prò, harmefull, that doth no good.
Malpúnto, any ill card, or that is no encounter at priméro.
Malsáno, vnholesome, vnhealthy.
Malsicúro, vnsafe, vnsure, dangerous.
Malsottíle, a consumption, a pining or lingring disease.
Málta, morter, lime, plaister of Paris. Also mudde or mire. Also a kinde of
monstrous Sea-fish.
Maltáre, to morter, to lome, to parget.
Maltaruóla, a Brick-layers trowell.
Maltatóre, a Pargeter, a Plaisterer.
Maltémpo, ill weather. Also ill lucke.
Maltíccio, all manner of rubbish of broken wals. Also any bedawbing with
loame or morter.
Maltíre, tísco, títo, to digest, to brooke. Also to put ouer as a hawke.
Maltolétto, as Maltólto, ill gotten or ill taken goods, any pilfring or filching.
Maltrattaménto, euill vsage, bad vsage.
Maltrattáre, to misuse or euill intreat.
Málua, Málba, the weed Mallowes.
Maluacẻo, like or of Mallowes.
Maluagía, Maluasía, the Wine Malmesie.
Maluágio, wicked, bad, ill, naughty.
Maluagità, badnesse, wickedness, shrewdnesse, naughtinesse, false-hood,
iniquity.
Maluarésca, Marsh-mallowes, Water-mallowes, or White-mallowes.
Maluática, Malmesie wine.
Maluauísco, as Maluarésca.
Maluauóne, as Maluarésca.
Maluedére, to see with an ill will.
Maluedúto, ill seene or ill welcome.
Maluenúto, ill welcome.
Maluérde, the greene sicknesse. Also the yellowes or yellow iaundise.
Maluézzo, an ill custome, a bad habite.
Maluíccio, a Thrush, or Fieldfare.
Maluolére. sost. Ill will, enuie, being a verbe, to hate.
Maluolontiéri, vnwillingly.
Maluolúto, hated, ill willed.
Malusáre, to vse ill, to abuse, to misuse.
Malúso, an ill vse, custome or fashion.
Mamalúcco, souldiers that the Soldans of Egypt were wont to haue for
their guard and chiefe strength.
Mamáu, a Machound, a Bugbeare, a Raw-head and bloudie bone.
Mámma, a pap, a dug, a mam, a breast. Also Mam, Mother-mine or
Mammie, as children first call their Mothers.
Mammána, a Midwife. Also a Nurce-mother.
Mammatá, thy Mammie, thy Mother.
Mammẻlla, a litle dug, pap or teat.
Mammẻlláre, to sucke a dug.
Mammétta, a little Mammie or Mother.
Mammillári procẻssi, processes in the temple bones hanging downe like
the broken browes of banks, representing the fashion of dugs or teats.
Mammína, as Mammétta.
Mámmola, an old maide, or sillie virgin that will lead Apes in hell.
Mámmole, paps, dugs or teats.
Mámmole uióle, a kind of faire Violets.
Mammolíno, whosht or still as a child a sleepe at his dug.
Mámmolo, a god-father. Also a foster-father. Also an old craftie lad or
babie.

Mammóne, a kind of Cat of the mountaine.

