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The Java EE 5 Tutorial 2nd ed Edition Eric Jendrock
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Eric Jendrock
ISBN(s): 9780321490292, 0321490290
Edition: 2nd ed
File Details: PDF, 8.88 MB
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Language: english
 The Java™ EE 5
Tutorial

For Sun Java System Application Server Platform Edition 9

Jennifer Ball
Debbie Bode Carson
Ian Evans
Kim Haase
Eric Jendrock

May 10, 2006

Copyright © 2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, California 95054, U.S.A.
All rights reserved.U.S. Government Rights - Commercial software. Government users are subject to the
Sun Microsystems, Inc. standard license agreement and applicable provisions of the FAR and its supple-
ments.

This distribution may include materials developed by third parties.

Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, Java, JavaBeans, JavaServer, JavaServer Pages, Enterprise Java-
Beans, Java Naming and Directory Interface, JavaMail, JDBC, EJB, JSP, J2EE, J2SE, “Write Once, Run
Anywhere”, and the Java Coffee Cup logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems,
Inc. in the U.S. and other countries.
Unless otherwise licensed, software code in all technical materials herein (including articles, FAQs, sam-
ples) is provided under this License.
Products covered by and information contained in this service manual are controlled by U.S. Export Con-
trol laws and may be subject to the export or import laws in other countries. Nuclear, missile, chemical
biological weapons or nuclear maritime end uses or end users, whether direct or indirect, are strictly pro-
hibited. Export or reexport to countries subject to U.S. embargo or to entities identified on U.S. export
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DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS,
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Copyright © 2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, California 95054, États-
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Droits du gouvernement américain, utlisateurs gouvernmentaux - logiciel commercial. Les utilisateurs
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LA DOCUMENTATION EST FOURNIE "EN L’ÉTAT" ET TOUTES AUTRES CONDITIONS, DEC-

LARATIONS ET GARANTIES EXPRESSES OU TACITES SONT FORMELLEMENT EXCLUES,
DANS LA MESURE AUTORISEE PAR LA LOI APPLICABLE, Y COMPRIS NOTAMMENT TOUTE
GARANTIE IMPLICITE RELATIVE A LA QUALITE MARCHANDE, A L’APTITUDE A UNE
UTILISATION PARTICULIERE OU A L’ABSENCE DE CONTREFAÇON.
 Contents
About This Tutorial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii
Who Should Use This Tutorial xxvii
Prerequisites xxvii
How to Read This Tutorial xxviii
About the Examples xxx
Further Information xxxiv
How to Print This Tutorial xxxiv
Typographical Conventions xxxiv
Feedback xxxv

Chapter 1: Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Java EE Application Model 2
Distributed Multitiered Applications 3
Security 4
Java EE Components 5
Java EE Clients 5
Web Components 7
Business Components 8
Enterprise Information System Tier 9
Java EE Containers 9
Container Services 10
Container Types 11
Web Services Support 12
XML 12
SOAP Transport Protocol 13
WSDL Standard Format 13
UDDI and ebXML Standard Formats 14
Java EE Application Assembly and Deployment 14
Packaging Applications 14
iii
iv CONTENTS

Development Roles 16
Java EE Product Provider 16
Tool Provider 17
Application Component Provider 17
Application Assembler 18
Application Deployer and Administrator 18
Java EE 5 APIs 19
Enterprise JavaBeans Technology 20
Java Servlet Technology 20
JavaServer Pages Technology 20
JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library 20
JavaServer Faces 21
Java Message Service API 21
Java Transaction API 22
JavaMail API 22
JavaBeans Activation Framework 22
Java API for XML Processing 22
Java API for XML Web Services (JAX-WS) 23
Java Architecture for XML Binding (JAXB) 23
SOAP with Attachments API for Java 23
Java API for XML Registries 24
J2EE Connector Architecture 24
Java Database Connectivity API 24
Java Persistence API 25
Java Naming and Directory Interface 25
Java Authentication and Authorization Service 26
Simplified Systems Integration 26
Sun Java System Application Server Platform Edition 9 27
Tools 27
Starting and Stopping the Application Server 28
Starting the Admin Console 29
Starting and Stopping the Java DB Database Server 30
Debugging Java EE Applications 30

Part One: The Web Tier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Chapter 2: Getting Started with Web Applications. . . . . . . . . .35

Web Application Life Cycle 38
Web Modules 40
Packaging Web Modules 42
Deploying a WAR File 43
 CONTENTS v

