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Learning SQL 1st Edition Alan Beaulieu Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Alan Beaulieu
ISBN(s): 9780596007270, 0596007272
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 1.79 MB
Year: 2005
Language: english
 Learning SQL
By Alan Beaulieu
...............................................
Publisher: O'Reilly
Pub Date: August 2005
ISBN: 0-596-00727-2
Pages: 306

Table of Contents | Index

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard programming language for generating, manipulating,
and retrieving information from a relational database. If you're working with a relational database--
whether you're writing applications, performing administrative tasks, or generating reports--you need to
know how to interact with your data. Even if you are using a tool that generates SQL for you, such as a
reporting tool, there may still be cases where you need to bypass the automatic generation feature and
write your own SQL statements.

To help you attain this fundamental SQL knowledge, look to Learning SQL, an introductory guide to SQL,
designed primarily for developers just cutting their teeth on the language.

Learning SQL moves you quickly through the basics and then on to some of the more commonly used
advanced features. Among the topics discussed:

The history of the computerized database

SQL Data Statements--those used to create, manipulate, and retrieve data stored in your
database; example statements include select, update, insert, and delete

SQL Schema Statements--those used to create database objects, such as tables, indexes, and
constraints

How data sets can interact with queries

The importance of subqueries

Data conversion and manipulation via SQL's built-in functions

How conditional logic can be used in Data Statements

Best of all, Learning SQL talks to you in a real-world manner, discussing various platform differences
that you're likely to encounter and offering a series of chapter exercises that walk you through the
learning process. Whenever possible, the book sticks to the features included in the ANSI SQL
standards. This means you'll be able to apply what you learn to any of several different databases; the
book covers MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and Oracle Database, but the features and syntax should
apply just as well (perhaps with some tweaking) to IBM DB2, Sybase Adaptive Server, and PostgreSQL.

Put the power and flexibility of SQL to work. With Learning SQL you can master this important skill and
know that the SQL statements you write are indeed correct.
 Learning SQL
By Alan Beaulieu
...............................................
Publisher: O'Reilly
Pub Date: August 2005
ISBN: 0-596-00727-2
Pages: 306

Table of Contents | Index

Copyright
Preface
Why Learn SQL?
Why Use This Book to Do It?
Structure of This Book
Conventions Used in This Book
How to Contact Us
Using Code Examples
Safari Enabled
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. A Little Background
Section 1.1. Introduction to Databases
Section 1.2. What Is SQL?
Section 1.3. What Is MySQL?
Section 1.4. What's in Store
Chapter 2. Creating and Populating a Database
Section 2.1. Creating a MySQL Database
Section 2.2. Using the mysql Command-Line Tool
Section 2.3. MySQL Data Types
Section 2.4. Table Creation
Section 2.5. Populating and Modifying Tables
Section 2.6. When Good Statements Go Bad
Section 2.7. The Bank Schema
Chapter 3. Query Primer
Section 3.1. Query Mechanics
Section 3.2. Query Clauses
Section 3.3. The select Clause
Section 3.4. The from Clause
Section 3.5. The where Clause
Section 3.6. The group by and having Clauses
Section 3.7. The order by Clause
Section 3.8. Exercises
Chapter 4. Filtering
 Section 4.1. Condition Evaluation
Section 4.2. Building a Condition
Section 4.3. Condition Types
Section 4.4. NULL: That Four-Letter Word
Section 4.5. Exercises
Chapter 5. Querying Multiple Tables
Section 5.1. What Is a Join?
Section 5.2. Joining Three or More Tables
Section 5.3. Self-Joins
Section 5.4. Equi-Joins Versus Non-Equi-Joins
Section 5.5. Join Conditions Versus Filter Conditions
Section 5.6. Exercises
Chapter 6. Working with Sets
Section 6.1. Set Theory Primer
Section 6.2. Set Theory in Practice
Section 6.3. Set Operators
Section 6.4. Set Operation Rules
Section 6.5. Exercises
Chapter 7. Data Generation, Conversion, and Manipulation
Section 7.1. Working with String Data
Section 7.2. Working with Numeric Data
Section 7.3. Working with Temporal Data
Section 7.4. Conversion Functions
Section 7.5. Exercises
Chapter 8. Grouping and Aggregates
Section 8.1. Grouping Concepts
Section 8.2. Aggregate Functions
Section 8.3. Generating Groups
Section 8.4. Group Filter Conditions
Section 8.5. Exercises
Section 8.6. 8-4 (Extra Credit)
Chapter 9. Subqueries
Section 9.1. What Is a Subquery?
Section 9.2. Subquery Types
Section 9.3. Noncorrelated Subqueries
Section 9.4. Correlated Subqueries
Section 9.5. When to Use Subqueries
Section 9.6. Subquery Wrap-up
Section 9.7. Exercises
Chapter 10. Joins Revisited
Section 10.1. Outer Joins
Section 10.2. Cross Joins
Section 10.3. Natural Joins
Section 10.4. Exercises
Chapter 11. Conditional Logic
Section 11.1. What Is Conditional Logic?
 Section 11.2. The Case Expression
Section 11.3. Case Expression Examples
Section 11.4. Exercises
Chapter 12. Transactions
Section 12.1. Multiuser Databases
Section 12.2. What Is a Transaction?
Chapter 13. Indexes and Constraints
Section 13.1. Indexes
Section 13.2. Constraints
Appendix A. ER Diagram for Example Database
Appendix B. MySQL Extensions to the SQL Language
Section B.1. Select Extensions
Section B.2. Combination Insert/Update Statements
Section B.3. Ordered Updates and Deletes
Section B.4. Multitable Updates and Deletes
Appendix C. Solutions to Exercises
Section C.1. Chapter 3
Section C.2. Chapter 4
Section C.3. Chapter 5
Section C.4. Chapter 6
Section C.5. Chapter 7
Section C.6. Chapter 8
Section C.7. 8-4 (Extra Credit)
Section C.8. Chapter 9
Section C.9. Chapter 10
Section C.10. Chapter 11
Appendix D. Further Resources
Section D.1. Advanced SQL
Section D.2. Database Programming
Section D.3. Database Design
Section D.4. Database Tuning
Section D.5. Database Administration
Section D.6. Report Generation
Colophon
About the Author
Colophon
Index
Learning SQL

by Alan Beaulieu

Copyright © 2005 O'Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

Published by O'Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.

O'Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are
also available for most titles (safari.oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional
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Editor: Jonathan Gennick

Production Editor: Matt Hutchinson

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Printing History:

August 2005: First Edition.

Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O'Reilly logo are registered trademarks of
O'Reilly Media, Inc. Learning SQL, the image of an Andean marsupial tree frog, and related trade dress
are trademarks of O'Reilly Media, Inc.

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as
trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly Media, Inc. was aware of a
trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume
no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information
contained herein.

ISBN: 0-596-00727-2

[M]
Preface
Programming languages come and go constantly, and very few languages in use today have roots going
back more than a decade or so. Some examples are Cobol, which is still used quite heavily in mainframe
environments, and C, which is still quite popular for operating system and server development and for
embedded systems. In the database arena, we have SQL, whose roots go all the way back to the 1970s.

SQL is the language for generating, manipulating, and retrieving data from a relational database. One of
the reasons for the popularity of relational databases is that properly designed relational databases can
handle huge amounts of data. When working with large data sets, SQL is akin to one of those snazzy
digital cameras with the high-power zoom lens in that you can use SQL to look at large sets of data, or
you can zoom in on individual rows (or anywhere in between). Other database management systems tend
to break down under heavy loads because their focus is too narrow (the zoom lens is stuck on maximum),
which is why attempts to dethrone relational databases and SQL have largely failed. Therefore, even
though SQL is an old language, it is going to be around for a lot longer and has a bright future in store.
Why Learn SQL?
If you are going to work with a relational database, whether you are writing applications, performing
administrative tasks, or generating reports, you will need to know how to interact with the data in your
database. Even if you are using a tool that generates SQL for you, such as a reporting tool, there may be
times when you need to bypass the automatic generation feature and write your own SQL statements.

