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 Practical Sql
Microsoft Sql Server T-SQL
for Beginners
2nd Edition
By
Mark O'Donovan
Copyright © 2019 Mark O’Donovan
All rights reserved.
 Contents

Software and Sample data

Overview
Section 1. Sql Server Install and Tour
Section 2. Starting Sql Development
Section 3. Advanced Queries
Section 4. Sql Beyond the Basics
Conclusion
Quiz Answers
Useful Websites
 Copyright

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or

by any means without written permission from the author.

Disclaimer
Although the author and publisher have made every effort to ensure that the
information in this book was correct at press time, the author and publisher do
not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any loss, damage,
or disruption caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors or omissions
result from negligence, accident, or any other cause.

Information sold in this book is sold without warranty, either expressed or

implied.

Title: Practical Sql - Microsoft Sql Server T-SQL for Beginners – Second
Edition

Version: 2.0
Software and Sample Data
The examples in this book used Sql Server 2017 Express which is as of
writing this book a free version of sql server available for download from
Microsoft.

You can download all the sample data and examples for this book from

https://github.com/techstuffy/Practical-Sq

There should be no problem with running these exercises on later versions of

Sql Server but we cannot give a 100% guarantee.

Most examples will run on previous versions of Microsoft Sql Server but
some functions might differ or not exist on previous versions such as the format
function.

If you have problems accessing the sample data please contact me using
techstuffy.com.
Overview
A brief overview of the different sections contained within this book :

Section 1. Sql Server Install and Tour

This Section takes the reader from downloading and installing sql server to
creating a sql table and performing basic queries on the data within the table.

Chapter 1

This chapter introduces the book , how to use the book and where to get
downloads.

Chapter 2

Here we cover how to get a free copy of sql server express and the
installation of the software.

Chapter 3

Once sql server has been installed this chapter will take you on a brief tour of
the software and how to login to the sql server for the first time.

Section 2. Starting Sql Development

Section 2 introduces the basics of sql development namely how to create
databases, tables and fields and the fundamental statements that perform the
basic operations on your data.

Chapter 1

This chapter will show you how to create your first sql server database and
the various properties of sql server databases.

Chapter 2

Once you have created your database this chapter will explain and give
examples of creating sql server tables to store your data.

Chapter 3
 In the final chapter of this section with introduce the basic sql statements to
insert, query, update and delete data from a sql table.
Section 3. Advanced Queries

Section 3 goes into sql development in more detail cover ways of grouping
data, creating conditional statements and joining tables of data together.

Chapter 1

This chapter covers how to perform calculations on groups of data such as

how to sum all the numbers in a field or count the number of rows in a table.

Chapter 2

Next we cover various functions that allow us to manipulate string fields in

various ways.

Chapter 3

Conditional statements allow us to return different values depending on the

value of another of another expression. For example you might want to return a
different value depending on the time of day or the month it ways when the
query was executed.

Chapter 4

When developing sql databases more often than not the data you need to
return will be in more than one table. This chapter covers the various ways you
can combine the data in 2 or more tables.
Section 4. Sql Beyond the Basics
Now that the basics of sql development have been covered Section 4 carries
on by introducing more development techniques such as using Stored
Procedures, Functions and Views, Triggers, database design rules and much
more.

Chapter 1

The sql developer can add rules to the check that the data being added to the
table is valid, this chapter will show you ways to create various constraints.

Chapter 2

Templates are a useful sql server feature. We will show you how to use
Templates to speed up your sql development to save you time and create
consistency and also how to create your own sql server templates.

Chapter 3

When you start to develop more complex queries you can add them to stored
procedures so that they can be saved in the database and executed with a single 1
line statement at a later date.

We will cover to create stored procedures and pass parameters to the stored
procedures.

Chapter 4

Views allow you to hide complex SELECT statements so you only need to
run a simple select statements. Using View can save you copying and pasting
large chunks of code and make it easier to read the sql that you have developed.

Chapter 5

Next we will cover different types of functions that can be created and how
they compare to stored procedures.

Chapter 6
 Synonyms are aliases for tables and are especially useful when you start to
develop code that uses references to multiple databases.

We will show you how to create and manage synonyms within your
database.

Chapter 7

Triggers allow you to execute some tsql when an action is taken on the
database or table. We will cover how to create various triggers and use them for
various purposes such as auditing and preventing users from creating tables.

Chapter 8

When you start to develop sql for large amounts of data the design of the
database will be increasingly more important. We will cover the fundamental
rules of database design called normal forms.

Chapter 9

As a sql developer you can be expected to predict every possible problem

that might occur while your code is running. Sql Exceptions allow the developer
to define a course of action to take when an unexpected error occurs.

Chapter 10

Finally we cover Transactions. Transactions are the 'all or nothing' in the sql
world. You might have a number of changes to tables within your stored
procedure but want all the changes to be saved as long as there has been no
errors executing any of the statements, transactions will allow to do this.
Section 1. Sql Server Install and Tour

1. Introduction

“Knowledge isn’t power until it is applied.” – Dale Carnegie

The purpose of this book is to teach the user sql database development.

More precisely you will learn sql development on Microsoft Sql Server using
the version of Sql from Microsoft called T-SQL (T-SQL stands for Transact
SQL).

When starting to learn anything new there often appears to be an

overwhelming amount to learn.

With the Practical Series of books and 'Practical Sql' in this case you will be
guided from the basics to more advanced techniques.

The instructions are kept concise with the focus being on useful examples.
The aim here is that you will be more likely to remember what is said about a
topic and can always refer back to the examples at a later date if required.

Practical Sql
'Practical Sql' will cover the tsql development language used on the
Microsoft Sql Server Database system.

Sql Server Development is a topic that many IT Professionals avoid but there
really is no need as the basics and even more advanced techniques can be
acquired easily.

In other words Sql development is not a skill that will be of use to just DBA's
and developers.

There are many applications that rely on sql server databases so some
knowledge of databases it becoming a common requirement.
2. Sql Server Installation

The installation of Sql Server Express is straightforward, should not cause

any problems and free.

You can download the current version of Sql Server Express from the
following location:

https://www.microsoft.com/en-gb/sql-server/sql-server-editions-express

Click download now to get ‘sql server express 2017’.

System Requirements for Microsoft® SQL Server® 2017 Express

Supported Operating System

Windows 10 , Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012, Windows

Server 2012 R2, Windows Server 2016

Processor

Intel - compatible processor with a minimum speed of 1 GHz or a faster

processor

RAM

Minimum 512MB

Hard Disk Space

4.2 GB of Disk Space

Limitations : Microsoft SQL Server Express supports 1 physical processor,

1 GB memory, and 10 GB storage
1. Once the download has completed double click on the file to start the
installation.
2. Click the Installation menu option on the left hand side of the screen
and then select
3. Select the Basic installation type.
1. Click Accept .

2. Click Install and wait for the installation files to be downloaded and
installed.

3. Once the installation has completed you will be presented with details
about your sql server. In particular make a note of your instance name
as this might be different from the screenshot below if you already
have a version of sql express on your machine:
4. To test your installation you can click the connect now button to
connect to the server as shown below:

5. Click Install SSMS and download the current version of the SSMS.
6. Once the download has completed, click the install and then click
install.
7. Click restart to complete the setup. Once your computer has restarted
you should be able to find the installed Sql Server Management Studio
by searching from the Start Menu:
3. Sql Server Tour
Before we get started learning sql server development we will give a brief
tour of the sql server environment itself.

