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Marius Iulian Mihailescu and Stefania Loredana Nita

Pro Cryptography and Cryptanalysis

with C++20
Creating and Programming Advanced Algorithms
1st ed.
Marius Iulian Mihailescu
Bucharest, Romania

Stefania Loredana Nita

Bucharest, Romania

Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the

author in this book is available to readers on GitHub via the book’s
product page, located at www.​apress.​com/​9781484265857. For more
detailed information, please visit www.​apress.​com/​source-code.

ISBN 978-1-4842-6585-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-6586-4

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6586-4

© Marius Iulian Mihailescu and Stefania Loredana Nita 2021

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the

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specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
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To our families.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank our editors for their support, our technical
reviewer for his constructive comments and suggestions, the entire
team that makes publishing this book possible, and last but not least,
our families for their unconditional support and encouragement.
Table of Contents
Part I: Foundations
Chapter 1:​Getting Started in Cryptography and Cryptanalysis
Cryptography and Cryptanalysis
Book Structure
Internet Resources
Forums and Newsgroups
Standards
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2:​Cryptography Fundamentals
Information Security and Cryptography
Cryptography Goals
Cryptographic Primitives
Background of Mathematical Functions
Functions:​One-to-One, One-Way, Trapdoor One-Way
Permutations
Involutions
Concepts and Basic Terminology
Domains and Codomains Used for Encryption
Encryption and Decryption Transformations
The Participants in the Communication Process
Digital Signatures
Signing Process
Verification Process
Public-Key Cryptography
 Hash Functions
Case Studies
Caesar Cipher Implementation in C++20
Vigenére Cipher Implementation in C++20
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3:​Mathematical Background and Its Applicability
Preliminaries
Conditional Probability
Random Variables
Birthday Problem
Information Theory
Entropy
Number Theory
Integers
Algorithms in ℤ
The Integer Modulo n
Algorithms ℤ m
The Legendre and Jacobi Symbols
Finite Fields
Basic Notions
Polynomials and the Euclidean Algorithm
Case Study 1:​Computing the Probability of an Event Taking
Place
Case Study 2:​Computing the Probability Distribution
 Case Study 3:​Computing the Mean of the Probability
Distribution
Case Study 4:​Computing the Variance
Case Study 5:​Computing the Standard Deviation
Case Study 6:​Birthday Paradox
Case Study 7:​(Extended) Euclidean Algorithm
Case Study 8: Computing the Multiplicative Inverse Under
Modulo q
Case Study 9:​Chinese Remainder Theorem
Case Study 10:​The Legendre Symbol
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4:​Large Integer Arithmetic
Big Integers
Big Integer Libraries
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5:​Floating-Point Arithmetic
Why Floating-Point Arithmetic?​
Displaying Floating Point Numbers
The Range of Floating Point Numbers
Floating Point Precision
Next Level for Floating-Point Arithmetic
Conclusions
References
Chapter 6:​New Features in C++20
Feature Testing
 carries_​dependency
no_​unique_​address
New Headers in C++20
<concepts> Header
<compare> Header
<format> Header
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7:​Secure Coding Guidelines
Secure Coding Checklist
CERT Coding Standards
Identifiers
Noncompliant Code Examples and Compliant Solutions
Exceptions
Risk Assessment
Automated Detection
Related Guidelines
Rules
Rule 1 - Declarations and Initializations (DCL)
Rule 2 - Expressions (EXP)
Rule 3 - Integers (INT)
Rule 5 - Characters and Strings (STR)
Rule 6 - Memory Management (MEM)
Rule 7 - Input/​Output (FIO)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8:​Cryptography Libraries in C/​C++20
Overview of Cryptography Libraries
Hash Functions
Public Key Cryptography
Elliptic-Curve Cryptography (ECC)
OpenSSL
Configuration and Installing OpenSSL
Botan
CrypTool
Conclusion
References
Part II: Pro Cryptography
Chapter 9:​Elliptic-Curve Cryptography
Theoretical Fundamentals
Weierstrass Equation
Group Law
Practical Implementation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10:​Lattice-Based Cryptography
Mathematical Background
Example
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11:​Searchable Encryption
Components
 Entities
Types
Security Characteristics
An Example
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12:​Homomorphic Encryption
Fully Homomorphic Encryption
Practical Example of Using FHE
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13:​Ring Learning with Errors Cryptography
Mathematical Background
Learning with Errors
Ring Learning With Errors
Practical Implementation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14:​Chaos-Based Cryptography
Security Analysis
Chaotic Maps for Plaintexts and Images Encryption
Rössler Attractor
Complex Numbers – Short Overview
Practical Implementation
Secure Random Number Generator Using a Chaos Rössler
Attractor
 Cipher Using Chaos and Fractals
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15:​Big Data Cryptography
Verifiable Computation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16:​Cloud Computing Cryptography
A Practical Example
Conclusion
References
Part III: Pro Cryptanalysis
Chapter 17:​Getting Started with Cryptanalysis
Third Part Structure
Cryptanalysis Terms
A Little Bit of Cryptanalysis History
Penetration Tools and Frameworks
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18:​Cryptanalysis Attacks and Techniques
Standards
FIPS 140-2, FIPS 140-3, and ISO 15408
Validation of Cryptographic Systems
Cryptanalysis Operations
Classification of Cryptanalytics Attacks
Attacks on Cipher Algorithms
 Attacks on Cryptographic Keys
Attacks on Authentication Protocols
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19:​Linear and Differential Cryptanalysis
Differential Cryptanalysis
Linear Cryptanalysis
Performing Linear Cryptanalysis
S-Boxes
Linear Approximation of S-Box
Concatenation of Linear Approximations
Assembling Two Variables
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20:​Integral Cryptanalysis
Basic Notions
Practical Approach
Conclusion
Reference
Chapter 21:​Brute Force and Buffer Overflow Attacks
Brute Force Attack
Buffer Overflow Attack
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22:​Text Characterization​
The Chi-Squared Statistic
 Cryptanalysis Using Monogram, Bigram, and Trigram
Frequency Counts
Counting Monograms
Counting Bigrams
Counting Trigrams
Conclusion
References
Chapter 23:​Implementation and Practical Approach of
Cryptanalysis Methods
Ciphertext-Only Attack
Known-Plaintext Attack
Chosen-Plaintext Attack
Chosen-Ciphertext Attack
Conclusion
References
Index
Other documents randomly have
different content
brilliant exception; it is closely formed on the model of Bow steeple,
but there are some variations so pleasing, that the design may justly
be said to be the architect’s own property—he has followed sir
Christopher Wren without copying him. The spire at Poplar is a fine
object, but decidedly inferior to the last, inasmuch as it diminishes
more abruptly. The steeple attached to St. John’s church, in the
Waterloo-road, is a very finely proportioned erection, and shows
exceedingly well from the Strand and the Temple-gardens; those
who have seen an engraving of this church with the tower originally
designed for it, will see what has been gained by the exchange.
There are more new churches still to be built; let us hope then,
that the architects who may be selected to erect them, having seen
the faults and defects of their predecessors, will produce something
better; or, at least, that their designs will differ from the generality of
those already built, if only for the sake of variety.
In conclusion, the writer has only to add, that much more might
be said both on old and new churches; it is a subject which has
more than once employed his pen; he feels, however, that he has
already occupied a larger space than he is entitled to do, if he has
trespassed on your readers’ patience he has to beg their pardon; his
excuse is, that the subject is a favourite one.
E. I. C.
July, 1825.

