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iCloud for Developers automatically sync your iOS data
everywhere all the time 1st Edition Rocchi Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Rocchi, Cesare
ISBN(s): 9781937785604, 1937785602
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 4.61 MB
Year: 2013
Language: english
www.it-ebooks.info
www.it-ebooks.info
 Early Praise for iCloud for Developers

Cesare does an excellent job demonstrating how iCloud works and how you can
work best within its expectations. His style is easy to follow, and he breaks it
down into simple steps, but he doesn’t hold back and pretend that the complexity
isn’t there. You’ll be building useful apps on iCloud in no time. Don’t hesitate to
buy this book.
➤ Jonathan Penn, http://cocoamanifest.net/

iCloud for Developers guides you through the three core features of iCloud: key-
value store, documents, and CoreData. Each section has great examples to help
you learn how to use the feature to its full potential. Buy this book if you want to
learn about iCloud!
➤ Matt Galloway

The cloud can be a confusing topic, but Cesare makes it easy. He shows you how
to add iCloud into a real app step-by-step, covering all the juicy bits you’ll want
to know along the way. If you want to use iCloud in your apps, this is the book
for you!
➤ Ray Wenderlich, raywenderlich.com

www.it-ebooks.info
iCloud for Developers
Automatically Sync Your iOS Data,
Everywhere, All the Time

Cesare Rocchi

The Pragmatic Bookshelf

Dallas, Texas • Raleigh, North Carolina

www.it-ebooks.info
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products
are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and The Pragmatic
Programmers, LLC was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in
initial capital letters or in all capitals. The Pragmatic Starter Kit, The Pragmatic Programmer,
Pragmatic Programming, Pragmatic Bookshelf, PragProg and the linking g device are trade-
marks of The Pragmatic Programmers, LLC.
Every precaution was taken in the preparation of this book. However, the publisher assumes
no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages that may result from the use of
information (including program listings) contained herein.
Our Pragmatic courses, workshops, and other products can help you and your team create
better software and have more fun. For more information, as well as the latest Pragmatic
titles, please visit us at http://pragprog.com.

The team that produced this book includes:

John Osborn (editor)
Kim Wimpsett (copyeditor)
David J Kelly (typesetter)
Janet Furlow (producer)
Juliet Benda (rights)
Ellie Callahan (support)

Copyright © 2013 The Pragmatic Programmers, LLC.

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or

transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America.

ISBN-13: 978-1-937785-60-4
Encoded using the finest acid-free high-entropy binary digits.
Book version: P1.0—July 2013

www.it-ebooks.info
 Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

1. Preparing Your Application for iCloud . . . . . . . 1

1.1 What Is iCloud? 2
1.2 What’s Behind iCloud 3
1.3 Introducing the Grocery Application 5
1.4 Enabling Your Application for iCloud 6
1.5 Checking for iCloud Availability 12
1.6 Moving On 13

2. Working with Key-Value Data . . . . . . . . 15

2.1 iCloud Storage Types 15
2.2 Using Key-Value Pairs with iCloud 16
2.3 Using Key-Value Pairs in Grocery 17
2.4 Reacting to Changes in iCloud 21
2.5 Key-Value Storage Limitations 22
2.6 Moving On 23

3. Working with Documents . . . . . . . . . 25

3.1 Interacting with iCloud 25
3.2 Extending the UIDocument Class 26
3.3 Modeling a Grocery Item as a UIDocument 30
3.4 Displaying a Grocery Item 32
3.5 Moving On 38

4. Managing Multiple Files and iCloud Notifications . . . . 39

4.1 Creating and Managing Multiple Files 39
4.2 Creating and Managing Multiple Grocery Items 40
4.3 Managing Updates While an Application Is Running 45

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 Contents • vi

4.4 Editing Grocery Item Content 48

4.5 Moving On 53

5. Wrapping Items in a Single File . . . . . . . . 55

5.1 Working with File Packages 56
5.2 Packaging Grocery Items 56
5.3 Updating the User Interface 64
5.4 Moving On 72

6. Handling Nontextual Information in a Data Model . . . 73

6.1 Working with Data in Packages 73
6.2 Associating Images with Names 74
6.3 Updating the User Interface 80
6.4 Moving On 87

7. Handling Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7.1 Working with Document States and Notifications 89
7.2 Preventing Conflicts Between Grocery Items 91
7.3 Resolving Conflicts Between Grocery Items 96
7.4 Moving On 102

8. Working with Core Data and iCloud . . . . . . . 103

8.1 The Relational Model of the Grocery List 104
8.2 Initializing a Core Data Stack for iCloud 106
8.3 Handling Conflicts 114
8.4 Moving On 117
8.5 Conclusion 117

A1. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

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 Acknowledgments
When a book shows just one author name on the cover, we tend to think it’s
the result of a single-person effort. That’s far from the truth. Without the help
of the many people who surrounded me (though just virtually) during the
writing, this book would not have seen the light. I am happy to thank Andy
and Dave for the opportunity to publish this book. John Osborn, the editor,
deserves a special mention because he helped me throughout all the phases
of the writing, from organizing the content to tweaking obscure sentences.
Finally, I’d like to thank all the awesome technical reviewers who provided
feedback on all the chapters and the code attached to this book.

• Jeff Holland
• Matt Galloway (http://www.galloway.me.uk)
• Felipe Laso Marsetti (http://ife.li/)
• Marcio Valenzuela (http://www.santiapps.com)
• Bear Cahill (http://www.brainwashinc.com)
• Tony Dahbura (http://www.fullmoonmanor.net/FullMoonManor/Welcome.html)
• Jonathan Penn (http://cocoamanifest.net)

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 Preface
You are an iOS developer with a successful application to your credit, but
your customers want more and pepper you with questions: How do I back up
my data? How can I replicate on my iPad the data that I’ve created on my
iPhone? If I buy a new iPhone, will I lose the data in my apps when I switch
devices?

You’d like to support your users, but you don’t have the skills or time to build
a back-end system that could provide the safe and reliable backups your
customers say they want. Moreover, the thought of synchronizing data across
multiple devices gives you a headache.

If any of this applies to you, iCloud is a good candidate for solving your
problems and giving your users the features they’ve requested. This book will
teach you how to work with iCloud, hook up with its APIs, work with its dif-
ferent storage solutions, and make your application shine.

Who Should Read This Book?

If you are an iOS developer looking to integrate your application with iCloud
and to enhance it with data synchronization and backup, this book is for you.
This book is also for those who simply want to know more about iCloud and
the features it provides to client applications.

Before digging in, you should already know the basics of programming iOS,
including proficiency in coding with Objective-C 2.0, working with view con-
trollers, and using common data structures such as arrays and dictionaries.
If you don’t normally use them, I also suggest you refresh your knowledge of
Notification Center1 and Grand Central Dispatch,2 both of which are used
extensively throughout the book.

