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Solution Manual for Problem Solving
with C++ 10th Edition Savitch
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INSTRUCTOR’S RESOURCE GUIDE

SOLUTIONS TO PROGRAMMING PROJECTS
TO ACCOMPANY

PROBLEM
SOLVING
WITH
C++
Tenth Edition
Walter Savitch
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO

http://www.pearsonhighered.com/savitch/
and please visit our general computer science and engineering web site at:
http://www.pearsonhighered.com/cs/
Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording, or any
other media embodiments now known or hereafter to become known, without the prior written
permission of the publisher. Manufactured in the United States of America.

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are
claimed as trademarks. Where these designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware
of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.

The programs and the applications presented in this book have been included for their
instructional value. They have been tested with care but are not guaranteed for any particular
purpose. The publisher does not offer any warranties or representations, nor does it accept any
liabilities with respect to the programs or applications.

Pearson Education Inc.

501 Boylston St., Suite 900
Boston, MA 02116
Contents
Preface

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and C++ Programming

Chapter 2 C++ Basics

Chapter 3 More Flow of Control

Chapter 4 Procedural Abstraction and Functions that Return a Value

Chapter 5 Functions for all Subtasks

Chapter 6 I/O Streams as an Introduction to Objects and Classes

Chapter 7 Arrays

Chapter 8 Strings and Vectors

Chapter 9 Pointers and Dynamic Arrays

Chapter 10 Defining Classes

Chapter 11 Friends, Overloaded Operators, and Arrays in Classes

Chapter 12 Separate Compilation and Namespaces

Chapter 13 Pointers and Linked Lists

Chapter 14 Recursion

Chapter 15 Inheritance

Chapter 16 Exception Handling

Chapter 17 Templates

Chapter 18 Standard Template Library and C++11

Preface
This is a document that is meant to be a supplement the text for the instructor. There is a
discussion of the ideas in each chapter, teaching suggestions, and some supplementary ideas.
There are solutions to many of the programming problems. Some problems have several different
solutions that correspond to different paths through the book. The test bank contains 25 to 50 test
questions with answers for each chapter. The questions are of both short answer (multiple choice,
true false, fill in the blank) type as well as read-the-code questions and short programming
problems. I urge that explanations to the short answer questions be required of the student.
With regard to the content of this manual, it should be noted that C++ leaves many options on how
to do any problem, and any book will necessarily choose a subset to present. Our author has made
such a set of choices. I have also made what I hope is a complementary set of choices for this
Instructor's resource Manual. I am striving to produce a complementary document to the text, a
document for the instructor, but I necessarily will do some things differently. Please do not hold
the student responsible for what I have put here. The reader of this document must note that it is
necessary to read the text, as that is what the student has to work with. In spite of our efforts at
consistency of content and style, there will be some variance between some of the presentation here
and the presentation in the text.
The code has been compiled and tested with g++ (gcc 4.8.4) and Visual Studio C++ .NET 2017.
Much of the code will work on Visual Studio C++ 6.0 updated to service pack 6 but a newer
compiler is recommended that is compliant with C++11. The text uses only mainstream features of
C++, consequently, most compilers will compile the code and produce output that does not differ
significantly from the results presented here. We have attempted to supply warnings where any of
these compilers gives trouble.
 Instructor's Resource Manual
for
Savitch, Problem Solving with C++

Chapter 1

Introduction to Computers and C++ Programming

This document is intended to be a resource guide for instructors using Savitch, Problem Solving with
C++. This guide follows the text chapter by chapter. Each chapter of this guide contains the
following sections:
1. Solutions to, and remarks on, selected Programming Projects
2. Outline of topics in the chapter
3. General remarks on the chapter

Solutions and remarks on selected Programming Projects

These programming exercises are intended to help familiarize the student with the programming
environment. Solutions are very system dependent. Consequently, only two solutions are provided
for the programming projects in this chapter.

Programming Project 3. Change calculator

***********************************************************************
// Ch1 Programming Project 3.cpp
//
// This program calculates the monetary value of a number of
// quarters, dimes, and nickels.
//
***********************************************************************

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

// ====================
// main function
// ====================

int main()
{
int quarters, dimes, nickels, total;

// Input coins
cout << "Enter number of quarters." << endl;
cin >> quarters;

6
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Savitch Instructor’s Resource Guide
Problem Solving w/ C++, 10e Chapter 1

cout << "Enter number of dimes." << endl;

cin >> dimes;
cout << "Enter number of nickels." << endl;
cin >> nickels;

// Calculate and output total

total = (quarters * 25) + (dimes * 10) + (nickels * 5);
cout << "The monetary value of your coins is " << total << " cents." <<
endl;
return 0;
}

Programming Project 4. Distance in freefall

// Ch1 Programming Project 4.cpp

// This program allows the user to enter a time in seconds
// and then outputs how far an object would drop if it is
// in freefall for that length of time

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int ACCELERATION = 32;

// Declare integer variables for the time and distance. A later

// chapter will describe variables that can hold non-integer numbers.
int time, distance;

// Prompt the user to input the time

cout << "Enter the time in seconds, that the object falls: ";
cin >> time;

// Compute the distance

distance = ACCELERATION/2 * time * time;

cout << "\nThe object will fall " << distance << " feet in "
<< time << " seconds.\n";

return 0;
}

Outline of Topics in the Chapter 1

1.1 Computer Systems

1.2 Programming and Problem-Solving
1.3 Introduction to C++

7
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Savitch Instructor’s Resource Guide
Problem Solving w/ C++, 10e Chapter 1

1.4 Testing and Debugging

Suggested course outlines:

There seem to be three major approaches to teaching C++ as the first course in programming. In the
one approach, classes and objects are done very early, frequently with a library of some sort that
must be used with the text. In another, all of the ANSI C subset of C++ is covered prior to even
mentioning classes or objects. This text takes a third road that is more middle of the road. Here,
enough of the control constructs and functions are covered prior to doing classes and objects.
However, reorderings of the chapters are possible that allow any of these approaches.
Here is a "classes early" course that follows the text closely. This outline assumes no background in
computing. Topics beyond Chapter 11 may be studied as time permits.
Day days allotted
1 1 Startup business
2-3 2 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers
4-8 5 Chapter 2: C++ Basics. If the students have programming experience, the time
spent can be significantly reduced.
9-11 3 Chapter 3: Flow of control
12-14 3 Chapter 4: Procedural Abstraction
Test 1
16-18 3 Chapter 5: Functions for all subtasks
19-22 4 Chapter 6: I/O Streams
23-27 5 Chapter 7: Arrays
Test 2
29-32 4 Chapter 8: Strings and Vectors
Chapter 9: Pointers and Dynamic Arrays
33-37 5 Chapter 10: Classes
38-41 3 Chapter 11: Friends and Overloaded Operators
Test 3
5 Chapter 12 Separate compilation and namespaces
3 Chapter 13 Pointers and Linked Lists
3 Chapter 14: Recursion
3 Chapter 15: Inheritance
3 Chapter 16: Exception Handling
3 Chapter 17: Templates
2 Chapter 18: Standard Template Library and C++11

Reorderings:
The author suggests a reordering in the preface that allow almost all of ANSI C (with the tighter
C++ type-checking) to be covered before classes. Several variants on this reordering that allow
classes a bit earlier are presented in the text. The author describes interdependency of the chapters
in the preface of the text. Other reorderings are certainly possible.

8
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Savitch Instructor’s Resource Guide
Problem Solving w/ C++, 10e Chapter 1

Chapter 1:
The student should do all the programming assignments in this chapter. These teach the locally
available program development system and familiarize the student with some of the more
common compiler errors. Error messages are quite specific to the compiler being used. It is very
important that the student learn these ideas as early as possible.

Outline of topics in the chapter:

1.1 Computer Systems
1.2 Programming and Problem-Solving
1.3 Introduction to C++
1.4 Testing and Debugging

General remarks on the chapter

This chapter serves as an introduction to computers and the language of computers for those
students who have no computer experience. The terminology is very important. Many students
only want to learn how the programming language works, and seem to be unhappy when they
find that they are required to learn the terminology associated with the language. The students
who learn the terminology have less trouble by far with this course.
Students should be given an indication of the amount of work that must be done before coding
begins. There are instances where several man-years of work have gone into software before a
single line of code was written.
Emphasize the importance of the problem-solving phase of program design. This will save the
student work in the long run. It is further important to emphasize that the problem definition and
algorithm design phases may need correcting once the actual coding and testing is in process. This
is true even if the algorithm was carefully desktop tested. Emphasize that the program design
process is an 'iterative' process. You make a start, test, correct and repeat until you have a solution.
It is a fact that the sooner the coding is started (on most problems), the longer the problem will take
to finish. My students insist on learning this the hard way. The algorithm design can be given a
boost by dividing the problem definition into INPUT, PROCESS, OUTPUT phases. The algorithm
will be primarily concerned with PROCESS, but frequently just getting information into the
computer, or out of the computer in a desirable format is a significant part of the task, if not the
whole problem.
In the text, Section 1.4, subsection "Kinds of Program Errors", there is a discussion of compiler error
messages. The error message from g++ when the wrong operator << or >> is used for input or
output, is something like errormessage.cpp:8: no match for `_IO_ostream_withassign & >> int. The
point is that compiler error messages are not clear, and anything your can do to help students to
associate error messages with errors that cause them will help the student to gain some intuition in
debugging based on compiler messages.