A HOT LETTER

For Captain Lion, Brighton.

My dear sir,
I anticipated a sojournment in your “neat little country cottage”
during your absence, with more pleasure than I expressed, when
you made me the offer of it. I imagined how much more comfortable
I should be there, than in my own out-of-town single-room. I was
mistaken. I have been comfortable nowhere. The malignity of an evil
star is against me; I mean the dog-star. You recollect the heat I fell
into during our Hornsey walk. I have been hot ever since, “hissing
hot,—think of that Master Brook;” I would that thou wert really a
brook, I would cleave thy bosom, and, unless thou wert cool to me,
I would not acknowledge thee for a true friend.
After returning from the coach wherein you and your lady-cousin
departed, I “larded the lean earth” to my own house in town. That
evening I got into a hackney coach to enjoy your “cool” residence;
but it was hot; and there was no “cool of the evening;” I went to
bed hot, and slept hot all night, and got up hot to a hot tea-
breakfast, looking all the while on the hot print opposite, Hogarth’s
“Evening,” with the fat hot citizen’s wife sweltering between her
husband and the New River, the hot little dog looking wistfully into
the reachless warm water, her crying hot boy on her husband’s stick,
the scolding hot sister, and all the other heats of that ever-to-be-
warmly-admired engraving. The coldest picture in the room, to my
heated eye, was the fruit-piece worked in worsted—worsted in the
dog-days!
How I got through that hot day I cannot remember. At night,
when, according to Addison, “evening shades prevail,” the heat
prevailed; there were no “cool” shades, and I got no rest; and
therefore I got up restless, and walked out and saw the morning
star, which I suppose was the dog-star, for I sought coolness and
found it not; but the sun arose, and methought there was no
atmosphere but burning beams; and the metropolis poured out its
heated thousands towards the New River, at Newington; and it was
filled with men, and boys, and dogs; and all looked as “comfortable”
as live eels in a stew pan.
I am too hot to proceed. What a summer! The very pumps refuse
“spring” water; and, I suppose, we shall have no more till next
spring.
My heart melts within me, and I am not so inhuman as to
request the servant to broil with this letter to the post-office, but I
have ordered her to give it to the newsman, and ask him to slip it
into the first letter-box he passes, and to tell him, if he forgets, it is
of no consequence, and in no hurry; he may take it on to Ludgate-
hill, and Mr. Hone, if he please, may print it in his Every-Day Book. I
dare say he is too hot to write, and this may help to fill up; so that
you’ll get it, at any rate. I don’t care if all the world reads it, for the
hot weather is no secret. As Mr. Freeling cannot say that printing a
letter is privately conveying it, I shall not get into hot water at the
post-office.
I am, my dear sir,
Your warmest friend, till winter,
Coleman Cottage,
Sun Day. I. Fry.
P. S. I am told the sight of the postmen in their scarlet coats is
not bearable in London; they look red-hot.