Testing Deployed Web Modules 44

Listing Deployed Web Modules 44
Updating Web Modules 45
Undeploying Web Modules 47
Configuring Web Applications 48
Mapping URLs to Web Components 48
Declaring Welcome Files 49
Setting Initialization Parameters 50
Mapping Errors to Error Screens 50
Declaring Resource References 51
Duke’s Bookstore Examples 54
Accessing Databases from Web Applications 54
Populating the Example Database 55
Creating a Data Source in the Application Server 55
Further Information 56

Chapter 3: Java Servlet Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

What Is a Servlet? 57
The Example Servlets 58
Troubleshooting 60
Servlet Life Cycle 61
Handling Servlet Life-Cycle Events 61
Handling Errors 64
Sharing Information 64
Using Scope Objects 64
Controlling Concurrent Access to Shared Resources 65
Accessing Databases 67
Initializing a Servlet 68
Writing Service Methods 69
Getting Information from Requests 70
Constructing Responses 72
Filtering Requests and Responses 75
Programming Filters 75
Programming Customized Requests and Responses 77
Specifying Filter Mappings 80
Invoking Other Web Resources 82
Including Other Resources in the Response 82
Transferring Control to Another Web Component 84
Accessing the Web Context 85
Maintaining Client State 86
vi CONTENTS

Accessing a Session 86
Associating Objects with a Session 86
Session Management 87
Session Tracking 88
Finalizing a Servlet 89
Tracking Service Requests 89
Notifying Methods to Shut Down 90
Creating Polite Long-Running Methods 91
Further Information 92

Chapter 4: JavaServer Pages Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

What Is a JSP Page? 93
Example 94
The Example JSP Pages 97
The Life Cycle of a JSP Page 102
Translation and Compilation 102
Execution 103
Creating Static Content 105
Response and Page Encoding 105
Creating Dynamic Content 106
Using Objects within JSP Pages 106
Unified Expression Language 107
Immediate and Deferred Evaluation Syntax 110
Value and Method Expressions 111
Defining a Tag Attribute Type 118
Deactivating Expression Evaluation 119
Literal Expressions 121
Resolving Expressions 122
Implicit Objects 125
Operators 126
Reserved Words 127
Examples 127
Functions 129
JavaBeans Components 130
JavaBeans Component Design Conventions 131
Creating and Using a JavaBeans Component 132
Setting JavaBeans Component Properties 133
Retrieving JavaBeans Component Properties 136
Using Custom Tags 136
Declaring Tag Libraries 137
 CONTENTS vii

Including the Tag Library Implementation 139

Reusing Content in JSP Pages 139
Transferring Control to Another Web Component 140
jsp:param Element 141
Including an Applet 141
Setting Properties for Groups of JSP Pages 144
Further Information 147

Chapter 5: JavaServer Pages Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

The Example JSP Document 150
Creating a JSP Document 152
Declaring Tag Libraries 154
Including Directives in a JSP Document 156
Creating Static and Dynamic Content 158
Using the jsp:root Element 161
Using the jsp:output Element 162
Identifying the JSP Document to the Container 166

Chapter 6: JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library . . . . . . . 167

The Example JSP Pages 168
Using JSTL 169
Tag Collaboration 170
Core Tag Library 172
Variable Support Tags 172
Flow Control Tags 174
URL Tags 177
Miscellaneous Tags 178
XML Tag Library 180
Core Tags 181
Flow Control Tags 182
Transformation Tags 183
Internationalization Tag Library 184
Setting the Locale 185
Messaging Tags 185
Formatting Tags 186
SQL Tag Library 187
query Tag Result Interface 189
Functions 191
Further Information 192
viii CONTENTS

Chapter 7: Custom Tags in JSP Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195

What Is a Custom Tag? 196
The Example JSP Pages 196
Types of Tags 199
Tags with Attributes 199
Tags with Bodies 202
Tags That Define Variables 203
Communication between Tags 203
Encapsulating Reusable Content Using Tag Files 204
Tag File Location 206
Tag File Directives 206
Evaluating Fragments Passed to Tag Files 215
Examples 215
Tag Library Descriptors 220
Top-Level Tag Library Descriptor Elements 221
Declaring Tag Files 222
Declaring Tag Handlers 225
Declaring Tag Attributes for Tag Handlers 227
Declaring Tag Variables for Tag Handlers 229
Programming Simple Tag Handlers 231
Including Tag Handlers in Web Applications 231
How Is a Simple Tag Handler Invoked? 232
Tag Handlers for Basic Tags 232
Tag Handlers for Tags with Attributes 232
Tag Handlers for Tags with Bodies 236
Tag Handlers for Tags That Define Variables 237
Cooperating Tags 240
Examples 242

