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introduction to
international
relations
Enduring Questions
& Contemporary Perspectives
Contents ix
Underlying Causes of War: the International Level of
Analysis 160
Anarchy as a Permissive Condition for War 160
Anarchy as a Propellant of International Conflict 160
Internal Wars and their Causes 163
Internal Wars and International Peace and Security 163
Internal Wars: Types and Trends 164
Causes of Internal Wars 168
Revisiting the Enduring Question and Looking Ahead 171
x Contents
How Dangerous is Nuclear Proliferation? 228
Efforts to Halt Proliferation: The Grand Bargain 230
Chemical and Biological Weapons 235
How They Work and Efforts to Control Them 235
Comparing Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons 238
Weapons of Mass Destruction and Terrorism 240
The Emergence of Cyber-Warfare 241
Revisiting the Enduring Question and Looking Ahead 242
Contents xi
States and Markets in a World of Anarchy 296
The Two-Sided Government: Managing Domestic and
International Relations 297
State Building, War, and Markets 307
Great Powers and the World Economy 310
Leadership and the Liberal World Economy 312
The Contemporary World Economy: Globalization
and its Challenges 314
Revisiting the Enduring Question and Looking Ahead 316
xii Contents
Weak/Failed States 364
Terrorism 371
Technology and the Privatization of War 374
International Responses to Non-State Actors 377
Global Response to Failed States 379
Whither the State? 384
Revisiting the Enduring Question and Looking Ahead 386
Contents xiii
International Trends 438
Contrary Evidence and Questions 439
Model 5: A Clash of Civilizations 442
Characteristics of a Clash of Civilizations 442
International Trends 443
Contrary Evidence and Questions 444
Model 6: Global Fracture: Pre-modern, Modern, and
Post-Modern Zones 446
Characteristics of Global Fracture 446
International Trends 449
Contrary Evidence and Questions 450
Looking Back: A Reminder to Focus on Enduring
Questions 451
Glossary 454
References 475
Index 495
xiv
List of Features
List of Features xv
Box 6.1 The Growth of Modern International Diplomacy 179
Box 7.5 Proposals from US Political Elites for a Nuclear-Free World 234
Box 8.4 Trade-Dispute Settlement in the GATT and WTO 275
Box 9.1 The Rise of a Liberal World Economy 289
Box 10.1 State Leaders Describe the Importance of National Economic
Self-Sufficiency 325
Box 11.1 Pirates in the Seventeenth and Twenty-first Centuries 365
Box 12.2 From Sporadic Over-Fishing to Possible Collapse of Vital
Marine Life 402
Box 13.2 Regional Economic Blocs 426
Differing Perspectives
Box 2.4 The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 57
Box 3.2 China, Southeast Asia, and the Security Dilemma 76
Box 4.2 Explaining Iraq’s Foreign Policy and Decision to Go to War
in 1991 115
Box 5.2 Conflict of Interest over Territory: Taiwan, China, and the
Risk of Military Conflict in East Asia 150
Box 6.5 Liberals and Realists on Interdependence and the Rise of China 202
Box 7.1 Were Nuclear Attacks on Japan Needed to End World War II? 209
Box 8.1 Infant-Industry Protection in Developing Countries 255
Box 9.2 The Chinese Government and Google 291
Box 10.2 Fernando Henrique Cardoso on the Benefits of International
Economic Integration 331
Box 11.4 How to Cope with the Threat of International Terrorism 379
Box 12.4 The United States, India, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 410
Box 13.5 The Clash of Civilizations 445
Figures
3.1 World Trends in Governance, 1800–2010 84
5.1 Incidence of Interstate Wars, 1816–2007, and During and
After the Cold War 142
5.2 Incidence of Militarized Interstate Disputes, 1816–2010,
and During and After the Cold War 143
5.3 Severity of Militarized Interstate Disputes, 1900–2010 144
5.4 Incidence of Extra-state Wars, 1816–2007, and During and
After the Cold War 145
5.5 Battlefield Deaths in Interstate and Extra-state Wars, 1816–2007,
and During and After the Cold War 146
5.6 The Prisoner’s Dilemma 162
5.7 Incidence of Internal Wars, 1816–2007, and During and After
the Cold War 165
5.8 Lethality of Internal Wars, 1816–2007, and During and After
the Cold War 166
5.9 International Interventions in Internal Wars, 1816–2007, and
During and After the Cold War 167