Weather.

Duncomb, for many years the principal vender of Dunstable larks,

resided at the village of Haughton-Regis, near Dunstable. He was an
eccentric character, and, according to Dunno’s “Originals,” (himself
an “original”) he was “remarkable for his humorous and droll method
of rhyming.” The following lines are shrewd and pleasant:—
 Duncomb’s Answer in Hay-time
relating to the Weather.
Well, Duncomb, how will be the weather?
Sir, it looks cloudy altogether.
And coming ’cross our Houghton Green,
I stopp’d and talk’d with old Frank Beane.
While we stood there, sir, old Jan Swain,
Went by and said, he know’d ’twood rain.
The next that came was Master Hunt,
And he declar’d, he knew it wont.
And then I met with farmer Blow,
He told me plainly he di’nt know.
So, sir, when doctors disagree
Who’s to decide it, you or me?

Dunstable Larks.

The larks which are caught at Dunstable are unequalled for their
size and richness of flavour. Their superiority is said to be owing in a
great measure to the chalky soil. On their first arrival they are very
lean and weak, but they recover in a short time, and are braced and
fattened by picking considerable quantities of the finest particles of
chalk with their food. They are usually taken in great quantities, with
trammelling nets, on evenings and mornings from Michaelmas to
February. When dressed and served up at some of the inns in the
town, “in great perfection, by a peculiar and secret method in the
process of cooking them,” they are admired as a luxury by travellers
during the time they are in season; and by an ingenious contrivance
in their package, they are sent ready dressed to all parts of England.

[209] Shrewsbury Chronicle.

[210] The Times, March 31, 1824.

July 15.
 St. Henry II., Emperor, A. D. 1024. St. Plechelm, A. D. 714.
St. Swithin, Bp. A. D. 862.

Swithin is still retained on this day in our almanacs, and at some

public offices is a holiday.

St. Swithin.

He was of noble parentage, and also called Swithun, or in the

Saxon language Swithum. He received the tonsure in the church at
Winchester, and became a monk in the old monastery there, of
which, after being ordained priest, he was made provost or dean. He
studied grammar, philosophy, and theology. For his learning and
virtue, Egbert, king of England, appointed him his priest, in which
character he subscribed a charter to the abbey of Croyland, in 833.
Egbert also committed to him the education of his son Ethelwolf,
who on succeeding to the throne procured Swithin to be chosen
bishop of Winchester in 852.
Tithes were established in England through St. Swithin, who
prevailed on Ethelwolf to enact a law, by which he gave the tenth of
the land to the church, on condition that the king should have a
prayer said for his soul every Wednesday in all the churches for ever.
Ethelwolf solemnized the grant by laying the charter on the altar of
St. Peter at Rome, in a pilgrimage he made to that city, and by
procuring the pope to confirm it.
St. Swithin died on the 2d of July, 862, in the reign of king
Ethelbert, and he was buried, according to his own order, in the
churchyard. Alban Butler, from whom these particulars are related,
affirms the translation of his relics into the church a hundred years
afterwards, and refers to the monkish historians for the relation of
“such a number of miraculous cures of all kinds wrought by them, as
was never known in any other place.” His relics were afterwards
removed into the cathedral of Winchester, on its being built under
William the Conqueror. It was dedicated to the Holy Trinity, under
the patronage of St. Peter, afterwards to St. Swithin, in 980, and was
called St. Swithin’s until Henry VIII. ordered it to be called by the
name of the Holy Trinity.
Among the notable miracles alleged to have been worked by St.
Swithin is this, that after he had built the bridge at Winchester, a
woman came over it with her lap full of eggs, which a rude fellow
broke, but the woman showed the eggs to the saint, who was
passing at the time, and he lifted up his hand and blessed the eggs,
“and they were made hole and sounde.” To this may be added
another story; that when his body was translated, or removed, two
rings of iron, fastened on his grave-stone, came out as soon as they
were touched, and left no mark of their place in the stone; but when
the stone was taken up, and touched by the rings, they of
themselves fastened to it again.[211]

St. Swithin’s Day.

