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ARCoSS Ilya Sergey (Ed.)
Programming
LNCS 13240
Languages
and Systems
31st European Symposium on Programming, ESOP 2022
Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences
on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2022
Munich, Germany, April 2–7, 2022
Proceedings
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 13240
Founding Editors
Gerhard Goos, Germany
Juris Hartmanis, USA
Programming
Languages
and Systems
31st European Symposium on Programming, ESOP 2022
Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences
on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2022
Munich, Germany, April 2–7, 2022
Proceedings
123
Editor
Ilya Sergey
National University of Singapore
Singapore, Singapore
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
ETAPS Foreword
Welcome to the 25th ETAPS! ETAPS 2022 took place in Munich, the beautiful capital
of Bavaria, in Germany.
ETAPS 2022 is the 25th instance of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and
Practice of Software. ETAPS is an annual federated conference established in 1998,
and consists of four conferences: ESOP, FASE, FoSSaCS, and TACAS. Each
conference has its own Program Committee (PC) and its own Steering Committee
(SC). The conferences cover various aspects of software systems, ranging from theo-
retical computer science to foundations of programming languages, analysis tools, and
formal approaches to software engineering. Organizing these conferences in a coherent,
highly synchronized conference program enables researchers to participate in an
exciting event, having the possibility to meet many colleagues working in different
directions in the field, and to easily attend talks of different conferences. On the
weekend before the main conference, numerous satellite workshops took place that
attract many researchers from all over the globe.
ETAPS 2022 received 362 submissions in total, 111 of which were accepted,
yielding an overall acceptance rate of 30.7%. I thank all the authors for their interest in
ETAPS, all the reviewers for their reviewing efforts, the PC members for their con-
tributions, and in particular the PC (co-)chairs for their hard work in running this entire
intensive process. Last but not least, my congratulations to all authors of the accepted
papers!
ETAPS 2022 featured the unifying invited speakers Alexandra Silva (University
College London, UK, and Cornell University, USA) and Tomáš Vojnar (Brno
University of Technology, Czech Republic) and the conference-specific invited
speakers Nathalie Bertrand (Inria Rennes, France) for FoSSaCS and Lenore Zuck
(University of Illinois at Chicago, USA) for TACAS. Invited tutorials were provided by
Stacey Jeffery (CWI and QuSoft, The Netherlands) on quantum computing and
Nicholas Lane (University of Cambridge and Samsung AI Lab, UK) on federated
learning.
As this event was the 25th edition of ETAPS, part of the program was a special
celebration where we looked back on the achievements of ETAPS and its constituting
conferences in the past, but we also looked into the future, and discussed the challenges
ahead for research in software science. This edition also reinstated the ETAPS men-
toring workshop for PhD students.
ETAPS 2022 took place in Munich, Germany, and was organized jointly by the
Technical University of Munich (TUM) and the LMU Munich. The former was
founded in 1868, and the latter in 1472 as the 6th oldest German university still running
today. Together, they have 100,000 enrolled students, regularly rank among the top
100 universities worldwide (with TUM’s computer-science department ranked #1 in
the European Union), and their researchers and alumni include 60 Nobel laureates.
vi ETAPS Foreword
The local organization team consisted of Jan Křetínský (general chair), Dirk Beyer
(general, financial, and workshop chair), Julia Eisentraut (organization chair), and
Alexandros Evangelidis (local proceedings chair).
ETAPS 2022 was further supported by the following associations and societies:
ETAPS e.V., EATCS (European Association for Theoretical Computer Science),
EAPLS (European Association for Programming Languages and Systems), and EASST
(European Association of Software Science and Technology).
The ETAPS Steering Committee consists of an Executive Board, and representa-
tives of the individual ETAPS conferences, as well as representatives of EATCS,
EAPLS, and EASST. The Executive Board consists of Holger Hermanns
(Saarbrücken), Marieke Huisman (Twente, chair), Jan Kofroň (Prague), Barbara König
(Duisburg), Thomas Noll (Aachen), Caterina Urban (Paris), Tarmo Uustalu (Reykjavik
and Tallinn), and Lenore Zuck (Chicago).
Other members of the Steering Committee are Patricia Bouyer (Paris), Einar Broch
Johnsen (Oslo), Dana Fisman (Be’er Sheva), Reiko Heckel (Leicester), Joost-Pieter
Katoen (Aachen and Twente), Fabrice Kordon (Paris), Jan Křetínský (Munich), Orna
Kupferman (Jerusalem), Leen Lambers (Cottbus), Tiziana Margaria (Limerick),
Andrew M. Pitts (Cambridge), Elizabeth Polgreen (Edinburgh), Grigore Roşu (Illinois),
Peter Ryan (Luxembourg), Sriram Sankaranarayanan (Boulder), Don Sannella
(Edinburgh), Lutz Schröder (Erlangen), Ilya Sergey (Singapore), Natasha Sharygina
(Lugano), Pawel Sobocinski (Tallinn), Peter Thiemann (Freiburg), Sebastián Uchitel
(London and Buenos Aires), Jan Vitek (Prague), Andrzej Wasowski (Copenhagen),
Thomas Wies (New York), Anton Wijs (Eindhoven), and Manuel Wimmer (Linz).