6.1 International Organizations by Year and Type, 1909–99 179
7.1 Timeline of Nuclear Arms Control Agreements and Treaties 221
7.2 A Schematic Diagram of an Implosion Bomb 224
8.1 Hypothetical US Production Possibilities Frontier 249
8.2 Specialization and Trade: the United Kingdom and Vietnam 251
8.3 Determination of Exchange Rates: Canadian Dollar and Swiss franc 259
8.4 US Dollar/Chinese Renminbi Exchange Rate, 2000–12 264
8.5 Global Economic Significance of MNEs, 1990–2011 268
8.6 The Kindleberger Spiral of Declining World Trade 273
9.1 Merchandise Exports as Per Cent of GDP in 1990 Prices,
5 Countries and World, 1870–2007 289
9.2 Top 20 Foreign Holders of US Treasury Securities, end January
2014 303
Maps
1.1 A National Interest: China and its Claims to the South China Sea 8
1.2 Greece in the Era of the Peloponnesian War 13
1.3 Imperialism and Colonialism in Africa on the Eve of World War I 18
1.4 Africa Today 19
2.1 The Eastern Hemisphere in 1500 34
2.2 Inca, Mayas, and Aztec Empires in the Western Hemisphere in 1500 35
2.3 The British Empire, Early 1900s 40
2.4 Atlantic Basin Triangle Trade in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth
Centuries 42
2.5 The Schlieffen Plan of 1905 and the Western Front in Late 1914 45
2.6 Postwar Occupation Zones for Germany 52
2.7 Patterns of Decolonization 59
2.8 The Territory of the Former Soviet Union after its Collapse into
15 Sovereign States 62
4.1 Critical Waterway for Oil Exports: the Strait of Hormuz 110
4.2 Covert Operation: the Killing of Osama bin Laden 111
6.1 The Roman Empire in 116 CE 176
6.2 The Han Empire in 100 BCE 177
6.3 The Wars of German Unification, 1866–1871 183
7.1 Israel, Iran and the Middle East 215
8.1 Members of the European Union Using the Euro, 2014 261
Tables
3.1 European Union Member States 80
4.1 China’s New Top Leaders: The Politburo Standing Committee,
2012 117
7.1 Ten Bombs on Ten South Asian Cities 211
7.2 World Nuclear forces, January 2013 212
8.1 Hypothetical Output and Opportunity Costs, Bottles of
Medications and Pairs of Shoes, UK and Vietnam 251
8.2 UK–Vietnam Trade: Gains in Consumption 253
8.3 Selected Currency Rates 259
8.4 Largest Voting Shares in the IMF by Individual Country, 2014 279
8.5 The Group of 20 281
13.1 Intraregional Trade as a Share of Total Trade of Each Region,
1962–94 427
Photos
1.1 The Berlin Wall, 1961 5
1.2 The Berlin Wall, 1989 6
1.3 Adolf Hitler 11
1.4 Vietnam War Memorial 20
1.5 Tragedy in Srebrenica 22
2.1 Trench Warfare during World War I 45
2.2 Emergency Aid in New York City during the Great Depression 48
2.3 Hiroshima after the Atomic Blast 50
2.4 Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin at Yalta 53
2.5 Founders of the Non-Aligned Movement 60
3.1 Secretary of State Dean Acheson Signs the NATO Alliance Pact 75
Why does our field need yet another introductory textbook? We three authors have
arrived at an answer through a long series of conversations based on our three decades
of experience teaching International Relations to interested and always interesting
undergraduates. We recognize that students new to the discipline seek to understand
what is happening now in a complex world that excites them intellectually but is diffi-
cult to fully comprehend. The problem is that courses which place too much emphasis
on current events may engage for the moment, but leave students short of the tools
needed for sound analysis when, inevitably, the headlines change. On the other hand,
courses that focus too heavily on disciplinary or scholastic debates risk leaving new
students feeling like outsiders, lacking the context and background to appreciate what
is at stake. Professional scholars make sense of the complexity of the world through
international relations theories; their natural inclination is to impart knowledge of
those theories and their specialized jargon at ever increasing levels of nuance and
specificity to initiate even our newest students. Yet, we know that dosage matters: too
much theory leaves a new student of international relations overwhelmed and won-
dering how these debates and typologies matter for the real world, while too little
leaves a student unprepared to navigate a complicated and confusing substantive
terrain.