“If it rains on St. Swithin’s day, there will be rain the next forty
days afterwards.” The occasion of this old and well-known saying is
obscure. In Mr. Douce’s interleaved copy of Brand’s “Popular
Antiquities,” there is a printed statement “seemingly cut out of a
newspaper” cited, in the last edition of Mr. Brand’s work, thus:—“In
the year 865, St. Swithin, bishop of Winchester, to which rank he
was raised by king Ethelwolfe, the dane, dying, was canonized by
the then pope. He was singular for his desire to be buried in the
open church-yard, and not in the chancel of the minster, as was
usual with other bishops, which request was complied with; but the
monks, on his being canonized, taking it into their heads that it was
disgraceful for the saint to lie in the open church-yard, resolved to
remove his body into the choir, which was to have been done with
solemn procession on the 15th of July. It rained, however, so
violently on that day, and for forty days succeeding, as had hardly
ever been known, which made them set aside their design as
heretical and blasphemous: and, instead, they erected a chapel over
his grave, at which many miracles are said to have been wrought.”
Also in “Poor Robin’s Almanac” for 1697, the saying, together
with one of the miracles before related, is noticed in these lines:—
 “In this month is St. Swithin’s day;
On which, if that it rain, they say
Full forty days after it will,
Or more or less, some rain distill.
This Swithin was a saint, I trow,
And Winchester’s bishop also.
Who in his time did many a feat,
As popish legends do repeat:
A woman having broke her eggs
By stumbling at another’s legs,
For which she made a woful cry
St. Swithin chanc’d for to come by,
Who made them all as sound, or more
Than ever that they were before.
But whether this were so or no
’Tis more than you or I do know:
Better it is to rise betime,
And to make hay while sun doth shine,
Than to believe in tales and lies
Which idle monks and friars devise.”
The satirical Churchill also mentions the superstitious notions
concerning rain on this day:—
“July, to whom, the dog-star in her train,
St. James gives oisters, and St. Swithin rain.”
The same legend is recorded by Mr. Brand, from a memorandum
by Mr. Douce: “I have heard these lines upon St. Swithin’s day:—
“St. Swithin’s day if thou dost rain,
For forty days it will remain:
St. Swithin’s day if thou be fair
For forty days ’t will rain na mair.”

Ben Jonson, in “Every man out of his humour,” has a touch at

almanac-wisdom, and on St. Swithin’s power over the weather:—
“Enter Sordido, Macilente, Hine.
“Sord.—(looking at an almanac)—O rare! good, good, good,
good, good! I thank my stars, I thank my stars for it.
“Maci.—(aside)—Said I not true, ’tis Sordido, the farmer,
A boar, and brother, to that swine was here.
 “Sord. Excellent, excellent, excellent! as I could wish, as I could
wish!—Ha, ha, ha! I will not sow my grounds this year. Let me see
what harvest shall we have? June, July, August?
“Maci.—(aside)—What is’t, a prognostication raps him so?
“Sord.—(reading)—The xx, xxi, xxii days, Rain and Wind; O good,
good! the xxiii and xxiv Rain and some Wind: the xxv, Rain, good
still! xxvi, xxvii, xxviii, wind and some rain; would it had been rain
and some wind; well, ’tis good (when it can be no better;) xxix
inclining to rain: inclining to rain? that’s not so good now: xxx and
xxxi wind and no rain: no rain? ’Slid stay; this is worse and worse:
what says he of Saint Swithin’s? turn back, look, Saint Swithin’s: no
rain?—O, here, Saint Swithin’s, the xv day; variable weather, for the
most part rain, good; for the most part rain: why, it should rain forty
days after, now, more or less, it was a rule held, afore I was able to
hold a plough, and yet here are two days no rain; ha! it makes me
muse.”