Mammóso, having, or full of paps or dugs.
Mammúccia, a childs babie or puppet.
Mammucciáre, to play the puppet or babie, or to play with babies.
Mamóse, a pap or teate-peare.
Mamúcco, a kind of great foule in the Moluccos, that liueth by the aire,
and is most swift in flying, in running and in swimming.
Man, as Mágno. Carloman, for Carlomágno.
Mána. Vsed for Manáia or Manára.
Manácchia, a Cornish chough.
Manacórdo, as Monacórdo.
Managétto, a kind of little Chough.
Manáia, Manára, an axe, or an adze.
Manantiále, endlesse and euercomming as are the flowings of the Sea.
Manarétta, Manaríno, a hatchet.
Manáta, a handfull, a sheafe, a bundle. Also a handling with the hand.
Manátto, a fish in India, round in shape, with two feete and a head like a
Calfe.
Mánca, mano mánca, the left-hand. Also it or he wanteth or lacketh.
Mancaménto, want, lacke, defect, ayling. Also the waining of the Moone.
Mancánte, wanting, defectiue, ayling.
Mancánza, want, lacke, defect, ayling.
Mancánza délla lúna, the wane of the Moone.
Mancár di féde, to faile of word and promise.
Mancáre, to lacke, to want, to aile, to be defectiue. Also to faile, to misse,
to erre. Also to fall, to abate, to defalke. Also to decrease as the tide or
to wane as the Moone.
Mancatór di féde, a breaker or failer of his word.
Mancatóre, a wanter, a lacker, an ayler.
Mancheggiáre, to saile on the left-hand or larbord.
Manchéuole, wanting, defectiue.
Manchézza, as Mancánza.
Máncia, a free-gift, a new-yeeres-gift, a drinking-pennie, a handsell.
Manciáta, as Máncia. Also a baite by the way for man or horse. Also a
bundle, a handfull, a wad, or wispe of any thing.
Mancináre, to play or do any thing with the left-hand. Also to dissemble.
Mancíno, a left-handed-man, left-handed. Also a blow with the left-hand.
Mancíno e drítto, both right and left-handed.
Mancipáre, to enthrall, to enbondage, to depriue of libertie. Also to sell, to
let, to farme or hire by order of law.
Mancipatióne, an enthralling, an enbondaging. Also a selling, a letting, or
farming by course of law. Also a liuerie and season.

Mancípio, a manciple, a bond-man, a thrall, a vassall. Also taken with the

hand.
Manciúlla, as Maciúlla.
Mánco, lesse, lesser, not so much. Also ailing, wanting, defectiue, or
imperfected. Also a maimed man, one wanting some lim, or that hath
but one hand. Also the contrarie of the right hand or side, also vsed for
want or defect. Also the least.
Mancóso, as Manchéuole.
Mánculo, left-handed.
Mandáia, Mandára, as Manáia.
Mandaménto, a sending for a warrant, a commission, a mittimus, a
mandate.
Mandar' a chiamáre, to send, or call for.
Mandár' a crésima, to send or defer a matter vntill doomes day.
Mandár' a díre, to send word.
Mandár' ad effẻtto, to bring to passe, or effect.
Mandar' al palégro, to send to ones last home.
Mandar' a mále, to consume, or waste to nothing, to send, or bring to
some mischiefe.
Mandáre, to send, as it were by way of commandement, to send and
signifie vnto, to let one vnderstand. Also to addresse and send vnto.
Also to send for, or to call for.
Mandár giù, to send downe. Also to swallow downe, to disgest, or put
ouer, as a hawke doth her meate.
Mandár' in lúngo, to prolong.
Mandaría, as Mándra.
Mandár mále, as Mandár' a mále.
Mandár per, to send for.
Mandatário, any officer, that hath power to send for another.
Mandáto, sent, sent for, addressed. Also a mandate, a command, a
warrant, a mittimus.
Mandatóre, a sender.
Mandatório, a mandatory, a mittimus.
Mandatúccio, a silly commandement.
Mandẻstra, the right hand.
Mandẻstro, a right-handed-man, or blow.
Mandíbula, the mandible or iaw wherin the teeth be set and stand.
Mandiglióne, a iacket, a mandillion.
Mándola, Mándorla, an Almond.
Mandoláta, an Almond tart or milke.
Mándolo, Mándorlo, an Almond-tree.
Mandóne, a continuall feeder.
Mandorlína, an Almond-plum.
Mándra, a heard or droue of any cattell. Also a fould, a poune, a pen or
sheepe-cote for any cattell. Also a stable, a stall or cratch for fodder.
Mandrágola, Mandrágora, a mandrake, which is of so colde a temperature,
that it is vsed to cast men into deepe sleepes when they are to be cut
by Chirurgions, and for other purposes in physike.

Mandráno, Mandráro, a heards-man, a Neat-heard. Also a Drover of cattle.