Learning SQL has the added benefit of forcing you to confront and understand the data structures used to
store information about your organization. As you become comfortable with the tables in your database,
you may find yourself proposing modifications or additions to your database schema.
Why Use This Book to Do It?
The SQL language is broken into several categories. Statements used to create database objects (tables,
indexes, constraints, etc.) are collectively known as SQL schema statements. The statements used to
create, manipulate, and retrieve the data stored in a database are known as the SQL data statements. If
you are an administrator, you will be using both SQL schema and SQL data statements. If you are a
programmer or report writer, you may only need to use (or be allowed to use) SQL data statements.
While this book demonstrates many of the SQL schema statements, the main focus of this book is on
programming features.

With only a handful of commands, the SQL data statements look deceptively simple. In my opinion, many
of the available SQL books help to foster this notion by only skimming the surface of what is possible with
the language. However, if you are going to work with SQL, it behooves you to understand fully the
capabilities of the language and how different features can be combined to produce powerful results. I feel
that this is the only book that provides detailed coverage of the SQL language without the added benefit
of doubling as a "door stop" (you know, those 1,250-page "complete references" that tend to gather dust
on people's cubicle shelves).

While the examples in this book run on MySQL, Oracle Database, and SQL Server, I had to pick one of
those products to host my sample database and to format the result sets returned by the example
queries. Of the three, I chose MySQL because it is freely obtainable, easy to install, and simple to
administer. For those readers using a different server, I ask that you download and install MySQL and
load the sample database so that you can run the examples and experiment with the data.
Structure of This Book

This book is divided into 13 chapters and 4 appendixes:

Chapter 1, A Little Background, explores the history of computerized databases, including the rise of
the relational model and the SQL language.

Chapter 2, Creating and Populating a Database, demonstrates how to create a MySQL database,
create the tables used for the examples in this book, and populate the tables with data.

Chapter 3, Query Primer, introduces the select statement and further demonstrates the most
common clauses (select, from, where).

Chapter 4, Filtering, demonstrates the different types of conditions that can be used in the where
clause of a select, update, or delete statement.

Chapter 5, Querying Multiple Tables, shows how queries can utilize multiple tables via table joins.

Chapter 6, Working with Sets, is all about data sets and how they can interact within queries.

Chapter 7, Data Generation, Conversion, and Manipulation, demonstrates several built-in functions
used for manipulating or converting data.

Chapter 8, Grouping and Aggregates, shows how data can be aggregated.

Chapter 9, Subqueries, introduces the subquery (a personal favorite) and shows how and where
they can be utilized.

Chapter 10, Joins Revisited, further explores the various types of table joins.

Chapter 11, Conditional Logic, explores how conditional logic (i.e., if-then-else) can be utilized in
select, insert, update, and delete statements.

Chapter 12, Transactions, introduces transactions and shows how to use them.

Chapter 13, Indexes and Constraints, explores indexes and constraints.

Appendix A, ER Diagram for Example Database, shows the database schema used for all examples in
the book.

Appendix B, MySQL Extensions to the SQL Language, demonstrates some of the interesting non-
ANSI features of MySQL's SQL implementation.

Appendix C, Solutions to Exercises, shows solutions to the chapter exercises.

Appendix D, Further Resources, suggests where to turn for more advanced training.
Conventions Used in This Book
The following typographical conventions are used in this book:

Italic

Used for filenames, directory names, and URLs. Also used for emphasis and to indicate the first use
of a technical term.

Constant width

Used for code examples and to indicate SQL keywords within text.

Constant width italic

Used to indicate user-defined terms.

UPPERCASE

Used to indicate SQL keywords within example code.

Constant width bold

Indicates user input in examples showing an interaction. Also indicates emphasized code elements
to which you should pay particular attention.

Indicates a tip, suggestion, or general note. For example, I use notes to point you
to useful new features in Oracle9i.

Indicates a warning or caution. For example, I'll tell you if a certain SQL clause
might have unintended consequences if not used carefully.
How to Contact Us
Please address comments and questions concerning this book to the publisher:

O'Reilly Media, Inc.

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Sebastopol, CA 95472
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You can access this page at:

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Using Code Examples
This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, you may use the code in this book in your
programs and documentation. You do not need to contact us for permission unless you're reproducing a
significant portion of the code. For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this
book does not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from O'Reilly books does
require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example code does not require
permission. Incorporating a significant amount of example code from this book into your product's
documentation does require permission.

We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title, author, publisher,
and ISBN. For example: "Learning SQL by Alan Beaulieu. Copyright 2005 O'Reilly Media, Inc., 0-596-
00727-2."

If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above, feel free to
contact us at permissions@oreilly.com.
Safari Enabled

When you see a Safari® Enabled icon on the cover of your favorite technology book, that
means the book is available online through the O'Reilly Network Safari Bookshelf.

Safari offers a solution that's better than e-books. It's a virtual library that lets you easily search
thousands of top tech books, cut and paste code samples, download chapters, and find quick answers
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Acknowledgments
A book is a living thing, and what you now hold in your hands is a far cry from my initial ramblings. The
person most responsible for this metamorphosis is my editor, Jonathan Gennick; thank you for your
assistance in every step of this project, both for your editorial prowess and your expertise with the SQL
language. Next, I would like to acknowledge my three technical reviewers, Peter Gulutzan, Joseph
Molinaro, and Jeff Cox, who challenged me to make this book both technically sound and appropriate for
readers new to SQL. Also, many thanks to the multitude of people at O'Reilly Media who have helped
make this book a reality, including my production editor, Matt Hutchinson; the cover designer, Ellie
Volckhausen; and the illustrator, Rob Romano.
Chapter 1. A Little Background
Before we roll up our sleeves and get to work, it might be beneficial to introduce some basic database
concepts and look at the history of computerized data storage and retrieval.
1.1. Introduction to Databases

A database is nothing more than a set of related information. A telephone book, for example, is a
database of the names, phone numbers, and addresses of all people living in a particular region. While a
telephone book is certainly a ubiquitous and frequently used database, it suffers from the following:

Finding a person's telephone number can be time consuming, especially if the telephone book
contains a large number of entries.

A telephone book is only indexed by last/first names, so finding the names of the people living at a
particular address, while possible in theory, is not a practical use for this database.

From the moment the telephone book is printed, the information becomes less and less accurate as
people move into or out of a region, change their telephone numbers, or move to another location
within the same region.

The same drawbacks attributed to telephone books can also apply to any manual data storage system,
such as patient records stored in a filing cabinet. Because of the cumbersome nature of paper databases,
some of the first computer applications developed were database systems, which are computerized data
storage and retrieval mechanisms. Because a database system stores data electronically rather than on
paper, a database system is able to retrieve data more quickly, index data in multiple ways, and deliver
up-to-the-minute information to its user community.

Early database systems managed data stored on magnetic tapes. Because there were generally far more
tapes than tape readers, technicians were tasked with loading and unloading tapes as specific data was
required. Because the computers of that era had very little memory, multiple requests for the same data
generally required the data to be read from the tape multiple times. While these database systems were a
significant improvement over paper databases, they are a far cry from what is possible with today's
technology. (Modern database systems can manage terabytes of data spread across many fast-access
disk drives, holding tens of gigabytes of that data in high-speed memory, but I'm getting a bit ahead of
myself.)

1.1.1. Nonrelational Database Systems

For the first several decades of computerized database systems, data was stored and represented to
users in various ways. In a hierarchical database system, for example, data is represented as one or more
tree structures. Figure 1-1 shows how data relating to George Blake's and Sue Smith's bank accounts
might be represented via tree structures.

Figure 1-1. Hierarchical view of account data

George and Sue each have their own tree containing their accounts and the transactions on those
accounts. The hierarchical database system provides tools for locating a particular customer's tree and
then traversing the tree to find the desired accounts and/or transactions. Each node in the tree may have
either zero or one parent and zero, one, or many children. This configuration is known as a single-parent
hierarchy.

Another common approach, called the network database system, exposes sets of records and sets of links
that define relationships between different records. Figure 1-2 shows how George's and Sue's same
accounts might look in such a system.

Figure 1-2. Network view of account data

In order to find the transactions posted to Sue's money market account, you would need to perform the
following steps:

1. Find the customer record for Sue Smith.

2. Follow the link from Sue Smith's customer record to her list of accounts.

3. Traverse the chain of accounts until you find the money market account.

4. Follow the link from the money market record to its list of transactions.

One interesting feature of network database systems is demonstrated by the set of product records on
the far right of Figure 1-2. Notice that each product record (Checking, Savings, etc.) points to a list of
account records that are of that product type. Account records, therefore, can be accessed from multiple
places (both customer records and product records), allowing a network database to act as a multiparent
hierarchy.