We take a different approach to these dilemmas. We begin with the premise that
the essentials of international relations are animated less by the news of the day or by
the latest twist in theoretical paradigms, and more by a set of long-standing questions
that have engaged and challenged generations of international relations scholars and
students. We call these enduring questions and we motivate each chapter around one
of them. Instructors using our book will immediately recognize a familiar organiza-
tional structure build around theories and approaches, security studies, international
political economy, the role of international organizations and non-state actors, and
the future of the international system. But students will be invited to engage with the
material in a different way. Once students appreciate that international relations is
about grappling with large, challenging questions that have stood the test of time, we
believe they will demand the tools necessary to make their own attempt to answer
them. Our text provides those tools and offers a variety of approaches and answers to
these questions, reflecting differences in the scholarly field of international relations
and, in some cases, among ourselves.
Preface xxv
We have tried to convey the material of our field in language that is clear and
intuitive to undergraduates. We believe it is possible, indeed necessary, to be both
comprehensive in coverage and accessible in style. Our intention has not been to
make the material artificially easy, but to employ a direct style of writing so that our
text welcomes new participants into the enduring conversations of our field, rather
than treat them as visitors who need passports and phrase books as they tour a
foreign land with exotic customs and language. We aim to inspire students, who are
also citizens, to join and remain engaged in those conversations. By developing an
appreciation of the enduring questions of our field, and the political, economic and
social dynamics that underlie those questions, student-citizens will be more capable
not only of understanding today’s headlines but also those international issues
and problems that will arise long after they have completed their introductory
course.
Thematic Framework
We believe the best way for students to attain a firm understanding of international
relations is to be able to recognize enduring questions in the unfolding of international
relations; to grasp the analytical utility of the levels of analysis; to understand the inter-
play of theory and history; to make connections between the past and present, theory
and practice, and political aspirations and practical realities; and to view the world
from different perspectives.
Enduring Questions
Each chapter following the introduction is organized around an enduring question
of international relations. Such questions about relations among countries recur
throughout history, have important consequences and are the subject of considerable
policy and scholarly debate. For example, consider the question ‘In what ways does
participation in the world economy help or hinder the development of poorer coun-
tries?’ America’s founding fathers debated that question in the late eighteenth century,
the leaders of a newly unified Germany debated it at the end of the nineteenth century,
and politicians in China, Brazil, and India struggle with it today. Political scientists
and economists have joined that debate over the centuries, often putting forward rad-
ically differing answers. Those answers are profoundly consequential for countries
seeking to free millions of people from the grip of poverty, and for ambitious leaders
seeking to promote national economic strength in order to compete more effectively
in the international arena.
As we progress through the chapters that follow, each focusing on an important
area of international relations, we begin with a broad, enduring question of interna-
tional relations to frame the substance of each chapter and to help students recognize
that, notwithstanding the presumed novelty of today’s fast-paced world, many of the
critical issues of contemporary international politics have recurred in one form or
another across time. The enduring questions that we address on a chapter-by-chapter
basis are summarized in Box 1.1 in Chapter 1. We weave enduring questions
throughout the chapters, and at the end of each we revisit that chapter’s enduring
question and its significance.
xxvi Preface
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Dessartista ja Roystoneista tullut sangen odottamattomia uutisia.