Also a Grazier.
Mandrétta, a little Mándra.
Mándria, as Mándra.
Mandriále, as Mandráno. Also as Madrigále.
Mandriáno, as Mandriále. Also the name of a toole that Founders vse.
Mandrítto, a right-handed, or downe-right blow.
Mandrolína, a little Almond. Also a daintie trull, a prettie wench.
Manducaménto, any kind of eating-meate.
Manducáre, to eate, to feede, to chew.
Manducatióne, any eating, or feeding.
Mandúco, a disguised or vglie picture to make children afraid, as wee say,
a snap-dragon, a turke, a bug-beare.
Máne, earlie, betimes, in the morning.
Manécchia, the haft or handle of any thing.
Maneggiábile, as Maneggiéuole.
Maneggiaménto, a managing, a handling, a dealing, a negotiation, a
trading.
Maneggiánte, as Maneggiéuole.
Maneggiáre, to manage, to handle, or touch with hands. Also to exercise,
to trade, to solicite or follow businesse.
Maneggiáre a repolóni, to pace, to trot or gallop a horse too and fro in one
path, and still returne to the same.
Maneggiatóre, a manager, a handler.
Maneggiére, as Maneggiatóre, a manager, one that doth handle his
businesse well.
Maneggiéuole, manageable, that may be handled, tractable, pliable,
gentle.
Manéggio, importance, consequence, great imployment of affaires,
management, businesse, handling, negotiation.
Manéggio di cauálli, a riding-place. Also the arte of managing of horses.
Maneggióne, a Trunion, or Munion, so called of Carpenters.
Manególdo, a hangman, an executioner.
Manẻlle, sheafes, or handfuls. Also bracelets.
Manẻnte, abiding, or remaining.
Manéra, as Maniẻra. Also a hatchet.
Manére, mángo, manéi, manúto, to remaine, to abide, to stay, to dwell.
Maneróso, mannerly, full of manners.
Manescállo, Manescálco, as Marescálco.
Manescaménte combatténdo, fighting lustily with bestirring the hands.
Manésco, readie or nimble-handed, working with his hands, a tall man of
his hands. Also that may be handled.
Manẻstra. Looke Mẻnẻstra.
Manétta, a muffe, a snuffkin, a mitton.
Manétte, manickles, or giues for hands. Also graplers, or gantlets, or
mittons, or manchons, or long gloues.
Manézza di férro, an arming gantlet.
Manézze, as Manétte. Also bracelets.
Manfrígoli, a kinde of daintie forced dish.
Manganáre, to presse all manner of clothes. Also to throw, to cast or hurle
great stones or weights or engines of warre, as our forefathers vsed at
the siege of Townes. Also to frame or modell in pastboord, or such light
stuffe.
Manganáro, a presser of linnen clothes. Also a framer of casting engines.
Manganeggiáre, as Manganẻlláre.
Manganẻlla, a leauer to heaue or lift vp any great weight. Also an engine
of warre or frame to cast wilde-fire or great weights and stones into the
enemies campe or any besieged place. But now vsed for a crane such as
be at the custome house in London.
Manganẻlláre, to lift, heaue or raise vp with a Manganẻlla. Also to cast,
hurle or throw with a Manganẻlla.
Manganẻllo, some part of a Mill. Also a little Fustian-mill. Also a kind of
poore garment that shepheards weare. Also a kinde of bag-pipe. Also as
Mángano. Looke Súcula.
Manganése, a kind of minerall stone. Also a kinde of stuffe to make
glasses with.
Mángano, a kind of presse to presse fustians, buck rams or any linnen
clothes to giue them a glasse or luster. Also as Manganáro.
Mangáno, a certaine warlike instrument to fling or dart stones and
weapons as Manganẻlla.
Mangeóla, as Mangétta.
Mangeríe, all manner of eatings or meates. Also as Angaríe.
Mangétta, a Runt, a Steere, a Heafer.
Mangétto, a Runt or yongue Steere or Calfe called a yeereling. Also a kind
of meat.
Mangiábile, that may be eaten.
Mangiacadenázzi, a swagrer, an eater of iron boults.
Mangia-córpi, a stone that consumeth all flesh and deuoureth all flesh.
Mangiáglia, all manner of eatings or foode, all manner of feeding or bellie-
cheere.
Mangiaguadágno, an eate-gaine, a fellow that eates another mans gaines,
that is good for nothing but to steale another mans dinner away.

Mángia-guérra, a kind of strong wine in Greece.