This chapter will not turn you into a sql server database administrator but the
aim (especially if you are completely new to sql server) is to familiarise yourself
with some of the features, services and basic configuration of sql server.

The main sql server tool that your will be using for the configuration and
development tasks is called the 'Sql Server Management Studio' from now on
this will be referred to as SSMS.

SQL Server Services

Services are basically programs that run in the background of your computer.

The sql server runs using services, you can view these services in several
ways for example if you go to the Start Menu and search for Sql Server 2017
Configuration Manager.

Click on the Sql Server Services option and you will see the services that are
running

Sql Server (SQLEXPRESS)

The main service for sql server. You will not be able to access sql server if
this service is not running.

Sql Server Agent (SQLEXPRESS)

This service allows you to perform various tasks including the scheduling of
jobs for example to backup your sql server databases or execute tsql at a
particular time.

Sql Server Browser

The sql server browser provides information that is required when

connecting to a sql server on a server which has multiple installations of sql
server and viewing a list of available sql servers when logging onto a sql server.
 To follow the examples in this book you should not need to start this service.

From the sql server configuration manager you can configure each of these
services, for example if the start automatically and the account that is used to
run the service.

The default account for the Sql Server Service is NT

Service\MSSQL$SQLEXPRESS

The account that is used to run services is important when the sql server
needs to access the filesystem for example when doing backup and restore tasks.
SQL Server Network Configuration
Within the Sql Server Network Configuration you can configure which
protocols can access your sql server.

The protocols are just different ways in which in which messages are sent to
and from your sql server installation.

The 3 protocols which we will cover next are Shared Memory, Named Pipes
and TCP/IP.

Shared Memory - default enabled

This protocol allows users running on the same computer to connect to the
sql server.

Named Pipes - default disabled

Named pipes are often used to allow applications and systems that do not use
TCP/IP to connect to the sql server

default named pipe: \\.\pipe\MSSQL$SQLEXPRESS\sql\query

To test connecting to the sql server using named pipes:

1. Right click on the 'Named Pipes' protocol and select Properties.

2. Change the pipe to:

\\.\pipe\mytest
 3. Go to Sql Server Services , right click on the SQL Server and select
restart.
4. Open SSMS and select Connect - Database Engine.

Instead of the server name enter the pipe :

\\.\pipe\mytest

The reason for using named pipes is so that systems that do not use TCP/IP
can connect to your database.

TCP/IP - default disabled

This is the protocol that you will need to configure to allow your sql server
to be accessed from other machines on your network.

Protocol tab

Enabled - set this to Yes to enable the protocol.

Keep Alive (milliseconds) - This is how often the connection to the sql server
check - leave this at the default 30000 (30 seconds).
Listen All - IPAll settings used for all ip addresses (default setting).

IP Addresses tab

Used to configure the ports and individual ip addresses.

For example if you need your sql server to be accessed by another machine,
you would need to add the ip address and make sure it was set to active and
enabled, for example:
 The default port for sql server is 1433, sql server express uses dynamic ports
by default

TCP Dynamic Ports - leave blank to use static ports.

When using dynamic ports the port that the sql server uses changes when sql
server restarts.

TCP Port - if you wish to set a port that doesn't change you can enter the
port in the TCP Port field. No change is required here to follow the examples in
this book.
Sql Server Properties
There are various properties of the sql server that can be set using the SSMS.

As this is a beginners guide to sql server development we will cover a few of

the useful properties you may wish to change here.

To view the properties for your sql server installation right click on the Sql
server icon in the object explorer as shown and select Properties:

On the left hand side of the 'Server Properties' dialog that is displayed you
will see that the properties are divided into the following pages:

General
The general settings display various read-only properties such as the version
of the sql server and the version of the windows operating system.

You can also display the properties such tsql commands such as the
following:

SELECT
 CONVERT(sysname, SERVERPROPERTY('servername')),

SERVERPROPERTY('ProductVersion') AS ProductVersion,

SERVERPROPERTY('ProductLevel') AS ProductLevel,

SERVERPROPERTY('Edition') AS Edition,

SERVERPROPERTY('EngineEdition') AS EngineEdition,

SERVERPROPERTY('Collation') AS Collation;

The result from this query should look similar to the following screenshot:

Memory
This page shows the sql server memory options, such as the minimum and
maximum amount of memory allowed to be used by the sql server.

Security
This page allows you to set whether Sql Authentication is allowed to be used
to login to the sql server. Windows authentication mode is the default setting.

Connections
The 'Allow remote connections to this server' is the most important option on
this page, especially if you have an application running on another server that
need to access your sql server database.

Database Settings
Here is where you set the default locations for the data (the sql server
database files), Log (sql server logs) and backups:

Data

C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL

Server\MSSQL14.SQLEXPRESS\MSSQL\DATA\

Log
C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL
Server\MSSQL14.SQLEXPRESS\MSSQL\DATA\

Backup

C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL

Server\MSSQL14.SQLEXPRESS\MSSQL\Backup

Advanced
There are many options on this page. The most important to note at the
moment are:

Default language - make sure this correct for your country and be aware of
the differences between English (US) and British English. The default language
setting is used when creating new logins.

Permissions
The permissions page shows the commands various logins can execute on
the server.

For now if you select the login that you used to connect to the sql server,
then select the 'Effective' tab at the bottom of the page you will see a list of
permissions which are basically a list of things that this login can do while
connected to the sql server, for example:

CREATE ANY DATABASE

Means that the login can create a sql server database.

If you select the login 'NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM' you will see that the list
of effective permissions is more restricted that your login.

When allowing applications to connect to your sql server it is better to have

logins that are as restrictive as possible and only give the permissions they
actually require.

System databases

When you first install sql server there are 4 databases already created.
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
 Authorities.—G. S. Layard, Life and Letters of Charles Keene of
“Punch”; The Work of Charles Keene, with an introduction and
notes by Joseph Pennell, and a bibliography by W. H. Chesson;
M. H. Spielmann, The History of “Punch”; M. Charpentier, La Vie
Moderne, No. 14 (1880); M. H. Spielmann, Magazine of Art
(March 1891); M. Bracquemond, L’Artiste (May 1891); G. S.
Layard, Scribner’s (April 1892); Joseph Pennell, Century (Oct.
1897); George du Maurier, Harper’s (March 1898). (G. S. I.)

KEENE, LAURA (c. 1820-1873), Anglo-American actress and

manager, whose real name was Mary Moss, was born in England. In
1851, in London, she was playing Pauline in The Lady of Lyons. She
made her first appearance in New York on the 20th of September
1852, on her way to Australia. She returned in 1855 and till 1863
managed Laura Keene’s theatre, in which was produced, in 1858,
Our American Cousin. It was her company that was playing at Ford’s
theatre, Washington, on the night of Lincoln’s assassination. Miss
Keene was a successful melodramatic actress, and an admirable
manager. She died at Montclair, New Jersey, on the 4th of November
1873.

See John Creahan’s Life of Laura Keene (1897).