1. https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/Notifications/Introduction/introNo-
tifications.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/10000043-SW1
2. https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/Performance/Reference/GCD_libdispatch_Ref/Reference/
reference.html

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 Preface •x

What’s in This Book?

This book is an introduction to iCloud and how to use its APIs to add synchro-
nization and data backup in your applications. We’ll cover the three main
technologies that iCloud supports: key-value storage, document-based storage,
and Core Data storage. I will illustrate the use of these APIs by showing how
to build a Universal iOS app, Grocery, that keeps track of a shopping list.

How to Read This Book

The book starts with the simplest approach to synchronizing data with iCloud,
key-value storage, and ends with the most advanced, Core Data. Unless you
have previous experience with iCloud APIs, I suggest you read the book from
start to finish and take the time to understand the concepts and techniques
of iCloud development as they are introduced. Throughout the book, you will
be invited to build and run the Grocery application as it is being developed.
You should consider these as “conceptual check points”—opportunities to
ask yourself whether you have a clear understanding of what’s been described
in the previous sections.

Notes on Formatting
Objective-C is a verbose language. You will find snippets in this book that do
not appear to be conventionally formatted, in the way you would expect them
to appear in Xcode. That’s because of the lengths of many of the names used
in iCloud programming, such as those for the various notifications the service
provides. Some of these are lengthy and cannot be broken on two different
lines. I have tried as much as possible to preserve Cocoa conventions, but
sometimes the size of the page rules.

Online Resources
This book has a companion website at http://www.icloudfordevelopers.com and a
mailing list in which news will be announced.

Requirements
In this book we are going to build a real application. You will learn how to set
it up and configure it correctly. But it’s not possible to test an iCloud-enabled
application on the Device Simulator. This means that to get the most out of
the book, you’ll need a pair of real devices, such as an iPhone and an iPad,
both with iOS 6 installed and with iCloud correctly configured and enabled.

To test whether your devices are correctly configured for iCloud, fire up the
Apple-provided Calendar app, make an entry, and verify that synchronization

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 Moving On • xi

happens correctly between the devices. Also access http://www.icloud.com to see

whether your entry has been propagated to the central iCloud servers.

To develop the application used throughout the book, you will need a Mac
with Xcode 4.6.2 installed and updated to develop applications that target
iOS 6. We assume that you already have an active developer account and are
acquainted with iOS development, Objective-C, Xcode, and Core Data. In case
you need some introduction to iOS development, check out iOS SDK
Development [AD12] or find plenty of material at the iOS Dev Center:
https://developer.apple.com/devcenter/ios/index.action.

Moving On
Now that you have all the pieces, let’s get started. We are going to start
slowly, by first introducing the basics of iCloud and showing you how to take
advantage of its features in your application. To prepare for work on the
Grocery app, you’ll also learn how to prepare the Xcode project for iCloud.
Ready, set, go!

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 CHAPTER 1

Preparing Your Application for iCloud

You have created an attractive application that friends and families can use
to jointly manage their shopping lists, to-do lists, and other types of lists.
Your customers say they like it, but it lacks two features they’d like to see:
backup and synchronization.

If you haven’t yet received such feedback, chances are you will. Apple users
expect more from their applications these days because Calendar, Contacts,
and many other Apple applications that ship with the latest iPhones, iPads,
and Macs can both store their data in the cloud and sync it across multiple
devices.

Take Calendar, Apple’s appointment application, for example. If you own two
or more Apple devices—an iPhone or iPad or two—and they all run iOS 6 or
greater, open Calendar on one of them and enter a new appointment for today.
Now, switch to another device, open Calendar, and go to your entries for
today. Provided that you have activated iCloud on both devices, you’ll find
the very same appointment on the second device that you just entered on the
first.

Here’s what happened. When you entered it, your iPhone or iPad pushed the
appointment to servers operated by Apple. The Calendar application on the
second device was listening for changes to the calendar, found yours, and
updated itself. You’ll have the same experience whenever you enter a new
contact, save a photo, buy music, and more.1

1. For an overview of how Apple uses iCloud in its own applications, see http://www.apple.com/
icloud/features/. The example of the Calendar app is used just to show a familiar scenario
where data synchronization happens. Although I am not sure, it is likely the Calendar
app in iOS and Mac OS is not using iCloud API to synchronize.

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 Chapter 1. Preparing Your Application for iCloud •2

Naturally, you’d like to provide features like this to your own users. Fortunate-
ly, Apple has not kept iCloud to itself but opened it to app developers like you
and me. Now when you write an iOS application, you’ll be able to use the
information in this book to add iCloud support that works on all of Apple’s
devices running iOS 5 or greater.2 Users who install the application on each
of their iOS devices will be able to store their data and keep it in sync. And
we are talking about any kind of data: properties, configurations, documents,
binary files, and even information in a relational database.

In this chapter, you will get acquainted with iCloud, learn how it works, and
go over the steps to take to prepare an app to use the service. You’ll learn
about the following:

• What iCloud provides and how you can take advantage of it

• How iCloud handles data and synchronizes updates

• How to prepare an iOS project for iCloud

We will also introduce and start work on Grocery, the application that we’re
going to build together in this book to flex and show off iCloud’s features
(Section 1.3, Introducing the Grocery Application, on page 5).

By the end of this chapter you will have a clearer idea of the scenarios iCloud
supports and the steps needed to start building an iCloud-enabled application.
Let’s begin by describing what iCloud does and how it works.

1.1 What Is iCloud?

iCloud is a cloud-based tool that can store data for an application at a central
server and synchronize updates served up by the iPhones, iPads, or Macs
that use it. For both developers and users, iCloud solves two problems:
backup and data synchronization.

For backup, data for an application need only be made to adhere to certain
formats and specifications and stored in one or more special folders that
iCloud provides. For data synchronization, the application has to listen for
iCloud notifications indicating changes have occurred and then, when one is
received, resolve any conflicts that exist and update the local data store. You
will learn to handle both cases in this book, but in order to understand how
iCloud handles its data, you first need to understand how it works under the
hood.

2. While it’s possible to add iCloud support to versions of your application that run on
a Mac, we will not cover that topic in this book.

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 What’s Behind iCloud •3

1.2 What’s Behind iCloud

From an application’s perspective, iCloud consists of one or more “special
folders” whose contents iCloud synchronizes with files stored at a central
location. This special folder is called a ubiquity container. An application can
have one or more ubiquity containers, each of which is assigned its own
unique container ID when you enable an application to use the service. As a
user adds or modifies application data, iCloud pushes the changes to a central
server, which in turn pushes them to other devices that have signed up to
share it. An application doesn’t need to query iCloud for updates to its ubiq-
uity containers but instead simply queues itself as an observer. When notified
of new content, the application takes steps to integrate it into its local data
stores.

To make this mechanism perform efficiently, the contents of files in a container

are broken into chunks. Whenever you change a file in a ubiquity container,
the synchronization mechanism pushes the bits that have changed, not the
entire file. The same thing happens when an application is notified of changes
made on other devices: the application running on your device receives only
the bits that have changed and integrates them into the files in its ubiquity
container.