Mangiamári, a kind of ship or vessell in Ormuz that brooketh the Seas well.
Mangiaménti, as Mangiáglia.
Mangiapáne, a fellow that is good for nothing but to eate bread.
Mangiáre, to eate, to feed. Also meate or food.
Mangiáre a mále in córpo, to eate against stomake, as it were with
loathing.
Mangiár' a scrócco, to eate and drinke or make good cheere shiftingly at
other mens cost.
Mangiáre e bére, to eate and drinke. Also all manner of meate and drinke.
Mangiár' in tinẻllo, to eate in a hutch, to feed in the common Hall among
the basest kind of people in some Noblemans house.
Mangiár pan pentíto, to eate bread of repentance, to feed vpon
repentance.
Mangiatíuo, eatable, that may be eaten.
Mangiatóia, a manger, a crib, a cratch, a bowzey, a staule for cattell.
Mangiatóre, an eater, a feeder, a deuourer.
Mangiatório, consisting of eating.
Mángio, as Mánzo.
Mangielíno, a kind of weight in Góa.
Mangiólo, as Mangétto.
Mangióne, a great eater, a glutton. Also vsed for a great Oxe or Boeuf.
Mangiucóne, a glutton, a deuourer.
Mangiúnte, a man giúnte, with ioined or clasped hands.
Mangúrro, Io tì darò quálche mangúrro.
Máni, hands. Also files, rowes, or rankes of men or things. Also the good
or bad Angels, Ghostes or Spirits of dead men. Also elfes, hobgoblins or
such misshapen spirits or imaginarie ghosts that Nurses fray their
children with to make them leaue crying, as wee say bugbeares or raw-
head and bloudy bone. Also taken for the punishments that the Soules
of the dead abide.
Mánia, a disease rising of too much abundance of good bloud hauing
recourse to the head, which causeth the partie to bee braine-sicke and
to fall into furie and rage, madnesse, furiousnesse or braine-sicknesse.
Maniáre, to be or become mad, frantike, furious or braine-sicke.
Mánica, any kind of sleeue, manch or manchon. Also as Mánico.
Mánica di fẻrro, a clout of iron to couer the axell-tree.
Mánica d'un Elefánte, as Probólide.
Manicáre, to sleeue any garment. Also to haft or handle any weapon. Vsed
also for to eate or feede.

Manicarétti, small minced meates, forced dishes, daintie sauces or

quelque-choses.
Manicatóre, a sleeuer. Also a hafter. Also an eater or feeder.
Manicatório, consisting of feeding and bestirring ones chaps.
Manicẻlle, Maníne, little hands or bracelets.
Mániche, sleeues, manches, manchons.
Mániche di brodóni, a kind of hanging sleeues.
Mániche di fẻrro, sleeues of maile or iron.
Manichétto, a little haft or handle.
Manichíno, a hand-muffe, a snufkin, a manchet.
Manichrísto, a Manus-christi.
Mánico, a handle, a haft, a helue.
Mánico di scópa, a broome handle. Bocace doth vse it for a hard turd.
Manicóne, a great sleeue or manchon, a muff, a snufkin. Also as
Doricnióne.
Manicórdo, a rigoll or claricords.
Manicótto, any sleeue or manchon.
Manicóttolo, as Manicótto.
Maniéra, manner, fashion, guise, vse, custome, stile or course. Vsed also
for a kind or sort. Also for qualitie. Also for mannerlinesse and ciuilitie.
Manieráno, manageable, that may bee handled.
Maniéro, that is manageable, gentle or tractable, a reclaimed Hawke. It
hath also beene vsed anciently for a Mannor-house.
Manieróso, mannerly, full of manners or gentlenesse. Also pliable, flexible
or manageable.
Manifattóre, a handie-crafts-man.
Manifattúra, handie-worke or labour.
Manifatturáre, to frame by Arte or hands.
Manifẻstaménto, a manifesting, a declaring, a demonstrating, a publishing.
Manifẻstáre, to manifest, to reueale, to publish or make apparant, to
diuulge.
Manifẻstário, a notorious and most manifest man, taken in ill part.
Manifẻstatióne, a manifestation.
Manifẻstatíuo, that may be manifested, reuealed, published or diuulged.
Manifẻstatório, as Manifẻstatíuo.
Manifẻstéuole, that may be manifested.
Manifẻsto, manifest, vndoubted, apparant.
Manígli, bracelets, manicles.
Manigliáre, to manicle, or put on bracelets.
Maníglie, bracelets. Also manicles.
Manigoldággine, a tricke or part of a hang-man.
Manigoldáre, to play the hang-man.