 KEENE, a city and the county-seat of Cheshire county, New
Hampshire, U.S.A., on the Ashuelot river, about 45 m. S.W. of
Concord, N.H., and about 92 m. W.N.W. of Boston. Pop. (1900),
9165, of whom 1255 were foreign-born; (1910 census), 10,068.
Area, 36.5 sq. m. It is served by the Boston & Maine railroad and by
the Fitchburg railroad (leased by the Boston & Maine). The site is
level, but is surrounded by ranges of lofty hills—Monadnock
Mountain is about 10 m. S.E. Most of the streets are pleasantly
shaded. There are three parks, with a total area of about 219 acres;
and in Central Square stands a soldiers’ and sailors’ monument
designed by Martin Milmore and erected in 1871. The principal
buildings are the city hall, the county buildings and the city hospital.
The Public Library had in 1908 about 16,300 volumes. There are
repair shops of the Boston & Maine railroad here, and manufactures
of boots and shoes, woollen goods, furniture (especially chairs),
pottery, &c. The value of the factory product in 1905 was
$2,690,967. The site of Keene was one of the Massachusetts grants
made in 1733, but Canadian Indians made it untenable and it was
abandoned from 1746 until 1750. In 1753 it was incorporated and
was named Keene, in honour of Sir Benjamin Keene (1697-1757),
the English diplomatist, who as agent for the South Sea Company
and Minister in Madrid, and as responsible for the commercial treaty
between England and Spain in 1750, was in high reputation at the
time; it was chartered as a city in 1874.

KEEP, ROBERT PORTER (1844-1904), American scholar,

was born in Farmington, Connecticut, on the 26th of April 1844. He
graduated at Yale in 1865, was instructor there for two years, was
United States consul at the Piraeus in Greece in 1869-1871, taught
Greek in Williston Seminary, Easthampton, Massachusetts, in 1876-
1885, and was principal of Norwich Free Academy, Norwich, Conn.,
from 1885 to 1903, the school owing its prosperity to him hardly less
than to its founders. In 1903 he took charge of Miss Porter’s school
for girls at Farmington, Conn., founded in 1844 and long controlled
by his aunt, Sarah Porter. He died in Farmington on the 3rd of June
1904.
 KEEP (corresponding to the French donjon), in architecture the
inmost and strongest part of a medieval castle, answering to the
citadel of modern times. The arrangement is said to have originated
with Gundulf, bishop of Rochester (d. 1108), architect of the White
Tower. The Norman keep is generally a very massive square tower.
There is generally a well in a medieval keep, ingeniously concealed
in the thickness of a wall or in a pillar. The most celebrated keeps of
Norman times in England are the White Tower in London, those at
Rochester Arundel and Newcastle, Castle Hedingham, &c. When the
keep was circular, as at Conisborough and Windsor, it was called a
“shell-keep” (see Castle). The verb “to keep,” from which the noun
with its particular meaning here treated was formed, appears in O.E.
as cépan, of which the derivation is unknown; no words related to it
are found in cognate languages. The earliest meaning (c. 1000)
appears to have been to lay hold of, to seize, from which its common
uses of to guard, observe, retain possession of, have developed.
 KEEWATIN, a district of Canada, bounded E. by Committee
Bay, Fox Channel, and Hudson and James bays, S. and S.W. by the
Albany and English rivers, Manitoba, Lake Winnipeg, and Nelson
river, W. by the 100th meridian, and N. by Simpson and Rae straits
and gulf and peninsula of Boothia; thus including an area of 445,000
sq. m. Its surface is in general barren and rocky, studded with
innumerable lakes with intervening elevations, forest-clad below 60°
N., but usually bare or covered with moss or lichens, forming the so-
called “barren lands” of the north. With the exception of a strip of
Silurian and Devonian rocks, 40 to 80 m. wide, extending from the
vicinity of the Severn river to the Churchill, and several isolated
areas of Cambrian and Huronian, the district is occupied by
Laurentian rocks. The principal river is the Nelson, which, with its
great tributary, the Saskatchewan, is 1450 m. long; other tributaries
are the Berens, English, Winnipeg, Red and Assiniboine. The Hayes,
Severn and Winisk also flow from the south-west into Hudson Bay,
and the Ekwan, Attawapiskat and Albany, 500 m. long, into James
Bay. The Churchill, 925 m., Thlewliaza, Maguse, and Ferguson rivers
discharge into Hudson Bay on the west side; the Kazan, 500 m., and
Dubawnt, 660 m., into Chesterfield Inlet; and Back’s river, rising near
Aylmer Lake, flows north-eastwards 560 m. to the Arctic Ocean. The
principal lakes are St Joseph and Seul on the southern boundary;
northern part of Lake Winnipeg, 710 ft. above the sea; Island; South
Indian; Etawney; Nueltin; Yathkyed, at an altitude of 300 ft.;
Maguse; Kaminuriak; Baker, 30 ft.; Aberdeen, 130 ft.; and Garry.
The principal islands are Southampton, area 17,800 sq. m.; Marble
Island, the usual wintering place for whaling vessels; and Bell and
Coats Islands, in Hudson Bay; and Akimiski, in James Bay.

A few small communities at the posts of the Hudson Bay Company

constitute practically the whole of the white population. In 1897
there were 852 Indians in the Churchill and Nelson rivers district, but
no figures are available for the district as a whole. The principal
posts in Keewatin are Norway House, near the outlet of Lake
Winnipeg; Oxford House, on the lake of the same name; York
Factory, at the mouth of Hayes river; and Forts Severn and Churchill,
at the mouths of the Severn and Churchill rivers respectively. In
1905 the district of Keewatin was included in the North-West
Territories and the whole placed under an administrator or acting
governor. The derivation of the name is from the Cree—the “north
wind.”

KEF, more correctly El-Kef (the Rock), a town of Tunisia, 125 m.

by rail S.S.W. of the capital, and 75 m. S.E. of Bona in Algeria. It
occupies the site of the Roman colony of Sicca Veneria, and is built
on the steep slope of a rock in a mountainous region through which
flows the Mellegue, an affluent of the Mejerda. Situated at the
intersection of main routes from the west and south, Kef occupies a
position of strategic importance. Though distant some 22 m. from
the Algerian frontier it was practically a border post, and its walls
and citadel were kept in a state of defence by the Tunisians. The
town with its half-dozen mosques and tortuous, dirty streets, is still
partly walled. The southern part of the wall has however been
destroyed by the French, and the remainder is being left to decay.
Beyond the part of the wall destroyed is the French quarter. The
kasbah, or citadel, occupies a rocky eminence on the west side of
the town. It was built, or rebuilt, by the Turks, the material being
Roman. It has been restored by the French, who maintain a garrison
here.

The Roman remains include fragments of a large temple dedicated

to Hercules, and of the baths. The ancient cisterns remain, but are
empty, being used as part of the barracks. The town is however
supplied by water from the same spring which filled the cisterns. The
Christian cemetery is on the site of a basilica. There are ruins of
another Christian basilica, excavated by the French, the apse being
intact and the narthex serving as a church. Many stones with Roman
inscriptions are built into the walls of Arab houses. The modern town
is much smaller than the Roman colony. Pop. about 6000, including
about 100 Europeans (chiefly Maltese).

The Roman colony of Sicca Veneria appears from the

character of its worship of Venus (Val. Max. ii. 6, § 15) to have
been a Phoenician settlement. It was afterwards a Numidian
stronghold, and under the Caesars became a fashionable
residential city and one of the chief centres of Christianity in
North Africa. The Christian apologist Arnobius the Elder lived
here.