Gay, whilst he admonishes against falling into the vulgar

superstition, reminds his readers of necessary precautions in a wet
season, which make us smile, who forbear from hats to loop and
unloop, and do not wear wigs:—
Now, if on Swithin’s feast the welkin lours,
And every penthouse streams with hasty showers,
Twice twenty days shall clouds their fleeces drain
And wash the pavements with incessant rain.
Let not such vulgar tales debase thy mind;
Nor Paul nor Swithin rule the clouds and wind
If you the precepts of the Muse despise,
And slight the faithful warning of the skies,
Others you’ll see, when all the town’s afloat,
Wrapt in the embraces of a kersey coat,
Or double bottomed frieze; their guarded feet
Defy the muddy dangers of the street;
While you, with hat unlooped, the fury dread
Of spouts high streaming, and with cautious tread
Shun every dashing pool, or idly stop,
To seek the kind protection of a shop.
But business summons; now with hasty scud
 You jostle for the wall; the spattered mud
Hides all thy hose behind; in vain you scour
Thy wig, alas! uncurled, admits the shower.
So fierce Electo’s snaky tresses fell,
When Orpheus charmed the rigorous powers of hell;
Or thus hung Glaucus’ beard, with briny dew
Clotted and straight, when first his amorous view
Surprised the bathing fair; the frighted maid
Now stands a rock, transformed by Circe’s aid.
Dr. Forster, in his “Perennial Calendar,” cites from Mr. Howard’s
work on the climate of London the following—
“Examination of the popular Adage of ‘Forty Days’ Rain after St.
Swithin’ how far it may be founded in fact.”
The opinion of the people on subjects connected with natural
history is commonly founded in some degree on fact or experience;
though in this case vague and inconsistent conclusions are too
frequently drawn from real premises. The notion commonly
entertained on this subject, if put strictly to the test of experience at
any one station in this part of the island, will be found fallacious. To
do justice to popular observation, I may now state, that in a majority
of our summers, a showery period, which, with some latitude as to
time and local circumstances, may be admitted to constitute daily
rain for forty days, does come on about the time indicated by this
tradition: not that any long space before is often so dry as to mark
distinctly its commencement.
The tradition, it seems, took origin from the following
circumstances. Swithin or Swithum, bishop of Winchester, who died
in 868, desired that he might be buried in the open churchyard, and
not in the chancel of the minster, as was usual with other bishops,
and his request was complied with; but the monks, on his being
canonized, considering it disgraceful for the saint to lie in a public
cemetery, resolved to remove his body into the choir, which was to
have been done with solemn procession, on the 15th of July: it
rained, however, so violently for forty days together at this season,
that the design was abandoned. Now, without entering into the case
of the bishop, who was probably a man of sense, and wished to set
the example of a more wholesome, as well as a more humble, mode
of resigning the perishable clay to the destructive elements, I may
observe, that the fact of the hinderance of the ceremony by the
cause related is sufficiently authenticated by tradition; and the
tradition is so far valuable, as it proves that the summers in this
southern part of our island were subject a thousand years ago to
occasional heavy rains, in the same way as at present. Let us see
how, in point of fact, the matter now stands.
In 1807, it rained with us on the day in question, and a dry time
followed. In 1808, it again rained on this day, though but a few
drops: there was much lightning in the west at night, yet it was
nearly dry to the close of the lunar period, at the new moon, on the
22d of this month, the whole period having yielded only a quarter of
an inch of rain; but the next moon was very wet, and there fell 5·10
inches of rain.
In 1818 and 1819, it was dry on the 15th, and a very dry time in
each case followed. The remainder of the summers occurring
betwixt 1807 and 1819, appear to come under the general
proposition already advanced: but it must be observed, that in 1816,
the wettest year of the series, the solstitial abundance of rain
belongs to the lunar period, ending, with the moon’s approach to the
third quarter, on the 16th of the seventh month; in which period
there fell 5·13 inches, while the ensuing period, which falls wholly
within the forty days, though it had rain on twenty-five out of thirty
days, gave only 2·41 inches.
I have paid no regard to the change effected in the relative
position of this so much noted day by the reformation of the
calendar, because common observation is now directed to the day as
we find it in the almanac; nor would this piece of accuracy, without
greater certainty as to a definite commencement of this showery
period in former times, have helped us to more conclusive reasoning
on the subject.
Solstitial and Equinoctial Rains.—Our year, then, in respect of
quantities of rain, exhibits a dry and a wet moiety. The latter again
divides itself into two periods distinctly marked. The first period is
that which connects itself with the popular opinion we have been
discussing. It may be said on the whole, to set in with the decline of
the diurnal mean temperature, the maximum of which, we may
recollect, has been shown to follow the summer solstice at such an
interval as to fall between the 12th and 25th of the month called
July. Now the 15th of that month, or Swithin’s day in the old style,
corresponds to the 26th in the new; so that common observation
has long since settled the limits of the effect, without being sensible
of its real causes. The operation of this cause being continued
usually through great part of the eighth month, the rain of this
month exceeds the mean by about as much as that of the ninth falls
below it.

As regards St. Swithin and his day, it may be observed, that

according to bishop Hall when Swithin died, he directed that “his
body should not be laid within the church, but where the drops of
rain might wet his grave; thinking that no vault was so good to cover
his grave as that of heaven.” This is scarcely an exposition of the old
saying, which, like other old sayings, still has its votaries. It is yet
common on this day to say, “Ah! this is St. Swithin; I wonder
whether it will rain?” An old lady who so far observed this festival,
on one occasion when it was fair and sunshiny till the afternoon,
predicted fair weather; but tea-time came, and—
“there follow’d some droppings of rain.”
This was quite enough. “Ah!” said she, “now we shall have rain every
day for forty days;” nor would she be persuaded of the contrary.
Forty days of our humid climate passed, and many, by their having
been perfectly dry, falsified her prediction. “Nay, nay,” said she, “but
there was wet in the night, depend upon it.” According to such
persons St. Swithin cannot err.

It appears from the parish accounts of Kingston upon Thames, in

1508, that “any householder kepying a brode gate” was to pay to
the parish priest’s “wages 3d.” with a halfpenny “to the paschall:”
this was the great wax taper in the church; the halfpenny was
towards its purchase and maintaining its light; also he was to give to
St. Swithin a halfpenny. A holder of one tenement paid twopence to
the priest’s wages, a halfpenny to the “paschall;” likewise St. Swithin
a halfpenny.
Rain on St. Swithin’s day is noticed in some places by this old
saying, “St. Swithin is christening the apples.”

FLORAL DIRECTORY.

Small Cape Marigold. Calendula pluvialis.

Dedicated to St. Swithin.

[211] Golden Legend.

July 16.
St. Eustathius, Patriarch of Antioch, A. D. 338. St. Elier or
Helier.

French Hoaxing.