Both hierarchical and network database systems are alive and well today, although generally in the
mainframe world. Additionally, hierarchical database systems have enjoyed a rebirth in the directory
services realm, such as Microsoft's Active Directory and Netscape's Directory Server, as well as with
Extensible Markup Language (XML). Beginning in the 1970s, however, a new way of representing data
began to take root, one that was more rigorous yet easy to understand and implement.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 This resolution was adopted without debate, and unanimously, by
both houses on June 22, and approved by the President on June 26,
1906.

On two other occasions about the same time the friendly

disposition of the people and the Government of the United States
towards the Jews was manifested to the world. The first occasion
was only semi-official, when the Jews of the country celebrated the
Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Settlement of the Jews
in the United States, on Thanksgiving Day (November 30), 1905.
Meetings and special services were held in more than seventy
localities between November 24 and December 10, but the principal
celebration was in New York on the above mentioned date, in
Carnegie Hall, where notable addresses were delivered by former
President Grover Cleveland, Governor Francis W. Higgins of the State
of New York, Mayor George B. McClellan of New York City, and
Bishop David Greer. Cordial letters were received from President
Roosevelt and Vice-President Charles W. Fairbanks. The principal
oration at that memorable meeting was delivered by Judge Mayer
Sulzberger of Philadelphia. Our present Ambassador to Russia, Curtis
Guild, Jr., who was at that time Lieutenant-Governor of
Massachusetts, was one of the speakers at the celebration meeting
which was held in Boston, a day before the New York meeting. 56

The second occasion attracted less attention, but was strictly

official. The International Conference about Morocco, which was held
in Algeciras, Spain, from January 6 to April 7, 1906, was participated
in by the United States, and its first delegate, Henry White
(Ambassador to Italy), received instruction by a special letter from
Secretary of State (now Senator) Elihu Root to work for the
protection of the Jews of Morocco. These instructions were
accompanied by a letter received by Secretary Root from Mr. Jacob
H. Schiff, setting forth the pitiable condition of the Jews of that
country and enumerating the legal restrictions to which they were
subject. Through the exertion of Mr. White, a provision was inserted,
on April 2, in the treaty, with which the Conference was concluded,
according to which the signatory nations guarantee the security and
equal privileges of the Jews in Morocco, both those living in the
ports and those living in the interior. (See “American-Jewish Year
Book” for 5667, pp. 92–98.) The chief value of this provision,
however, consists only in its indication of the good will of the
Government of the United States. Its practical value for the Jews of
Morocco, as far as protection from riots and massacres are
concerned, is hardly more than that of the well known “Article 44” of
the Treaty of Berlin regarding the Jews of Roumania. The Jews of
Morocco probably never heard of that provision, and the credit of
ameliorating their condition rightfully belongs to France, which has,
according to the latest agreement among European Powers, become
the protector, or ruler of the Shereefian Empire.

Hon. Oscar S. Straus.

Near the end of the same year (1906) President Roosevelt

appointed Oscar S. Straus, the author and diplomatist, Secretary of
Commerce and Labor. The first Jew to be thus honored with a seat
in the Cabinet has served twice as minister plenipotentiary (and
since he left the Cabinet, again as Ambassador) to Turkey, and also
succeeded the late Benjamin Harrison, former president of the
United States, as a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at
The Hague. His oldest brother, Isidor Straus (b. in Bavaria, 1845;
a. 1854; drowned with the “Titanic” April 15, 1912), was a well
known merchant and philanthropist in New York, who was a member
of the Fifty-third Congress, and has been for many years President
of the Educational Alliance. Another brother, Nathan Straus (b. in
Bavaria, 1848: a. 1854), who is also known as a philanthropist and
served as Park Commissioner, and, for several months, as President
of the Board of Health of New York, is two years older than the
former Cabinet Minister.

CHAPTER XXXVIII.
THE AMERICAN-JEWISH COMMITTEE. EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS AND FEDERATIONS.
Formation of the American Jewish Committee—Its first fifteen members and its
membership in 1911—The experimental Kehillah organizations—The re-
organized Jewish Theological Seminary—Faculty of the Hebrew Union College
—The Dropsie College of Hebrew and Cognate Learning—The Rabbi Joseph
Jacob School—Other Orthodox “Yeshibot”—Talmud Torahs and “Chedarim”—
Hebrew Institutes—They become more Jewish because other agencies now do
the work of Americanizing the immigrant—Technical Schools—Young Men’s
and Young Women’s Hebrew Associations—Federations of various kinds.

The massacres of 1905 aroused and united the Jews of the

civilized world, and the necessity of an organization to cope with the
situation and with similar situations in the future began to be
generally felt. The time when the Alliance Israelite Universelle, with
its preponderance of French Jews and French methods, could act for
the Jewry of all countries was now past, and only a new organization
in which each country was independently represented could answer
the purpose. The same was also true, in a more restricted sense, in
the United States itself. None of the national Jewish bodies, not even
the Order B’nai B’rith, with its Board of Delegates, could now
assume to speak with undisputed authority in the name of American
Jewry as it is now constituted. An attempt to form a representative
international Committee of Jews was made at the General Jewish
Conference which was convened at Brussels, Belgium, in the last
days of January, 1906, where a resolution to that effect was
adopted. But the plan was not carried out.

Judge Mayer Sulzberger.

Photo by Gutekunst, Phila.

Within a week after the Brussels Conference (February 3–4), a

conference was held in New York City “to consider the formation of a
General Jewish Committee or other representative body of the Jews
in the United States.” 57 A committee which was appointed by the
chairman, Judge Mayer Sulzberger of Philadelphia, submitted its
report to the conference at a subsequent meeting (May 19), which
was referred to a Committee of Five, with instructions to select
another Committee of Fifteen, representative of all Jewish societies
of the United States, to be increased to fifty members, if considered
desirable. About a month later, the chairman announced the
following Committee as the nucleus of the American Jewish
Committee, which was ultimately increased to sixty: Cyrus Adler,
Washington, D. C.; Nathan Bijur, New York; Joseph H. Cohen, New
York; Emil G. Hirsch, Chicago, Ill.; D. H. Lieberman, New York; Julian
W. Mack, Chicago, Ill.; J. L. Magnes, New York; Louis Marshall, New
York; Isidor Newman, New Orleans, La.; Simon W. Rosendale,
Albany, N. Y.; Max Senior, Cincinnati, O.; Jacob H. Schiff, New York;
Oscar S. Straus, New York; M. C. Sloss, San Francisco, Cal., and
Simon Wolf, Washington, D. C.

The American-Jewish Committee was organized with sixty

members, and adopted a constitution (November 11, 1906), which
begins: “The purpose of this committee is to prevent infringement of
the civil and religious rights of the Jews, and to alleviate the
consequences of persecution. In the event of a threatened or actual
denial or invasion of such rights, or when conditions calling for relief
from calamities affecting Jews exist anywhere, correspondence may
be entered into with those familiar with the situation, and if the
persons on the spot feel themselves able to cope with the situation,
no action need be taken; if, on the other hand, they request aid,
steps shall be taken to furnish it.” The Committee was later again
increased on account of the enlargement of the representation from
New York City, owing to the organization of the “Kehillah,” and last
year consisted of the following, representing the thirteen districts
into which the country was divided for that purpose:

Dist. I: Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina,

2 members: Ceasar Cone, Greensboro, N. C.; Montague Triest,
Charleston, S. C.
 Dist. II: Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, 2 members: Jacques
Loeb, Montgomery, Ala.; Nathan Cohn, Nashville, Tenn.

Dist. III: Arizona, Louisiana, New Mexico, Texas, 2 members:

Maurice Stern, New Orleans, La.; Isaac H. Kempner, Galveston, Tex.

Dist. IV: Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, 3 members:

Morris M. Cohen, Little Rock, Ark.; David S. Lehman, Denver, Col.;
Elias Michael, St. Louis, Mo.

Dist. V: California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington,

3 members: Max C. Sloss, San Francisco, Cal.; Harris Weinstock,
Sacramento, Cal.; Ben. Selling, Portland, Ore.

Hon. Benjamin Selling.