See H. Barth, Die Küstenländer des Mittelmeeres (1849);

Corpus Inscript. Lat., vol. viii.; Sombrun in Bull. de la soc. de
géog. de Bordeaux (1878). Also Cardinal Newman’s Callista: a
Sketch of the Third Century (1856), for a “reconstruction” of the
manner of life of the early Christians and their oppressors.
 KEHL, a town in the grand-duchy of Baden, on the right bank of
the Rhine, opposite Strassburg, with which it is connected by a
railway bridge and a bridge of boats. Pop. 4000. It has a
considerable river trade in timber, tobacco and coal, which has been
developed by the formation of a harbour with two basins. The chief
importance of Kehl is its connexion with the military defence of
Strassburg, to the strategic area of which it belongs. It is encircled
by the strong forts Bose, Blumenthal and Kirchbach of that system.
In 1678 Kehl was taken from the imperialists by the French, and in
1683 a new fortress, built by Vauban, was begun. In 1697 it was
restored to the Empire and was given to Baden, but in 1703 and
again in 1733 it was taken by the French, who did not however
retain it for very long. In 1793 the French again took the town,
which was retaken by the Austrians and was restored to Baden in
1803. In 1808 the French, again in possession, restored the
fortifications, but these were dismantled in 1815, when Kehl was
again restored to Baden. In August 1870, during the Franco-German
War, the French shelled the defenceless town.
 KEIGHLEY (locally Keithley), a municipal borough in the
Keighley parliamentary division of the West Riding of Yorkshire,
England, 17 m. W.N.W. of Leeds, on branches of the Great Northern
and Midland railways. Pop. (1901), 41,564. It is beautifully situated
in a deep valley near the junction of the Worth with the Aire. A canal
between Liverpool and Hull affords it water communication with both
west and east coasts. The principal buildings are the parish church
of St Andrew (dating from the time of Henry I., modernized in 1710,
rebuilt with the exception of the tower in 1805, and again rebuilt in
1878), and the handsome Gothic mechanics’ institute and technical
school (1870). A grammar school was founded in 1713, the
operations of which have been extended so as to embrace a trade
school (1871) for boys, and a grammar school for girls. The principal
industries are manufactures of woollen goods, spinning, sewing and
washing machines, and tools. The town was incorporated in 1882,
and the corporation consists of a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18
councillors.
 KEI ISLANDS [Ke, Key, Kii, &c.; native, Ewab], a group in the
Dutch East Indies, in the residency of Amboyna, between 5° and 6°
5′ S. and 131° 50′ and 133° 15′ E., and consisting of four parts:
Nuhu-Iut or Great Kei, Roa or Little Kei, the Tayanda, and the Kur
group. Great Kei differs physically in every respect from the other
groups. It is of Tertiary formation (Miocene), and has a chain of
volcanic elevations along the axis, reaching a height of 2600 ft. Its
area is 290 sq. m., the total land area of the group being 572 sq. m.
All the other islands are of post-Tertiary formation and of level
surface. The group has submarine connexion, under relatively
shallow sea, with the Timorlaut group to the south-west and the
chain of islands extending north-west towards Ceram; deep water
separates it on the east from the Aru Islands and on the west from
the inner islands of the Banda Sea. Among the products are coco-
nuts, sago, fish, trepang, timber, copra, maize, yams and tobacco.
The population is about 23,000, of whom 14,900 are pagans, and
8300 Mahommedans.

The inhabitants are of three types. There is the true Kei Islander, a
Polynesian by his height and black or brown wavy hair, with a
complexion between the Papuan black and the Malay yellow. There
is the pure Papuan, who has been largely merged in the Kei type.
Thirdly, there are the immigrant Malays. These (distinguished by the
use of a special language and by the profession of
Mohammedanism) are descendants of natives of the Banda islands
who fled eastward before the encroachments of the Dutch. The
pagans have rude statues of deities and places of sacrifice indicated
by flat-topped cairns. The Kei Islanders are skilful in carving and
celebrated boat-builders.
 See C. M. Kan, “Onze geographische kennis der Keij-Eilanden,”
in Tijdschrift Aardrijkskundig Genootschap (1887); Martin, “Die
Kei-inseln u. ihr Verhältniss zur Australisch-Asiatischen
Grenzlinie,” ibid. part vii. (1890); W. R. van Hoëvell, “De Kei-
Eilanden,” in Tijdschr. Batavian. Gen. (1889); “Verslagen van de
wetenschappelijke opnemingen en onderzoekingen op de Keij-
Eilanden” (1889-1890), by Planten and Wertheim (1893), with
map and ethnographical atlas of the south-western and south-
eastern islands by Pleyte; Langen, Die Key- oder Kii-Inseln
(Vienna, 1902).

KEIM, KARL THEODOR (1825-1878), German Protestant

theologian, was born at Stuttgart on the 17th of December 1825. His
father, Johann Christian Keim, was headmaster of a gymnasium.
Here Karl Theodor received his early education, and then proceeded
to the Stuttgart Obergymnasium. In 1843 he went to the university
of Tübingen, where he studied philosophy under J. F. Reiff, a
follower of Hegel, and Oriental languages under Heinrich Ewald and
Heinrich Meier. F. C. Baur, the leader of the new Tübingen school,
was lecturing on the New Testament and on the history of the
church and of dogma, and by him in particular Keim was greatly
impressed. The special bent of Keim’s mind is seen in his prize essay,
Verhältniss der Christen in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten bis
Konstantin zum römischen Reiche (1847). His first published work
was Die Reformation der Reichstadt Ulm (1851). In 1850 he visited
the university of Bonn, where he attended some of the lectures of
Friedrich Bleek, Richard Rothe, C. M. Arndt and Isaak Dorner. He
taught at Tübingen from June 1851 until 1856, when, having
become a pastor, he was made deacon at Esslingen, Württemberg.
In 1859 he was appointed archdeacon; but a few months later he
was called to the university of Zürich as professor of theology (1859-
1873), where he produced his important works. Before this he had
written on church history (e.g. Schwäbische Reformationsgeschichte
bis zum Augsburger Reichstag, 1855). His inaugural address at
Zürich on the human development of Jesus, Die menschliche
Entwicklung Jesu Christi (1861), and his Die geschichtliche Würde
Jesu (1864) were preparatory to his chief work, Die Geschichte Jesu
von Nazara in ihrer Verkettung mit dem Gesamtleben seines Volkes
(3 vols., 1867-1872; Eng. trans., Jesus of Nazareth, and the National
Life of Israel, 6 vols.), 1873-1882. In 1873 Keim was appointed
professor of theology at Giessen. This post he resigned, through ill-
health, shortly before his death on the 17th of November 1878. He
belonged to the “mediation” school of theology.