I’d like to take this opportunity to thank all authors, attendees, organizers of the
satellite workshops, and Springer-Verlag GmbH for their support. I hope you all
enjoyed ETAPS 2022.
Finally, a big thanks to Jan, Julia, Dirk, and their local organization team for all their
enormous efforts to make ETAPS a fantastic event.
This volume contains the papers accepted at the 31st European Symposium on
Programming (ESOP 2022), held during April 5–7, 2022, in Munich, Germany
(COVID-19 permitting). ESOP is one of the European Joint Conferences on Theory
and Practice of Software (ETAPS); it is dedicated to fundamental issues in the spec-
ification, design, analysis, and implementation of programming languages and systems.
The 21 papers in this volume were selected by the Program Committee (PC) from
64 submissions. Each submission received between three and four reviews. After
receiving the initial reviews, the authors had a chance to respond to questions and
clarify misunderstandings of the reviewers. After the author response period, the papers
were discussed electronically using the HotCRP system by the 33 Program Committee
members and 33 external reviewers. Two papers, for which the PC chair had a conflict
of interest, were kindly managed by Zena Ariola. The reviewing for ESOP 2022 was
double-anonymous, and only authors of the eventually accepted papers have been
revealed.
Following the example set by other major conferences in programming languages,
for the first time in its history, ESOP featured optional artifact evaluation. Authors
of the accepted manuscripts were invited to submit artifacts, such as code, datasets, and
mechanized proofs, that supported the conclusions of their papers. Members of the
Artifact Evaluation Committee (AEC) read the papers and explored the artifacts,
assessing their quality and checking that they supported the authors’ claims. The
authors of eleven of the accepted papers submitted artifacts, which were evaluated by
20 AEC members, with each artifact receiving four reviews. Authors of papers with
accepted artifacts were assigned official EAPLS artifact evaluation badges, indicating
that they have taken the extra time and have undergone the extra scrutiny to prepare a
useful artifact. The ESOP 2022 AEC awarded Artifacts Functional and Artifacts
(Functional and) Reusable badges. All submitted artifacts were deemed Functional, and
all but one were found to be Reusable.
My sincere thanks go to all who contributed to the success of the conference and to
its exciting program. This includes the authors who submitted papers for consideration;
the external reviewers who provided timely expert reviews sometimes on very short
notice; the AEC members and chairs who took great care of this new aspect of ESOP;
and, of course, the members of the ESOP 2022 Program Committee. I was extremely
impressed by the excellent quality of the reviews, the amount of constructive feedback
given to the authors, and the criticism delivered in a professional and friendly tone.
I am very grateful to Andreea Costea and KC Sivaramakrishnan who kindly agreed to
serve as co-chairs for the ESOP 2022 Artifact Evaluation Committee. I would like to
thank the ESOP 2021 chair Nobuko Yoshida for her advice, patience, and the many
insightful discussions on the process of running the conference. I thank all who con-
tributed to the organization of ESOP: the ESOP steering committee and its chair Peter
Thiemann, as well as the ETAPS steering committee and its chair Marieke Huisman.
viii Preface
Finally, I would like to thank Barbara König and Alexandros Evangelidis for their help
with assembling the proceedings.