Photo by Trover-Weigel, Salem, Oregon.

Dist. VI: Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North

Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Wyoming, 4 members: Henry M.
Butzel, Detroit, Mich.; Emanuel Cohen, Minneapolis, Minn.; Victor
Rosewater, Omaha, Neb.; Max Landauer, Milwaukee, Wis.
 Dist. VII: Illinois, 7 members: Edwin G. Foreman, M. E.
Greenebaum, B. Horwich, Julian W. Mack, Julius Rosenwald, Joseph
Stolz, all of Chicago, Ill.; Samuel Woolner (deceased), Peoria, Ill.

Dist. VIII: Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia, 5 members:

Louis Newberger, Indianapolis, Ind.; Isaac W. Bernheim, Louisville,
Ky.; David Philipson, Cincinnati, O.; J. Walter Freiberg, Cincinnati, O.;
E. M. Baker, Cleveland, O.

Dist. IX: New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 9 members: Cyrus Adler,

Philadelphia, Pa.; Isaac W. Frank, Pittsburg, Pa.; Wm. B.
Hackenburg, B. L. Levinthal, M. Rosenbaum, all of Philadelphia, Pa.;
Isadore Sobel, Erie, Pa.; Mayer Sulzberger, Philadelphia, Pa.; A. Leo
Weil, Pittsburg, Pa.; Benjamin Wolf, Philadelphia, Pa.

Dist. X: Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia,

2 members: Harry Friedenwald, Baltimore, Md.; Jacob H. Hollander,
Baltimore, Md.

Dist. XI: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,

Rhode Island, Vermont, 3 members: Isaac M. Ullman, New Haven,
Conn.; Lee M. Friedman, Boston, Mass.; Harry Cutler, Providence,
R. I.

Dist. XII: New York: Joseph Barondess, Samuel Dorf, Bernard

Drachman, Harry Fischel, William Fishman, Israel Friedlaender,
Samuel B. Hamburger, Maurice H. Harris, Samuel I. Hyman,
S. Jarmulowsky, Leon Kamaiky, Philip Klein, Nathan Lamport, Adolph
Lewisohn, J. L. Magnes, M. Z. Margolies, Louis Marshall, H. Pereire
Mendes, Solomon Neumann, Jacob H. Schiff, Bernard Semel, P. A.
Siegelstein, Joseph Silverman, Cyrus L. Sulzberger, Felix M. Warburg:
25 members.

Dist. XIII: New York (exclusive of the city), 2 members: Abram J.

Katz, Rochester; Simon W. Rosendale, Albany.
 Members-at-large: Nathan Bijur, New York City; Isidor Straus,
New York City.

The officers are: Mayer Sulzberger, President; Julian W. Mack and

Jacob H. Hollander, Vice-Presidents; Isaac W. Bernheim, Treasurer;
Herbert Friedenwald, Secretary. The Executive Committee consists of
Cyrus Adler, Harry Cutler, Samuel Dorf, J. L. Magnes, Louis Marshall,
Julius Rosenwald, Jacob H. Schiff, Isadore Sobel, Cyrus L. Sulzberger
and A. Leo Weil.

The strength of the committee consists mainly in its personnel,

as it comprises the most influential as well as the most active Jewish
communal leaders of the country. The membership from the large
centers of population, like New York, Philadelphia and Chicago,
includes also representatives of the immigrants of the last period,
and the plan of the Jewish Alliance of twenty years ago 58 to bring
together the older and the younger portions of the community is, to
some extent, consummated in this Committee. It has made some
valuable efforts on behalf of the suffering Jews in other countries,
and also in the interest of a speedy solution of the vexed Russian
passport question, and it is becoming recognized as the
representative Jewish body in the United States.

When the Jewish community or “Kehillah” was formed in New

York in 1909, consisting of the representatives of congregations,
fraternal and educational organizations, the plans of those who
wanted to have the American Jewish Committee re-organized on a
more democratic basis, and to make it the elected and authorized
representative of the Jewish masses, was partially carried out. The
twenty-five members of the Executive Committee of the New York
“Kehillah” are the New York members of the American-Jewish
Committee. The Jews of Philadelphia have now also formed a
“Kehillah” on the same basis of representation. But these new forms
of amalgamating the large communities and forming authoritative
Jewish central bodies is yet in the experimental stage, and several
years, perhaps several decades, will have to pass before their
permanent existence will be assured and justified. The great
difference between the Committee and the “Kehillahs” is, that in the
first men of power and authority who worked effectively for Jewish
interests before, individually or as leaders of communal bodies, have
united to work together in the same direction. The “Kehillahs” on the
other hand, have yet to create the forces which are to sustain them
and make them formidable. Their chief value consists of their being
symptoms of the times, indicating the approach of the end of the
period of chaos in general Jewish affairs, and an inclination to
submit to representative authority in communal matters. The most
conspicuous act of the New York “Kehillah” was its foundation of a
Bureau of Education under the direction of the well-known Jewish
educator, Dr. Samson Benderly (b. in Safed, Palestine, 1876), who
conducted Jewish schools in Baltimore with marked success and is
now working out his original plans in educating Jewish teachers who
should be capable of suitably performing their duties to the coming
generation. But the soundness and the practicability of his plans are
as problematical as that of the “Kehillah” itself.

Prof. Solomon Schechter.

 Much other valuable work was done in the cause of Jewish
education in the last ten years. The Jewish Theological Seminary,
which was reorganized in 1902, when the presidency was assumed
by the famous Roumanian Jewish scholar, Solomon Schechter, now
has on its faculty as professors: President and Professor of Jewish
Theology, Solomon Schechter; Biblical Literature and Exegesis, Israel
Friedlaender; Talmud, Louis Ginzberg; History, Alexander Marx;
Homiletics, Mordecai M. Kaplan; Instructor in the Talmud, Joshua A.
Joffe; Instructor in Hebrew and Rabbinics, Israel Davidson; English
Literature and Rhetoric, Joseph Jacobs. There is also now a
Teachers’ Institute connected with the Seminary, of which Prof.
Mordecai M. Kaplan is the principal.

The Hebrew Union College of Cincinnati, which is maintained by

the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, has also been
considerably strengthened in the last few years. Its faculty consists
of the following professors: Homiletics, Theology and Hellenistic
Literature (President), Kaufman Kohler; Jewish History and
Literature, Gotthard Deutsch; Ethics and Pedagogy, Louis Grossman;
Jewish Philosophy, David Neumark; Biblical Exegesis (Associate),
Moses Buttenwieser; Biblical Literature, Henry Englander; Instructor
in Bible and Semitic Languages, Julian Morgenstern.

The youngest of the Jewish higher institutions of learning in the

United States is The Dropsie College of Hebrew and Cognate
Learning of Philadelphia, which was incorporated in 1907. Moses
Aaron Dropsie (b. in Philadelphia, 1821; d. there 1905), an attorney
and street railway owner of Dutch descent, bequeathed the bulk of
his fortune, amounting to nearly one million dollars, to the
foundation of that college, which was opened in 1909. The faculty
consists of: President, Cyrus Adler; Max L. Margolis, in charge of the
Biblical Department; Henry Malter, in charge of the Rabbinical
Department; Jacob Hoschander, Instructor Department of Cognate
Languages; Hon. Mayer Sulzberger, Resident Lecturer in Jewish
Jurisprudence and Institutes of Government.
 An institution of an entirely different kind is the Rabbi Joseph
Jacob School, or Yeshibah, of New York, which was organized in
1901, whose founder, Samuel S. Andron, still retains the presidency.
It is the only considerable Jewish school on the denominational or
parochial plan, where English and general studies according to the
curriculum of the public schools are pursued together with the study
of the Hebrew language, Bible, Talmud and Rabbinical literature. It is
the first attempt to combine a strictly Orthodox and a thorough
American education, and, if possible, to educate American rabbis
who should be acceptable to the old style pious immigrant as well as
to the generation which is growing up here. There are other
Yeshibot in all of the large cities in the United States, but most of
them simply follow their prototype, the Talmudical Academy of the
Slavic countries, where there is no other official subject of study
except the Talmud and Rabbinical literature, and secular studies are
pursued clandestinely or not at all. In some of the Yeshibot here, like
in the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary of New York,
some concessions were made to secular studies, but there was no
attempt, and perhaps no desire, to harmonize the systems and to
supply a good American education.