The synchronization of data across devices is managed by a background

process on each device known as the daemon. The daemon is not under the
control of the developer, who is responsible for managing the main thread of
a program. The daemon is an independent process, whose job is to detect
changes to a resource (for example, a document or database) and send these
changes to a central iCloud server. The daemon acts as a sort of middle man
to the file system on a device. This is summarized in Figure 1, Architecture of
iCloud, on page 4, which diagrams the flow of data between an application,
its containers, and iCloud.

It will be up to you to write the code that opens and closes a file used by an
iCloud-enabled application. Those operations will in turn trigger the read or
write procedure that is managed by the daemon. Although this might seem
inflexible, such an architecture relieves you of having to manage concurrency.
Without the daemon, you would need to implement thread-safe procedures
to read, write, and push changes to the cloud, not to mention managing file
updates. iCloud takes care of these tasks as well as two others: bandwidth
management and conflict resolution.

To optimize its consumption of bandwidth, especially on mobile devices that

are battery powered most of the time, iCloud makes use of metadata. When

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 Chapter 1. Preparing Your Application for iCloud •4

Figure 1—Architecture of iCloud. Each device has a daemon in charge of pushing and
receiving changes to and from iCloud. Each application has one or more ubiquity containers.

a change occurs on a device, the first thing pushed to iCloud is metadata

that describes it. This information includes, for example, the size of the file
and the date and time it was modified. Metadata is also sent to iCloud when
you work with media such as pictures, videos, or audio recordings. As soon
as a save operation completes on such a resource file, a 1KB element pops
up on the cloud to serve as a placeholder while the actual file is uploaded.

iCloud also breaks down files into chunks to simplify their push to the cloud
when they are updated. Only the modified chunks are sent to iCloud, which
saves bandwidth and also makes it easier to resolve conflicts. To detect con-
flicts between updates, only the modified chunks of a file need to be compared.
Changes that don’t conflict are merged with the existing iCloud file, while
those that do will trigger notifications so the developer can implement policies
to resolve them, which could include asking the user to pick the “right” version.

Changes to the contents of an iCloud-enabled application file are pushed to

iCloud as quickly as possible. Such a policy keeps the data on the server
fresh. But the way iOS pulls changes from iCloud depends on the character-
istics of the host device, such as the quality of the connection (3G, LTE, Wi-Fi)

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 Introducing the Grocery Application •5

and the status of its battery. In general, changes are pulled when they are
“appropriate” and won’t degrade performance. On devices, such as phones
with limited battery life, iOS pulls changes only when it needs to, such as
when you open or close a document. The use of metadata, however, guarantees
that the devices that share the application are synchronized and that an iPad
or iPhone are “on the same page,” even if one of them has yet to integrate the
most recent changes made to an application file.

To sum up, when you create or change an application file on a device, its
metadata (name, creation date, and so on) is pushed immediately to iCloud.
When you run the application on another mobile device, that device will be
“aware” that new content is available, but the changes will be replicated there
only when

• you open the file or

• the daemon decides that downloading the file will not impact the
performance of the OS.

Although it’s important to be aware of such policies, you will not need to write
“special” code to address them, since the daemon does all the work. If a file
is unchanged (for example, it was created on the current device or it was
pulled recently from iCloud), its contents will be displayed without delay when
you open it. If changes have occurred, the daemon will start downloading the
file and notify you when it’s done. We will look more closely at this behavior
as we develop our Grocery application.

1.3 Introducing the Grocery Application

To show what’s possible with iCloud, we’re going to build a real application
that uses it. I’ll name the app Grocery. Grocery will allow users to share a
common grocery list between their devices. Each item in the list will have a
name, will include an image (so we can show how to store binary files), and
will be assigned to one or more categories (to show how we can work with
relational data). When a user creates or modifies an item on one device, it
will be replicated on any others that are connected to the same iCloud account.

The application will have two views, as shown in Figure 2, Two views of the
Grocery application, on page 6. The first is a table view that displays the list
of grocery items to be bought. This view also lets users add and delete items.
The second view will appear whenever the user taps an item in the first view
and will display some pertinent details about it, such as its name and an
image of the item.

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 Chapter 1. Preparing Your Application for iCloud •6

Figure 2—Two views of the Grocery application. The first view shows a list of items, and
the second shows a detailed view of a single item.

As we move through the book, we’re going to encounter slightly different ver-
sions of this application, but its core will remain the same: two views, one to
display the list and one to show the details of each item.

While the Grocery application is a simple one, it’s complex enough for us to
learn some important iCloud skills, such as building a data model, reacting
to update notifications, detecting and resolving conflicts, and working with
relational data.

In the next section, we will focus on the very first steps you’ll need to get
started with iCloud.

1.4 Enabling Your Application for iCloud

For any iOS applications, the steps you take to set it up are always pretty
much the same: create an application ID, create a provisioning profile, and
create an Xcode project. Prior to that, of course, you must have joined Apple’s
developer program, paid your fee, and received a developer certificate. To set
up a project for iCloud, the steps are the same but with a twist: the application
ID must be enabled for iCloud, and the Xcode project must be “entitled” to
use iCloud and configured to use one or more ubiquity containers.

Let’s walk through each of these steps using the Grocery app.

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 Enabling Your Application for iCloud •7

Create an iCloud-Enabled Application ID

Every application must have an application ID, whether you want to publish
it or simply debug it on a real device, so this is always a mandatory step.

Log in to the iOS provisioning portal as you would for any other application.3
In the iOS Apps section you’ll find a handy menu you can use to navigate its
different parts. To create a new application identifier, click Identifiers and
then click the + sign at the top right.

I have entered Grocery as the App ID description, checked the iCloud option,
left Team ID selected, and entered com.studiomagnolia.grocery as a bundle ID. I’ve
used my own reverse domain identifier, which is mine and personal, so if you
try to use it, it will tell you it’s already in use. You will have to create your
own ID to run and debug the application on your devices. Once you have
entered all the data and checked the iCloud option (as in Figure 3, Configuring
the application ID for iCloud, on page 8), click the Continue button at the
bottom.

Now that you have an application ID that’s enabled for iCloud, you can use
it to create a provisioning profile in order to enable the application to run on
your devices.

Create a Provisioning Profile

While you are still in the provisioning portal, create a provisioning profile for
our application. You need this in order to couple the application ID with the
list of devices entitled to run the application as you develop and test it.

Click Provisioning Profiles in the left sidebar, click Development, then click
the + sign at the top left. From the list of options, choose iOS App Development
and click the Continue button at the bottom. On the next screen (Figure 4,
Creating a provisioning profile, on page 9), select the application ID that you
created in the previous step and click Continue. For the next step, select the
certificate to be included in the provisioning profile and click Continue.4
Finally, select the list of devices on which you want to test the application.
Remember that you’ll need at least two to explore iCloud. I’ve added some
devices owned by colleagues; be sure to add your own.