Chief works, besides the above: Reformationsblätter der

Reichsstadt Esslingen (1860); Ambrosius Blarer, der Schwäbische
Reformator (1860); Der Übertritt Konstantins d. Gr. zum
Christenthum (1862); his sermons, Freundesworte zur Gemeinde
(2 vols., 1861-1862); and Celsus’ wahres Wort (1873). In 1881
H. Ziegler published one of Keim’s earliest works, Rom und das
Christenthum, with a biographical sketch. See also Ziegler’s
article in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie.
 KEITH, the name of an old Scottish family which derived its
name from the barony of Keith in East Lothian, said to have been
granted by Malcolm II., king of Scotland, to a member of the house
for services against the Danes. The office of great marishal of
Scotland, afterwards hereditary in the Keith family, may have been
conferred at the same time; for it was confirmed, together with
possession of the lands of Keith, to Sir Robert Keith by a charter of
King Robert Bruce, and appears to have been held as annexed to the
land by the tenure of grand serjeanty. Sir Robert Keith commanded
the Scottish horse at Bannockburn, and was killed at the battle of
Neville’s Cross in 1346. At the close of the 14th century Sir William
Keith, by exchange of lands with Lord Lindsay, obtained the crag of
Dunnottar in Kincardineshire, where he built the castle of Dunnottar,
which became the stronghold of his descendants. He died about
1407. In 1430 a later Sir William Keith was created Lord Keith, and a
few years afterwards earl marishal, and these titles remained in the
family till 1716. William, fourth earl marishal (d. 1581), was one of
the guardians of Mary queen of Scots during her minority, and was a
member of her privy council on her return to Scotland. While
refraining from extreme partisanship, he was an adherent of the
Reformation; he retired into private life at Dunnottar Castle about
1567, thereby gaining the sobriquet “William of the Tower.” He was
reputed to be the wealthiest man in Scotland. His eldest daughter
Anne married the regent Murray. His grandson George, 5th earl
marishal (c. 1553-1623), was one of the most cultured men of his
time. He was educated at King’s College, Aberdeen, where he
became a proficient classical scholar, afterwards studying divinity
under Theodore Beza at Geneva. He was a firm Protestant, and took
an active part in the affairs of the kirk. His high character and
abilities procured him the appointment of special ambassador to
Denmark to arrange the marriage of James VI. with the Princess
Anne. He was subsequently employed on a number of important
commissions; but he preferred literature to public affairs, and about
1620 he retired to Dunnottar, where he died in 1623. He is chiefly
remembered as the founder in 1593 of the Marischal College in the
university of Aberdeen, which he richly endowed. From an uncle he
inherited the title of Lord Altrie about 1590. William, 7th earl
marishal (c. 1617-1661), took a prominent part in the Civil War,
being at first a leader of the covenanting party in north-east
Scotland, and the most powerful opponent of the marquess of
Huntly. He co-operated with Montrose in Aberdeenshire and
neighbouring counties against the Gordons. With Montrose he
signed the Bond of Cumbernauld in August 1640, but took no active
steps against the popular party till 1648, when he joined the duke of
Hamilton in his invasion of England, escaping from the rout at
Preston. In 1650 Charles II. was entertained by the marishal at
Dunnottar; and in 1651 the Scottish regalia were left for safe
keeping in his castle. Taken prisoner in the same year, he was
committed to the Tower and was excluded from Cromwell’s Act of
Grace. He was made a privy councillor at the Restoration and died in
1661. Sir John Keith (d. 1714), brother of the 7th earl marishal, was,
at the Restoration, given the hereditary office of knight marishal of
Scotland, and in 1677 was created earl of Kintore, and Lord Keith of
Inverurie and Keith-Hall, a reward for his share in preserving the
regalia of Scotland, which were secretly conveyed from Dunnottar to
another hiding-place, when the castle was besieged by Cromwell’s
troops, and which Sir John, perilously to himself, swore he had
carried abroad and delivered to Charles II., thus preventing further
search. From him are descended the earls of Kintore.

George, 10th earl marishal (c. 1693-1778), served under

Marlborough, and like his brother Francis, Marshal Keith (q.v.), was a
zealous Jacobite, taking part in the rising of 1715, after which he
escaped to the continent. In the following year he was attainted, his
estates and titles being forfeited to the Crown. He lived for many
years in Spain, where he concerned himself with Jacobite intrigues,
but he took no part in the rebellion of 1745, proceeding about that
year to Prussia, where he became, like his brother, intimate with
Frederick the Great. Frederick employed him in several diplomatic
posts, and he is said to have conveyed valuable information to the
earl of Chatham, as a reward for which he received a pardon from
George II., and returned to Scotland in 1759. His heir male, on
whom, but for the attainder of 1716, his titles would have devolved,
was apparently his cousin Alexander Keith of Ravelston, to whom the
attainted earl had sold the castle and lands of Dunnottar in 1766.
From Alexander Keith was descended, through the female line, Sir
Patrick Keith Murray of Ochtertyre, who sold the estates of
Dunnottar and Ravelston. After the attainder of 1716 the right of the
Keiths of Ravelston to be recognized as the representatives of the
earls marishal was disputed by Robert Keith (1681-1757), bishop of
Fife, a member of another collateral branch of the family. The bishop
was a writer of some repute, his chief work, The History of the
Affairs of the Church and State of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1734), being
of considerable value for the reigns of James V., James VI., and Mary
Queen of Scots. He also published a Catalogue of the Bishops of
Scotland (Edinburgh, 1755), and other less important historical and
theological works.

Robert Keith (d. 1774), descended from a younger son of the 2nd
earl marishal, was British minister in Vienna in 1748, and
subsequently held other important diplomatic appointments, being
known to his numerous friends, among whom were the leading men
of letters of his time, as “Ambassador Keith.” His son, Sir Robert
Murray Keith (1730-1795), was on Lord George Sackville’s staff at
the battle of Minden. He became colonel of a regiment (the 87th
foot) known as Keith’s Highlanders, who won distinction in the
continental wars, but were disbanded in 1763; he was then
employed in the diplomatic service, in which he achieved
considerable success by his honesty, courage, and knowledge of
languages. In 1781 he became lieutenant-general; in 1789 he was
made a privy councillor.

From the Keith family through the female line was descended
George Keith Elphinstone, Baron Keith of Stonehaven, Marishal and
afterwards Viscount Keith (q.v.), whose titles became extinct at the
death of his daughter Margaret, Baroness Keith, in 1867.

See Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, edited by J.

Bain (4 vols., Edinburgh, 1881-1888); Peter Buchan, An Account
of the Ancient and Noble Family of Keith (Edinburgh, 1828);
Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir Robert Murray Keith, edited
by Mrs. Gillespie Smyth (London, 1849); John Spalding,
Memorialls of the Trubles in Scotland, 1624-1645 (2 vols.,
Spalding Club Publ. 21, 23, Aberdeen, 1850-1851); Sir Robert
Douglas, The Peerage of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1813); G.E.C.,
Complete Peerage, vol. iv. (London, 1892).
 (R. J. M.)

