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 Chapter 09 Test Bank Keys
1. Math instructions enable the programmable controller to take on some of the qualities of a computer system.

TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Object 1. Factual
Bloom's: Verb 1. Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Explain and understand math instructions
Section: 11.01 Math Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

2. The ability of a PLC to perform math functions is intended to allow it to replace a calculator.

FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Object 1. Factual
Bloom's: Verb 1. Remember
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Explain and understand math instructions
Section: 11.01 Math Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

3. All PLC manufacturers use the same format for math instructions.

FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Object 1. Factual
Bloom's: Verb 1. Remember
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Explain and understand math instructions
Section: 11.01 Math Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-1
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
4. Source is a value that is an input to the instruction.

TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Object 1. Factual
Bloom's: Verb 1. Remember
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Explain and understand math instructions
Section: 11.01 Math Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

5. Destination is where the result of the instruction is stored.

TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Object 1. Factual
Bloom's: Verb 1. Remember
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Explain and understand math instructions
Section: 11.01 Math Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

6. The negate instruction is used to change the sign of a number.

TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Object 1. Factual
Bloom's: Verb 1. Remember
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Explain and understand math instructions
Section: 11.06 Other Word-Level Math Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-2
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
7. The rung logic is telling the processor to add the values stored in word N7:1 and N7:2.

FALSE
Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural
Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.02 Addition Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

8. The rung logic is telling the processor to subtract the value stored in word N7:20 from the value stored in word
N7:10.

FALSE
Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural
Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.03 Subtraction Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-3
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
9. The rung logic is telling the processor to multiply the values stored in word N7:2 and N7:1.

FALSE
Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural
Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.04 Multiplication Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

10. The rung logic is telling the processor to divide the value of word N7:4 by the value of N7:6.

TRUE
Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural
Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-4
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
11. The program is telling the processor to energize output 0:2/3 whenever the sum of N7:5 and N7:8 is greater or
equal to that of N7:4.

TRUE
Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural
Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.02 Addition Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

12. The program is telling the processor to energize output 0:6/2 whenever the value of N7:8 is equal to that of N7:4.

FALSE
Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural
Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.03 Subtraction Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-5
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
13. If output 0:5/8 is to be energized when the product of the values stored in words N7:1 and N7:2 is equal to 5 and
20, then the value of the number stored in word N7:4 must be 1000.

FALSE
Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural
Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.04 Multiplication Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

14. Assume output 0:3/2 is energized and the values of the numbers stored in words N7:0 and N7:1 are 500 and 40,
respectively. The value of the number stored in word N7:8 would be 13.

TRUE
Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural
Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-6
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
15. Math instructions are all output instructions.

TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Object 1. Factual
Bloom's: Verb 1. Remember
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Explain and understand math instructions
Section: 11.01 Math Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

16. There is no limit to the maximum value a PLC math function can store.

FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Object 1. Factual
Bloom's: Verb 2. Understand
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Explain and understand math instructions
Section: 11.02 Addition Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

17. File arithmetic instructions are designed to perform math operations on single words.

FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Object 2. Conceptual
Bloom's: Verb 2. Understand
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Explain and understand math instructions
Section: 11.07 File Arithmetic Operations
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-7
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
18. When the input goes true, the value stored in F8:1 will be 24.8.

TRUE
Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural
Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

19. PLCs can use numerical data from the accumulated values of timers and counters with math functions.

TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Object 2. Conceptual
Bloom's: Verb 2. Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Explain and understand math instructions
Section: 11.02 Addition Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-8
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
20. Integer files are used to store numerical data that are used by math functions.

TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Object 2. Conceptual
Bloom's: Verb 2. Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Explain and understand math instructions
Section: 11.02 Addition Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

21. PLC math functions perform arithmetic on values stored in memory words.

TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Object 2. Conceptual
Bloom's: Verb 2. Understand
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Explain and understand math instructions
Section: 11.02 Addition Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

22. The ability of a PLC to perform math functions is intended to:

A.
replace a calculator.

B.
multiply the effective number of input and output devices.

C.
perform arithmetic functions on values stored in memory words.

D.
all of these.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom's: Object 1. Factual
Bloom's: Verb 1. Remember
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Explain and understand math instructions
Section: 11.01 Math Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-9
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
23. In the program shown, the value of the number stored in N7:2 is:

A.
172.

B.
601.

C.
325.

D.
348.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.02 Addition Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-10
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
24. Which of the following numbers stored in N7:3 will cause output PL1 to be energized?