3. https://developer.apple.com/account/overview.action
4. If you have developed application in the past, you’ll have one certificate for development
and one for distribution. Select the one for development. If you don’t have a certificate,
you can create one in the Certificates section. If you need more details about certificates,
you can check out this page at Apple’s support: https://developer.apple.com/support/technical/
certificates/.

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 Chapter 1. Preparing Your Application for iCloud •8

Figure 3—Configuring the application ID for iCloud. Enter a description for the app ID,
check iCloud in the services, keep the team ID as it is, and enter the app ID.

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 Enabling Your Application for iCloud •9

Figure 4—Creating a provisioning profile. Here you specify the list of devices on which
the application can run.

As a last step, enter a name for the profile and click Generate. This will show
you a recap of the provisioning profile. Click the Download button to obtain
the profile generated, and double-click it to import it into Xcode. Xcode will
fire up, and the profile should appear as one of the provisioning profiles now
listed in the Xcode Organizer, as shown in Figure 5, The profile imported in
Xcode's organizer, on page 9.

Figure 5—The profile imported in Xcode’s organizer. When the profile is correctly
imported, there is a green icon in the Status column.

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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 A visit to these Indians is still fresh to memory. After an arduous
journey, the village is reached. It was the occasion of the Green
Corn Dance and preparations were going on. The hunters were out
for game, the corn was ripening and an air of festivity was all
around.
Dogs barked as the white guests approached, but a commanding
Seminole reprimand soon drove them away; pickaninnies came
around with timid advances, squaws greeted with handshaking. A
wigwam was built for us by the hospitable hands, and the visitors
were assigned to this part of the camp.
What a world of interest, both romantic and tragic, hangs around
the wigwams of a Seminole family!
To Tallahassee was assigned the greatest part of the entertaining,
and he it was who directed the movements that would add to the
pleasure of the guests.
Without giving thought to it, the team was hitched to a pole that
stood in the open. It proved to be the festal pole for the dance, and
the spot was sacred for that occasion, but the innate courtesy of the
old chief prevented his showing any offense, and in the morning he
waved his hand in the direction of the horses and asked, “Horses,
you want ’em there?” Learning what the pole was for, we were the
ones to beg pardon and feel chagrin. Then came the attention to the
guests, in showing around the little fields, telling the names and
kinship of the various members as they came into camp. This
devolved on Tallahassee, and the honor was two-fold.
As the shadows fell and the camp fire flickered, the old chief
regaled the company with history dating back one hundred and fifty
years. The old patriarch and warrior rambled on in low monotone,
living over in dreamy reminiscence his hunting days, and with the
record of seventy bear, to say nothing of panther, deer, ’coon,
possum and turkey. How the enthusiasm of the twentieth century
hunter was put on fire.
 As the old chief drew closer his tunic, we asked, “Tallahassee, last
winter, cold much; Kissimmee City, ice come; what you do?” A young
brave spoke up, “Tallahassee old, get cold heap, blankets put on him
and big log fire make.” Then came the jokes as told by one member
on another and how these children of the forest would laugh as the
tales were recounted. They are children only in mind, but full of
discernment and strong in character.
A present of a picture containing Tallahassee’s picture had been
sent to the old chief a year before, and this must now be brought
out to show the visitors. Spelling and copybooks were the occasion
of much comment and much praise from the white friends. The older
Indians say, “Me no write—old too much. Little Tiger make letters
by-and-by; write good—keep store.”
The utensils that hang around the wigwam would do credit to
many a white family; they have buckets and pans of agate ware,
and well made wagons purchased in Jacksonville.
The hum of the sewing machine was heard in the wigwams, being
used equally well by both men and women.
While the patient Seminole is at the mercy of the white man, and
each day becoming more helpless, he is still proud as the old race.
A purse of ten dollars had been made up for one family where the
husband had died, but with the suspicion that the money was from
the Government, the older members held a talk with the result:
“Money no take ’em. Squaw no want ’em.” With mouth-watering
glances the little ones on the same occasion refused candy and
cakes; they had been forbidden to accept what the old Indians
believed was from Washington—the home of the Big White Chief.
(This was at the time the Indians had been alarmed by cowboys
telling them the Government wanted them for Arkansas.)
To-day in the forest home of the Seminoles, where yet gleams the
council fires, and within a mile of the palmetto thatched camp of the
Osceolas, the big dredges groan an accompaniment, as it were, to
the echo of the throbbing hearts, the death song, the Recessional, of
the Seminole.
Dynamite blasts shake the very pans and kettles hanging around
the wigwams and, while this monster of a machine destroys the only
home of the tribe, is the time not ripe for decisive action in the
protection of these wards of Florida?
A visit to the Seminoles’ camp reveals many interesting little things
which touch the heart and evoke the sympathy of the observer. The
affection displayed by the stern-faced father, when coddling his
pappoose, convinces the most skeptical that in the fastnesses of the
forest “The heart of man answers to heart as face to face in water,”
whatever the skin it is under. Old Tom Tiger, without question one of
the most ferocious-looking of the Seminoles, would take the baby-
boy from its tired mother’s arms and softly croon a lullaby, swaying
the pappoose backwards and forwards in his great strong arms till
the little fellow would fall asleep.
Another instance of parental affection, as given by the Rev. Clay
McCauley in his report on the Seminoles of Florida to the Bureau of
Ethnology, is full of touching interest. While the incident occurred
many years ago, and the little boy is now grown to manhood, still it
cannot fail to reach the heart of the reader. We give it in the writer’s
own words:

“Tallahassee’s wife had recently died, leaving him with the

care of six boys; but the strong Indian had apparently
become mother and father to his children. Especially did he
throw a tender care about the little one of his household. I
have seen the little fellow clambering, just like many a little
pale face, over his father’s knees persistently demanding
attention, but in no way disturbing the father’s amiability or
serenity. One night, as I sat by the camp fire of Tallahassee’s
lodge, I heard muffled moans from the little palmetto shelter
on my right, under which the three smaller boys were
bundled up in cotton cloth in deer skins for the night’s sleep.
 Upon the moans followed immediately the frightened cry of
the little boy, waking out of bad dreams, and crying for the
mother who could not answer; ‘Its-Ki, Its-Ki,’ (mother,
mother) begged the little fellow, struggling from under his
covering. At once the big Indian grasped his child, hugged
him to his breast, pressed the little head to his cheek,
consoling him all the while with caressing words, whose
meaning I felt, though I could not translate them into English,
until the boy, wide awake, laughed with his father and was
ready to be again rolled up beside his sleeping brothers.”