July, 1817.—A man of imposing figure, wearing a large sabre and

immense mustachios, arrived at one of the principal inns of a
provincial city, with a female of agreeable shape and enchanting
mien. He alighted at the moment that dinner was serving up at the
table d’hote. At his martial appearance all the guests rose with
respect; they felt assured that it must be a lieutenant-general, or a
major-general at least. A new governor was expected in the province
about this time, and every body believed that it was he who had
arrived incognito. The officer of gendarmerie gave him the place of
honour, the comptroller of the customs and the receiver of taxes sat
by the side of Madame, and exerted their wit and gallantry to the
utmost. All the tit-bits, all the most exquisite wines, were placed
before the fortunate couple. At length the party broke up, and every
one ran to report through the city that Monsieur the governor had
arrived. But, oh! what was their surprise, when the next day “his
excellence,” clad in a scarlet coat, and his august companion dressed
out in a gown glittering with tinsel, mounted a small open calash,
and preceded by some musicians, went about the squares and public
ways, selling Swiss tea and balm of Mecca. Imagine the fury of the
guests! They complained to the mayor, and demanded that the
audacious quack should be compelled to lay aside the characteristic
mark of the brave. The prudent magistrate assembled the common
council; and those respectable persons, after a long deliberation,
considering that nothing in the charter forbad the citizens to let their
beard grow on their upper lip, dismissed the complaint altogether.
The same evening the supposed governor gave a serenade to the
complainants, and the next day took his leave, and continued his
journey amidst the acclamations of the populace; who, in small as
well as in great cities, are very apt to become passionately fond of
charlatans.[212]

FLORAL DIRECTORY.

Great Garden Convolvulus. Convolvulus purpureus.

Dedicated to St. Eustathius.

[212] Journal des Debats.

July 17.
St. Alexius, 5th Cent. St. Speratus and his Companions.
St. Marcellina, A. D. 397. St. Ennodius, Bp. A. D. 521. St.
Leo IV., Pope, A. D. 855. St. Turninus, 8th Cent.

Mackerel.

The mackerel season is one of great interest on the coast, where

these beautiful fish are caught. The going out and coming in of the
boats are really “sights.” The prices of mackerel vary according to
the different degrees of success. In 1807, the first Brighton boat of
mackerel, on the 14th of May, sold at Billingsgate, for forty guineas
per hundred, seven shillings each, the highest price ever known at
that market. The next boat that came in reduced their value to
thirteen guineas per hundred. In 1808, these fish were caught so
plentifully at Dover, that they sold sixty for a shilling. At Brighton, in
June, the same year, the shoal of mackerel was so great, that one of
the boats had the meshes of her nets so completely occupied by
them, that it was impossible to drag them in. The fish and nets,
therefore, in the end sank together; the fisherman thereby
sustaining a loss of nearly sixty pounds, exclusive of what his cargo,
could he have got it into the boat, would have produced. The
success of the fishery in 1821, was beyond all precedent. The value
of the catch of sixteen boats from Lowestoft, on the 30th of June,
amounted to 5,252l. 15s. 11⁄4d., being an average of 328l. 5s.
111⁄4d. per each boat; and it is supposed that there was no less a
sum than 14,000l. altogether realized by the owners and men
concerned in the fishery of the Suffolk coast.[213]

FLORAL DIRECTORY.

Sweet Pea. Lathyrus odoratus.

Dedicated to St. Marcellina.

[213] Daniel’s Rural Sports.

July 18.
Sts. Symphorosa and her seven Sons, Martyrs, A. D. 120.
St. Philastrius, Bp. A. D. 384. St. Arnoul, Bp. A. D. 640.
St. Arnoul, A. D. 534. St. Frederic, Bp. A. D. 838. St.
Odulph. St. Bruno, Bp. of Segni, A. D. 1125.
 Summer Morning.
The cocks have now the morn foretold,
The sun again begins to peep,
The shepherd, whistling to his fold,
Unpens and frees the captive sheep.
O’er pathless plains at early hours
The sleepy rustic sloomy goes;
The dews, brushed off from grass and flowers,
Bemoistening sop his hardened shoes;
While every leaf that forms a shade,
And every floweret’s silken top,
And every shivering bent and blade,
Stoops, bowing with a diamond drop.
But soon shall fly those diamond drops,
The red round sun advances higher,
And, stretching o’er the mountain tops,
Is gilding sweet the village-spire.
’Tis sweet to meet the morning breeze,
Or list the gurgling of the brook;
Or, stretched beneath the shade of trees,
Peruse and pause on Nature’s book,
When Nature every sweet prepares
To entertain our wished delay,—
The images which morning wears,
The wakening charms of early day!
Now let me tread the meadow paths
While glittering dew the ground illumes,
As, sprinkled o’er the withering swaths,
Their moisture shrinks in sweet perfumes;
And hear the beetle sound his horn;
And hear the skylark whistling nigh,
Sprung from his bed of tufted corn,
A hailing minstrel in the sky.
Clare.

FLORAL DIRECTORY.

Autumn Marigold. Chrysanthemum coronarium.

Dedicated to St. Bruno.
 July 19.
St. Vincent, of Paul, A. D. 1660. St. Arsenius, A. D. 449. St.
Symmachus, Pope, A. D. 514. St. Macrina V., A. D. 379.

In July, 1797, as Mr. Wright, of Saint Faith’s, in Norwich, was

walking in his garden, a flight of bees alighted on his head, and
entirely covered his hair, till they made an appearance like a judge’s
wig. Mr. W. stood upwards of two hours in this situation, while the
customary means were used for hiving them, which was completely
done without his receiving any injury. Mr. Wright had expressed a
strong wish, for some days before, that a flight of bees might come
on his premises.

FLORAL DIRECTORY.

Golden Hawkweed. Hieracium Aurantiacum.