9
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Savitch Instructor’s Resource Guide
Problem Solving w/ C++, 10e Chapter 1

Encourage students to put only one statement per line. When errors are made, as they inevitably
are, the compiler is better able to tell us which is the offending statement. The cost is little for the
convenience gained in ability to find errors. The student should take compiler warnings to heart. If
the compiler warns about something, and the student is not absolutely certain what the message is
warning about, the student should treat the warning like the error that it probably is. The bottom
line is that all warnings (in the first course, at least) should be treated as errors. Compilers vary
with respect to what is reported as an error and what is reported with a warning. The GNU project
C++ compiler, g++ is more permissive by default. Encourage your students to compile using

g++ -W -Wall --pedantic file.cpp

This provides error messages that are close to the lint C-code checker.
GNU g++ 4.7 and Visual Studio 2013 very nearly meet the C++11 Standard. With g++ you may
need to add the –std=c++11 flag to compile with C++11.
The student should be encouraged to ask the compiler questions about the C++ language, to create
examples and to actually test the questions on the computer. The compiler is the final authority on
the version of the language that the compiler accepts, regardless of the ISO Standard. An example is
Practice Program 6, where the student is asked to type in a simple program, then test the effect of
deliberately introducing common errors.

10
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they lay a thick cloth over them, upon which is put a quantity of a
small plant of the mustard kind; and these are covered with another
cloth. Upon this they seat themselves, and sweat plentifully, to
obtain a cure. The men have practised the same method for the
venereal lues, but find it ineffectual. They have no emetic medicines.
Notwithstanding the extreme fertility of the island, a famine
frequently happens, in which, it is said, many perish. Whether this
be owing to the failure of some seasons, to over population, which
must sometimes almost necessarily happen, or to wars, I have not
been able to determine; though the truth of the fact may be fairly
inferred, from the great economy that they observe with respect to
their food, even when there is plenty. In times of scarcity, after their
bread-fruit and yams are consumed, they have recourse to various
roots which grow without cultivation upon the mountains. The
patarra, which is found in vast quantities, is what they use first. It is
not unlike a very large potatoe or yam, and good when in its
growing state; but, when old, is full of hard stringy fibres. They then
eat two other roots; one not unlike taro; and lastly, the ehoee. This
is of two sorts; one of them possessing deleterious qualities, which
obliges them to slice and macerate it in water a night before they
bake and eat it. In this respect, it resembles the cassava root of the
West Indies; but it forms a very insipid, moist paste, in the manner
they dress it. However, I have seen them eat it at times, when no
such scarcity reigned. Both this and the patarra are creeping plants;
the last, with ternate leaves.
Of animal food, a very small portion falls, at any time, to the share
of the lower class of people; and then it is either fish, sea eggs, or
other marine productions; for they seldom or ever eat pork. The
Eree de hoi[17] alone is able to furnish pork every day; and inferior
chiefs, according to their riches, once a week, fortnight, or month.
Sometimes they are not even allowed that; for, when the island is
impoverished by war, or other causes, the chief prohibits his subjects
to kill any hogs; and this prohibition, we were told, is in force
sometimes for several months, or even for a year or two. During that
restraint, the hogs multiply so fast, that there are instances of their
changing their domestic state, and turning wild. When it is thought
proper to take off the prohibition, all the chiefs assemble at the
king’s place of abode; and each brings with him a present of hogs.
The king then orders some of them to be killed, on which they feast;
and, after that, every one returns home with liberty to kill what he
pleases for his own use. Such a prohibition was actually in force, on
our arrival here; at least, in all those districts of the island that are
immediately under the direction of Otoo. And, lest it should have
prevented our going to Matavai after leaving Oheitepeha, he sent a
message to assure us, that it should be taken off as soon as the
ships arrived there. With respect to us, we found it so; but we made
such a consumption of them, that, I have no doubt, it would be laid
on again as soon as we sailed. A similar prohibition is also,
sometimes extended to fowls.
It is also amongst the better sort that the ava is chiefly used. But
this beverage is prepared somewhat differently from that which we
saw so much of at the Friendly Islands. For they pour a very small
quantity of water upon the root here; and sometimes roast or bake,
and bruise the stalks, without chewing it previously to its infusion.
They also use the leaves of the plant here, which are bruised, and
water poured upon them, as upon the root. Large companies do not
assemble to drink it, in that sociable way which is practised at
Tongataboo. But its pernicious effects are more obvious here;
perhaps owing to the manner of preparing it; as we often saw
instances of its intoxicating, or rather stupifying powers. Some of us,
who had been at these islands before, were surprised to find many
people, who, when we saw them last, were remarkable for their size
and corpulency, now almost reduced to skeletons; and, upon
inquiring into the cause of this alteration, it was universally allowed
to be the use of the ava. The skins of these people were rough, dry,
and covered with scales; which, they say, every now and then fall
off, and their skin is, as it were, renewed. As an excuse for a practice
so destructive, they allege that it is adopted to prevent their growing
too fat; but it evidently enervates them; and in all probability
shortens their days. As its effects had not been so visible during our
former visits, it is not unlikely that this article of luxury had never
been so much abused as at this time. If it continues to be so
fashionable, it bids fair to destroy great numbers.
The times of eating, at Otaheite, are very frequent. Their first
meal, or (as it may rather be called) their last, as they go to sleep
after it, is about two o’clock in the morning; and the next is at eight.
At eleven, they dine, and again, as Omai expressed it, at two, and at
five; and sup at eight. In this article of domestic life, they have
adopted some customs which are exceedingly whimsical. The
women, for instance, have not only the mortification of being obliged
to eat by themselves, and in a different part of the house from the
men; but, by a strange kind of policy, are excluded from a share of
most of the better sorts of food. They dare not taste turtle, nor fish
of the tunny kind, which is much esteemed; nor some particular
sorts of the best plantains; and it is very seldom that even those of
the first rank are suffered to eat pork. The children of each sex also
eat apart; and the women, generally, serve up their own victuals; for
they would certainly starve, before any grown man would do them
such an office. In this, as well as in some other customs relative to
their eating, there is a mysterious conduct which we could never
thoroughly comprehend. When we enquired into the reasons of it,
we could get no other answer, but that it is right and necessary it
should be so.
In other customs respecting the females, there seems to be no
such obscurity; especially as to their connections with the men. If a
young man and woman, from mutual choice, cohabit, the man gives
the father of the girl such things as are necessary in common life; as
hogs, cloth, or canoes, in proportion to the time they are together;
and if he thinks that he has not been sufficiently paid for his
daughter, he makes no scruple of forcing her to leave her friend, and
to cohabit with another person, who may be more liberal. The man,
on his part, is always at liberty to make a new choice; but, should
his consort become pregnant, he may kill the child; and, after that,
either continue his connection with the mother, or leave her. But if
he should adopt the child, and suffer it to live, the parties are then
considered as in the married state, and they commonly live together
ever after. However, it is thought no crime in the man to join a more
youthful partner to his first wife, and to live with both. The custom
of changing their connections is, however, much more general than
this last; and it is a thing so common, that they speak of it with
great indifference. The Erreoes are only those of the better sort,
who, from their fickleness, and their possessing the means of
purchasing a succession of fresh connections, are constantly
roaming about; and, from having no particular attachment, seldom
adopt the more settled method mentioned above. And so agreeable
is this licentious plan of life to their disposition, that the most
beautiful of both sexes thus commonly spend their youthful days,
habituated to the practice of enormities which would disgrace the
most savage tribes; but are peculiarly shocking amongst a people
whose general character, in other respects, has evident traces of the
prevalence of humane and tender feelings.[18] When an Erreoe
woman is delivered of a child, a piece of cloth, dipped in water, is
applied to the mouth and nose, which suffocates it.
As in such a life, their women must contribute a very large share
of its happiness, it is rather surprising, besides the humiliating