KEITH, FRANCIS EDWARD JAMES (1696-1758),

Scottish soldier and Prussian field marshal, was the second son of
William, 9th earl marishal of Scotland, and was born on the 11th of
June 1696 at the castle of Inverugie near Peterhead. Through his
careful education under Robert Keith, bishop of Fife, and
subsequently at Edinburgh University in preparation for the legal
profession, he acquired that taste for literature which afterwards
secured him the esteem of the most distinguished savants of
Europe; but at an early period his preference for a soldier’s career
was decided. The rebellion of 1715, in which he displayed qualities
that gave some augury of his future eminence, compelled him to
seek safety on the Continent. After spending two years in Paris,
chiefly at the university, he in 1719 took part in the ill-starred
expedition of the Pretender to the Highlands of Scotland. He then
passed some time at Paris and Madrid in obscurity and poverty, but
eventually obtained a colonelcy in the Spanish army, and, it is said,
took part in the siege of Gibraltar (1726-27). Finding his
Protestantism a barrier to promotion, he obtained from the king of
Spain a recommendation to Peter II. of Russia, from whom he
received (1728) the command of a regiment of the guards. He
displayed in numerous campaigns the calm, intelligent and watchful
valour which was his chief characteristic, obtaining the rank of
general of infantry and the reputation of being one of the ablest
officers in the Russian service as well as a capable and liberal civil
administrator. Judging, however, that his rewards were not
commensurate with his merits, he in 1747 offered his services to
Frederick II. of Prussia, who at once gave him the rank of field
marshal, in 1749 made him governor of Berlin, and soon came to
cherish towards him, as towards his brother, the 10th earl marishal,
a strong personal regard. In 1756 the Seven Years’ War broke out.
Keith was employed in high command from the first, and added to
his Russian reputation on every occasion by resolution and
promptitude of action, not less than by care and skill. In 1756 he
commanded the troops covering the investment of Pirna, and
distinguished himself at Lobositz. In 1757 he commanded at the
siege of Prague; later in this same campaign he defended Leipzig
against a greatly superior force, was present at Rossbach, and, while
the king was fighting the campaign of Leuthen, conducted a foray
into Bohemia. In 1758 he took a prominent part in the unsuccessful
Moravian campaign, after which he withdrew from the army to
recruit his broken health. He returned in time for the autumn
campaign in the Lausitz, and was killed on the 14th of October 1758
at the battle of Hochkirch. His body was honourably buried on the
field by Marshal Daun and General Lacy, the son of his old
commander in Russia, and was shortly afterwards transferred by
Frederick to the garrison church of Berlin. Many memorials were
erected to him by the king, Prince Henry, and others. Keith died
unmarried, but had several children by his mistress, Eva Mertens, a
Swedish prisoner captured by him in the war of 1741-43. In 1889
the 1st Silesian infantry regiment No. 22 of the German army
received his name.

See K. A. Varnhagen von Ense, Biographische Denkmale, part

7 (1844); Fragment of a Memoir of Field-Marshal James Keith,
 written by himself (1714-1734; edited by Thomas Constable for
the Spalding Club, 1843); T. Carlyle, Frederick the Great,
passim; V. Paczynaski-Tenczyn, Leben des G. F. M. Jakob Keith
(Berlin, 1889); Peter Buchan, Account of the Family of Keith
(Edinburgh, 1878); Anon., Memoir of Marshal Keith (Peterhead,
1869); Pauli, Leben grosser Helden, part iv.

KEITH, GEORGE (c. 1639-1716), British divine, was born at

Aberdeen about 1639 and was educated for the Presbyterian
ministry at Marischal College in his native city. In 1662 he became a
Quaker and worked with Robert Barclay (q.v.). After being
imprisoned for preaching in 1676 he went to Holland and Germany
on an evangelistic tour with George Fox and William Penn. Two
further terms of imprisonment in England induced him (1684) to
emigrate to America, where he was surveyor-general in East New
Jersey and then a schoolmaster at Philadelphia. He travelled in New
England defending Quakerism against the attacks of Increase and
Cotton Mather, but after a time fell out with his own folk on the
subject of the atonement, accused them of deistic views, and started
a community of his own called “Christian Quakers” or “Keithians.” He
endeavoured to advance his views in London, but the Yearly Meeting
of 1694 disowned him, and he established a society at Turner’s Hall
in Philpot Lane, where he so far departed from Quaker usage as to
administer the two sacraments. In 1700 he conformed to the
Anglican Church, and from 1702 to 1704 was an agent of the Society
for the Propagation of the Gospel in America. He died on the 27th of
March 1716 at Edburton in Sussex, of which parish he was rector.
Among his writings were The Deism of William Penn and his
Brethren (1699); The Standard of the Quakers examined; or, an
Answer to the Apology of Robert Barclay (1702); A Journal of Travels
(1706). Gilbert Burnet, bishop of Salisbury, a fellow-Aberdonian,
speaks of him as “the most learned man that ever was in that sect,
and well versed in the Oriental tongues, philosophy and
mathematics.”

KEITH, GEORGE KEITH ELPHINSTONE, Viscount

(1746-1823), British admiral, fifth son of the 10th Lord Elphinstone,
was born in Elphinstone Tower, near Stirling, on the 7th of January
1746. Two of his brothers went to sea, and he followed their
example by entering the navy in 1761, in the “Gosport,” then
commanded by Captain Jervis, afterwards Earl St Vincent. In 1767
he made a voyage to the East Indies in the Company’s service, and
put £2000 lent him by an uncle to such good purpose in a private
trading venture that he laid the foundation of a handsome fortune.
He became lieutenant in 1770, commander in 1772, and post
captain in 1775. During the war in America he was employed against
the privateers, and with a naval brigade at the occupation of
Charleston, S.C. In January 1781, when in command of the
“Warwick” (50), he captured a Dutch 50-gun ship which had beaten
off an English vessel of equal strength a few days before. After
peace was signed he remained on shore for ten years, serving in
Parliament as member first for Dumbartonshire, and then for
Stirlingshire. When war broke out again in 1793 he was appointed to
the “Robust” (74), in which he took part in the occupation of Toulon
by lord Hood. He particularly distinguished himself by beating a body
of the French ashore at the head of a naval brigade of English and
Spaniards. He was entrusted with the duty of embarking the
fugitives when the town was evacuated. In 1794 he was promoted
rear-admiral, and in 1795 he was sent to occupy the Dutch colonies
at the Cape of Good Hope and in India. He had a large share in the
capture of the Cape in 1795, and in August 1796 captured a whole
Dutch squadron in Saldanha Bay. In the interval he had gone on to
India, where his health suffered, and the capture at Saldanha was
effected on his way home. When the Mutiny at the Nore broke out in
1797 he was appointed to the command, and was soon able to
restore order. He was equally successful at Plymouth, where the
squadron was also in a state of effervescence. At the close of 1798
he was sent as second in command to St Vincent. It was for a long
time a thankless post, for St Vincent was at once half incapacitated
by ill-health and very arbitrary, while Nelson, who considered that
Keith’s appointment was a personal slight to himself, was peevish
and insubordinate. The escape of a French squadron which entered
the Mediterranean from Brest in May 1799 was mainly due to
jarrings among the British naval commanders. Keith followed the
enemy to Brest on their retreat, but was unable to bring them to
action. He returned to the Mediterranean in November as
commander-in-chief. He co-operated with the Austrians in the siege
of Genoa, which surrendered on the 4th of June 1800. It was
however immediately afterwards lost in consequence of the battle of
Marengo, and the French made their re-entry so rapidly that the
admiral had considerable difficulty in getting his ships out of the
harbour. The close of 1801 and the beginning of the following year
were spent in transporting the army sent to recover Egypt from the
French. As the naval force of the enemy was completely driven into
port, the British admiral had no opportunity of an action at sea, but
his management of the convoy carrying the troops, and of the
landing at Aboukir, was greatly admired. He was made a baron of
the United Kingdom—an Irish barony having been conferred on him
in 1797. On the renewal of the war in 1803 he was appointed
commander-in-chief in the North Sea, which post he held till 1807.
In February 1812 he was appointed commander-in-chief in the
Channel, and in 1814 he was raised to a viscounty. During his last
two commands he was engaged first in overlooking the measures
taken to meet a threatened invasion, and then in directing the
movements of the numerous small squadrons and private ships
employed on the coasts of Spain and Portugal, and in protecting
trade. He was at Plymouth when Napoleon surrendered and was
brought to England in the “Bellerophon” by Captain Maitland (1777-
1839). The decisions of the British government were expressed
through him to the fallen Emperor. Lord Keith refused to be led into
disputes, and confined himself to declaring steadily that he had his
orders to obey. He was not much impressed by the appearance of
his illustrious charge, and thought that the airs of Napoleon and his
suite were ridiculous. Lord Keith died on the 10th of March 1823 at
Tullyallan, his property in Scotland, and was buried in the parish
church. A portrait of him by Owen is in the Painted Hall in
Greenwich. He was twice married: in 1787 to Jane Mercer, daughter
of Colonel William Mercer of Aldie; and in 1808 to Hester Maria
Thrale, who is spoken of as “Queenie” in Boswell’s Life of Johnson
and Mme. D’Arblay’s Diary. He had a daughter by each marriage, but
no son. Thus the viscounty became extinct on his death, but the
English and Irish baronies descended to his elder daughter Margaret
(1788-1867), who married the Comte de Flahault de la Billarderie,
only to become extinct on her death.