Where the Seminole is hospitable is around the camp fire and the
“Sof-ka” kettle. “Hum-bux-chay” (come eat) is his salutation. The
kettle is placed in some convenient part of the camp and at the meal
hour the members of the household sit around it. A large Sof-ka
spoon rests in the pot, and is handed from one to another, each
taking a single mouthful. A fastidious taste might shrink from using
the large spoon, but to affect such taste would be to offend mine
host. Sof-ka is the Seminole standard dish, and is simply a stew
made by cooking the meat in a large iron pot, and thickening with
meal, grits or vegetable. Sof-ka corresponds in its importance with
the Seminole to “frijoles” among Mexicans. The Indians observe a
regularity in meal hours, yet at most any hour the Sof-ka kettle is
ready for those who may come in from the chase enhungered. So
plentiful is game that it is a common sight to see a saddle of venison
or a wild turkey and perhaps a duck roasting before the fire, and, as
appetite prompts, any member of the camp may help himself to the
savory roast.
The Seminole pickaninnies are healthy, good-natured little
toddlers, and show no more savage spirit than do their little pale-
faced brothers. They play with bows and arrows, make dolls and
playhouses, revel in mud pies, roast the small birds they kill before a
“spit fire,” and play they are roasting wild turkey. They rarely cry, as
they are taught from infancy to show no such weakness; they must
obey the slightest command of their elders. The little four-year-old is
taught to assist in the duties of the camp. He can carry water, gather
wood, watch the little pappoose, and learns thus early that he is an
important feature in the tribe.
The boys are allowed to handle no weapons until old enough to
use them successfully. When an Indian boy is taught to use a
Winchester and returns from the chase with his first deer, favors are
shown him by the elders, tokens are presented and he becomes for
the time the young Nimrod of the tribe.
Seminole children are on the whole very much like other children,
some bright, some good, some perverse, all exceedingly human.
With the discipline already instilled into their natures, and education,
first for the heart, and then for the mind, added, success would be
assured. A Seminole luxury which serves as a target as well as food,
is the fruit of the climbing pumpkin vine, which is often seen among
the branches of the trees. When wanted a well-directed rifle ball cuts
the stem and the pumpkin drops to the ground. This was the sport
enjoyed by the troops during the Seminole war.
The absence of all earthenware is noticeable in a Seminole camp.
The Seminoles say, “Long time ago,” their race made earthen pots,
but white man’s kettle “heap good,” and they have long since ceased
to work in clay. All through Florida pieces of pottery are found in the
sand mounds. In the pine forests where the land is good for
cultivation, broken pottery is frequently dug up out of the ground.
These forests have grown over this land evidently since it was
cultivated by former races. The pottery found in parts of Florida, is
said by those having made a study of the subject to resemble the
Aztec pottery to some extent.
One of the peculiarities of the Seminole man is the number of
shirts and handkerchiefs he wears at one time. An instance is related
where a white man in company with Billy Ham went out deer
hunting. Emerging suddenly from the thick forest, some deer were
observed feeding on the Savannah in front of them. The Indian was
dressed in the bright colors of his race, and stealthily slipping back
into the shadows of the tree, he began to remove shirt after shirt
and untie handkerchiefs from around his neck. As each article was
removed, the Indian became less conspicuous. After divesting
himself of six or eight shirts and eight or ten handkerchiefs, the
Indian and his costume now blended with the surrounding objects.
His dusky form was in perfect symphony with the dead leaves and
grasses, through which he silently crept toward his prey. The Indian
prefers to make sure of his game by creeping upon it. He can
advance to within a few feet of a deer. The deer, while feeding, is
always on the alert for an enemy. If it sees nothing moving it will not
be alarmed. This is where the strategy of the Indian comes in. He
stops just before the animal raises its head. The lifting of the head is
always preceded by a movement of the tail, hence the cunning
Seminole watches the tail and knows when to be still.
 AL L IGATO R HUNTING.

At this point, a detailed account of an alligator hunt with the

Seminoles may prove interesting to the huntsman who may scan
these pages.
Some tourists hire the Indians who frequent civilization to guide
them in hunts, but it is poor Lo’s idea to show the white man his
hunting; and he will take him around and around, always keeping
out of sight of game, with a cunning that would do credit to a
Connecticut Yankee.
Possessing that talisman, friendship and confidence of the
Seminole chiefs, our hunter arranged for his first alligator hunt. To
simplify the account of the tenderfoot’s experience, we give it as
related to the writer.
“Taking the little steamer Roseada at Kissimmee City, a two days’
ride landed us at Basinger, where I was met by an ox-cart, driven
and owned by the Seminoles. A ride of forty miles, slow but sure,
took us to the Indian village. Here I was met by dogs, pickaninnies,
squaws and braves. With time limited and eager for the hunt for big
game, I rested but a few hours and then announced myself ready to
hi-e-pus (go).
“In a cypress canoe, poled by Chief Tom Tiger Tail, we turned our
boat toward the interior of the Everglades, and for three days
traveled over as wild and weird a land as Stanley ever explored in
Darkest Africa.
“Poling through water lilies, tall grass and overhanging branches,
frequently getting stuck in the shallow water and marsh, all gave
more zest to the square mile than a hundred hunts in the North
could.
“Reaching the objective point of our trip, the chief tied up the
canoe, and after a hearty repast, we were ready for the alligator
hunt. No game laws obstructed our progress, no sign boards read,
‘No Trespassing,’ and soon we were equipped for the night’s hunt.
“With a bullseye lantern attached to my cap, I took my seat in the
bow, while Tiger Tail, standing in the stern, propelled the canoe with
long, dextrous strokes. Reaching a deep bayou, where the Seminoles
kill hundreds of alligators each year, I was directed to throw the light
quietly over the water, and the presence of the saurian would be
revealed by the reflection. Silently, slowly, our canoe cleaved the
dark waters. Truly, the scene was worthy the pencil of a Doré. A
moonless sky, a wild expanse of bleak water, a canoe propelled by a
savage, splendid and careless in his unconscious grace, and as silent
as the oarsman of the River Styx. Soon the dismal solitude was
broken by our entrance into the alligator haunt. With stealthy glide
through the still, dark water, we were soon aware of being near a
very large ’gator—the two balls of fire shining in the darkness told
the tale. Without a ripple the Indian glided his canoe within ten feet
of the monster, and a shot between the eyes from a .38 Winchester
blew the top of his head into small pieces. Before the reptile could
flounder out of reach, the carcass was grabbed and pulled into the
canoe by Tom Tiger, and the spinal cord was severed with an axe to
prevent any future trouble.
 TIGER TAIL, A
REPRESENTATIVE SEMINOLE
In picturesque harmony with the
land of the cocoanut.