restraints they are laid under with regard to food, to find them often
treated with a degree of harshness, or rather brutality, which one
would scarcely suppose a man would bestow on an object for whom
he had the least affection. Nothing, however, is more common, than
to see the men beat them without mercy; and, unless this treatment
is the effect of jealousy, which both sexes at least pretend to be
sometimes infected with, it will be difficult to admit this as the
motive, as I have seen several instances where the women have
preferred personal beauty to interest; though I must own, that, even
in these cases, they seem scarcely susceptible of those delicate
sentiments that are the result of mutual affection; and, I believe,
that there is less Platonic love in Otaheite than in any other country.
Cutting or inciding the fore-skin should be mentioned here as a
practice adopted amongst them, from a notion of cleanliness; and
they have a reproachful epithet in their language for those who do
not observe that custom. When there are five or six lads, pretty well
grown up in a neighbourhood, the father of one of them goes to a
Tahoua, or man of knowledge, and lets him know. He goes with the
lads to the top of the hills, attended by a servant; and seating one of
them properly, introduces a piece of wood underneath the foreskin,
and desires him to look aside at something he pretends is coming.
Having thus engaged the young man’s attention to another object,
he cuts through the skin upon the wood with a shark’s tooth,
generally at one stroke. He then separates, or rather turns back the
divided parts; and, having put on a bandage, proceeds to perform
the same operation on the other lads. At the end of five days they
bathe, and the bandages being taken off, the matter is cleaned
away. At the end of five days more, they bathe again, and are well;
but a thickness of the prepuce where it was cut, remaining, they go
again to the mountains with the Tahoua and servant; and a fire
being prepared, and some stones heated, the Tahoua puts the
prepuce between two of them, and squeezes it gently, which
removes the thickness. They return home, having their heads and
other parts of their bodies adorned with odoriferous flowers; and the
Tahoua is rewarded for his services by their fathers, in proportion to
their several abilities, with presents of hogs and cloth; and if they be
poor, their relations are liberal on the occasion.
Their religious system is extensive, and, in many instances,
singular; but few of the common people have a perfect knowledge
of it; that being confined chiefly to their priests, who are pretty
numerous. They do not seem to pay any respect to one God, as
possessing pre-eminence, but believe in a plurality of divinities, who
are all very powerful; and in this case, as different parts of the
island, and the other islands in the neighbourhood, have different
ones, the inhabitants of each, no doubt, think that they have chosen
the most eminent, or, at least, one who is invested with power
sufficient to protect them, and to supply all their wants. If he should
not answer their expectations, they think it no impiety to change; as
has very lately happened in Tiaraboo, where, in the room of the two
divinities formerly honoured there, Oraa[19], god of Bolabola, has
been adopted, I should suppose, because he is the protector of a
people who have been victorious in war; and as, since they have
made this change, they have been very successful themselves
against the inhabitants of Otaheite-nooe, they impute it entirely to
Oraa, who, as they literally say, fights their battles.
Their assiduity in serving their gods is remarkably conspicuous.
Not only the whattas, or offering places of the morais, are commonly
loaded with fruit and animals, but there are few houses where you
do not meet with a small place of the same sort near them. Many of
them are so rigidly scrupulous, that they will not begin a meal
without first laying aside a morsel for the Eatooa; and we had an
opportunity, during this voyage, of seeing their superstitious zeal
carried to a most pernicious height in the instance of human
sacrifices; the occasions of offering which, I doubt, are too frequent.
Perhaps they have recourse to them when misfortunes occur; for
they asked, if one of our men, who happened to be confined when
we were detained by a contrary wind, was taboo? Their prayers are
also very frequent, which they chant, much after the manner of the
songs in their festive entertainments. And the women, as in other
cases, are also obliged to show their inferiority in religious
observances; for it is required of them, that they should partly
uncover themselves, as they pass the morais; or take a considerable
circuit to avoid them. Though they have no notion, that their god
must always be conferring benefits without sometimes forgetting
them, or suffering evil to befall them, they seem to regard this less
than the attempts of some more inauspicious being to hurt them.
They tell us, that Etee is an evil spirit, who sometimes does them
mischief; and to whom, as well as to their god, they make offerings.
But the mischiefs they apprehend from any superior invincible
beings, are confined to things merely temporal.
They believe the soul to be both immaterial and immortal. They
say that it keeps fluttering about the lips during the pangs of death;
and that then it ascends, and mixes with, or, as they express it, is
eaten by the deity. In this state it remains for some time; after
which, it departs to a certain place destined for the reception of the
souls of men, where it exists in eternal night; or, as they sometimes
say, in twilight, or dawn. They have no idea of any permanent
punishment after death for crimes that they have committed on
earth; for the souls of good and bad men are eat indiscriminately by
God. But they certainly consider this coalition with the deity as a
kind of purification necessary to be undergone, before they enter a
state of bliss. For, according to their doctrine, if a man refrain from
all connection with women some months before death, he passes
immediately into his eternal mansion without such a previous union;
as if already, by this abstinence, he were pure enough to be
exempted from the general lot.
They are, however, far from entertaining those sublime
conceptions of happiness which our religion, and, indeed, reason,
gives us room to expect hereafter. The only great privilege they
seem to think they shall acquire by death, is immortality; for they
speak of spirits being, in some measure, not totally divested of those
passions which actuated them when combined with material
vehicles. Thus, if souls who were formerly enemies, should meet,
they have many conflicts; though, it should seem, to no purpose, as
they are accounted invulnerable in this invisible state. There is a
similar reasoning with regard to the meeting of man and wife. If the
husband dies first, the soul of his wife is known to him on its arrival
in the land of spirits. They resume their former acquaintance in a
spacious house, called Tourooa, where the souls of the deceased
assemble to recreate themselves with the gods. She then retires
with him to his separate habitation, where they remain for ever, and
have an offspring; which, however, is entirely spiritual; as they are
neither married, nor are their embraces supposed to be the same as
with corporeal beings.
Some of their notions about the deity are extravagantly absurd.
They believe, that he is subject to the power of those very spirits to
whom he has given existence; and that, in their turn, they frequently
eat or devour him, though he possess the power of recreating
himself. They doubtless use this mode of expression, as they seem
incapable of conversing about immaterial things without constantly
referring to material objects to convey their meaning. And in this
manner they continue the account, by saying, that, in the Tourooa,
the deity inquires, if they intend, or not, to destroy him? And that he
is not able to alter their determination. This is known to the
inhabitants on earth, as well as to the spirits; for when the moon is
in its wane, it is said, that they are then devouring their Eatooa; and
that, as it increases, he is renewing himself. And to this accident, not
only the inferior, but the most eminent gods are liable. They also
believe, that there are other places for the reception of souls at
death. Thus, those who are drowned in the sea, remain there;
where they think that there is a fine country, houses, and every
thing that can make them happy. But what is more singular, they
maintain, that not only all other animals, but trees, fruit, and even
stones, have souls, which at death, or upon being consumed or
broken, ascend to the divinity, with whom they first mix, and
afterward pass into the mansion allotted to each.
They imagine that their punctual performance of religious offices
procures for them every temporal blessing. And as they believe, that
the animating and powerful influence of the divine spirit is every
where diffused, it is no wonder that they join to this many
superstitious opinions about its operations. Accordingly, they believe
that sudden deaths, and all other accidents, are effected by the
immediate action of some divinity. If a man only stumble against a
stone, and hurt his toe, they impute it to an Eatooa; so that they
may be literally said, agreeable to their system, to tread enchanted
ground. They are startled, in the night, on approaching a toopapaoo,
where the dead are exposed, in the same manner that many of our
ignorant and superstitious people are with the apprehensions of
ghosts, and at the sight of a church-yard; and they have an equal
confidence in dreams, which they suppose to be communications
either from their god, or from the spirits of their departed friends,
enabling those favoured with them to foretel future events; but this
kind of knowledge is confined to particular people. Omai pretended