There is a panegyrical Life of Lord Keith by Alex. Allardyce

(Edinburgh, 1882); and biographical notices will be found in
John Marshall’s Royal Naval Biography, i. 43 (1823-1835), and
the Naval Chronicle, X. 1.
(D. H.)

KEITH, a police burgh of Banffshire, Scotland, on the Isla, 53¼

m. N.W. of Aberdeen by the Great North of Scotland railway. Pop.
(1901), 4753. A branch of the Highland railway also gives access to
Elgin, and there is a line to Buckie and Portessie on the Moray Firth.
The burgh includes Old Keith and New Keith on the east bank of the
Isla, and Fife-Keith on the west bank. Though Old Keith has a
charter dating from William the Lion it fell into gradual decay; New
Keith, founded in the 18th century by the second earl of Seafield,
being better situated for the growth of a town. Fife-Keith has sprung
up since 1816. The principal public buildings include the Turner
memorial hospital, the Longmore hall, and the Institute. In the
Roman Catholic church there is a painting of the “Incredulity of St
Thomas,” presented by Charles X. of France. The industries include
manufactures of tweeds, blankets, agricultural implements, and
boots and shoes; there are also distilleries, breweries, flour mills,
and lime and manure works. But the main importance of Keith lies in
the fact that it is the centre of the agricultural trade of the shire. The
“Summer Eve Fair” held in September is the largest cattle and horse
fair in the north of Scotland; the town is also the headquarters of
the dressed-meat trade in the north.

KEJ, or Kech, the chief place in a district of the province of

Makran in Baluchistan, which has given its name to Kej-Makran, as
distinguished from Persian Makran. There is no town, but a number
of small villages dominated by a fort built upon a rock, on the
eastern bank of the Kej River. This fort, like many others similarly
placed throughout the country, is supposed to be impregnable, but is
of no strength except against the matchlocks of the surrounding
tribes. Kej (or Kiz) was an important trade centre in the days of Arab
supremacy in Sind, and the rulers of Kalat at various times marched
armies into the province with a view to maintaining their authority.
At the beginning of the 19th century it had the reputation of a
commercial centre, trading through Panjgur with Kandahar, with
Karachi via Bela, and with Muscat and the Persian Gulf by the
seaport of Gwadar, distant about 80 m. The present Khan of Kalat
exercises but a feeble sway over this portion of his dominion,
although he appoints a governor to the province. The principal tribe
residing around Kej is that of the Gichki, who claim to be of Rajput
origin, and to have settled in Makran during the 17th century, having
been driven out of Rajputana. The climate during summer is too hot
for Europeans. During winter, however, it is temperate. The principal
exports consist of dates, which are considered of the finest quality. A
local revolt against Kalat rendered an expedition against Kej
necessary in 1898. Colonel Mayne reduced the fortress and restored
order in the surrounding districts.

KEKULÉ, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1829-1896), German

chemist, was born at Darmstadt on the 7th of September 1829.
While studying architecture at Giessen he came under the influence
of Liebig and was induced to take up chemistry. From Giessen he
went to Paris, and then, after a short sojourn in Switzerland, he
visited England. Both in Paris and in England he enjoyed personal
intercourse with the leading chemists of the period. On his return to
Germany he started a small chemical laboratory at Heidelberg,
where, with a very slender equipment, he carried out several
important researches. In 1858 he was appointed professor of
chemistry at Ghent, and in 1865 was called to Bonn to fill a similar
position, which he held till his death in that town on the 13th of June
1896. Kekulé’s main importance lies in the far-reaching contributions
which he made to chemical theory, especially in regard to the
constitution of the carbon compounds. The doctrine of atomicity had
already been enunciated by E. Frankland, when in 1858 Kekulé
published a paper in which, after giving reasons for regarding carbon
as a tetravalent element, he set forth the essential features of his
famous doctrine of the linking of atoms. He explained that in
substances containing several carbon atoms it must be assumed that
some of the affinities of each carbon atom are bound by the
affinities of the atoms of other elements contained in the substance,
and some by an equal number of the affinities of the other carbon
atoms. The simplest case is when two carbon atoms are combined
so that one affinity of the one is tied to one affinity of the other;
two, therefore, of the affinities of the two atoms are occupied in
keeping the two atoms together, and only the remaining six are
available for atoms of other elements. The next simplest case
consists in the mutual interchange of two affinity units, and so on.
This conception led Kekulé to his “closed-chain” or “ring” theory of
the constitution of benzene which has been called the “most brilliant
piece of prediction to be found in the whole range of organic
chemistry,” and this in turn led in particular to the elucidation of the
constitution of the “aromatic compounds,” and in general to new
methods of chemical synthesis and decomposition, and to a deeper
insight into the composition of numberless organic bodies and their
mutual relations. Professor F. R. Japp, in the Kekulé memorial lecture
he delivered before the London Chemical Society on the 15th of
December 1897, declared that three-fourths of modern organic
chemistry is directly or indirectly the product of Kekulé’s benzene
theory, and that without its guidance and inspiration the industries of
the coal-tar colours and artificial therapeutic agents in their present
form and extension would have been inconceivable.
 Many of Kekulé’s papers appeared in the Annalen der Chemie,
of which he was editor, and he also published an important
work, Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie, of which the first three
volumes are dated 1861, 1866 and 1882, while of the fourth
only one small section was issued in 1887.

KELLER, ALBERT (1845- ), German painter, was born at

Gais, in Switzerland; he studied at the Munich Academy under
Lenbach and Ramberg, and must be counted among the leading
colourists of the modern German school. Travels in Italy, France,
England and Holland, and a prolonged sojourn in Paris, helped to
develop his style, which is marked by a sense of elegance and
refinement all too rare in German art. His scenes of society life, such
as the famous “Dinner” (1890), are painted with thoroughly Parisian
esprit, and his portraits are marked by the same elegant distinction.
He is particularly successful in the rendering of rustling silk and satin
dresses and draperies. His historical and imaginative works are as
modern in spirit and as unacademical as his portraits. At the Munich
Pinakothek is his painting “Jairi Töchterlein” (1886), whilst the
Königsberg Museum contains his “Roman Bath,” and the Liebieg
collection in Reichenberg the “Audience with Louis XV.,” the first
picture that drew attention to his talent. Among other important
works he painted “Faustina in the Temple of Juno at Praeneste,”
“The Witches’ Sleep” (1888), “The Judgment of Paris,” “The Happy
Sister,” “Temptation” (1892), “Autumn” (1893), “An Adventure”
(1896), and “The Crucifixion.”