Chapter 8: Scripting in JSP Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251

The Example JSP Pages 252
Using Scripting 253
Disabling Scripting 253
Declarations 254
Initializing and Finalizing a JSP Page 254
Scriptlets 255
Expressions 256
Programming Tags That Accept Scripting Elements 257
TLD Elements 257
Tag Handlers 257
 CONTENTS ix

Tags with Bodies 260

Cooperating Tags 261
Tags That Define Variables 263

Chapter 9: JavaServer Faces Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

JavaServer Faces Technology Benefits 267
What is a JavaServer Faces Application? 268
A Simple JavaServer Faces Application 268
Steps in the Development Process 269
Mapping the FacesServlet Instance 270
Creating the Pages 271
Defining Page Navigation 278
Configuring Error Messages 279
Developing the Beans 279
Adding Managed Bean Declarations 280
User Interface Component Model 281
User Interface Component Classes 282
Component Rendering Model 284
Conversion Model 289
Event and Listener Model 290
Validation Model 291
Navigation Model 292
Backing Beans 295
The Life Cycle of a JavaServer Faces Page 300
Further Information 306

Chapter 10: Using JavaServer Faces Technology in JSP Pages . .

307
The Example JavaServer Faces Application 308
Setting Up a Page 310
Using the Core Tags 313
Using the HTML Component Tags 316
UI Component Tag Attributes 317
The UIForm Component 319
The UIColumn Component 320
The UICommand Component 321
The UIData Component 323
The UIGraphic Component 326
The UIInput and UIOutput Components 327
x CONTENTS

The UIPanel Component 332

The UISelectBoolean Component 335
The UISelectMany Component 335
The UIMessage and UIMessages Components 337
The UISelectOne Component 338
The UISelectItem, UISelectItems, and UISelectItemGroup Components
339
Using Localized Data 343
Loading a Resource Bundle 343
Referencing Localized Static Data 344
Referencing Error Messages 345
Using the Standard Converters 347
Converting a Component’s Value 348
Using DateTimeConverter 349
Using NumberConverter 351
Registering Listeners on Components 353
Registering a Value-Change Listener on a Component 354
Registering an Action Listener on a Component 355
Using the Standard Validators 356
Requiring a Value 358
Using the LongRangeValidator 359
Binding Component Values and Instances to External Data Sources
359
Binding a Component Value to a Property 361
Binding a Component Value to an Implicit Object 363
Binding a Component Instance to a Bean Property 364
Binding Converters, Listeners, and Validators to Backing Bean Prop-
erties 365
Referencing a Backing Bean Method 367
Referencing a Method That Performs Navigation 368
Referencing a Method That Handles an Action Event 369
Referencing a Method That Performs Validation 370
Referencing a Method That Handles a Value-change Event 370
Using Custom Objects 371
Using a Custom Converter 372
Using a Custom Validator 373
Using a Custom Component 374

Chapter 11: Developing with JavaServer Faces Technology .377

Writing Bean Properties 378
 CONTENTS xi

Writing Properties Bound to Component Values 379

Writing Properties Bound to Component Instances 387
Writing Properties Bound to Converters, Listeners, or Validators 389
Performing Localization 390
Creating a Resource Bundle 390
Localizing Dynamic Data 391
Localizing Messages 391
Creating a Custom Converter 393
Implementing an Event Listener 396
Implementing Value-Change Listeners 397
Implementing Action Listeners 398
Creating a Custom Validator 399
Implementing the Validator Interface 400
Creating a Custom Tag 404
Writing Backing Bean Methods 406
Writing a Method to Handle Navigation 407
Writing a Method to Handle an Action Event 409
Writing a Method to Perform Validation 409
Writing a Method to Handle a Value-Change Event 410