The original forms of the elementary Jewish school, the private

“Cheder” and the public or semi-public Talmud Torah, is represented
among the Jews of the Slavic countries in all its varieties, from the
old-fashioned Russian school, where the Hebrew text is translated in
a traditional Yiddish, which the pupil who is born or brought up here
understands but imperfectly, to the Americanized place, where the
translations are made in the English, and the modernized Russian
school, in which Hebrew is used in interpreting the Scripture and the
text books prepared for the purpose. Naturally the oldest and largest
Talmud Torah of New York, the “Machzike Talmud Torah” of East
Broadway (organized 1882), of which Moses H. Phillips is president
and I. A. Kaplan superintendent, is looked upon as a model
institution of its kind. There are nearly two score Talmud Torahs in
New York City, some of them attached to synagogues, but most of
them separate institutions with buildings of their own, several of
which, like the Up-Town Talmud Torah and the one in Brownsville
(Brooklyn), are magnificent establishments, with incomes which
prove the material well-being of the immigrant classes, as well as
their willingness to pay for Jewish education.

There are large Talmud Torahs in every city where there is a

considerable Jewish population, and, as in many other respects, New
York conditions are duplicated in Chicago, Philadelphia and other
great centers. In the smaller towns a Talmud Torah is now
established soon after the foundation of a synagogue, and the
private teacher, who is often also the Shochet and Chazzan or Mohel,
usually antedates them both. There is one important difference,
however, between the Talmud Torah of the Old World, especially
Russia, and the same institutions here. There the Talmud Torah is
mainly for the children of the very poor, for destitute orphans,
foundlings and the like. Here the scarcity of good private teachers,
the high compensation which they require, and the limited time
which could be given to Jewish studies, makes the organized school
preferable also for the children of parents who are willing and able
to pay for tuition. Some Talmud Torahs which are maintained by
single synagogues for their members, especially in small
communities, partake of the nature, and even of the exclusiveness,
of the Sabbath School which is an adjunct to almost every well
conducted Reform Temple. Volks-Schulen, or Hebrew schools for
girls, have lately been established in several sections of New York,
and also in other cities.

There are also in every large community and in some sections of

large cities educational institutions whose chief object is to facilitate
the Americanization of the immigrants. The model institution of that
sort is the Educational Alliance (formerly the Hebrew Institute) of
New York. Some of them bear the name Educational Society, and a
large number, among which the Chicago institution, of which Julius
Rosenwald (b. in Springfield, Ill., 1862) is the chief patron, prefer the
old name of Hebrew Institute. This class of institutions have been
undergoing material changes for the last ten or fifteen years, and
those founded lately are entirely unlike those which belonged to the
earlier period. All fear that the newcomers will not become
Americanized sufficiently fast has now disappeared; and, besides,
the work of Americanization which was formerly done by private
charity, like the maintenance of evening classes and even of day
classes for adult immigrants, to instruct them in English and
elementary knowledge, is now done by the cities themselves. Private
efforts are now made more in the direction of Jewish education and
religious or semi-religious activities, and some of the Hebrew
Institutes, notably the youngest and those established and
maintained by immigrants themselves, are almost Talmud Torahs,
often combined with synagogues, in which the religious element
predominates, and in some of them rabbis occupy the leading
positions.

Lastly, there is a class of splendid educational establishments,

founded and endowed by Jewish philanthropists, for the technical
development of the young Jewish immigrants. The most important
of these in New York are the Baron de Hirsch Trade School, the
Hebrew Technical Institute (organized 1883), and the Hebrew
Technical School for Girls. Chicago has the Jewish (formerly the
Manual) Training School (incorporated 1887); Baltimore its
Maccabean House (incorporated 1900); Boston its Hebrew Industrial
School (organized 1889), and the Jewish Educational Alliance of
St. Louis, Mo., has a large industrial school; Cincinnati has a Boys’
Industrial School; while Philadelphia has the B’nai B’rith Manual
Training School and the Industrial Home for Jewish Girls. The Young
Men’s Hebrew Associations, the Young Women’s Hebrew
Associations and other Jewish organizations of a like character in
numerous places, maintain various classes—religious, technical, etc.
—offering educational opportunities to new arrivals and to young
working people who cannot utilize the regular institutions of public
education.

The efforts to organize and to federate, which resulted in the

formation of the American-Jewish Committee, produced several
other communal federations of variegated character. The oldest and
most substantial of these is the Federation of Galician and
Bukowinian Jews in America (organized 1904), which founded and
maintains the Har Moriah Hospital in New York. There have also
lately been organized a Federation of Roumanian Jews and one of
Russian-Polish Jews. There is also in New York a Federation of
Contributors to Jewish Communal Institutions and a Federation of
Jewish Organizations, both of which were organized in 1906.
 CHAPTER XXXIX.
THE JEWS IN THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
The legend about the Jewish origin of Chevalier de Levis—Aaron Hart, the English
Commissary, and Abraham Gradis, the French banker—Early settlers in
Montreal—Its first Congregation—Troubles of Ezekiel Hart, the first Jew to be
elected to the Legislature—Final Emancipation in 1832—Jews fight on the
Loyalist side against Papineau’s rebellion—Prominent Jews in various fields of
activity—Congregation “Shaar ha-Shomaim”—Toronto—First synagogue in
Victoria, B. C., in 1862—Hamilton and Winnipeg—Other communities—
Agricultural Colonies—Jewish Newspapers.

The beginning of the history of the Jews in Canada goes back to

legend. There is a tradition that the founder of the house of Levis,
from whom descended Henri de Levis, Duke de Vontadur, Viceroy of
Canada for some time after 1626, and his more distinguished
relative, Chevalier de Levis, who was Montcalm’s successor as
commander of the French forces in Canada (1759) and later became
a marshal of France, were descendants of the patriarch Levi Ben
Jacob, and a cousin of Mary of Nazareth. 59

The earliest authentic records of the Jews of Canada go back to

the period when England and France were engaged in their final
contest for the mastery of the northern part of the continent. Aaron
Hart (b. in London, 1724) was Commissary in General Amherst’s
army, which invaded Canada from the south, and there were in the
same army three more Jewish officers: Emanuel de Cordova,
Hananiel Garcia and Isaac Miranda. Hart was later attached to
General Haldimond’s command at Three Rivers, and at the close of
the war settled in that city and became seignior of Bécancour.

There were, of course, no Jews on the other side of the struggle,

for France at that time suffered no Jewish inhabitants in her
colonies, nor Jewish soldiers in her armies. But it was a Jew,
Abraham Gradis (d. 1780), the head of the great French banking
house founded by his father, David Gradis (naturalized in Bordeaux,
1731; d. 1751), who furnished money and supplies to the French
King to carry on the unsuccessful war with England. Abraham Gradis
had founded (in 1748) the Society of Canada, a commercial
organization, under the auspices of the French government, and
erected magazines in Quebec. Exceptional privileges were later
granted to him and his family in the French colonies, and full civil
rights were accorded him in Martinique in 1779. But the house of
“the Rothschilds of the 18th century” was finally ruined by the
insurrections in Santo Domingo and Martinique, combined with the
losses which were occasioned at home by the French Revolution.
(See Wolf, “The American Jew ...” pp. 476–82.)

About the time of the Canadian conquest by England (circa 1760)

a number of Jewish settlers took up their residence in Montreal,
including Lazarus David (b. 1734), Uriel Moresco, Samuel Jacobs,
Simon Levy, Fernandez da Fonseca, Abraham Franks, Andrew Hays,
Jacob de Maurera, Joseph Bindona, Levy Solomons and Uriah Judah.
Lazarus David was a large land owner and was noted as a public
spirited citizen. Several of the others held offices in the English
army; there were also among them some extensive traders, who did
much for the development of the newly acquired colony. After they
had been reinforced by other settlers, a congregation, called “Shearit
Israel,” was organized in 1768, which for nearly a century remained
the only Jewish congregation in Canada. Most of the members were
Sephardim, and they stood in close communion with the Spanish
and Portuguese Jews of London, who presented them with two
scrolls of the Law for the newly founded congregation. At first the
congregation met for worship in a hall on St. James Street; but in
1777 the members built the first synagogue, at the junction of Notre
Dame and St. James Streets, close to the present court house, on a
lot belonging to the David family, whose founder, the above
mentioned Lazarus David, died one year previously, and was the first
to be interred in the cemetery which the congregation acquired in
1775. His son, David David (1764–1824), was one of the founders of
the Bank of Montreal in 1808.