Dedicated to St. Vincent of Paul.

July 20.
St. Joseph Barsabas, the Disciple. St. Margaret, of
Antioch. Sts. Justa and Rufina, A. D. 304. St. Ceslas, A.
D. 1242. St. Aurelius, Abp., A. D. 423. St. Ulmar, or
Wulmar, A. D. 710. St. Jerom Æmiliani, A. D. 1537.

Midnight and the Moon.

Now sleep is busy with the world,
The moon and midnight come; and curl’d
Are the light shadows round the hills;
The many-tongued and babbling rills
Play on the drowsy ear of night,
Gushing at times into the light
From out their beds, and hastening all
To join the trembling waterfall.
 Fair planet! when I watch on high,
Star-heralded along the sky,
That face of light and holiness,
I turn, and all my brethren bless:
And it must be—(the hour is gone
When the fair world thou smilest upon,
Lay chained in darkness,) thou wert sent
Ministering in the firmament,
To be—calm, beautiful, above—
The eye of universal love.
’Twere good to die in such an hour,
And rest beneath the almighty power,
(Beside yon ruin still and rude)
Of beauty and of solitude.
Literary Pocket Book.

FLORAL DIRECTORY.

Virginian Dragon’s Head. Dracocephalus Virginianum.

Dedicated to St. Margaret.

July 21.
St. Praxedes. St. Zodicus, Bp., A. D. 204. St.
Barhadbesciabas, A. D. 354. St. Victor, of Marseilles.
St. Arbogastus, Bp. A. D. 678.
Flowers.
A sensitive plant in a garden grew
And the young winds fed it with silver dew,
And it opened its fanlike leaves to the light,
And closed them beneath the kisses of night.
And the spring arose on the garden fair,
Like the spirit of love felt every where;
And each flower and shrub on earth’s dark breast,
Rose from the dreams of its wintry rest.
But none ever trembled and panted with bliss,
In the garden, the field, or the wilderness,
 Like a doe in the noontide with love’s sweet want,
As the companionless sensitive plant.
The snowdrop, and then the violet,
Arose from the ground with warm rain wet,
And their breath was mixed with fresh odour, sent,
From the turf, like the voice and the instrument.
Then the pied windflowers, and the tulip tall,
And narcissi, the fairest among them all,
Who gaze on their eyes in the stream’s recess,
Till they die of their own dear loveliness.
And the naiadlike lily of the vale,
Whom youth makes so fair, and passion so pale,
That the light of its tremulous bells is seen,
Through their pavilions of tender green.
And the hyacinth purple, white, and blue,
Which flung from its bells a sweet peal anew
Of music so delicate, soft, and intense,
It was felt like an odour within the sense.
And the rose, like a nymph to the bath addrest,
Which unveiled the depth of her glowing breast,
Till, fold after fold, to the fainting air
The soul of her beauty and love lay bare.
And the wandlike lily, which lifted up,
As a Moenad, its moonlight-coloured cup,
Till the fiery star, which is its eye,
Gazed through clear dew on the tender sky.
And the jessamine faint, and sweet tuberose,
The sweetest flower, for scent, that blows;
And all rare blossoms from every clime,
Grew in that garden in perfect prime.
Shelley.

CAPTAIN STARKEY.

To the Editor of the Every-Day Book.