Chapter 12: Creating Custom UI Components . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Determining Whether You Need a Custom Component or Renderer
414
When to Use a Custom Component 414
When to Use a Custom Renderer 415
Component, Renderer, and Tag Combinations 416
Understanding the Image Map Example 417
Why Use JavaServer Faces Technology to Implement an Image Map?
418
Understanding the Rendered HTML 418
Understanding the JSP Page 419
Configuring Model Data 421
Summary of the Application Classes 423
Steps for Creating a Custom Component 424
Creating Custom Component Classes 425
Specifying the Component Family 428
Performing Encoding 428
Performing Decoding 430
Enabling Component Properties to Accept Expressions 431
Saving and Restoring State 433
xii CONTENTS

Delegating Rendering to a Renderer 434

Creating the Renderer Class 435
Identifying the Renderer Type 436
Handling Events for Custom Components 437
Creating the Component Tag Handler 438
Retrieving the Component Type 439
Setting Component Property Values 439
Providing the Renderer Type 442
Releasing Resources 443
Defining the Custom Component Tag in a Tag Library Descriptor 443

Chapter 13: Configuring JavaServer Faces Applications . . . .447

Application Configuration Resource File 448
Configuring Beans 449
Using the managed-bean Element 450
Initializing Properties using the managed-property Element 451
Initializing Maps and Lists 458
Registering Custom Error Messages 459
Registering Custom Localized Static Text 460
Registering a Custom Validator 461
Registering a Custom Converter 462
Configuring Navigation Rules 463
Registering a Custom Renderer with a Render Kit 466
Registering a Custom Component 469
Basic Requirements of a JavaServer Faces Application 470
Configuring an Application with a Deployment Descriptor 471
Including the Required JAR Files 478
Including the Classes, Pages, and Other Resources 478

Chapter 14: Internationalizing and Localizing Web Applications .

481
Java Platform Localization Classes 481
Providing Localized Messages and Labels 482
Establishing the Locale 483
Setting the Resource Bundle 484
Retrieving Localized Messages 485
Date and Number Formatting 486
Character Sets and Encodings 487
Character Sets 487
 CONTENTS xiii

Character Encoding 488

Further Information 491

Part Two: Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

Chapter 15: Building Web Services with JAX-WS . . . . . . . . . . . 495

Setting the Port 496
Creating a Simple Web Service and Client with JAX-WS 496
Requirements of a JAX-WS Endpoint 498
Coding the Service Endpoint Implementation Class 498
Building and Packaging the Service 499
Deploying the Service 499
A Simple JAX-WS Client 501
Types Supported by JAX-WS 503
Web Services Interoperability and JAX-WS 503
Further Information 503

Chapter 16: Binding between XML Schema and Java Classes . .

505
JAXB Architecture 506
Architectural Overview 506
The JAXB Binding Process 507
More About Unmarshalling 508
More About Marshalling 508
More About Validation 508
Representing XML Content 509
Java Representation of XML Schema 509
Binding XML Schemas 509
Simple Type Definitions 509
Default Data Type Bindings 510
Customizing JAXB Bindings 512
Schema-to-Java 512
Java-to-Schema 513
Examples 518
General Usage Instructions 519
Description 520
Using the Examples 523
Configuring and Running the Samples 523
JAXB Compiler Options 523
JAXB Schema Generator Options 525
xiv CONTENTS

About the Schema-to-Java Bindings 526

Schema-Derived JAXB Classes 529
Basic Examples 537
Modify Marshal Example 537
Unmarshal Validate Example 539
Customizing JAXB Bindings 540
Why Customize? 541
Customization Overview 542
Customize Inline Example 555
Datatype Converter Example 560
External Customize Example 561
Java-toSchema Examples 565
j2s-create-marshal Example 565
j2s-xmlAccessorOrder Example 565
j2s-xmlAdapter-field Example 568
j2s-xmlAttribute-field Example 571
j2s-xmlRootElement Example 572
j2s-xmlSchemaType-class Example 572
j2s-xmlType Example 573

Chapter 17: Streaming API for XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .575

Why StAX? 575
Streaming Versus DOM 576
Pull Parsing Versus Push Parsing 577
StAX Use Cases 577
Comparing StAX to Other JAXP APIs 578
StAX API 579
Cursor API 579
Iterator API 580
Choosing Between Cursor and Iterator APIs 585
Using StAX 587
StAX Factory Classes 587
Resources, Namespaces, and Errors 589
Reading XML Streams 590
Writing XML Streams 593
Sun’s Streaming Parser Implementation 595
Reporting CDATA Events 595
SJSXP Factories Implementation 596
Sample Code 597
Sample Code Organization 597
 CONTENTS xv