The Rev. Jacob Raphael Cohen was the first regular minister of
the Montreal congregation of whom there remains any record. He
came there in 1778 and remained until 1782, when he went to
Philadelphia, where he became rabbi of Congregation Mickweh
Israel. The president or parnas of the Montreal congregation in 1775
was Jacob Salesby (or Salisbury) Franks, a member of the family
whose other branch played an important part in Philadelphia in the
period of the Revolution. Abraham Franks (1721–97) supported the
British in repelling the American invasion, while his son-in-law, Levy
Solomons, who later became parnas of the Montreal congregation,
was commanded by the invading American general, Montgomery, to
act as purveyor to the hospitals for the American troops. But after
the death of General Montgomery and the retreat of the American
forces from Canada, Solomons, who was never paid for the services
he rendered to the invaders, was exposed to the resentment of the
British, as one suspected of sympathy for the revolting colonists. He
and his family were expelled from Montreal by General Burgoyne,
but eventually was permitted to return.

In 1807 Ezekiel Hart, one of the four sons of Commissary Aaron

Hart, was elected to represent Three Rivers in the Legislature. He
declined to be sworn in according to the usual form, “on the true
faith of a Christian,” but took the oath according to the Jewish
custom, on the Pentateuch, and with his head covered. At once a
storm of opposition arose, due, it is said, not to religious prejudice or
intolerance, but to the fact that his political opponents saw in this an
opportunity of making a party gain by depriving an antagonist of his
seat. After heated discussions and the formality of a trial, he was
expelled, and when his constituents re-elected him, the House
proposed passing a bill to put his disqualification as a Jew beyond
doubt. But the governor, Sir John Craig, dissolved the Chamber
before the bill could pass. After a bill, in conformity with a petition
by the Jews, was passed in 1829, and sanctioned by royal
proclamation in January 1831, authorizing the Jews to keep a
register of births, marriages and deaths, they felt encouraged and
made another attempt to secure recognition of their civil rights.
When a new bill extending the same political rights to Jews as to
Christians was introduced in the Legislative Assembly in March,
1831, it met with no opposition. It rapidly passed both the Assembly
and the Council, and received the royal assent June 5, 1832. The
Jews of Canada were thus emancipated about a quarter century
before their co-religionists in the mother country. Mr. Nathan of
British Columbia was the first Jewish member of the Canadian
Parliament.

When Canada was convulsed in 1837–38 by the rebellion led by

Papineau and others, a number of Jews fought on the Loyalist side.
Two members of the David family held cavalry commands under
Wetherell at the action at St. Charles, and took a distinguished part
in the battle of St. Eustache. Aaron Philip Hart, grandson of the
commissary, temporarily abandoned his large law practice to raise a
company of militia, which rendered valuable service. Jacob Henry
Joseph and his brother Jesse were with the troops on the Richelieu
and at Chambly. Several Canadian Jews won distinction in various
capacities in the first half of the last century. Dr. Aaron Hart David
(b. in Montreal, 1812; d. there 1882), a grandson of Lazarus David,
was dean of the faculty of medicine of Bishop’s College; Samuel
Benjamin was the first Jew elected to the Montreal City Council; and
Jesse Joseph (b. in Berthier, Canada, 1817; d. in Montreal, 1904),
one of a family of merchant princes, established the first direct line
of ships between Antwerp and Montreal, and was appointed Belgian
Consul in the latter city. His brother Jacob was connected with the
promotion of early Canadian railways and telegraph lines, and
another brother, Gershom, was the first Jewish lawyer to be
appointed a queen’s counsel in Canada. All these men were officers
of the synagogue, at the time when its rabbi, Rev. Abraham de Sola
(b. in London, 1825; d. in New York, 1882), was professor of Semitic
languages and literature at the McGill University.

The Congregation Shearit Israel passed through a crisis when the

old synagogue building had to be demolished, when the land on
which it stood reverted to the heirs of David David, after his death in
1824. It was again forced to worship in a hall, until the new
synagogue on Chenneville Street was dedicated in 1838. It had no
regular minister after the retirement of Rabbi Cohen, until nearly 60
years later, when Rabbi David Piza was appointed in 1840 and was,
six years later, succeeded by Rabbi Abraham de Sola, who was in
turn succeeded by his son, Dr. Meldola de Sola (b. 1853), who is still
one of the ministers of the congregation, his associate being
Rev. Isaac de la Penyha.

A second congregation, of Polish and German, or Ashkenazic

Jews, was organized in Montreal in 1846, but existed only for a short
time. Another effort was made about twelve years later with more
success, and the result was the congregation “Shaar ha-Shomaim,”
which was established in 1858. Abraham Hofnung, M. A. Ollendorf
and Samuel Silverman were among the most active of its charter
members, and the Rev. Samuel Hofnung was its earliest minister,
who was soon succeeded by Rev. M. Fass. The first building of this
congregation was in St. Constant Street, and was dedicated in 1860.
In 1886 it removed to its present edifice in McGill College avenue. It
has now two rabbis, Rev. Dr. Herman Abramowitz and S. Goldstein.
In 1863 was founded the Young Men’s Hebrew Benevolent Society
(now called the Baron de Hirsch Institute and Hebrew Benevolent
Society), through which Baron de Hirsch and his executors did much
for the education and colonization of the Russian immigrants who
began to come to Canada in considerable numbers after 1881. The
present Jewish population of Montreal is probably about 40,000, and
it has ten synagogues, besides the two mentioned above. Of these,
the Bet David Congregation (established 1888) is designated as
Roumanian; the Bet Israel Congregation, of which Rev. Hirschel
Cohen is rabbi, is surnamed “Chevra Shaas”; the B’nai Jacob
Synagogue (founded 1885) is mainly Russian. There is also an
Austro-Hungarian Congregation, a Galician (“Chevra Kadisha
Jeshurun”) and a Reform Temple (Emanuel, founded 1882). There is
also the usual complement of charitable, educational, fraternal and
social organizations, including Talmud Torah, a branch of the Jewish
Theological Seminary of New York, and a Jewish Lads’ Brigade. The
Jewish community in Montreal and in Canada generally is in many
respects like the communities of the United States of a similar size.
But owing to the dissensions between religious denominations, and
especially the complicated school question, there is more open
partisan hostility to Jews, both on the part of the press and in public
life, than in the United States, where the government is strictly
secular.

About 1845 a sufficient number of Jews had settled in Toronto,

Ont., to begin to think about the organization of a synagogue; but
little was accomplished until 1852, when a cemetery was purchased
and the Holy Blossom congregation was established. Mark Samuel,
Lewis Samuel and Alexander Miller did much to sustain the
congregation in its early struggles. It grew in strength and numbers
under the presidency of Alfred D. Benjamin during the closing years
of the nineteenth century, and it became necessary to remove from
its first building in Richmond Street to the present commodious
edifice in Bon Street (1902). Toronto, which had 1425 Jews in 1891
and 3,038 in 1901, now has considerably over 10,000, with about
ten congregations and several charitable and fraternal organizations.

The discovery of gold in British Columbia in 1857 led to the

settlement there of a number of Jews, who built a synagogue in
Victoria in 1862. In 1882 a synagogue was erected in Hamilton, and
several years later the Jews of Winnipeg (who numbered 645 in
1891) organized two congregations. There are now seven
congregations in Winnipeg, with a Jewish population of about 8,000.
It also has among the various communal organizations a Hebrew
Liberal Club and a Hebrew Conservative Club. North Winnipeg is now
represented in the Provincial Parliament of Manitoba by S. Hart
Green (b. ab. 1885), the honorary secretary of the Congregation
Shaare Shomayim and the president of the local B’nai B’rith Lodge.

There are now Jewish communities in more than twenty-five

separate localities in Canada, and the total number of Jews is about
70,000 and growing very fast (it was only 16,060 in 1901). Besides
the towns mentioned, there are Jews in Berlin (Ont.), Belleville,
Brandford, Calgary (Alberta), Chatham, N. B.; Dawson (Yukon
Territory), Glace Bay, C. B.; Halifax, London, Magnetowan, Ont.;
Ottawa, Quebec, Regina (Saskatchewan), St. Catherine’s, St. John,
Sydney, Sherbrooke, Vancouver, Woodstock and Salt River, N. B.;
Yarmouth and Yorkton.