Program Chair
Ilya Sergey National University of Singapore, Singapore
Program Committee
Michael D. Adams Yale-NUS College, Singapore
Danel Ahman University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Aws Albarghouthi University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
Zena M. Ariola University of Oregon, USA
Ahmed Bouajjani Université de Paris, France
Giuseppe Castagna CNRS, Université de Paris, France
Cristina David University of Bristol, UK
Mariangiola Dezani Università di Torino, Italy
Rayna Dimitrova CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security,
Germany
Jana Dunfield Queen’s University, Canada
Aquinas Hobor University College London, UK
Guilhem Jaber Université de Nantes, France
Jeehoon Kang KAIST, South Korea
Ekaterina Komendantskaya Heriot-Watt University, UK
Ori Lahav Tel Aviv University, Israel
Ivan Lanese Università di Bologna, Italy, and Inria, France
Dan Licata Wesleyan University, USA
Sam Lindley University of Edinburgh, UK
Andreas Lochbihler Digital Asset, Switzerland
Cristina Lopes University of California, Irvine, USA
P. Madhusudan University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Stefan Marr University of Kent, UK
James Noble Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Burcu Kulahcioglu Ozkan Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Andreas Pavlogiannis Aarhus University, Denmark
Vincent Rahli University of Birmingham, UK
Robert Rand University of Chicago, USA
Christine Rizkallah University of Melbourne, Australia
Alejandro Russo Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
Gagandeep Singh University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Gordon Stewart BedRock Systems, USA
Joseph Tassarotti Boston College, USA
Bernardo Toninho Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal
x Organization
Additional Reviewers
Andreas Abel Gothenburg University, Sweden
Guillaume Allais University of St Andrews, UK
Kalev Alpernas Tel Aviv University, Israel
Davide Ancona Università di Genova, Italy
Stephanie Balzer Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Giovanni Bernardi Université de Paris, France
Soham Chakraborty Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Arthur Chargueraud Inria, France
Ranald Clouston Australian National University, Australia
Fredrik Dahlqvist University College London, UK
Olivier Danvy Yale-NUS College, Singapore
Benjamin Delaware Purdue University, USA
Dominique Devriese KU Leuven, Belgium
Paul Downen University of Massachusetts, Lowell, USA
Yannick Forster Saarland University, Germany
Milad K. Ghale University of New South Wales, Australia
Kiran Gopinathan National University of Singapore, Singapore
Tristan Knoth University of California, San Diego, USA
Paul Levy University of Birmingham, UK
Umang Mathur National University of Singapore, Singapore
McKenna McCall Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Garrett Morris University of Iowa, USA
Fredrik Nordvall Forsberg University of Strathclyde, UK
José N. Oliveira University of Minho, Portugal
Alex Potanin Australian National University, Australia
Susmit Sarkar University of St Andrews, UK
Filip Sieczkowski Heriot-Watt University, UK
Kartik Singhal University of Chicago, USA
Sandro Stucki Chalmers University of Technology and University
of Gothenburg, Sweden
Amin Timany Aarhus University, Denmark
Klaus v. Gleissenthall Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Thomas Wies New York University, USA
Vladimir Zamdzhiev Inria, Loria, Université de Lorraine, France
1 Introduction
The last decade has witnessed a surge of interest in machine learning, fuelled by
the numerous successes and applications that these methodologies have found in
many fields of science and technology. As machine learning techniques become
increasingly pervasive, algorithms and models become more sophisticated, posing
a significant challenge both to the software developers and the users that need to
interface, execute and maintain these systems. In spite of this rapidly evolving
picture, the formal analysis of many learning algorithms mostly takes place at a
heuristic level [41], or using definitions that fail to provide a general and scalable
framework for describing machine learning. Indeed, it is commonly acknowledged
through academia, industry, policy makers and funding agencies that there is a
pressing need for a unifying perspective, which can make this growing body of
work more systematic, rigorous, transparent and accessible both for users and
developers [2, 36].
Consider, for example, one of the most common machine learning scenar-
ios: supervised learning with a neural network. This technique trains the model
towards a certain task, e.g. the recognition of patterns in a data set (cf. Fig-
ure 1). There are several different ways of implementing this scenario. Typically,
at their core, there is a gradient update algorithm (often called the “optimiser”),
depending on a given loss function, which updates in steps the parameters of the
network, based on some learning rate controlling the “scaling” of the update. All
c The Author(s) 2022
I. Sergey (Ed.): ESOP 2022, LNCS 13240, pp. 1–28, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99336-8_1
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hän voi erota ystävästään; ja Olivier heikkoudessaan hyväksyi nuo
kehnot syyt, aavistaen, että Christophe tahtoi uhrautua, ja kärsien
siitä tunnonvaivaa.
Christophe ei suinkaan kantanut hänelle siitä kaunaa. Hän ajatteli
vain, että syystä sanotaan naista miehen toiseksi puoleksi. Sillä
nainut mies on enää ainoastaan puolittain mies.
Christophe vastasi:
— Hyvästi.
Ja hän lähti.
— Olkaa.
Christophe virkkoi:
— Tulkaa.
— Ja te, te nainen,
— Niin.
— Mitä te siitä?
— Mitä kello on? Ah, siunatkoon! Minähän olen ollut täällä kaksi
tuntia!… Anteeksi… Mikä lepo tämä oli minulle!…
Hän lisäsi:
Christophe sanoi:
— Oh, tuo puhe ei ole parisilaista! Sen parempi! Nyt tunnen teidät
jälleen. Mutta: näyttäkää nyt jo kasvonne! Älkää itkekö peitettäni
märäksi.
— Annatteko anteeksi?
— Entä tänään?