Configuring Your Environment for Running the Samples 598

Running the Samples 599
Sample XML Document 600
cursor Sample – CursorParse.java 600
cursor2event Sample – CursorApproachEventObject.java 603
event Sample – EventParse.java 604
filter Sample – MyStreamFilter.java 606
readnwrite Sample – EventProducerConsumer.java 609
writer Sample – CursorWriter.java 611
Further Information 613

Chapter 18: SOAP with Attachments API for Java . . . . . . . . . . 615

Overview of SAAJ 616
Messages 616
Connections 620
Tutorial 621
Creating and Sending a Simple Message 622
Adding Content to the Header 631
Adding Content to the SOAPPart Object 632
Adding a Document to the SOAP Body 634
Manipulating Message Content Using SAAJ or DOM APIs 634
Adding Attachments 635
Adding Attributes 637
Using SOAP Faults 643
Code Examples 649
Request.java 650
MyUddiPing.java 651
HeaderExample.java 658
DOMExample.java and DOMSrcExample.java 660
Attachments.java 664
SOAPFaultTest.java 666
Further Information 668

Chapter 19: Java API for XML Registries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

Overview of JAXR 671
What Is a Registry? 671
What Is JAXR? 672
JAXR Architecture 673
Implementing a JAXR Client 674
xvi CONTENTS

Establishing a Connection 675

Querying a Registry 681
Managing Registry Data 686
Using Taxonomies in JAXR Clients 694
Running the Client Examples 699
Before You Compile the Examples 700
Compiling the Examples 701
Running the Examples 702
Using JAXR Clients in Java EE Applications 707
Coding the Application Client: MyAppClient.java 707
Coding the PubQuery Session Bean 708
Editing the Properties File 708
Starting the Application Server 708
Creating JAXR Resources 709
Compiling the Source Files and Packaging the Application 710
Deploying the Application 710
Running the Application Client 710
Further Information 711

Part Three: Enterprise Beans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .713

Chapter 20: Enterprise Beans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .715

What Is an Enterprise Bean? 715
Benefits of Enterprise Beans 715
When to Use Enterprise Beans 716
Types of Enterprise Beans 717
What Is a Session Bean? 717
State Management Modes 717
When to Use Session Beans 718
What Is a Message-Driven Bean? 719
What Makes Message-Driven Beans Different from Session and Entity
Beans? 719
When to Use Message-Driven Beans 721
Defining Client Access with Interfaces 721
Remote Clients 722
Local Clients 722
Deciding on Remote or Local Access 723
Web Service Clients 724
Method Parameters and Access 724
The Contents of an Enterprise Bean 725
Naming Conventions for Enterprise Beans 726
 CONTENTS xvii

The Life Cycles of Enterprise Beans 727

The Life Cycle of a Stateful Session Bean 727
The Life Cycle of a Stateless Session Bean 728
The Life Cycle of a Message-Driven Bean 729
Further Information 729

Chapter 21: Getting Started with Enterprise Beans . . . . . . . . . 731

Creating the Enterprise Bean 732
Coding the Enterprise Bean 732
Compiling and Packaging converter 733
Creating the Application Client 734
Coding the Application Client 735
Compiling the Application Client 736
Creating the Web Client 737
Coding the Web Client 737
Compiling the Web Client 738
Deploying the Java EE Application 739
Running the Application Client 739
Running the Web Client 739
Modifying the Java EE Application 740
Modifying a Class File 740

Chapter 22: Session Bean Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743

The cart Example 743
Session Bean Class 745
The Remove Method 748
Helper Classes 749
Building and Packaging the CartBean Example 749
Undeploying cart 750
A Web Service Example: HelloServiceBean 751
The Web Service Endpoint Implementation Class 751
Stateless Session Bean Implementation Class 752
Building and Packaging helloservice 753
Deploying helloservice 753
Using the Timer Service 754
The Timeout Method 754
Creating Timers 754
Canceling and Saving Timers 755
Getting Timer Information 756
xviii CONTENTS

Transactions and Timers 756

The timersession Example 756
Building and Packaging timersession 757
Deploying timersession 758
Handling Exceptions 759

Chapter 23: A Message-Driven Bean Example . . . . . . . . . . . .761

Example Application Overview 761
The Application Client 762
The Message-Driven Bean Class 763
The onMessage Method 764
Packaging, Deploying, and Running SimpleMessage 765
Creating the Administered Objects 765
Creating and Packaging the Application 766
Deploying the Application 766
Running the Client 767
Removing the Administered Objects 767
Creating Deployment Descriptors for Message-Driven Beans 768