There are in Canada about a dozen Jewish agricultural colonies,

most of which were founded or promoted by the Baron de Hirsch
Fund. The most important of them are Bender, Hirsch, Ox Bow and
Qu’appelle. There are altogether about 700 Jewish farms occupying
more than 110,000 acres, and sustaining a farming population of
about 3,000.

Montreal has a Yiddish daily newspaper, the “Canadian Eagle,”

and an English Jewish weekly, “The Jewish Times,” and there is a
Yiddish weekly in Winnipeg called the “Canadian Jew.”

CHAPTER XL.
JEWS IN SOUTH AMERICA, MEXICO AND CUBA.
The first “minyan” in Buenos Ayres, Argentine, in 1861—Estimate of the Jewish
population in Argentine—Occupations and economic condition of the various
groups—Kosher meat and temporary synagogues as indications of the
religious conditions—Communities in twenty-six other cities—The Agricultural
Colonies—Brazil—The rumor that General Floriano Peixotto, the second
president of the new Republic, was of Jewish origin—Communities in several
cities—The Colony Philippson—Jews in Montevido, Uruguay—Other South
American Republics—Isidor Borowski, who fought under Bolivar—Panama—
Moroccan Jews are liked by Peru Indians—About ten thousand Jews in Mexico
—Slowly increasing number in Cuba, where Jews help to spread the American
influence.

The immigration statistics of the modern Argentine Republic,

which began to be collected in 1854, did not count the Jews, as
such, and there is practically no records of the first settlement of
Jews there, which took place in the second half of the nineteenth
century. It is related that there was a “minyan” in Buenos Ayres on
Yom Kippur, 1861, which was kept up irregularly for ten years, and
was composed of English, French and German Jews. During the
yellow fever epidemic of 1871 almost all of them, who were agents
or representatives of business houses, fled the capital, and the
“minyan” in that year was held in a little town where most of them
met. This little community organized a “Congregacion Israelita” and
built the first synagogue, before Jews from Russia began to go there
in considerable numbers. A congregation of Moroccan Jews,
“Congregacion Israelita Latina,” was organized in 1891.

The report of the Jewish Colonization Association for 1909, which

contains a study of the Jewish population of Argentine, estimates
the number of Jews living in Buenos Ayres at 40,000, and that of the
interior towns—outside of the colonies—at 15,000 more. If we add
to it the number of about 20,000 living in the colonies Moiseville
(Santa Fé), Clara, San Antonio, Santa Isabel, Lucienville (Entre Rios),
Mauricio, Baron de Hirsch (Buenos Ayres) and Berriasconi (Pampa),
in addition to the Jewish immigration for the last three years, which
averages about 9,000 or 10,000, it seems certain that there are now
in the Republic of Argentine over 100,000 Jews, which means a
larger number than in any country of the New World outside of the
United States.

About eight-tenths of the Jewish population of Buenos Ayres are

from Russia. The earliest settlers among them, who are now also the
wealthiest, are former colonists of the I. C. A. (as the Jewish
Colonization Association of Paris is designated). The remainder is
divided into about 3,000 Turkish, Arabian and Greek Jews; 1,000
Moroccans and Italians; 1,500 French, German, English and Dutch,
etc. The first two groups contain many wealthy merchants, but the
great majority consists of dealers in second-hand goods and of
peddlers. The last group, which is the oldest, consists of merchants
of the higher grades. Among the Russians there are also a large
number of business people, but a very large number are artisans in
various trades. As to their date of arrival, the English, French and
German are the oldest, as stated above. Some Moroccan and Italian
families have lived there about thirty years, but the majority of that
group came in the last decade. The earliest Turkish Jews came there
less than fifteen years ago, but the great majority of them came
about 1905. The Russians began to come in considerable numbers
about the time of the establishment of the first colonies, and they
still keep on coming in increasing numbers.

There are in Buenos Ayres about one hundred Jews engaged in

the liberal professions, two-thirds of whom are natives of Russia.
The communal institutions leave much to be desired, but there has
been some improvement lately, and it is reported that a large Jewish
hospital will be erected there in the near future. The religious
conditions are indicated by the fact that about 7,000 kilograms of
“Kosher” meat was sold there daily in 1909, and that on Yom Kippur
of that year services were held in not less than twenty-four different
places, including the temple. M. Samuel Halphen, a former religious
teacher, was lately chosen rabbi of Buenos Ayres, while Dr. Herbert
Ashkenazi, who studied at Berlin, and was chosen by the I. C. A. as
chief rabbi of the colonies, also resides in that city.
 The Jews are now scattered all over Argentine, and some can be
found in almost any locality, especially in the provinces of Buenos
Ayres, Santa Fé, Entre Rios and Cordoba. The above-mentioned
inquiry 60 deals with the Jewish population of twenty-six cities
besides the capital, beginning with Rosario, Santa Fé. which has
among its 173,000 inhabitants more than 3,000 Jews, 2,500 are
Russians, 359 Orientals and Moroccans and about 100 French and
Germans. The cemetery was acquired in 1905 and the congregation
was organized in 1907. In Santa Fé, which has less than 600 Jews,
the Moroccans bought a cemetery as early as 1895. Parona has a
small community of less than 300, with a Sociedad Israelita
Argentina de Beneficencia, which was founded in 1897. But most of
the communal institutions and the communities themselves are less
than ten years old, which means that Jews are just beginning to
spread over the country. A majority of the Jews in the interior towns
of Argentine are former colonists, and most of them are doing
tolerably well. Their presence in a free and progressive country,
where they can be useful to themselves and to their neighbors, must
therefore be credited to the I. C. A. which has thus accomplished
some good, even for those whom it could not, for various reasons,
turn into successful farmers.

The largest share of attention was, however, paid in the last two
decades to that part of the Jewish population of Argentine which has
settled in the agricultural colonies established by the I. C. A. As early
as 1889 independent attempts had been made by Jewish immigrants
from Russia to establish colonies in Argentine, but it was not done
on a well-ordered plan, and later these colonies and colonists were
absorbed by the Jewish Colonization Association. The oldest and
most successful colony, Moiseville, founded by Russian immigrants in
1890, before the establishment of the I. C. A. was re-organized by
that association in 1891. Mauricio, in the province of Buenos Ayres,
was established about the same time, and the large group of
colonies in the province of Entre Rios, which is collectively called
Clara (after the Baroness de Hirsch), was founded in 1894. Despite
the friction which caused many colonists at considerable expense, to
leave the places where they were settled, and despite the prejudice
which was aroused against the entire colonization scheme by these
seemingly interminable quarrels, the agricultural colonies in
Argentine, as a whole, are successful and their future is bright. The
colonists are fast paying off their debts to the association which
assisted them to settle there, and many of them are even chafing
under the limitations which prevent them from paying off more
rapidly. The centers of Jewish population, both agricultural and—
indirectly—urban, which were thus artificially created by the
munificence of Baron de Hirsch, have become healthy and natural,
and are now attracting independent immigration. There are now, as
stated above, nearly 20,000 souls in the colonies, but more than a
fourth are described as non-colonists. There are 44 schools with
more than 3,000 pupils in the colonies, and the statistical tables
from year to year show a slow and solid progress, which augurs well
for the future of the Jews in Argentine.

There were, as far as known, but very few Jews in modern Brazil,
even under the humane and scholarly Emperor Dom Pedro II.
(1825–91), who was well versed in Hebrew, and maintained friendly
relations with several Jewish scholars in Europe. The immense
country attracted but few Jews after the Emperor was deposed and
a republican form of government instituted in 1889. There were
some rumors at that time that General Floriano Peixotto, one of the
leaders of the revolution, who was the first Vice-President and the
second President (1891–94) of the new republic, was of Jewish
origin. But like the statements about the Jewish ancestry of
Christopher Columbus and many other notables, they could never be
verified, and there is not available sufficient genealogical material in
either case to prove or disprove assertions of that nature.