to have this gift. He told us, that the soul of his father had intimated
to him in a dream, on the 26th of July, 1776, that he should go on
shore, at some place, within three days; but he was unfortunate in
this first attempt to persuade us that he was a prophet; for it was
the 1st of August before we got into Teneriffe. Amongst them,
however, the dreamers possess a reputation little inferior to that of
their inspired priests and priestesses, whose predictions they
implicitly believe, and are determined by them in all undertakings of
consequence. The priestess who persuaded Opoony to invade
Ulietea, is much respected by him; and he never goes to war without
consulting her. They also, in some degree, maintain our old doctrine
of planetary influence; at least, they are sometimes regulated, in
their public counsels, by certain appearances of the moon;
particularly when lying horizontally, or much inclined on the convex
part, on its first appearance after the change, they are encouraged
to engage in war, with confidence of success.
They have traditions concerning the creation, which, as might be
expected, are complex, and clouded with obscurity. They say, that a
goddess, having a lump or mass of earth suspended in a cord, gave
it a swing, and scattered about pieces of land, thus constituting
Otaheite, and the neighbouring islands, which were all peopled by a
man and a woman originally fixed at Otaheite. This, however, only
respects their own immediate creation; for they have notions of an
universal one before this; and of lands, of which they have now no
other knowledge than what is mentioned in the tradition. Their most
remote account reaches to Tatooma and Tapuppa, male and female
stones or rocks, who support the congeries of land and water, or our
globe underneath. These produced Totorro, who was killed, and
divided into land; and, after him, Otaia and Oroo were begotten,
who were afterward married, and produced, first land, and then a
race of gods. Otai is killed, and Oroo marries a god, her son, called
Teorraha, whom she orders to create more land, the animals, and all
sorts of food upon the earth; as also the sky, which is supported by
men called Teeferei. The spots observed in the moon, are supposed
to be groves of a sort of trees which once grew in Otaheite, and
being destroyed by some accident, their seeds were carried up
thither by doves, where they now flourish.
 They have also many legends, both religious and historical; one of
which latter, relative to the practice of eating human flesh, I shall
give the substance of, as a specimen of their method. A long time
since, there lived in Otaheite two men called Taheeai; the only name
they yet have for cannibals. None knew from whence they came, or
in what manner they arrived at the island. Their habitation was in
the mountains, from whence they used to issue, and kill many of the
natives, whom they afterwards devoured, and by that means
prevented the progress of population. Two brothers, determined to
rid their country of such a formidable enemy, used a stratagem for
their destruction with success. These still lived farther upward than
the Taheeai, and in such a situation, that they could speak with
them without greatly hazarding their own safety. They invited them
to accept of an entertainment that should be provided for them, to
which these readily consented. The brothers then taking some
stones, heated them in a fire, and thrusting them into pieces of
mahee, desired one of the Taheeai to open his mouth. On which,
one of these pieces was dropped in, and some water poured down,
which made a boiling or hissing noise in quenching the stone, and
killed him. They intreated the other to do the same; but he declined
it, representing the consequences of his companion’s eating.
However, they assured him that the food was excellent, and its
effects only temporary; for that the other would soon recover. His
credulity was such, that he swallowed the bait, and shared the fate
of the first. The natives then cut them in pieces, which they buried;
and conferred the government of the island on the brothers, as a
reward for delivering them from such monsters. Their residence was
in the district called Whapaeenoo; and, to this day, there remains a
bread-fruit tree, once the property of the Taheeais. They had also a
woman, who lived with them, and had two teeth of a prodigious
size. After they were killed, she lived at the island Otaha, and, when
dead, was ranked amongst their deities. She did not eat human
flesh, as the men; but, from the size of her teeth, the natives still
call any animal that has a fierce appearance, or is represented with
large tusks, Taheeai.
 Every one must allow, that this story is just as natural as that of
Hercules destroying the Hydra, or the more modern one of Jack the
giant-killer. But I do not find, that there is any moral couched under
it, any more than under most old fables of the same kind, which
have been received as truths only during the prevalence of the same
ignorance that marked the character of the ages in which they were
invented. It, however, has not been improperly introduced, as
serving to express the horror and detestation entertained here
against those who feed upon human flesh. And yet, from some
circumstances, I have been led to think, that the natives of these
isles were formerly cannibals. Upon asking Omai, he denied it
stoutly; yet mentioned a fact, within his own knowledge, which
almost confirms such an opinion. When the people of Bolabola, one
time, defeated those of Huaheine, a great number of his kinsmen
were slain. But one of his relations had, afterward, an opportunity of
revenging himself, when the Bolabola men were worsted in their
turn, and cutting a piece out of the thigh of one of his enemies, he
broiled and eat it. I have also frequently considered the offering of
the person’s eye who is sacrificed, to the chief, as a vestige of a
custom which once really existed to a greater extent, and is still
commemorated by this emblematical ceremony.
The being invested with the maro, and the presiding at human
sacrifices, seem to be the peculiar characteristics of the sovereign.
To these, perhaps, may be added, the blowing a conch-shell, which
produces a very loud sound. On hearing it, all his subjects are
obliged to bring food of every sort to his royal residence in
proportion to their abilities. On some other occasions, they carry
their veneration for his very name to an extravagant and very
destructive pitch. For if, on his accession to the maro, any words in
their language be found to have a resemblance to it in sound, they
are changed for others; and if any man be bold enough not to
comply, and continue to use those words, not only he, but all his
relations, are immediately put to death. The same severity is
exercised toward those who shall presume to apply this sacred name
to any animal. And, agreeably to this custom of his countrymen,
Omai used to express his indignation, that the English should give
the names of prince or princess to their favourite horses or dogs. But
while death is the punishment for making free with the name of their
sovereign, if abuse be only levelled at his government, the offender
escapes with the forfeiture of land and houses.
The king never enters the house of any of his subjects; but has, in
every district, where he visits, houses belonging to himself. And if, at
any time, he should be obliged by accident to deviate from this rule,
the house thus honoured with his presence, and every part of its
furniture, is burnt. His subjects not only uncover to him, when
present, down to the waist; but if he be at any particular place, a
pole, having a piece of cloth tied to it, is set up somewhere near, to
which they pay the same honours. His brothers are also intitled to
the first part of the ceremony; but the women only uncover to the
females of the royal family. In short, they seem even superstitious in
their respect to him, and esteem his person little less than sacred.
And it is, perhaps, to these circumstances, that he owes the quiet
possession of his dominions. For even the people of Tiaraboo allow
him the same honours as his right; though, at the time, they look
upon their own chief as more powerful; and say, that he would
succeed to the government of the whole island, should the present
reigning family become extinct. This is the more likely, as
Waheiadooa not only possesses Tiaraboo, but many districts of
Opooreanoo. His territories, therefore, are almost equal in extent to
those of Otoo; and he has besides the advantage of a more
populous and fertile part of the island. His subjects, also, have given
proofs of their superiority, by frequent victories over those of
Otaheite-nooe, whom they affect to speak of as contemptible
warriors, easily to be worsted, if, at any time, their chief should wish
to put it to the test.
The ranks of people, besides the Eree de hoi, and his family, are
the Erees, or powerful chiefs; the Manahoone, or vassals; and the
Teou, or Toutou, servants, or rather slaves. The men of each of
these, according to the regular institution, form their connections
with women of their respective ranks; but if with any inferior one,
which frequently happens, and a child be born, it is preserved, and
has the rank of the father, unless he happens to be an Eree, in which
case it is killed. If a woman of condition should choose an inferior
person to officiate as a husband, the children he has by her are
killed. And if a Teou be caught in an intrigue with a woman of the
blood royal, he is put to death. The son of the Eree de hoi succeeds
his father in title and honours as soon as he is born; but if he should
have no children, the brother assumes the government at his death.
In other families, possessions always descend to the eldest son; but
he is obliged to maintain his brothers and sisters, who are allowed
houses on his estates.