Manigoldaríe, hang-mans trickes.

Manigoldeggiáre, as Manigoldáre.
Manigóldo, a hang-man, an executioner.
Manigoldóne, a notable roague.
Maníli, bracelets. Also manicles.
Maninconeggiáre, to be melancholike.
Maninconía, as Malinconía.
Manincónico, as Malincónico.
Maninconióso, sad, melancholious.
Maníne, little pretty hands. Also a kind of round and white Mushroms.
Maníni, hath beene vsed for bracelets worne vpon the hand-wrest.
Manióso, furious, mad, brainesicke.
Manípola, a handfull, a gripe, a bundle, a bottle. Also a part of so many
rankes or files of souldiers throughout a battle or squadron of pikes
drawne foorth to march through any streight or passage. Some thinke it
to be but a band of ten souldiers vnder one Captaine, as it were but a
handful in comparison of a greater number. Also a gantlet.
Manipoláre, Manipuláre, to gripe or claspe with the hands. Also to reduce
into bottles or handfuls, to bundle vp. Also to arme with a gantlet.
Manípolo, Manípulo, a handfull, a little bundle, a wad. Also a gantlet. Also
a racket to play at tennis.
Manipotẻnte, mighty of his hands.
Manipotẻntia, might of hands.
Maniscalchería, as Marescalchería.
Maniscálco, as Marescálco.
Maniscíntola, a lazie slothfull companion that houlds his thumbe vnder his
girdle. Also lazinesse, sloth or lithernesse.
Manízza, as Manézza.
Manízze, mittons or hand muffes. Also gantlets.
Manliáno, cruell, seuere, as Manlius Torquatus was.
Mánna del ciẻlo, Manna or the dew of heauen, which in the Scriptures is
said to be a delicate thing that God caused to fall from heauen in maner
of deaw, white and like a Coriander seede, and very pleasant in eating,
in physike it is a kind of deaw congealed on plants and trees in certaine
whot countries which is gathering and reserued and giuen as a gentle
purge for choler.
Mannáia, Mannára, as Manáia.
Mannaríno, a chiefe Ram, or other cattell that leades the whole flocke or
heard, a Bel-weather.
Máno, a hand. Also power, authority, assistance, aide, helpe, protection,
sway or dominion. Also a ranke, a row or file of any thing. Also a maine
set, cast at or drawne at play. Also a kind of weight in Ormuz. Also the
hand of a dyall.

Manoále, any handy-craft-man, Manouále.

Manoáldo, as Manouáldo.
Manoalménte, manually, handily.
Manócchia, a handfull. Vsed also for a gantlet.
Manócchie, turfes or earth.
Manocórdo, as Manicórdo.
Máno dẻstra or drítto, the right-hand.
Máno di fẻrro, an iron gantlet.
Manoẻlla, a bar or stang. Also a hand-spike, a leuer or barre or crow. Also
a Falde.
Máno mánca, the leaft-hand.
Máno mancína, the leaft-hand.
Máno rítta, the right-hand.
Máno sinístra, the leaft-hand.
Máno stánca, the leaft or weary hand.
Máno strétta, a nigardly band, a close-hand.
Máno zánca, the leaft-hand.
Manomésso, manumitted, enfranchised, set at liberty. Also begun or set a
broach.
Manométtere, métto, mísi, mésso, to manumit, to enfranchise, to set at
liberty. Also to begin or set a broach any thing.
Manomissióne, a making free, a manumission or deliuerance out of
bondage.
Manondiméno, but neuerthelesse, but that.
Manópola, as Manípola.
Manoprétio, reward for handy-labour.
Manoualdería, an administration or prouing of ones will. Also suretiship,
baile or maine-prise.
Manouáldo, an Administrator of ones will. Also a surety or baile.
Manóuale, manuall, of or belonging to ones hands. Also a handy-crafts-
man, a trades-man, a day-labourer. Also that may be handled or
wrought with hands.
Manoualménte, manually, artificially, with handy-labour.
Manouẻlle, little handfuls, bundles or sheaues. Also little peeces or parcels.
Also the name of a Rope-makers toole.
Man rítto, as Mandrítto.
Man rouẻscio, a backe-blow.
Mansáno, a Coopers-toole or some part of a tub or barrell.
Mánse, meeke, humble, milde, gentle.
Mansinístro, a blow giuen with the left-hand.
Mansionáro, a houseling, a home-keeper.
Mansióne, a Mansion-house or abideing place.
Mánso, meeke, milde, humble, gentle.
Mansório, a muscle, which springing in circled sort from the throate-bone,
and for the first bone of the vpper iaw, moueth the neather iaw.