“At the first approach of our light the alligators gazed at it in the
most fatuous manner, allowing the boat to approach within a very
close position; but after one of their number had been slain they
commenced a vibrating roaring, playing see-saw with their heads
and tails and slowly rolling forth their feelings in deep, thundering
tones. To me, there seemed to be 500 alligators in that body of
black water that night, and each and every one seemed to turn his
burning eyes on my little searchlight—and they shone like stars. I
could easily tell a big fellow by noticing if his glaring balls were close
together or far apart. After killing four or five I called out ‘Enough!’
The picture was growing too gruesome. The quivering mass of
reptiles in our canoe made me think longingly of home. ‘Ungah’ (all
right) from the Indian reassured me, and the canoe was turned
toward camp. During the evening the Indian chief had killed an
eleven foot ’gator, and so lifeless did it seem when dragged into the
canoe that it was not considered necessary to cut the neck and
back. The extraordinary vitality of an alligator keeps it from dying for
some time, the nerves often living for several hours after the head
has been severed. Our canoe was loaded to the water’s edge, with
the large saurian in the bottom. Presently a low breathing greeted
my ears; soon it grew louder, and a faint motion could be felt in the
boat. Still I remained passive, the Indian poling through the deep,
tortuous stream. I had instinctively drawn my feet up, when the
great mouth, which was toward me, opened and began snapping
angrily. His body began to writhe and twist and wriggle, which set all
the other alligators in motion. The situation was growing critical and
dangerous, when Captain Tom, perceiving the trouble, came to the
rescue with his axe and none too soon, for the huge saurian began
lashing his tail from side to side, and had the Indian been less skillful
in handling the canoe we certainly would have been turned
overboard. With the hideous cargo silenced, the Indian always cool
and nerveless, looked up and with a humorous twinkle in his eye
said, ‘White man ’fraid ojus’ (heap).”
 B EAR H U N TIN G WITH THE SEMINOL ES.

Under the head of American Sport, the following story of a “Bear

Hunt with the Seminole Indians,” appeared in the columns of the
Asian Sporting Newspaper of Calcutta, India.
The story had been accepted from the pen of the writer by Forest
and Stream Publishing Company of New York, and because our
British hunters of lion and elephant fame had appreciated an
American hunt sufficient to scissor it (neither giving credit to the
author nor to the American journal), the story is here appended:
“Hunting the black bear in Florida is a sport to which few are
introduced. This bear is not fierce nor dangerous, but still he is big
game, and a bear hunt is always full of incident and excitement.
About ten miles from Kissimmee, is a cypress swamp—it is an
aquatic jungle full of fallen trees, brush, vines and tangled
undergrowth, all darkened by the dense shadows of the tall cypress
trees, and full of moccasins and alligators. Running through the
swamp is a chain of islands. Here is a field for sportsmen, and here
live unmolested a whole colony of the bruin family. Hunters hear
their growls, and numerous fresh tracks show where the night
marauders have entered the hommock, where they feast on wild
honey, huckleberries, the cabbage of the palmetto and the wild
orange. They seldom come out to expose themselves during the day,
hence they are rarely captured, and in consequence are on the
increase. Settlers frequently report depredations on their hogs; but
bruin is safe in his swamp home, for without dogs trained to hunting
bear, even if he were surprised, he would quickly make his escape
into the jungle.
“Of all game of the forest bear meat is the favorite dish of the
Florida Indians; squaws, pickaninnies and dogs revel in it. With this
knowledge, it was an easy matter to secure a party of Seminole
chiefs and their trained dogs for a bear hunt. The auspicious day
arrived. This picturesque hunting party came striding into Kissimmee
as unconscious and statuesque as bronze figures of Mercury. The
party was led by Chief Tom Tiger, following after in Indian file was
old Chief Tallahassee, Doctor Tommy and Little Tiger, while trailing
along by their sides were the formidable looking dogs. Dressed in
their holiday attire, with new leggins and moccasins, bright calico
shirts, a half-dozen red handkerchiefs around their necks, crowned
with the immense red turban, the emblem of their race, with knives
and cartridges in their belts and Winchesters at their sides, the
Indians attracted as much attention as a Presidential party.
“If ever men deserved the name of Nimrods, it is these sons of the
Everglades. Even Little Tiger, a boy of twelve, with his fine rifle,
could put to shame many a skilled marksman. But on to the chase.
The souls of the red men seemed to leap into them at the thought of
the sport after bear, while the hounds barked gleefully, so with hasty
preparations our hunting party started for the Reedy Creek jungle.
At this point we will turn the story over to the tenderfoot, that the
reader may better follow the chase.
From Le Moyne’s Narrative of the French Expedition in 1563.
INDIAN MODE OF HUNTING ALLIGATORS IN FLORIDA, AS
CONTRASTED WITH THE PRESENT DAY HUNTING

“As we reached the hommock, which has been for years a

veritable elysium for the bears, the dogs seemed to become
possessed of a very spirit of unrest; soon they struck a trail. ‘Lo-co-
see ojus’ (bear plenty), exclaimed Captain Tom Tiger, as he observed
the numerous cabbage palms with their buds freshly torn out, as
well as the conduct of his dogs, and with a word of command to the
hounds, he started. The rest of us followed, till we struck a marsh
heavily timbered with cypress, which grew so close that sun’s rays
could not reach the earth. It made a dark, damp and dangerous
ground to enter. The dogs were now running with broad scent,
heads well up and throats wide open. If ever there was a sound
sweet to the hunter’s ears, it was the baying of five hounds close on
bruins trail. With nerves on a tension we rushed along, with gun
carried at ready. On swept the riot. The Indians yelled as only
Indians can, and the tenderfoot brought up the rear. A hunt in a
Florida jungle, pulling through soft mud, climbing over logs, pushing
through vines, sprawling on hands and knees through the tangled,
matted undergrowth, expecting or fearing each step we would strike
a moccasin, are the penalties paid for the romantic, adventurous
hunt with a Seminole Indian. At last the supreme moment arrived;
the leading dog had reached the bear, and soon the five dogs and
the bear were having a vigorous rough and tumble fight. We were in
good hearing distance, but traveling was very difficult, and our
progress was slow. The Indians’ cry, ‘Yo-ho-ee-hee, Yo-ho-ee-hee!’
to the hounds, made them fight furiously, so much so that bruin
broke from cover and started on the chase just before we reached
shooting distance. Further into the woods the chase led. Soon the
sound of the pursuing dogs ceased, much to our surprise. We
appealed to the nearest Indian for an explanation. ‘Lo-co-see (bear)
climb tree,’ was the brief reply, and later, when we reached the dogs,
they were running wildly around on the bank of a dark creek. We
were again at a loss to comprehend the situation, until we were
shown by the Indians a leaning tree, the top of which reached to the
further side of the creek, over which bruin had safely passed. ‘Lo-co-
see-hiepus’ (bear gone).
“Three hours’ tramping through the swamp and hot sun had taken
all the enthusiasm out of us, and we were ready to play quits, but
the stalwart red men had defiance in their faces as they said, ‘Big lo-
co-see; fight heap; Indian kill lo-co-see to-day.’ Away to the left the
brown legs of little Tiger Tom could be seen twinkling through the
foliage; he had found some fresh tracks of a cub, and in his
eagerness to capture a baby bear he proved a similar nature to his
little pale-faced brother. But the stern hunters had no time for a cub,
and soon started for old bruin, who by this time had crossed the
marsh and gotten into a tree on the opposite bank, and by this
trickery put the creek behind him. This did not daunt a Seminole
Indian. Wading the shallow part of the creek, with water to the
armpits, again cooled our ardor, but safety depended on not losing
sight of the Indians, as we were miles in the swamp, and with no
hope of finding our way out without the guidance of our red pilots.
At last the bear was driven to a small island and surrounded, the
island covered with tall grass and weeds hiding both dogs and bear.
The dogs grew furious, and several times forced the bear to stand
and fight, and such a battle as it was; the dogs didn’t hesitate to
take hold of old bruin, and as a result were badly lacerated from the
blows of her powerful paw. We closed in and our game was in a
trap. The Indians were in their future heaven; but the tenderfoot
was getting very shy of being hugged. Bruin, now finding herself
cornered, made a break for the open, and as she emerged from the
tall grass, with the dogs at her heels, she met the stalwart figure of
Tom Tiger. Rising on her hind legs, with open arms, she made one
dash for him, when stepping back, in a cool and deliberate manner,
he pulled the trigger of his ‘scatter’ gun and emptied both barrels
into the bear’s side. This ended the chase, and a happier set of
Indians the world never saw. Immediately they drew their knives
and commenced skinning the bear. As the skin adheres very
tenaciously it should be taken off at once, as it then comes off much
easier; besides, it is difficult to scrape away all the fatty tissue after
it cools, and wherever any remains it rots the pelt.
“The Indians’ method of educating their dogs for hunting bear is
well worth knowing. They take the gall of the bear and thoroughly
saturate the nostrils of the young dog. This is excruciating pain to
the dogs, and they howl and whine for hours; but it makes ‘bear
dogs’ out of them, perfect on the trail, and this is the point with the
Indian.
“The huge carcass of bruin was divided and each Indian carried a
load to camp. A fire was soon built, and a huge chunk of bear meat
was thrown on the coals. All night long they cooked and ate, the
tenderfoot getting into his hammock beneath the bough of the oaks.
We rested and dreamed—the flicker from the camp-fire, the Indians
moving to and fro, the silence occasionally broken by their low, soft
voices, and ever and anon in this wakeful slumber came the half-
dreaming thought, ‘Betty and me killed the bear!’”
 C H IEF TO M TIGER (MIC-CO TUSTENUGG EE).