Part Four: Persistence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .769

Chapter 24: Introduction to the Java Persistence API . . . . . . .771

Entities 771
Requirements for Entity Classes 772
Persistent Fields and Properties in Entity Classes 772
Primary Keys in Entities 774
Multiplicity in Entity Relationships 776
Direction in Entity Relationships 777
Managing Entities 779
The Persistence Context 779
The EntityManager 779
Persistence Units 785

Chapter 25: Persistence in the Web Tier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787

Accessing Databases from Web Applications 787
Populating the Example Database 789
Creating a Data Source in the Application Server 789
Defining the Persistence Unit 790
Creating an Entity Class 790
 CONTENTS xix

Obtaining Access to an Entity Manager 792

Accessing Data From the Database 794
Updating Data in the Database 795

Chapter 26: Persistence in the EJB Tier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797

Overview of the order Application 797
Entity Relationships in order 798
Primary Keys in order 800
Entity Mapped to More Than One Database Table 804
Cascade Operations in order 805
BLOB and CLOB Database Types in order 805
Temporal Types in order 806
Managing order’s Entities 807
Building and Running order 810
Creating the Database Tables 810
Building and Packaging the Application 810
Deploying the Application 810
Running the Application 811
Undeploying order 812
The roster Application 812
Relationships in the roster Application 813
Automatic Table Generation in roster 814
Building and Running roster 814
Building and Packaging the roster Application 815
Deploying the Application 815
Running the Application 815
Undeploying order 816

Chapter 27: The Java Persistence Query Language . . . . . . . . 817

Terminology 817
Simplified Syntax 818
Select Statements 818
Update and Delete Statements 819
Example Queries 819
Simple Queries 820
Queries That Navigate to Related Entities 821
Queries with Other Conditional Expressions 823
Bulk Updates and Deletes 825
Full Syntax 826
xx CONTENTS

BNF Symbols 826

BNF Grammar of the Java Persistence Query Language 827
FROM Clause 832
Path Expressions 836
WHERE Clause 837
SELECT Clause 848
ORDER BY Clause 851
The GROUP BY Clause 851

Part Five: Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .853

Chapter 28: Introduction to Security in Java EE . . . . . . . . . . . .855

Overview 856
A Simple Example 857
Security Functions 860
Characteristics of Application Security 861
Security Implementation Mechanisms 862
Java SE Security Implementation Mechanisms 862
Java EE Security Implementation Mechanisms 863
Securing Containers 866
Using Deployment Descriptors for Declarative Security 867
Using Annotations 868
Using Programmatic Security 869
Securing the Application Server 869
Working with Realms, Users, Groups, and Roles 871
What is a Realm, User, Group, and Role? 871
Managing Users and Groups on the Application Server 875
Setting Up Security Roles 876
Mapping Roles to Users and Groups 878
Establishing a Secure Connection Using SSL 879
Installing and Configuring SSL Support 880
Specifying a Secure Connection in Your Application Deployment De-
scriptor 880
Verifying SSL Support 881
Working with Digital Certificates 883
Enabling Mutual Authentication over SSL 888
Further Information 891

Chapter 29: Securing Java EE Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .893