Mansuefáre, fáccio, féci, fátto, to enmilden, to make humble, meeke, or

tractable.
Mansuefátto, made milde, meeke, or humble.
Mansuetáre, to enmilden, to humble, to make or become meeke.
Mansuéto, milde, meeke, lowly, humble.
Mansuetúdine, mildnesse, meekenesse, lowlinesse.
Mánta, a mantle, a robe, a long cloke.
Mantacáre, to blow with bellowes.
Mantáco, a paire of bellowes.
Mantacúzzo, as Mantáio.
Mantáio, the name of a Gold-smiths toole.
Mantáre, to enrobe, to enmantle, to cloke.
Mantáro, a riding-cloke, or vpper-frocke.
Mánte, a diuiner or guesser, a foreteller of things to come.
Mantefétti, a paire of bellowes.
Mantegáte, a kinde of daintie paste-meate.
Manteghília, as Mantegáte.
Mantelétto, as Mantilétto.
Mantẻlláccio, a filthie great course cloke. Also an hypocrite vnder course
clothes.
Mantẻlláre, to enmantle, to cloke, to couer, to shroud. Also to flatter and
cog.
Mantẻlláro, a cloke, or mantle-maker.
Mantẻllétti, little clokes. Also shrouds, shelters, penthouses, vpper couers.
Mantẻllína, a little loose mantle or mantlet or mandillion, as women weare
ouer their gownes.
Mantẻllizzáre, to mantle. Also to flatter or fawne vpon, to court one with
faire words or giue court-holy-water.
Mantẻllo, any kind of mantle or cloke. Also the coate or colour of a horse
or any other beast. Also a kind of broad flat-fish.
Mantenére, tẻngo, tẻnni, tenúto, to maintaine, to vphold, to sustaine, to
protect, to backe, to countenance, to defend and keepe in state.
Manteniménto, maintenance, sustenance, vpholding, protection, backing.
Mantenitóre, a maintainer, an vpholder.
Mantenúto, maintained, vpheld.
Mantía, diuination, foretelling of things to come. Also a kind of bush.
Mántica, a bag, a wallet, a budget, a cap-case. Also the broad boord of a
paire of bellowes.
Manticciáro, a maker of bellowes.
Manticciuólo, a little poore silly cloake.
Mántice, a paire of bellowes. Also the guts whereby euery creature drawes
breath, the lungs.
Manticẻllo, as Manticciuólo.
Mántici, as Mántice, bellowes.
Mántico, as Mántice, a paire of bellowes.
Manticóra, a wilde beast in India, with three rankes of teeth, clouen
footed, face and eares like a man, bodied as a Lyon, with a sting in his
taile as a Scorpion, a voice sounding as a flute and trumpet together,
and couets much mans flesh.
Mantíglia, a kinde of clouted creame which we call a foole or trifle.
Mantíle, a boord-cloth, a table-cloth, a spredding-cloth, a napkin.
Mantilétto, a napkin, a drinking or cupboord-cloth. Also a couering or
penthouse made of boordes to keepe and shelter ordinance vpon a
platforme from raine and foule weather, called of vs a houell or shed.
Mánto, a mantle, a robe, a long vpper garment, a cloke. Also the coate or
colour of a horse or any beast.
Mantóne, a great robe or mantle.
Mantouaríe, Mantoan or bawdy tricks.
Mantrauẻrso, a crosse-blow.
Manuále, as Manouále.
Manualísta, a handy-crafts-man.
Manualménte, as Manoualménte.
Manuário, any thing gotten by handie-labour.
Manúbia, the spoile taken of a noble person that yeeldeth himselfe
prisoner, or the ransome that is made of him. Also the pray or booty
taken from enemies. Also the Generals or chiefe Captaines share of any
booty or spoile.
Manubiále, partayning to spoiles.
Manubrétte, shooe-buckles, buckles for buskins.
Manucáre, to eat or feede hungerly.
Manucatóre, an eater or hungry feeder.
Manúche, a fine-coloured bird in India which neuer toucheth the ground
but when he is dead.
Manucodiáta, the Paradise-bird, which is said to haue no feete.
Manudúrre, to lead by the hand.
Manuduttióne, a leading by the hand.
Manuẻlla, as Manoẻlla.
Manuẻlle, as Fálde.
Manufáre, to worke or make by hand.
Manufátto, made or wrought by hand.
Manufattúra, handie-worke, or handie-workemanship.
Manumésso, as Manomésso.
Manuméttere, as Manométtere.
Manumissióne, as Manomissióne.
Manuprẻtio, as Manoprẻtio.
Manútia, the plough taile.
Manúto. Looke Manére, remained.