The boundaries of the several districts into which Otaheite is
divided, are, generally, either rivulets, or low hills, which, in many
places, jut out into the sea. But the subdivisions into particular
property are marked by large stones, which have remained from one
generation to another. The removal of any of these gives rise to
quarrels, which are decided by arms; each party bringing his friends
into the field. But if any one complain to the Eree de hoi, he
terminates the difference amicably. This is an offence, however, not
common; and long custom seems to secure property here as
effectually as the most severe laws do in other countries. In
conformity also to ancient practice established amongst them,
crimes of a less general nature are left to be punished by the
sufferer, without referring them to a superior. In this case, they seem
to think that the injured person will judge as equitably as those who
are totally unconcerned; and as long custom has allotted certain
punishments for crimes of different sorts, he is allowed to inflict
them, without being amenable to any other person. Thus, if any one
be caught stealing, which is commonly done in the night, the
proprietor of the goods may put the thief instantly to death; and if
any one should enquire of him after the deceased, it is sufficient to
acquit him, if he only inform them of the provocation he had to kill
him. But so severe a punishment is seldom inflicted, unless the
articles that are stolen be reckoned very valuable; such as breast-
plates and plaited hair. If only cloth, or even hogs be stolen, and the
thief escape, upon his being afterward discovered, if he promise to
return the same number of pieces of cloth, or of hogs, no farther
punishment is inflicted. Sometimes, after keeping out of the way for
a few days, he is forgiven, or, at most, gets a slight beating. If a
person kill another in a quarrel, the friends of the deceased
assemble, and engage the survivor and his adherents. If they
conquer, they take possession of the house, lands, and goods of the
other party; but if conquered, the reverse takes place. If a
Manahoone kill the Toutou, or slave of a chief, the latter sends
people to take possession of the lands and house of the former, who
flies either to some other part of the island, or to some of the
neighbouring islands. After some months he returns, and finding his
stock of hogs much increased, he offers a large present of those,
with some red feathers, and other valuable articles, to the Toutou’s
master, who generally accepts the compensation, and permits him to
repossess his house and lands. This practice is the height of venality
and injustice; and the slayer of the slave seems to be under no
farther necessity of absconding, than to impose upon the lower class
of people who are the sufferers. For it does not appear, that the
chief has the least power to punish this Manahoone; but the whole
management marks a collusion between him and his superior, to
gratify the revenge of the former, and the avarice of the latter.
Indeed, we need not wonder that the killing of a man should be
considered as so venial an offence, amongst a people who do not
consider it as any crime at all, to murder their own children. When
talking to them about such instances of unnatural cruelty, and
asking, whether the chiefs, or principal people were not angry, and
did not punish them? I was told, that the chief neither could nor
would interfere in such cases; and that every one had a right to do
with his own child what he pleased.
Though the productions, the people, and the customs and
manners of all the islands in the neighbourhood, may, in general, be
reckoned the same as at Otaheite, there are a few differences which
should be mentioned, as this may lead to an enquiry about more
material ones hereafter, if such there be, of which we are now
ignorant.
With regard to the little island Mataia, or Osnaburgh Island, which
lies twenty leagues east of Otaheite, and belongs to a chief of that
place, who gets from thence a kind of tribute, a different dialect
from that of Otaheite is there spoken. The men of Mataia also wear
their hair very long, and when they fight, cover their arms with a
substance which is beset with sharks’ teeth, and their bodies with a
sort of shagreen, being skin of fishes. At the same time, they are
ornamented with polished pearl shells, which make a prodigious
glittering in the sun; and they have a very large one that covers
them before like a shield or breast-plate.
The language of Otaheite has many words, and even phrases,
quite unlike those of the islands to the westward of it, which all
agree; and it is remarkable for producing great quantities of that
delicious fruit we called apples, which are found in none of the
others, except Eimeo. It has also the advantage of producing an
odoriferous wood, called eahoi, which is highly valued at the other
isles where there is none; nor even in the south-east peninsula, or
Tiarraboo, though joining it. And at Mourooa there is a particular
bird found upon the hills, much esteemed for its white feathers; at
which place there is also said to be some of the apples, though it be
the most remote of the Society Islands from Otaheite and Eimeo,
where they are produced.
Though the religion of all the islands be the same, each of them
has its particular or tutelar God; whose names, according to the best
information I could receive, are set down in the following list:
Gods of the Isles.
Huaheine, Tanne.
Ulietea, Oroo.
Otaha, Tanne.
Bolabola, Oraa.
Mourooa, Otoo, ee weiahoo.
Toobaee, Tamouee.
 Tabooymanoo, or
Saunders’s Island, which is Taroa.
subject to Huaheine,
Eimeo, Oroo hadoo.
Otaheite
Ooroo.
nooe,
whom they
Otaheite, have lately
Opoonoa, and
Tiaraboo changed for
Whatooteeree
Oraa, god of
Bolabola.
Mataia, or Osnaburgh
Tooboo, toobooai, Ry maraiva.
Island,
The low isles, Eastward, Tammaree.
Besides the cluster of high islands from Mataia to Mourooa
inclusive, the people of Otaheite are acquainted with a low
uninhabited island, which they name Mopeeha, and seems to be
Howe’s Island, laid down to the westward of Mourooa in our late
charts of this ocean. To this the inhabitants of the most leeward
islands sometimes go. There are also several low islands, to the
north-eastward of Otaheite, which they have sometimes visited, but
not constantly; and are said to be only at the distance two days’ sail
with a fair wind. They were thus named to me:
Mataeeva,
Oanaa, called Oanna in Dalrymple’s Letter to Hawkesworth.
Taboohoe,
Awehee,
Kaoora,
Orootooa,
Otavaoo, where are large pearls.
The inhabitants of these isles come more frequently to Otaheite,
and the other neighbouring high islands, from whose natives they
differ in being of a darker colour, with a fiercer aspect, and
differently punctured. I was informed, that at Mataeeva and others
of them, it is a custom for the men to give their daughters to
strangers who arrive amongst them; but the pairs must be five
nights lying near each other, without presuming to proceed farther.
On the sixth evening, the father of the young woman treats his
guest with food, and informs his daughter that she must that night
receive him as her husband. The stranger, however, must not offer
to express the least dislike, though the bed-fellow allotted to him
should be ever so disagreeable; for this is considered as an
unpardonable affront, and is punished with death. Forty men of
Bolabola, who, incited by curiosity, had roamed as far as Mataeeva in
a canoe, were treated in this manner; one of them having
incautiously mentioned his dislike of the woman who fell to his lot, in
the hearing of a boy who informed her father. In consequence of
this, the Mataeevans fell upon them; but these warlike people killed
three times their own number; though with the loss of all their party
except five. These hid themselves in the woods, and took an
opportunity, when the others were burying their dead, to enter some
houses, where, having provided themselves with victuals and water,
they carried them on board a canoe, in which they made their
escape; and after passing Mataia, at which they would not touch, at
last arrived safe at Eimeo. The Bolabolans, however, were sensible
enough that their travellers had been to blame; for a canoe from
Mataeeva, arriving some time after at Bolabola, so far were they
from retaliating upon them for the death of their countrymen, that
they acknowledged they had deserved their fate, and treated their
visitors kindly.
These low isles are, doubtless, the farthest navigation, which
those of Otaheite and the Society Islands perform at present. It
seems to be a groundless supposition, made by Mons. de
Bougainville, that they made voyages of the prodigious extent[20] he
mentions; for I found, that it is reckoned a sort of prodigy, that a
canoe once driven by a storm from Otaheite, should have fallen in
with Mopeeha, or Howe’s Island, though so near, and directly to
leeward. The knowledge they have of other distant islands is no
doubt traditional, and has been communicated to them by the
natives of those islands, driven accidentally upon their coasts, who
besides giving them the names, could easily inform them of the
direction in which the places lie from whence they came, and of the
number of days they had been upon the sea. In this manner, it may
be supposed, that the natives of Wateeoo have increased their
catalogue by the addition of Otaheite and its neighbouring isles,
from the people we met with there, and also of the other islands
these had heard of. We may thus account for that extensive
knowledge attributed by the gentlemen of the Endeavour[21] to Tupia
in such matters. And with all due deference to his veracity, I
presume that it was by the same means of information, that he was
able to direct the ship to Oheteroa, without having ever been there
himself, as he pretended; which, on many accounts, is very
improbable.
 CHAP. X.