Paulin isä oli liikarasituksesta saanut "kohtauksen", ja kaikki aikoivat
nyt matkustaa kotiin. Kirjeet olivat kirjoitetut junassa matkalla
Cherbourgiin; Margaretilta tuli pitkä, Eleanorilta vain muutama sana.
Siitä sai Marcia paljon ajatuksen aihetta, mutta valaistusta se ei
tuonut hänelle paljonkaan. Se oli näin kuuluva:
'Rakas Marcia.
Eleanor.'
Näytti siltä, että kerran vauhtiin päästyä joka puolella alkoi ilmetä
muutoksia. Itse Mr. Copley heitti seuraavan pommin. Palatessaan
eräänä iltana Roomasta hän virkkoi, että ilma alkoi käydä kuumaksi,
ja perheen olisi senvuoksi syytä lähteä seuraavalla viikolla Sveitsiin.
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"Aivan niin", setä myönsi, "kun siihen asti ehdimme, voit tehdä
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enemmän kuin mikään muu paikka maailmassa. En vielä koskaan ole
oikein täydellisesti kuulunut minnekään niinkuin tänne, ja sitäpaitsi
tahtoisin niin mielelläni olla sinun luonasi."
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sen sangen läheltä ja tietää, että sitä on paljon; ja kun Sybert kerran
tuntee jotain, on hänen tunteensa voimakas. Mutta", Copley hymyili,
"vaikka hän itse moittii maata, voit huomata, ettei hän salli
kenenkään muun sitä tehdä."
*****
"Mutta miksi te sitten lähdette sinne, kun kerran ette halua?" hän
kysyi.
"Oi ei, signorina, sitä en usko; olen itse nähnyt toista. Amerikassa
mies täyttää kaikki vaimonsa toiveet. Se on varmaan ihana maa.
Teillä on paljon kauniita tapoja. Niin, antaisin teille hyvän neuvon:
olkaa viisas ja menkää naimisiin amerikkalaisen kanssa. He eivät
pidä vuorenhuipuista. Mutta kenties tahtoisitte käydä katsomassa
minun vuoristolinnaani?" hän kysäisi. "Näköala — ah tuo ihana
näköala! Se ei ole hullumpi."
XXI Luku.
"Nuo Miss Roystonit, Mr. Dessartin sukulaiset", jatkoi lady; "he kai
ovat teidän ystäviänne. Tapasin heidät Melvillen perheessä pari
viikkoa sitten. He ovat ihastuttavia, eikö totta?"
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yksin Venetsiaan maalaamaan kuutamo-maisemia. Ce que c'est que
l'amour!"
"Mr. Dessartin paosta?" Marcia kertasi sanat samalla kun hän tunsi
silmäluomiensa hiukan värähtävän.
"Ah — hän oli taiteilija vain senvuoksi, että hän oli nuori, ei
minkään kutsumuksen tähden, ja minä uskon, että hän väsyi siihen
pilaan. Sanonpa teille kuka on tosi taiteilija — tuo nuori mies parka,
joka maalaa Venetsian kuutamoita!" Lady taputti ystävällisesti
Marcian käsivartta, nauraen omalle sukkeluudelleen. "Mutta te, Miss
Marcia, ja minä, me tiedämme, että Paul Dessart ei lähtenyt takaisin
Amerikkaan ainakaan koti-ikävän vuoksi; kun mies ei vielä ole
täyttänyt kolmeakymmentä, on aivan varma, että useimpien hänen
tekojensa vaikuttimena on nainen."
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tämä metelöiminen ole kauheata?" hän jatkoi. "Laurence Sybert
parka rasittaa itsensä aivan laihaksi sen takia. Nykyään tuskin kuulee
muusta puhuttavankaan."
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virkkoi Sybert rauhallisesti.
"Kas niin, Marcia, jos aiomme ehtiä kuuden junaan, luulen että
meidän on aika lähteä."
XXII Luku.
*****
XXIII Luku.