Dear Sir,
I read your account of this unfortunate Being, and his forlorn
piece of self-history, with that smile of half-interest which the Annals
of Insignificance excite, till I came to where he says “I was bound
apprentice to Mr. William Bird, an eminent writer and Teacher of
languages and Mathematics,” &c.—when I started as one does on
the recognition of an old acquaintance in a supposed stranger. This
then was that Starkey of whom I have heard my Sister relate so
many pleasant anecdotes; and whom, never having seen, I yet seem
almost to remember. For nearly fifty years she had lost all sight of
him—and behold the gentle Usher of her youth, grown into an aged
Beggar, dubbed with an opprobrious title, to which he had no
pretensions; an object, and a May game! To what base purposes
may we not return! What may not have been the meek creature’s
sufferings—what his wanderings—before he finally settled down in
the comparative comfort of an old Hospitaller of the Almonry of
Newcastle? And is poor Starkey dead?—
I was a scholar of that “eminent writer” that he speaks of; but
Starkey had quitted the school about a year before I came to it. Still
the odour of his merits had left a fragrancy upon the recollection of
the elder pupils. The school-room stands where it did, looking into a
discoloured dingy garden in the passage leading from Fetter Lane
into Bartlett’s Buildings. It is still a School, though the main prop,
alas! has fallen so ingloriously; and bears a Latin inscription over the
entrance in the Lane, which was unknown in our humbler times.
Heaven knows what “languages” were taught in it then; I am sure
that neither my Sister nor myself brought any out of it, but a little of
our native English. By “mathematics,” reader, must be understood
“cyphering.” It was in fact a humble day-school, at which reading
and writing were taught to us boys in the morning, and the same
slender erudition was communicated to the girls, our sisters, &c. in
the evening. Now Starkey presided, under Bird, over both
establishments. In my time, Mr. Cook, now or lately a respectable
Singer and Performer at Drury-lane Theatre, and Nephew to Mr. Bird,
had succeeded to him. I well remember Bird. He was a squat,
corpulent, middle-sized man, with something of the gentleman about
him, and that peculiar mild tone—especially while he was inflicting
punishment—which is so much more terrible to children, than the
angriest looks and gestures. Whippings were not frequent; but when
they took place, the correction was performed in a private room
adjoining, whence we could only hear the plaints, but saw nothing.
This heightened the decorum and the solemnity. But the ordinary
public chastisement was the bastinado, a stroke or two on the palm
with that almost obsolete weapon now—the ferule. A ferule was a
sort of flat ruler, widened at the inflicting end into a shape
resembling a pear,—but nothing like so sweet—with a delectable
hole in the middle, to raise blisters, like a cupping-glass. I have an
intense recollection of that disused instrument of torture—and the
malignancy, in proportion to the apparent mildness, with which its
strokes were applied. The idea of a rod is accompanied with
something ludicrous; but by no process can I look back upon this
blister-raiser with any thing but unmingled horror.—To make him look
more formidable—if a pedagogue had need of these heightenings—
Bird wore one of those flowered Indian gowns, formerly in use with
schoolmasters; the strange figures upon which we used to interpret
into hieroglyphics of pain and suffering. But boyish fears apart—Bird
I believe was in the main a humane and judicious master.
O, how I remember our legs wedged in to those uncomfortable
sloping desks, where we sat elbowing each other—and the
injunctions to attain a free hand, unattainable in that position; the
first copy I wrote after, with its moral lesson “Art improves Nature;”
the still earlier pot-hooks and the hangers some traces of which I
fear may yet be apparent in this manuscript; the truant looks side-
long to the garden, which seemed a mockery of our imprisonment;
the prize for best spelling, which had almost turned my head, and
which to this day I cannot reflect upon without a vanity, which I
ought to be ashamed of—our little leaden ink-stands, not separately
subsisting, but sunk into the desks; the bright, punctually-washed
morning fingers, darkening gradually with another and another ink-
spot: what a world of little associated circumstances, pains and
pleasures mingling their quotas of pleasure, arise at the reading of
those few simple words—“Mr. William Bird, an eminent Writer and
Teacher of languages and mathematics in Fetter Lane, Holborn!”
Poor Starkey, when young, had that peculiar stamp of old-
fashionedness in his face, which makes it impossible for a beholder
to predicate any particular age in the object. You can scarce make a
guess between seventeen and seven and thirty. This antique cast
always seems to promise ill-luck and penury. Yet it seems, he was
not always the abject thing he came to. My Sister, who well
remembers him, can hardly forgive Mr. Thomas Ranson for making
an etching so unlike her idea of him, when he was a youthful
teacher at Mr. Bird’s school. Old age and poverty—a life-long poverty
she thinks, could at no time have so effaced the marks of native
gentility, which were once so visible in a face, otherwise strikingly
ugly, thin, and care-worn. From her recollections of him, she thinks
that he would have wanted bread, before he would have begged or
borrowed a halfpenny. If any of the girls (she says) who were my
school-fellows should be reading, through their aged spectacles,
tidings from the dead of their youthful friend Starkey, they will feel a
pang, as I do, at ever having teased his gentle spirit. They were big
girls, it seems, too old to attend his instructions with the silence
necessary; and however old age, and a long state of beggary, seem
to have reduced his writing faculties to a state of imbecility, in those
days, his language occasionally rose to the bold and figurative, for
when he was in despair to stop their chattering, his ordinary phrase
was, “Ladies, if you will not hold your peace, not all the powers in
heaven can make you.” Once he was missing for a day or two; he
had run away. A little old unhappy-looking man brought him back—it
was his father—and he did no business in the school that day, but
sate moping in a corner, with his hands before his face; and the
girls, his tormentors, in pity for his case, for the rest of that day
forbore to annoy him. I had been there but a few months (adds she)
when Starkey, who was the chief instructor of us girls,
communicated to us as a profound secret, that the tragedy of “Cato”
was shortly to be acted by the elder boys, and that we were to be
invited to the representation. That Starkey lent a helping hand in
fashioning the actors, she remembers; and but for his unfortunate
person, he might have had some distinguished part in the scene to
enact; as it was, he had the arduous task of prompter assigned to
him, and his feeble voice was heard clear and distinct, repeating the
text during the whole performance. She describes her recollection of
the cast of characters even now with a relish. Martia, by the
handsome Edgar Hickman, who afterwards went to Africa, and of
whom she never afterwards heard tidings,—Lucia, by Master Walker,
whose sister was her particular friend; Cato, by John Hunter, a
masterly declaimer, but a plain boy, and shorter by the head than his
two sons in the scene, &c. In conclusion, Starkey appears to have
been one of those mild spirits, which, not originally deficient in
understanding, are crushed by penury into dejection and feebleness.
He might have proved a useful adjunct, if not an ornament to
Society, if Fortune had taken him into a very little fostering, but
wanting that, he became a Captain—a by-word—and lived, and died,
a broken bulrush.
C. L.
Peerless Pool.

Peerless Pool.