PROGRESS OF THE VOYAGE, AFTER LEAVING THE SOCIETY

ISLANDS.—CHRISTMAS ISLAND DISCOVERED, AND STATION OF
THE SHIPS THERE.—BOATS SENT ASHORE.—GREAT SUCCESS IN
CATCHING TURTLE.—AN ECLIPSE OF THE SUN OBSERVED.—
DISTRESS OF TWO SEAMEN, WHO HAD LOST THEIR WAY.—
INSCRIPTION LEFT IN A BOTTLE.—ACCOUNT OF THE ISLAND.—
ITS SOIL.—TREES AND PLANTS.—BIRDS.—ITS SIZE.--FORM.--
SITUATION.--ANCHORING-GROUND.

A fter leaving Bolabola, I steered to the northward, close hawled,

with the wind between N. E. and E., hardly ever having it to the
southward of E., till after we had crossed the line, and had got into
north latitudes. So that our course, made good, was always to the
W. of N., and sometimes no better than N. W.
Though seventeen months had now elapsed since our departure
from England, during which we had not, upon the whole, been
unprofitably employed, I was sensible that, with regard to the
principal object of my instructions, our voyage was at this time only
beginning; and, therefore, my attention to every circumstance that
might contribute toward our safety and our ultimate success, was
now to be called forth anew. With this view I had examined into the
state of our provisions at the last islands; and as soon as I had left
them and got beyond the extent of my former discoveries, I ordered
a survey to be taken of all the boatswain’s and carpenter’s stores
that were in the ships, that I might be fully informed of the quantity,
state, and condition of every article; and, by that means, know how
to use them to the greatest advantage.
Before I sailed from the Society Islands, I lost no opportunity of
inquiring of the inhabitants, if there were any islands in a N. or a
N. W. direction from them; but I did not find that they knew of any.
Nor did we meet with any thing that indicated the vicinity of land, till
we came to about the latitude of 8° S., where we began to see
birds, such as boobies, tropic, and men-of-war birds, tern, and some
other sorts. At this time, our longitude was 205° E. Mendana, in his
first voyage in 1568[22], discovered an island which he named Isla de
Jesus, in latitude 6° 45ʹ S., and 1450 leagues from Callao, which is
200° E. longitude from Greenwich. We crossed this latitude nearly a
hundred leagues to the eastward of this longitude, and saw there
many of the above-mentioned birds; which are seldom known to go
very far from land.
In the night, between the 22d and 23d, we crossed the line in the
longitude of 203° 15ʹ E. Here the variation of the compass was 6°
30ʹ E. nearly.
On the 24th, about half an hour after day-break, land was
discovered bearing N. E. by E. 1⁄2 E. Upon a nearer approach, it was
found to be one of those low islands so common in this ocean; that
is, a narrow bank of land inclosing the sea within. A few cocoa-nut
trees were seen in two or three places; but in general the land had a
very barren appearance. At noon, it extended from N. E. by E. to S.
by E. 1⁄2 E., about four miles distant. The wind was at E. S. E.; so
that we were under a necessity of making a few boards to get up to
the lee or west side, where we found from forty to twenty and
fourteen fathoms water, over a bottom of fine sand; the least depth
about half a mile from the breakers, and the greatest about one
mile. The meeting with soundings determined me to anchor, with a
view to try to get some turtle; for the island seemed to be a likely
place to meet with them, and to be without inhabitants. Accordingly,
we dropped anchor in thirty fathoms; and then a boat was
dispatched to examine whether it was practicable to land, of which I
had some doubt, as the sea broke in a dreadful surf all along the
shore. When the boat returned, the officer whom I had intrusted
with this examination, reported to me that he could see no place
where a boat could land; but that there was great abundance of fish
in the shoal water, without the breakers.
At day-break the next morning I sent two boats, one from each
ship, to search more accurately for a landing-place; and, at the same
time, two others to fish at a grappling near the shore. These last
returned about eight o’clock with upward of two hundred weight of
fish. Encouraged by this success, they were dispatched again after
breakfast, and I then went in another boat, to take a view of the
coast and attempt landing; but this I found to be wholly
impracticable. Toward noon, the two boats sent on the same search
returned. The master, who was in that belonging to the Resolution,
reported to me, that about a league and a half to the north, was a
break in the land, and a channel into the lagoon, consequently, that
there was a fit place for landing; and that he had found the same
soundings off this entrance as we had where we now lay. In
consequence of this report the ships weighed anchor, and after two
or three trips came to again in twenty fathoms water, over a bottom
of fine dark sand, before a small island that lies at the entrance of
the lagoon; and on each side of which there is a channel leading into
it; but only fit for boats. The water in the lagoon itself is all very
shallow.
On the 26th, in the morning, I ordered Captain Clerke to send a
boat with an officer to the S. E. part of the lagoon, to look for turtle;
and Mr. King and I went each in a boat to the N. E. part. I intended
to have gone to the most easterly extremity; but the wind blew too
fresh to allow it, and obliged us to land more to leeward, on a sandy
flat, where we caught one turtle, the only one that we saw in the
lagoon. We walked, or rather waded, through the water, to an
island; where finding nothing but a few birds, I left it, and
proceeded to the land that bounds the sea to the N. W., leaving Mr.
King to observe the sun’s meridian altitude. I found this land to be
even more barren than the island I had been upon; but walking over
to the sea-coast, I saw five turtles close to the shore. One of these
we caught, and the rest made their escape. Not seeing any more, I
returned on board, as did Mr. King soon after, without having seen
one turtle. We, however, did not despair of getting a supply, for
some of Captain Clerke’s officers who had been ashore on the land
to the southward of the channel leading into the lagoon, had been
more fortunate, and caught several there.
In the morning of the 27th, the pinnace and cutter under the
command of Mr. King, were sent to the S. E. part of the island,
within the lagoon, and the small cutter to the northward where I had
been the day before; both parties being ordered upon the same
service, to catch turtle. Captain Clerke having had some of his
people on shore all night, they had been so fortunate as to turn
between forty and fifty on the sand, which were brought on board
with all expedition this day. And in the afternoon, the party I had
sent northward returned with six. They were sent back again and
remained there till we left the island, having in general pretty good
success.
On the 28th, I landed in company with Mr. Bayly, on the island
which lies between the two channels into the lagoon, to prepare the
telescopes for observing the approaching eclipse of the sun; which
was one great inducement to my anchoring here. About noon, Mr.
King returned with one boat and eight turtles, leaving seven behind
to be brought by the other boat, whose people were employed in
catching more; and, in the evening, the same boat was sent with
water and provisions for them. Mr. Williamson now went to
superintend this duty in the room of Mr. King, who remained on
board, to attend the observation of the eclipse.
The next day, Mr. Williamson dispatched the two boats back to the
ship, laden with turtle. At the same time, he sent me a message,
desiring that the boats might be ordered round by sea, as he had
found a landing-place on the S. E. side of the island, where most of
the turtle were caught; so that, by sending the boats thither, the
trouble would be saved of carrying them over the land to the inside
of the lagoon, as had been hitherto done. The boats were
accordingly dispatched to the place which he pointed out.
 On the morning of the 30th, the day when the eclipse was to
happen, Mr. King, Mr. Bayly, and myself went ashore on the small
island above-mentioned, to attend the observation. The sky was
over-cast till past nine o’clock, when the clouds about the sun
dispersed long enough to take its altitude, to rectify the time by the
watch we made use of. After this it was again obscured, till about
thirty minutes past nine, and then we found that the eclipse was
begun. We now fixed the micrometers to the telescopes, and
observed or measured the uneclipsed part of the sun’s disk. At these
observations, I continued about three quarters of an hour before the
end, when I left off, being, in fact, unable to continue them longer,
on account of the great heat of the sun, increased by the reflection
from the sand.
The sun was clouded at times, but was clear when the eclipse
ended, the time of which was observed as follows:
H. M. S.
Mr.
0 26 3
Bayly
Apparent
By Mr. at
0 26 1 Time P. M.
King
Myself 0 25 37
Mr. Bayly and I observed with the large achromatic telescopes, and