KELLER, GOTTFRIED (1819-1890), German poet and

novelist, was born at Zürich on the 19th of July 1819. His father, a
master joiner, dying while Gottfried was young, his early education
was neglected; he, however, was in 1835 apprenticed to a landscape
painter, and subsequently spent two years (1840-1842) in Munich
learning to paint. Interest in politics drew him into literature, and his
talents were first disclosed in a volume of short poems, Gedichte
(1846). This obtained him recognition from the government of his
native canton, and he was in 1848 enabled to take a short course of
philosophical study at the university of Heidelberg. From 1850 to
1855 he lived in Berlin, where he wrote his most important novel,
Der grüne Heinrich (1851-1853; revised edition 1879-1880),
remarkable for its delicate autographic portraiture and the beautiful
episodes interwoven with the action. This was followed by Die Leute
von Seldwyla (1856), studies of Swiss provincial life, including in
Romeo und Julia auf dem Dorfe one of the most powerful short
stories in the German language, and in Die drei gerechten
Kammmacher, almost as great a masterpiece of humorous writing.
Returning to his native city with a considerable reputation, he
received in 1861 the appointment of secretary to the canton. For a
time his creative faculty seemed paralysed by his public duties, but
in 1872 appeared Sieben Legenden, and in 1874 a second series of
Die Leute von Seldwyla, in both of which books he displayed no
abatement of power and originality. He retired from the public
service in 1876 and employed his leisure in the production of
Züricher Novellen (1878), Das Sinngedicht, a collection of short
stories (1881), and a novel, Martin Salander (Berlin, 1886). He died
on the 15th of July 1890 at Hottingen. Keller’s place among German
novelists is very high. Few have united such fancy and imagination
to such uncompromising realism, or such tragic earnestness to such
abounding humour. As a lyric poet, his genius is no less original; he
takes rank with the best German poets of this class in the second
half of the 19th century.

Keller’s Gesammelte Werke were published in 10 vols. (1889-

1890), to which was added another volume, Nachgelassene
Schriften und Dichtungen, containing the fragment of a tragedy
(1893). In English appeared, G. Keller: A Selection of his Tales
translated with a Memoir by Kate Freiligrath-Kroeker (1891). For
a further estimate of Keller’s life and works cf. O. Brahm (1883);
E. Brenning, G. Keller nach seinem Leben und Dichten (1892); F.
Baldensperger, G. Keller; sa vie et ses oeuvres (1893); A. Frey,
Erinnerungen an Gottfried Keller (1893); J. Baechtold, Kellers
Leben. Seine Briefe und Tagebücher (Berlin, 1894-1897); A.
Köster, G. Keller (1900; 2nd ed., 1907); and for his work as a
painter, H. E. von Berlepsch, Gottfried Keller als Maler (1895).
 KELLER, HELEN ADAMS (1880- ), American blind
deaf-mute, was born at Tuscumbia, Alabama, in 1880. When barely
two years old she was deprived of sight, smell and hearing, by an
attack of scarlet fever. At the request of her parents, who were
acquainted with the success attained in the case of Laura Bridgman
(q.v.), one of the graduates of the Perkins Institution at Boston, Miss
Anne M. Sullivan, who was familiar with the teachings of Dr S. G.
Howe (q.v.), was sent to instruct her at home. Unfortunately an
exact record of the steps in her education was not kept; but from
1888 onwards, at the Perkins Institution, Boston, and under Miss
Sarah Fuller at the Horace Mann school in New York, and at the
Wright Humason school, she not only learnt to read, write, and talk,
but became proficient, to an exceptional degree, in the ordinary
educational curriculum. In 1900 she entered Radcliffe College, and
successfully passed the examinations in mathematics, &c. for her
degree of A.B. in 1904. Miss Sullivan, whose ability as a teacher
must be considered almost as marvellous as the talent of her pupil,
was throughout her devoted companion. The case of Helen Keller is
the most extraordinary ever known in the education of blind deaf-
mutes (see Deaf and Dumb ad fin.), her acquirements including
several languages and her general culture being exceptionally wide.
She wrote The Story of My Life (1902), and volumes on Optimism
(1903), and The World I Live in (1908), which both in literary style
and in outlook on life are a striking revelation of the results of
modern methods of educating those who have been so handicapped
by natural disabilities.

KELLERMANN, FRANÇOIS CHRISTOPHE DE (1735-

1820), duke of Valmy and marshal of France, came of a Saxon
family, long settled in Strassburg and ennobled, and was born there
on the 28th of May 1735. He entered the French army as a
volunteer, and served in the Seven Years’ War and in Louis XV.’s
Polish expedition of 1771, on returning from which he was made a
lieutenant-colonel. He became brigadier in 1784, and in the following
year maréchal-de-camp. In 1789 Kellermann enthusiastically
embraced the cause of the Revolution, and in 1791 became general
of the army in Alsace. In April 1792 he was made a lieutenant-
general, and in August of the same year there came to him the
opportunity of his lifetime. He rose to the occasion, and his victory of
Valmy (see French Revolutionary Wars) over the Prussians, in Goethe’s
words, “opened a new era in the history of the world.” Transferred to
the army on the Moselle, Kellermann was accused by General
Custine of neglecting to support his operations on the Rhine; but he
was acquitted at the bar of the Convention in Paris, and placed at
the head of the army of the Alps and of Italy, in which position he
showed himself a careful commander and excellent administrator.
Shortly afterwards he received instructions to reduce Lyons, then in
revolt against the Convention, but shortly after the surrender he was
imprisoned in Paris for thirteen months. Once more honourably
acquitted, he was reinstated in his command, and did good service
in maintaining the south-eastern border against the Austrians until
his army was merged into that of General Bonaparte in Italy. He was
then sixty-two years of age, still physically equal to his work, but the
young generals who had come to the front in these two years
represented the new spirit and the new art of war, and Kellermann’s
active career came to an end. But the hero of Valmy was never
forgotten. When Napoleon came to power Kellermann was named
successively senator (1800), honorary marshal of France (1803), and
duke of Valmy (1808). He was frequently employed in the
administration of the army, the control of the line of
communications, and the command of reserve troops, and his long
and wide experience made him one of Napoleon’s most valuable
assistants. In 1814 he voted for the deposition of the emperor and
became a peer under the royal government. After the “Hundred
Days” he sat in the Chamber of Peers and voted with the Liberals.
He died at Paris on the 23rd of September 1820.

See J. G. P. de Salve, Fragments historiques sur M. le

maréchal de Kellermann (Paris, 1807), and De Botidoux,
Esquisse de la carrière militaire de F. C. Kellermann, duc de
Valmy (Paris, 1817).

His son, François Étienne de Kellermann, duke of Valmy (1770-1835),

French cavalry general, was born at Metz and served for a short time
in his father’s regiment of Hussars previous to entering the
diplomatic service in 1791. In 1793 he again joined the army,
serving chiefly under his father’s command in the Alps, and rising in
1796 to the rank of chef de brigade. In the latter part of Bonaparte’s
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