It is a number of years now, that Tom Tiger, chieftain, reached

Kissimmee after a ride of 160 miles. Tall, straight and muscular, he
proved himself a worthy descendant of the royal Tustenuggee.
Dressed in the regalia of a chief, and mounted on a raw boned
horse, he might have been mistaken for a sheik of the Arabian
desert. He had come on a friendly visit incidentally, but to tell his
white friend his trouble over a horse which had been procured under
a fraudulent pretense, by a white trader. The story is a long one, but
suffice to say proceedings were instituted and with the result that
Captain Tom Tiger, Seminole chieftain, was the first Florida Indian
that ever stood up in a white man’s court, making, as the spectators
remarked, the most imposing picture they had ever witnessed.
The tall, magnificent looking savage, with uplifted hand, took the
oath on the holy Book, with a perfect understanding of its meaning.
 CAPT TOM TIGER
(Micco Tustenug-gee.)

The case was prosecuted by the Society, “Friends of the Florida

Seminoles,” and achieved notoriety for being the first case in Florida
in which a Seminole sought the protection of the court. It was told
that the State’s Attorney made the most thrilling speech of his life as
he pleaded for the barbarian of the swamp. The Indian never
swerved under the strongest cross-examination, but told the story
simply and direct. The status of the case was this: The white man
was to return the horse at the end of two moons, binding the
promise by writing. The argument was written on a cartridge box; a
terrific rain storm came; the box was soaked in water, and the
writing made illegible. Because Tom could not read, he could not
make oath as to what was written on the box, the white man
testifying he had bought the horse. On this simple technicality the
case was lost and the white man escaped the penitentiary.
Like many of his race, Tom had a love for Wy-o-mee (whiskey),
and was not averse to taking it. In speaking of a saloonkeeper he
would say, “Captain, good man, five Indians go in saloon, five drinks
give ’im. No money take,” but when Tom was asked to drink no
whiskey in Kissimmee, he promised, “un-gah” (all right). A day or
two after, the white friend stepped out of his office, and looking back
saw the tall form of Tom just passing into the saloon—headed by
three cowboys. Tom returned to the office, and his friend chided him
for going to the saloon. “Whiskey, me no take ’em, lemonade, me
take, cowboys wy-o-mee take.” The white friend’s trust had not been
betrayed.
In this Indian’s visit of a week, many chapters were revealed of
the character and home life of this tribe. Savages, it is true, but
honor, justice and religion shine forth in their tribal life.
During his absence, the squaws and pickaninnies watched the
potato and corn patch, and cared for the hogs, surely worthy tribute
to a domestic life.
In relating a tragedy of the forest, Capt. Tom seemed much
affected. The chief, attracted by the cries of young birds, found that
a rookery of the beautiful white heron had been completely
destroyed by plume hunters, and the grounds strewn with the
mutilated bodies of the parent birds. From the tall trees overhead
the starving nestlings were spending their waning strength in calling
for food. The pitiful scene touched the heart of the strong red man,
and he paused in his journey to find food for the helpless birdlings.
In relating the circumstance, the Indian said, “Little birds, cry, cry, all
day. No water, no fish,” till the Indian boys caught minnows and daily
climbed the lofty trees and fed and watered the young egrets, a
tribute to the savage mind over the cruelty of the civilized and
Christianized white man.
 A few years ago, Florida was an ornithological Eden, the winter
home of countless thousands of the migratory birds of the North
American Continent; but alas, the blood thirsty greed of the
Caucasian for gold is shown in the brutal extermination of the
plumed egret, and “the passing of the snowy heron” is the price of
human callousness. The Indian chief probably did not see in the fate
of the innocent plume bird, a prophecy of the destiny of the
Seminole.

THE INDIAN’S HUNTING GROUND

“Within a mile of the wigwams, the big
dredges clank and groan, an
accompaniment as it were, to the dirge of
the recessional Seminoles.”