Mr. King with a reflector. As Mr. Bayly’s telescope and mine were of
the same magnifying power, I ought not to have differed so much
from him as I did. Perhaps it was in part, if not wholly, owing to a
protuberance in the moon which escaped my notice, but was seen
by both the other gentlemen.
In the afternoon the boats and turtling party at the south-east
part of the island, all returned on board except a seaman belonging
to the Discovery, who had been missing two days. There were two
of them at first, who had lost their way; but disagreeing about the
most probable track to bring them back to their companions, they
had separated; and one of them joined the party, after having been
absent twenty-four hours, and been in great distress. Not a drop of
fresh water could be had, for there is none upon the whole island;
nor was there a single cocoa-nut tree on that part of it. In order to
allay his thirst, he had recourse to the singular expedient of killing
turtle, and drinking their blood. His mode of refreshing himself when
weary, of which he said he felt the good effects, was equally
whimsical. He undressed himself and lay down for some time in the
shallow water upon the beach.
It was a matter of surprise to every one, how these two men
could contrive to lose themselves. The land over which they had to
travel, from the sea-coast to the lagoon, where the boats lay, was
not more than three miles across; nor was there any thing to
obstruct their view; for the country was a flat, with a few shrubs
scattered upon it; and from many parts of it, the masts of the ships
could easily be seen. But this was a rule of direction they never once
thought of; nor did they recollect in what quarter of the island the
ships had anchored; and they were as much at a loss how to get
back to them, or to the party they had straggled from, as if they had
just dropped from the clouds. Considering how strange a set of
beings the generality of seamen are, when on shore, instead of
being surprised that these two men should thus lose their way, it is
rather to be wondered at, that no more of the party were missing.
Indeed, one of those who landed with me, was in a similar situation;
but he had sagacity enough to know that the ships were to leeward,
and got on board almost as soon as it was discovered that he had
been left behind.
As soon as Captain Clerke knew that one of the stragglers was still
in this awkward situation, he sent a party in search of him; but
neither the man nor the party having come back, the next morning I
ordered two boats into the lagoon, to go different ways in
prosecution of the search. Not long after, Captain Clerke’s party
returned with their lost companion; and my boats having now no
object left, I called them back by signal. This poor fellow must have
suffered far greater distress than the other straggler; not only as
having been lost a longer time, but as we found that he was too
squeamish to drink turtle’s blood.
 Having some cocoa-nuts and yams on board, in a state of
vegetation, I ordered them to be planted on the little island where
we had observed the eclipse; and some melon seeds were sown in
another place. I also left, on the little island, a bottle containing this
inscription:
Georgius Tertius, Rex, 31 Decembris, 1777.
Resolution, Jac. Cook, Pr.
Naves
Discovery, Car. Clerke, Pr.
On the 1st of January, 1778, I sent boats to bring on board all our
parties from the land, and the turtle they had caught. Before this
was completed, it was late in the afternoon; so that I did not think
proper to sail till next morning. We got at this island, to both ships,
about three hundred turtle, weighing, one with another, about ninety
or a hundred pounds. They were all of the green kind; and perhaps
as good as any in the world. We also caught, with hook and line, as
much fish as we could consume, during our stay. They consisted
principally of cavallies, of different sizes; large and small snappers;
and a few of two sorts of rock-fish; one with numerous spots of
blue, and the other with whitish streaks scattered about.
The soil of this island, in some places, is light and black, evidently
composed of decayed vegetables, the dung of birds, and sand.
There are other places again, where nothing but marine productions,
such as broken coral stones, and shells, are to be seen. These are
deposited in long narrow ridges, lying in a parallel direction with the
sea-coast, not unlike a ploughed field; and must have been thrown
up by the waves, though, at this time, they do not reach within a
mile of some of these places. This seems to furnish an incontestable
proof, that the island has been produced by accessions from the sea,
and is in a state of increase; for not only the broken pieces of coral,
but many of the shells, are too heavy and too large to have been
brought by any birds, from the beach, to the places where they now
lie. Not a drop of fresh water was any where to be found, though
frequently dug for. We met with several ponds of salt water, which
had no visible communication with the sea, and must, therefore, in
all probability, be filled by the water filtrating through the sand, in
high tides. One of the lost men found some salt on the south east
part of the island. But, though this was an article of which we were
in want, a man who could lose himself as he did, and not know
whether he was travelling east, west, north or south, was not to be
depended upon as a fit guide to conduct us to the place.
There were not the smallest traces of any human being having
ever been here before us; and, indeed, should any one be so
unfortunate as to be accidentally driven upon the island, or left
there, it is hard to say, that he could be able to prolong existence.
There is, indeed, abundance of birds and fish; but no visible means
of allaying thirst, nor any vegetable that could supply the place of
bread, or correct the bad effects of an animal diet; which in all
probability would soon prove fatal alone. On the few cocoa-trees
upon the island, the number of which did not exceed thirty, very
little fruit was found; and, in general, what was found, was either
not fully grown, or had the juice salt, or blackish. So that a ship
touching here, must expect nothing but fish and turtle; and of these
an abundant supply may be depended upon.
On some parts of the land were a few low trees. Mr. Anderson
gave me an account, also, of two small shrubs, and of two or three
small plants; all which we had seen on Palmerston’s Island, and
Otakootaia. There was also a species of sida or Indian mallow; a sort
of purslain; and another small plant that seemed from its leaves a
mesembryanthemum; with two species of grass. But each of these
vegetable productions was in so small a quantity, and grew with so
much languor, that one is almost surprised that the species do not
become extinct.
Under the low trees above-mentioned, sat infinite numbers of
tern, or egg-bird. These are black above, and white below, with a
white arch on the forehead; and are rather larger than the common
noddy. Most of them had lately hatched their young; which lay under
the old ones, upon the bare ground. The rest had eggs; of which
they only lay one, larger than that of a pigeon, bluish and speckled
with black. There were also a good many common boobies; a sort
that are almost like a gannet; and a sooty, or chocolate-coloured
one, with a white belly. To this list we must add men-of-war-birds;
tropic birds; curlews; sand-pipers; a small land-bird like a hedge-
sparrow; land-crabs; small lizards; and rats.
As we kept our Christmas here, I called this discovery Christmas
Island. I judge it to be about fifteen or twenty leagues in
circumference. It seemed to be of a semicircular form; or like the
moon in the last quarter, the two horns being the north and south
points; which bear from each other nearly north by east, and south
by west, four or five leagues distant. This west side, or the little isle
at the entrance into the lagoon, upon which we observed the
eclipse, lies in the latitude of 1° 59ʹ north, and in the longitude of
202° 30ʹ east, determined by a considerable number of lunar
observations, which differed only 7ʹ from the time-keeper; it being
so much less. The variation of the compass was 6° 221⁄2ʹ E.; and the
dip of the north end of the needle 11° 54ʹ.
Christmas Island, like most others in this ocean, is bounded by a
reef of coral rocks, which extends but a little way from the shore.
Farther out than this reef, on the west side, is a bank of sand,
extending a mile into the sea. On this bank is good anchorage, in
any depth between eighteen and thirty fathoms. In less than the
first mentioned depth, the reef would be too near; and in more than
the last, the edge of the bank would not be at a sufficient distance.
During the time we lay here, the wind blew constantly a fresh gale
at east, or east by south, except one or two days. We had, always, a
great swell from the northward, which broke upon the reef, in a
prodigious surf. We had found this swell before we came to the
island; and it continued for some days after we left it.
 CHAP. XI.