Manúzza, a little hand or bracelet.

Mánza, a yoong Cow or Heifer. Also a prettie wench or lasse. Also a mans
loue, mistris, or sweet-heart. Also as Máncia.
Man zánca, the left-hand.
Manzétto, a yong Calfe, Runt or Steere.
Mánzo, a yoong Runt, Steere or Bullocke.
Maóna, a kinde of ship or hulke for burden.
Mapertánto, yet or but for all that.
Máppa, a Map, a Tipe or Carde.
Mappamóndo, the Map of the world. Also the world at will, or pleasure.
Mappẻllo, a kind of poison or sublimate.
Ma púre, but yet for all that.
Maraboláno, as Miroboláno.
Maragóne, a Cormorant.
Marána, a kind of hulke or hoy. Some haue vsed it for a light Pinnace.
Maranẻllo, a yoong pig or porkeling.
Marangonáre, to play the Carpenter.
Marangóne, a Carpenter, a Wright. Also a Cormorant.
Maráno, a nick-name for Spaniards, that is, one descended of Iewes or
Infidels and whose Parents were neuer christned, but for to saue their
goods will say they are Christians. Also as Marána.
Marasándola, a water Lizard or Newte.
Marásca, a kind of soure Cherrie.
Marásco, a soure Cherrie-tree.
Marásmo, the third degree or extremitie of an Hectike and consuming
Feuer, when vnnaturall heate hath so preuailed in the substantiall parts,
that the naturall moisture thereof is cleane exhausted, and thereby is
become incurable.
Marasmóde, a kind of Hectike-feauer following a burning Ague so farre
spread as it consumeth the humor of the whole bodie.
Marásso, a venemous Viper.
Maráthro, garden Fennell.
Marauedis, pícciola monéta in spágna, foure and thirtie of them make sixe-
pence sterling.
Marauíglia, a maruell, a wonder.
Marauigliáre, to maruell, to wonder.
Marauigliársi, to wonder or admire at any thing.
Marauiglióso, maruellous, wondrous.
Márca, a bound, a confine, a limite or marches of any country or dominion,
thereof came the title of Marchése: for, he was called a Marques that
had the charge of some bordering country, or that kept the Marches.
Also a marke, a stampe, a print, or branding iron. Also a coine called a
Marke. Also a kind of weight of siluer. It hath also (but very strangely)
beene vsed for for a horse or steede.

Márca. Vsed of Dante for the race or course of a mans life.

Márca mortále, mortall life or race.
Marcantáre, to marte, to marchandize, to cheapen, to bargaine, to trade.
Marcánte, a Marter, a Marchant, a Chapman, a Trader.
Marcantésco, marchant-like.
Marcantía, any kind of marchandize.
Marcáre, to marke, to brand, to stampe.
Marcasíno, a stone whereof Mill-stones are made.