Securing Enterprise Beans 894
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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had great need of faith, we who live in the hope of to-morrow and
who know not what to-morrow may bring forth. If I had had a God
in Heaven, whose protecting arm I had felt about me, I should not,
perhaps, have yielded to the vertigo of a wretched passion. I should
always have had consolations, even in the midst of my tears; I
should have employed my excessive love in prayer, instead of not
being able to bestow it upon any one and feeling it stifle me. I had
abandoned myself, because I had faith in myself only and had lost
all my strength. I do not regret having obeyed my reason, having
lived in freedom, having had respect only for the true and the just.
But, nevertheless, when the fever seizes upon me, when I tremble
with weakness, I am filled with fear, I become a child; I would prefer
to be controlled by the Divine will, to efface myself, to allow God to
act in me and for me.
Then, I thought of Marie, asking myself where was her soul at this
hour. In the great realm of nature, without doubt. I indulged in the
dream that each soul is merged in the grand whole, that dead
humanity is but an immense breath, a single spirit. Upon earth we
are separated, we are ignorant of each other, we weep at our
inability to unite ourselves; beyond life there is a complete
penetration, a marriage of all with all, a single and universal love. I
looked at the sky. I seemed to see in the calm and quiet stretch of
blue the soul of the world, the eternal soul made up of all the
others. Then, I experienced a great delight, I had shot ahead of my
cure, I had arrived at pardon and faith. Brothers, my youth still
smiled upon me. I thought that some day we would be reunited all
four—Marie and Jacques, Laurence and myself; we will understand
each other, we will pardon each other; we will love each other
without having to hear the sobs of our bodies, and we will
experience a supreme peace in exchanging those tendernesses
which we could not give each other when we lived in the flesh.
The thought that there is a misunderstanding upon earth, and that
everything is explained in the other world, consoled me. I said to
myself that I would wait for death in order to love. I stood near the
window, in the presence of the sky, in the presence of Marie's
corpse, and, little by little, a gentle coolness, a limitless hope, came
to me from that dead young girl and the dreamy space.
The candles had burned out. The silence in the chamber grew
heavier and heavier, and the darkness increased. Pâquerette still
slept. Jacques had not moved.
Suddenly he arose, he stared around him in terror. I saw him lean
over the corpse and kiss it on the forehead. The cold flesh sent a
shiver through him. Then, he noticed me. He came to me, hesitated,
and then offered me his hand.
I looked at this man whom I could not comprehend, who seemed to
me as obscure as Laurence. I did not know whether he had lied to
me or whether he had wished to save me. This man had struck my
heart a heavy blow. But I had recovered hope, I had pardoned. I
took his hand and pressed it.
Then, he went away, thanking me with a look.
In the morning, I found myself beside Marie's bed, on my knees, still
weeping, but my tears were mild, softened. I wept over this poor girl
whom death had carried off in her spring, ignorant of the kisses of
love.

CHAPTER XXIX

CONCLUSION

Brothers, I am coming to you. I set out to-morrow for the country,

for Provence. I wish to draw a new youth from our broad horizons,
from our pure and glowing sunbeams.
My pride has led me to aim at too lofty a mark. I believed myself
ripe for the struggle, while in reality I was but a weak and
inexperienced child. Perhaps, I shall always remain a child.
I rely upon your friendship, on my remembrances. Near you, I will
recall the days of the past, I will quiet myself, I will succeed in curing
my heart. We will go into the plains, on the shady bank of the river;
we will resume the life we led when we were sixteen, and I will then
forget the terrible year through which I have just passed. I will
return to those days of ignorance and hope, when I knew nothing of
reality and when I dreamed of a better earth. I will become young
again, believing; I will recommence life with new dreams.
Oh! I feel all the thoughts of my youth return to me in a body, filling
me with strength and hope. Everything had disappeared amid the
gloom into which I had entered—you and the world, my daily toil
and my future glory. I lived only for a single idea: to love and to
suffer. To-day, amid my tranquillity, I feel awakening, one by one,
those thoughts which I recognize and to which I extend a hearty
welcome, with a softened soul. I was blind, but now I see clearly
within me; the evil is torn away, I find the world as I left it, broad for
youthful courage, luminous, full of applause. I will resume my labor,
recover my strength, struggle in the name of my faith, in the name
of my tenderness.
Make a place for me beside you, brothers, let us live in the pure air,
in the fields sparkling with sunbeams, in our pure love. Let us
prepare ourselves for life by loving each other, by going hand in
hand in freedom beneath the blue sky. Wait for me, and make
Provence sweeter, more encouraging, to receive me and restore me
my childhood.
Last night, when at the window, in the presence of Marie's corpse, I
purified myself with faith, I saw the sky, full of gloom, whiten at the
horizon. All night long I had had before my eyes the black stretch of
space, pricked by the yellow light of the stars; I had vainly sounded
the infinity of the sombre gulf, growing terrified at the immense
calmness, at the unfathomable depths. This calmness and these
depths were lighted up; the darkness quivered and slowly rolled
back, allowing its mysteries to be seen; the fear inspired by the
gloom gave place to the hope inspired by the growing brightness.
The whole sky grew inflamed, little by little; it acquired rosy tints as
soft as smiles; it bathed in the pale light, sparkling with faint
brilliancy. And, alone in the presence of this tearing away of the
night, of this slow and majestic birth of the day, I felt in my heart a
young, invincible strength, an immense hope.
Brothers, it was the dawn.

THE END
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