SOME ISLANDS DISCOVERED.—ACCOUNT OF THE NATIVES OF

ATOOI, WHO COME OFF TO THE SHIPS, AND THEIR BEHAVIOUR
ON GOING ON BOARD.—ONE OF THEM KILLED.—PRECAUTIONS
USED TO PREVENT INTERCOURSE WITH THE FEMALES.—A
WATERING-PLACE FOUND.—RECEPTION UPON LANDING.—
EXCURSION INTO THE COUNTRY.—A MORAI VISITED AND
DESCRIBED.—GRAVES OF THE CHIEFS, AND OF THE HUMAN
SACRIFICES THERE BURIED.—ANOTHER ISLAND, CALLED
ONEEHOW, VISITED.—CEREMONIES PERFORMED BY THE
NATIVES, WHO GO OFF TO THE SHIPS.—REASONS FOR
BELIEVING THAT THEY ARE CANNIBALS.—A PARTY SENT
ASHORE, WHO REMAIN TWO NIGHTS.—ACCOUNT OF WHAT
PASSED ON LANDING.—THE SHIPS LEAVE THE ISLANDS, AND
PROCEED TO THE NORTH.

O n the 2d of January, at day-break, we weighed anchor, and

resumed our course to the north; having fine weather, and a gentle
breeze at east, and east-south-east, till we got into the latitude of 7°
45ʹ N. and the longitude of 205° E., where we had one calm day.
This was succeeded by a north-east by east, and east-north-east
wind. At first it blew faint, but freshened as we advanced to the
north. We continued to see birds every day, of the sorts last
mentioned; sometimes in greater numbers than others; and
between the latitude of 10° and 11°, we saw several turtle. All these
are looked upon as signs of the vicinity of land. However, we
discovered none till day-break, in the morning of the 18th, when an
island made its appearance, bearing north-east by east; and, soon
after, we saw more land bearing north, and entirely detached from
the former. Both had the appearance of being high land. At noon,
the first bore north-east by east, half east, by estimation about eight
or nine leagues distant; and an elevated hill, near the east end of
the other, bore north, half west. Our latitude, at this time, was 21°
12ʹ N.; and longitude 200° 41ʹ E. We had now light airs and calms,
by turns; so that at sunset, we were not less than nine or ten
leagues from the nearest land.
On the 19th, at sunrise, the island first seen, bore east several
leagues distant. This being directly to windward, which prevented
our getting near it, I stood for the other, which we could reach; and
not long after discovered a third island in the direction of west north-
west, as far distant as land could be seen. We had now a fine breeze
at east by north; and I steered for the east end of the second island;
which at noon extended from north, half east, to west north-west, a
quarter west, the nearest part being about two leagues distant. At
this time, we were in some doubt whether or no the land before us
was inhabited; but this doubt was soon cleared up, by seeing some
canoes coming off from the shore, toward the ships. I immediately
brought-to, to give them time to join us. They had from three to six
men each; and, on their approach, we were agreeably surprised to
find, that they spoke the language of Otaheite, and of the other
islands we had lately visited. It required but very little address, to
get them to come alongside; but no intreaties could prevail upon any
of them to come on board. I tied some brass medals to a rope, and
gave them to those in one of the canoes, who, in return, tied some
small mackerel to the rope as an equivalent. This was repeated; and
some small nails, or bits of iron, which they valued more than any
other article, were given them. For these they exchanged more fish,
and a sweet potatoe; a sure sign that they had some notion of
bartering; or, at least, of returning one present for another. They had
nothing else in their canoes, except some large gourd shells, and a
kind of fishing-net; but one of them offered for sale the piece of
stuff that he wore round his waist, after the manner of the other
islands. These people were of a brown colour; and, though of the
common size, were stoutly made. There was little difference in the
cast of their colour, but a considerable variation in their features;
some of their visages not being very unlike those of Europeans. The
hair of most of them was cropt pretty short; others had it flowing
loose; and, with a few, it was tied in a bunch on the crown of the
head. In all, it seemed to be naturally black; but most of them had
stained it, as is the practice of the Friendly Islanders, with some
stuff which gave it a brown or burnt colour. In general they wore
their beards. They had no ornaments about their persons, nor did
we observe that their ears were perforated; but some were
punctured on the hands, or near the groin, though in a small
degree; and the bits of cloth which they wore, were curiously
stained with red, black, and white colours. They seemed very mild;
and had no arms of any kind, if we except some small stones, which
they had evidently brought for their own defence; and these they
threw overboard, when they found that they were not wanted.
Seeing no signs of an anchoring place at this eastern extreme of
the island, I bore away to leeward, and ranged along the south-east
side, at the distance of half a league from the shore. As soon as we
made sail, the canoes left us; but others came off, as we proceeded
along the coast, bringing with them roasting pigs, and some very
fine potatoes, which they exchanged, as the others had done, for
whatever was offered to them. Several small pigs were purchased
for a sixpenny nail; so that we again found ourselves in a land of
plenty; and just at the time when the turtle, which we had so
fortunately procured at Christmas Island, were nearly expended. We
passed several villages; some seated near the sea, and others
farther up the country. The inhabitants of all of them crowded to the
shore, and collected themselves on the elevated places to view the
ships. The land upon this side of the island rises in a gentle slope,
from the sea to the foot of the mountains, which occupy the centre
of the country, except at one place near the east end, where they
rise directly from the sea, and seemed to be formed of nothing but
stone, or rocks lying in horizontal strata. We saw no wood, but what
was up in the interior part of the island, except a few trees about
the villages; near which, also, we could observe several plantations
of plantains and sugar-canes, and spots that seemed cultivated for
roots.
We continued to sound, without striking ground with a line of fifty
fathoms, till we came abreast of a low point, which is about the
middle of this side of the island, or rather nearer the north-west end.
Here we met with twelve and fourteen fathoms, over a rocky
bottom. Being past this point, from which the coast trended more
northerly, we had twenty, then sixteen, twelve, and, at last, five
fathoms over a sandy bottom. The last soundings were about a mile
from the shore. Night now put a stop to any farther researches; and
we spent it standing off and on. The next morning we stood in for
the land, and were met with several canoes filled with people; some
of whom took courage, and ventured on board.
In the course of my several voyages, I never before met with the
natives of any place so much astonished, as these people were,
upon entering a ship. Their eyes were continually flying from object
to object; the wildness of their looks and gestures fully expressing
their entire ignorance about every thing they saw, and strongly
marking to us, that, till now, they had never been visited by
Europeans, nor been acquainted with any of our commodities except
iron; which, however, it was plain, they had only heard of, or had
known it in some small quantity brought to them at some distant
period. They seemed only to understand, that it was a substance
much better adapted to the purposes of cutting, or of boring of
holes, than any thing their own country produced. They asked for it
by the name of hamaite, probably referring to some instrument, in
the making of which iron could be usefully employed; for they
applied that name to the blade of a knife, though we could be
certain that they had no idea of that particular instrument; nor could
they at all handle it properly. For the same reason, they frequently
called iron by the name of toe, which in their language signifies a
hatchet, or rather a kind of adze. On asking them what iron was,
they immediately answered, “We do not know; you know what it is,
and we only understand it as toe, or hamaite.” When we shewed
them some beads, they asked first, “What they were; and then,
whether they should eat them?” But on their being told, that they
were to be hung in their ears, they returned them as useless. They
were equally indifferent as to a looking-glass, which was offered
them, and returned it, for the same reason; but sufficiently
expressed their desire for hamaite and toe, which they wished might
be very large. Plates of earthen-ware, china cups, and other such
things, were so new to them, that they asked if they were made of
wood; but wished to have some, that they might carry them to be
looked at on shore. They were in some respects naturally well bred;
or, at least, fearful of giving offence, asking, where they should sit
down, whether they might spit upon the deck, and the like. Some of
them repeated a long prayer before they came on board; and
others, afterward, sung and made motions with their hands, such as
we had been accustomed to see in the dances of the islands we had
lately visited. There was another circumstance in which they also
perfectly resembled those other islanders. At first, on their entering
the ship, they endeavoured to steal every thing they came near; or
rather to take it openly, as what we either should not resent, or not
hinder. We soon convinced them of their mistake; and if they, after
some time, became less active in appropriating to themselves
whatever they took a fancy to, it was because they found that we
kept a watchful eye over them.
At nine o’clock, being pretty near the shore, I sent three armed
boats, under the command of Lieutenant Williamson, to look for a
landing-place, and for fresh water. I ordered him, that if he should
find it necessary to land in search of the latter, not to suffer more
than one man to go with him out of the boats. Just as they were
putting off from the ship, one of the natives having stolen the
butcher’s cleaver, leaped overboard, got into his canoe, and
hastened to the shore, the boats pursuing him in vain.
The order not to permit the crews of the boats to go on shore was
issued, that I might do every thing in my power to prevent the
importation of a fatal disease into this island, which I knew some of
our men laboured under, and which, unfortunately, had been already
communicated by us to other islands in these seas. With the same
view, I ordered all female visitors to be excluded from the ships.
Many of them had come off in the canoes. Their size, colour, and
features did not differ much from those of the men; and though
their countenances were remarkably open and agreeable, there were
few traces of delicacy to be seen, either in their faces, or other
proportions. The only difference in their dress, was their having a
piece of cloth about the body, reaching from near the middle to half-
way down the thighs, instead of the maro worn by the other sex.
They would as readily have favoured us with their company on board
as the men; but I wished to prevent all connection, which might, too
probably, convey an irreparable injury to themselves, and through
their means, to the whole nation. Another necessary precaution was
taken, by strictly enjoining, that no person, known to be capable of
propagating the infection, should be sent upon duty out of the ships.
Whether these regulations, dictated by humanity, had the desired
effect, or no, time only can discover. I had been equally attentive to
the same object, when I first visited the Friendly Islands; yet I
afterward found, with real concern, that I had not succeeded. And I
am much afraid, that this will always be the case, in such voyages as
ours, whenever it is necessary to have a number of people on shore.
The opportunities and inducements to an intercourse between the
sexes are then too numerous to be guarded against; and however
confident we may be of the health of our men, we are often
undeceived too late. It is even a matter of doubt with me, if it be
always in the power of the most skilful of the faculty to pronounce,
with any certainty, whether a person who has been under their care,
in certain stages of this malady, is so effectually cured, as to leave
no possibility of his being still capable of communicating the taint. I
think I could mention some instances which justify my presuming to
hazard this opinion. It is likewise well known, that, amongst a
number of men, there are generally to be found some so bashful as
to endeavour to conceal their labouring under any symptoms of this
disorder. And there are others, again, so profligate, as not to care to
whom they communicate it. Of this last, we had an instance at
Tongataboo, in the gunner of the Discovery, who had been stationed
on shore to manage the trade for that ship. After he knew that he
had contracted this disease, he continued to have connections with
different women, who were supposed not to have already contracted
it. His companions expostulated with him without effect, till Captain
Clerke, hearing of this dangerous irregularity of conduct, ordered
him on board.
While the boats were occupied in examining the coast, we stood
on and off with the ships, waiting for their return. About noon, Mr.
Williamson came back, and reported that he had seen a large pond
behind a beach near one of the villages, which the natives told him
contained fresh water; and that there was anchoring-ground before
it. He also reported, that he had attempted to land in another place,
but was prevented by the natives, who, coming down to the boats in
great numbers, attempted to take away the oars, muskets, and, in
short, every thing that they could lay hold of; and pressed so thick
upon him, that he was obliged to fire, by which one man was killed.
But this unhappy circumstance I did not know till after we had left
the island; so that all my measures were directed as if nothing of the
kind had happened. Mr. Williamson told me, that, after the man fell,
his countrymen took him up, carried him off, and then retired from
the boat; but still they made signals for our people to land, which he
declined. It did not appear to Mr. Williamson, that the natives had
any design to kill, or even to hurt, any of his party; but they seemed
excited by mere curiosity, to get from them what they had, being at
the same time ready to give in return any thing of their own.
After the boats were on board, I dispatched one of them to lie in
the best anchoring-ground; and as soon as she had got to this
station, I bore down with the ships, and anchored in twenty-five
fathoms water; the bottom a fine grey sand. The east point of the
road, which was the low point before mentioned, bore S. 51° E.; the
west point, N. 65° W.; and the village, behind which the water was
said to be, N. E. by E., distant one mile. But, little more than a
quarter of a mile from us, there were breakers, which I did not see
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