In 1900 a number of Roumanian Jews went to Brazil, but

effected no permanent settlement. A list of the leading merchants of
the various cities in Brazil, which was published by the Bureau of
American Republics about 1901, discloses a large number of names
unmistakably Jewish, most of them apparently of German origin
(Jewish Encyclopedia, s. v. Brazil). The formation of a Jewish
community in Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Brazil, was reported in
January, 1905 (in the South American Journal of London), and a
report in the Jewish Emigrant of St. Petersburg, the Russian organ of
the I. C. A., five years later (1910, No. 20), tells of Jewish merchants
in many large cities of Brazil, including Rio Grande, Pelatas, Sao
Gabriel, etc., and of Porto Alegra, Rio Grande do Sul, where a
community was then about to be organized. The existence of a
synagogue in Para, “where they worship on the festivals,” was
reported in 1910. (Jewish Chronicle, Oct. 21, 1910.)

The chief interest of the Jewish world in the Jews of Brazil is,
however, concentrated on the agricultural colony, Philippson, in the
state of Rio Grande, where there are now settled about 400 Russian
Jews, mostly from Bessarabia. It was founded by the I. C. A. about
six years ago, and is now under the direction of M. Leibowitz, one of
its former oldest employees in Argentine. The colony is in a
flourishing condition, and it is being constantly enlarged, while new
settlements are projected in the same part of the country. Here, too,
like in Argentine, the colony attracts some Jewish immigration, and it
was also the cause of the establishment of small Jewish settlements
in the nearby towns of Pinhal, Santa Maria, Cruz Alta, etc. The
number of Jews in Brazil is now estimated at 3,000.

There are, according to the report mentioned at the beginning of

this chapter, about 150 Jews in Montevido, the capital of Uruguay,
South America, most of whom came there from Buenos Ayres. About
half of them are from Russia, the remainder hail from Greece,
France and Alsace, and Roumania. They are engaged in various
occupations and their material condition is not bad. Ten young
Russian Jews joined the army and three of them attained the rank of
sergeant. There is hardly any religious activity, except for a “minyan”
held on Yom Kippur. Matzoth for the Passover are brought from
Buenos Ayres, and a “Mohel” is also usually brought from there
when the occasion arises.
 There are several thousand Jews scattered over the other
republics of South America, but they are mostly recent arrivals and
unorganized, and very little is known about them. It is probable that
the Polish-Jewish military adventurer, Isidor Borowski (b. in Warsaw,
1803; killed at the siege of Herat, Afghanistan, 1837), who fought
under the great hero of South American independence, Simon
Bolivar (1783–1830) in many battles, 61 was then the only Jew in
that part of the world. Even at present, the number of Jews in the
countries liberated by Bolivar is insignificant. There are about 500
Jews in Venezuela, mostly in the capital, Caracas, where the first
Jewish congregation was founded in 1899. (American-Jewish Year
Book 5660, p. 289). According to the writers of the American
chapter in Outlines of Jewish History by Lady Magnus, for which—as
stated in the preface—“Lady Magnus is in no wise responsible,”
Jewish congregations were formed in Caracas and Coro, Venezuela,
in the middle of the nineteenth century, presumably by Jews who
lived there formerly as Marranos. But if these congregations existed
at all, they must have been short-lived, and it is not certain that
even the latest “first congregation” of 1899 is still in existence.

Hardly anything is known of Jews in Bolivia or Colombia, but it is

certain that a considerable number are now to be found in the
diminutive Republic of Panama, through which the great isthmian
canal is now being cut by the United States. There were enough
Jews in the city of Panama before that time to acquire a cemetery
about 1905. The Alliance Israelite Universelle of Paris assisted a
number of Moroccan Jews to settle in Peru, where they were
reported as doing well and being better liked by the Indians than
either Europeans or Chinese. But the climate does not agree with
them, and many of them leave Peru as soon as they save a sufficient
amount of money. About 100 Jewish residents, Moroccan, French
and English, who own the largest stores and rubber plantations, are
found in Iquitos, Peru, which was at one time an Indian village.
There is a small community of Russian Jews in Lima. A number of
prosperous Jewish merchants are located in Santiago, Chile, and in
other cities of that republic, but there is no record of religious
organization or of communal activities.

The number of Jews in Mexico is estimated to be not far from

10,000, mostly Syrians, Moroccans and French Alsatians. But as far
as it is known, there is among them no organization and no religious
life except an occasional “minyan” on the high holidays.

There is also a slowly increasing number of Jews in Cuba, mostly

at Havana, where Moroccan and Syrian or Turkish Jews came to
trade long ago; but since it was liberated from the Spanish yoke by
the United States, Jewish immigrants from Europe, who formerly
lived in the United States, settle there and help to spread the
American influence.
 CHAPTER XLI.
MEN OF EMINENCE IN THE ARTS, SCIENCES AND
THE PROFESSIONS.
Jews who attained eminence in the world of art and of science—Moses J. Ezekiel—
Ephraim Keyser—Isidor Konti—Victor D. Brenner—Butensky and Davidson—
Painters: Henry Mosler, Constant Mayer, H. N. Hyneman and George D. M.
Peixotto—Max Rosenthal and his son, Albert—Max Weyl, Toby E. Rosenthal,
Louis Loeb and Katherine M. Cohen—Some cartoonists and caricaturists—
Musicians, composers and musical directors—The Damrosch family,
Gabrilowitsch, Hoffman and Ellman—Operatic and theatrical managers and
impressarios—Playwrights and actors—Scientists: A. A. Michelson, Morris
Bloomfield, Jacob H. Hollander, Charles Waldstein and his family—Charles
Gross—Edwin R. A. Seligman, Adolph Cohn, Jaques Loeb, Simon Flexner and
Abraham Jacobi—Fabian Franklin—Engineers: Sutro, Gottlieb and Jacobs—
Some eminent physicians and lawyers—Merchants and financiers.

While the social and political success of the Jews in a country are
usually taken as an indication of its liberalism and the equality of its
citizens, regardless of their creed, the contribution of Jews to its
intellectual and artistic achievements is the best proof that this
equality brings its own reward for the general good. We have seen in
the preceding chapters how the Jews of the United States assisted in
the material development of the country, how they participated in
the battles for its independence and for its preservation, and how
they are now doing their share of the country’s useful work as
working men, as business men, as professional men, etc., some of
them having occupied before, and others occupying now, prominent
positions in various walks of life. It remains now to cite several
instances of Jews who attained distinction in the noble callings of the
artist and the scientist, reflecting glory on their professions, as well
as on the country of their birth or adoption.

Moses Jacob Ezekiel (b. in Richmond, Va., 1844), the sculptor,

now residing at Rome, is probably the greatest Jewish artist that this
country has produced. He was educated at the Virginia Military
Institute, from which, after serving as a Confederate soldier in the
Civil War, he graduated in 1866. He then studied anatomy at the
Medical College of Virginia, and in 1868 removed to Cincinnati, going
from there a year later to Berlin, where he studied at the Royal
Academy of Art. He was admitted to membership in the Berlin
Society of Artists for his colossal bust of Washington, which is now in
the Cincinnati Art Museum, and he was the first foreigner to win the
Michael Beer prize. During a visit to America in 1874 he executed in
marble the group representing “Religious Liberty”—the tribute of the
Independent Order of B’nai B’rith to the centennial celebration of
American independence. The statue was unveiled in 1876 in
Fairmount Park, Philadelphia (see the frontispiece). Upon his return
to Rome Ezekiel leased a portion of the ruins of the Baths of
Diocletian (Emperor of Rome, 284–305) and transformed them into
one of the most beautiful studios in Europe. He has been elected a
member of various academies and received other distinctions.
Among his best known productions are: busts of Eve, Homer, David,
Judith and Liszt; the Fountain of Neptune, for the town of Neptune,
Italy; the Jefferson Monument, for Louisville, Ky.; Virginia Mourning
Her Dead, at Lexington, Va., and a dozen heroic statues (of Phidias,
Raphael, Michelangelo, Titian, Rembrandt, etc.), which are placed in
the niches of the Corcoran Art Gallery at Washington.

Ephraim Keyser (b. in Baltimore, Md., 1850) is another prominent

Jewish-American sculptor. He was educated at the public schools and
the City College of Baltimore, and later studied at the Royal
Academies of Fine Art in Munich and Berlin. He maintained a studio
in Rome from 1880 to 1886, lived in New York from 1887 to 1893,
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