The same forces are at work to-day to take from the helpless
Seminole his home and happy hunting ground.
 Tom Tiger made his last visit to Kissimmee during the Spanish-
American war, and a touching and pleasing feature of the visit was
the meeting between General Fitzhugh Lee and this Chieftain of the
Seminoles.
The train bearing General Lee and staff stopped at Kissimmee,
where crowds of citizens went to welcome the hero of the
Southland. General Lee, dressed in his rank as U. S. general, Chief
Tom Tiger in the regalia of a Seminole chieftain. The scene is
indelibly impressed upon all who witnessed the meeting. The Indian
chief with the Stars and Stripes in his hand, was introduced and
shook hands with the great American soldier. In hearty tones
General Lee responded, “I am glad to see you, Chief.”
Tom was told he must “yell” when the train came in. He
understood and answered, “Me holler (ojus),” and he did, a genuine
Seminole war cry, “Yo-he-ee-hee—Yo-ho-ee-hee!”
Driven and hunted, homeless and helpless, this Indian was a
strong ally of the United States. “No fight white man,” meaning the
people of the United States, “shoot Spaniards, ojus” (heap), was
Tom’s reply when the attitude of the two countries was explained to
him.
One by one the older Indians are passing away, and when word
was received that Captain Tom Tiger had been killed by a stroke of
lightning, the news was received with genuine sorrow. In his death,
a fair, generous and faithful friend was gone. Captain Tom was
building himself a dugout canoe on the edge of the cypress swamp,
his family being with him at the time. Seeing an approaching storm,
he sent them back to their wigwam. When he did not return, the
Indians went to seek him and found his dead body. Other Indians
turned the unfinished canoe into a mausoleum, and there rested his
remains until an avaricious curio seeker sought it out and robbed it
of the body of the chief. Considering the tender respect the Florida
Indians have for their dead, and also the superstition that any
desecrations of the bones bring dire calamities to the tribe, it is not
surprising that this act of vandalism aroused the Seminoles to the
highest pitch, and they were stirred as they have not been since the
days of the Indian wars. The whites realized that unless they were
pacified they were liable to give trouble.
Two of the leaders of the band visited the authorities at Fort
Pierce, Florida, and the newspapers of that date give the following
account, “Big Yankee steal bones of Tiger Tom, Indians Big Chief
and best friend. Indians all fight. Kill white man ojus, bones no bring
back by big white chiefs next moon.”
The matter was immediately taken up, and information filed by
the State Attorney in the Circuit Court against the party, charging
him with disturbing the grave of another and having in his
possession a dead body. All over the United States the account was
taken up by the press and looked upon as a matter of serious
importance, as the Smithsonian Institution was credited with being
behind the rapacious curio hunter.
The matter was brought to Mr. J. M. Willson, Jr., recognized as the
Seminoles’ best friend among the whites.
The letter following explains the situation and is herein given:

SECRETARY RATHBUN’S STATEMENT.

“Mr. J. M. Willson, Jr., Secretary Society of Friends of Seminole
Indians, Kissimmee; Fla.
“Dear Sir:—Replying to your letter of the 24th inst., I beg to
say that about six weeks ago a Mr. ——, about whom nothing
is known here, wrote to the National Museum and offered to
present certain Indian relics which he had obtained in Florida,
including a skeleton of an Okeechobee (not Seminole) chief.
Assuming that these objects were properly acquired by him,
he was notified that they would be accepted. No further word
or the objects arriving, it has, therefore, been supposed that
he disposed of the relics elsewhere. The heading of his letter
paper indicates that he is the secretary and general manager
 of an amusement resort, called Island Park, at —— Pa., and it
is not impossible that the relics were taken there.
“Although I find that the name of the chief was mentioned
in Mr. ——’s letter, the fact that he spoke of him as belonging
to the extinct Okeechobee tribe entirely misled the Museum
authorities who did not associate him with the Seminole
Captain Tom Tiger, about whom so much has lately been
printed in the papers until the receipt of your letter to-day.
“I cannot express too strongly my abhorrence of the act of
Mr. ——, whose desecration of this grave I consider
outrageous and sacrilegious. The man had no connection with
this museum or any branch of the Smithsonian Institute, as
he seems to have claimed several weeks before he sent in his
letter.
“You can readily understand, therefore, that the museum
will be only too glad to coöperate with your society in
securing the return of the remains and of any objects that
may have been taken with them from the grave. If they
should be received at the museum they will be promptly
forwarded to Florida.
“I have forwarded your letter to Mr. ——, at the address
given in his letter, viz: Box 531, ——, Pa., and I have also
written him.
“Trusting that this unfortunate matter may soon be
satisfactorily adjusted, I am, dear, sir, very respectfully yours,
“Rathbun,
“Assistant Secretary in charge of National Museum.”

The bones of the noted Indian were quietly restored, and all
trouble averted, but of the throbbing hearts of these interesting
countrymen of Osceola what shall we say?
 NANC Y OSCEO LA.

A short time ago, the press chronicled the news that the old
Seminole squaw, Nancy, living at the Big Cypress camp, was dead.
The account stated that Nancy was the widow of the famous
chieftain (Osceola), and that she was survived by seven children.
The associated press took up the story and many accepted it as
true.
It is the desire of the writer to say that Osceola’s wives (for he
had two) went into captivity and were with him when he died, a
captive of the United States Government, and it is safe to suppose
they, with his children, were taken with the other Seminole captives
to the West.
Old Nancy was the squaw of a half-brother of Osceola—hence a
sister-in-law. A few years ago she consented to have her picture
taken amidst a group of her great-great grandchildren. Chief
Tallahassee quickly recognized the picture and said, “Old too much—
eyes no see, blind ojus.” When questioned as to her identity, with
the suggestion that she might be Osceola’s widow, Tallahassee
showed marked disdain, “No, no, Osceola, big chief. Squaw no got
one in Florida. Old Nancy Osceola’s brother’s squaw.”
 BIL LY B OWL EGS (C HO-FEE- HAT- CHO).

Several months ago, Cho-fee-hat-cho (Billy Bowlegs), a warrior of

more than usual intelligence, made his long-promised visit to
Kissimmee.
Here, away from his natural surroundings, one could study his
Indian characteristics from an unprejudicial standpoint.
As a specimen of manhood, he is far above the average. Although
six feet, two inches tall, he is so symmetrically proportioned that one
loses sight of his height. His features are good, his hands and feet
remarkably small, his voice soft and low—a characteristic of every
Seminole.
His dress was the holiday attire of the tribe, his tunic or shirt he
had made himself, was highly decorated with bands of narrow red,—
leggins and moccasins elaborately thonged, and around his neck
about a dozen gaily colored handkerchiefs, not worn for warmth, but
because it is a Seminole fashion.
His large turban was embraced by a silver band, made from four
silver dollars beaten with the implements which can be found at an
Indian village. He wore a gold watch and chain and regulated his
timepiece by the railroad clock. Billy is a fantastic dresser, but he is a
loyal Seminole and a progressive one, too. He keeps posted on the
markets in his own particular line of business. His pockets bulge with
letters received from New York and Jacksonville buyers of skins and
otter pelts. He expects no favors, pays for what he receives and
keeps a promise, although a year may elapse before he is able to do
so. He is often a purchasing agent for members of the band, and in
his small way has a mercantile mind, buying four shawls for $1.75
that would retail at fifty cents each, he will sell out, with the
satisfactory remark, “25 cents me make ’em.”
Billy ventures beyond the confines of his Everglade home, much
oftener than any other of the tribe. To the stranger he is all
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