A.
048

B.
124

C.
172

D.
325

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.02 Addition Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-11
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
25. Assume the accumulated count of counter C5:0 and C5:1 to be 124 and 248, respectively. As a result:

A.
the number 372 will be stored in word N7:1 and output PL1 will be energized.

B.
the number 372 will be stored in word N7:1 and output PL1 will not be energized.

C.
the number 350 will be stored in word N7:1 and output PL1 will be energized.

D.
the number 350 will be stored in word N7:1 and output PL1 will not be energized.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.02 Addition Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-12
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
26. Assume that the light is to come on after a total count of 120. As a result:

A.
the preset counter C5:0 must be changed to 120.

B.
the value in source B of the GEQ instruction must be changed to 120.

C.
the value in source B of the ADD instruction must be changed to 120.

D.
the value in word N7:1 must be changed to 120.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.02 Addition Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-13
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
27. The number stored in N7:2 would be:

A.
85.

B.
28.

C.
181.

D.
285.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-14
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
28. Rung No. 2 will be true:

A.
at all times.

B.
when the number stored in word N7:1 is equal to 48.

C.
when the number stored in word N7:1 is less than 48.

D.
when the number stored in word N7:1 is greater than 48.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-15
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
29. For the program as shown, output PL1:

A.
would be energized.

B.
would not be energized.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-16
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
30. The preset full weight of the vessel is changed by changing:

A.
the value of the number stored at input 1:012.

B.
the value of source B of the GEQ instruction of rung 3.

C.
the value of source B of the GEQ instruction of rung 5.

D.
the value of the number stored in word N7:1.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-17
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
31. The amount of overfill weight required to trigger the alarm is changed by changing:

A.
the value of the number stored at input 1:012.

B.
the value of source B of the GEQ instruction of rung 3.

C.
the value of source B of the GEQ instruction of rung 5.

D.
the value of the number stored in word N7:1.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-18
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
32. When the Full light is on:

A.
the weight of the vessel is 500 pounds or more.

B.
rung No. 3 is always true.

C.
rung No. 1 is always false.

D.
all of these.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-19
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
33. When the Filling light is on:

A.
the weight of the vessel is less than 500 pounds.

B.
rung No. 2 is always true.

C.
rung No. 4 is always false.

D.
all of these.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-20
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
34. The number stored in word N7:1 represents the:

A.
weight of the empty vessel.

B.
preset weight of the vessel.

C.
current weight of the vessel.

D.
difference between the current and preset weight of the vessel.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-21
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
35. The number stored in N7:3 is:

A.
6.

B.
60.

C.
150.

D.
300.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.04 Multiplication Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-22
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
36. What number stored in N7:3 will turn PL1 on?

A.
150

B.
100

C.
50

D.
all of these

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.04 Multiplication Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-23
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
37. Assume the value stored in N7:1 changes from 30 to 10. Which value stored in N7:4 will result in PL1, being
energized?

A.
10

B.
25

C.
35

D.
50

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.04 Multiplication Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-24
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
38. For the program as shown, the set-point temperature is set by the number stored in:

A.
N7:0.

B.
N7:2.

C.
1:012.

D.
1:013.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.04 Multiplication Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-25
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
39. The number stored in N7:1 represents the:

A.
upper temperature limit.

B.
lower temperature limit.

C.
current temperature of the oven.

D.
difference between the preset and current temperature.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.04 Multiplication Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-26
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
40. PL1 will be on whenever the current temperature is:

A.
greater than the preset temperature.

B.
less than the preset temperature.

C.
greater than the upper temperature limit.

D.
less than the lower temperature limit.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.04 Multiplication Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-27
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
41. The ADD instruction is telling the processor to add the: The ADD instruction is telling the processor to add the:

A.
preset and current temperatures.

B.
upper and lower temperature limits.

C.
current and upper limit temperatures.

D.
preset and upper deadband range.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.04 Multiplication Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-28
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
42. Assume the set-point temperature is changed to 200°F. As a result, the number stored in N7:0 would be:

A.
2.

B.
4.

C.
6.

D.
8.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.04 Multiplication Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-29
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
43. Assume the upper and lower temperature limits are programmed for 2% instead of 1% and the preset is 400°F. As a
result, the number stored in N7:2 would be:

A.
392.

B.
390.

C.
388.

D.
386.

Bloom's: Object 3. Procedural

Bloom's: Verb 4. Analyze
Chapter: 11 Math Instructions
Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Solve for the results of math instructions in a PLC program
Section: 11.04 Multiplication Instructions
Subtopic: Math Instructions
Topic: Math Instructions
Units: Imperial

11-30
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
as by any Gaucho on the plains of South America. As the hunters
climbed the mountain’s brow, the distant herd of ponies took alarm
—sometimes galloping onwards, and then suddenly halting and
wheeling round, snorting as if in defiance of the intruders, and
furiously pawing the ground. Garonwy, with the assistance of his
servants and the greyhounds, contrived to coop them up in a corner
of the hills, where perpendicular rocks prevented their escape.
“Already had he captured three of the most beautiful little fellows
in the world, which he expected to sell for £4 or £5 each at the next
Bala fair, to him a considerable sum, and amounting to a fourth of
the annual rent which he paid for his sheep walk. There remained,
however, one most untamable creature, whose crested mane, and
flowing tail, and wild eye, and distended nostril showed that he was
a perfect Bucephalus of the hills; nor, indeed, was it safe to attack
him in the ordinary way. Many of the three year olds had been
known to break the legs of their pursuers, and some had been
dismounted and trampled to death.
“Garonwy was determined to give the noble fellow a chase over
the hills, and so overcome him by fatigue before the lasso was flung.
The dogs were unslipped, and off they went swift as the winds,
Garonwy following, and the two assistants posted in a neighbouring
eminence. Vain was the effort to tire the merlin. Hugo, naturally
impatient, and without waiting to ascertain that the coils were all
clear, flung the lasso over the head of the wild horse. The extremity
of the cord was twisted round his own body, and tightening as the
animal struggled, the compression became insupportable, and at
length, in spite of every effort to disengage himself, Garonwy was
dragged from his horse.
“The affrighted merlin, finding himself manacled by the rope,
darted off with all the speed of which he was capable, dragging poor
Garonwy over the rocky ground and stunted brushwood. This
occurred at some distance from the men. They called in their dogs
that the speed of the merlin might not be increased: but ere they
could arrive at the spot at which the accident happened, the horse
and the man had vanished. Whether the sufferings of the hunter
were protracted, or he was dashed against a rock at the
commencement of the horrible race, was never known; but the wild
animal, frenzied and blinded by terror, rushed over a beetling cliff, at
a considerable distance, overhanging the sea-shore, and the hunter
and the horse were found at the bottom, a misshapen semblance of
what they had been when living.”
 CHAPTER II

PHYSIOGNOMY OF THE HORSE—SAGACITY, FIDELITY, SOCIABILITY, &c.;

ANECDOTES—INSANITY.

HE physiognomy of the horse is an interesting subject.

Those who have made it their study can read the
animal’s passions and purposes in his face. The
following hints on this topic are chiefly from Professor
Youatt:—
The eye enables us with tolerable accuracy to guess
at the animal’s temper. If much of the white is seen, he
is not to be lightly trusted. The mischievous horse is always slyly on
the look out for opportunities to indulge his malice, and the frequent
backward direction of the eye, which makes the white most
perceptible, is only to give surer effects to the blow which he is
about to aim.
The quality of the horse’s vision differs from that of man. The
former can take in a wider range in consequence of the lateral
position of the eyes and their distance apart; and when the animal,
with its head down, is quietly grazing, it can see objects with facility
in every direction round it. Man’s vision is more limited in range, but
it is probable more acute, because the black lining of the human eye
renders it a more perfect camera obscura, and gives more vividness
to the pictures formed within it. The lining membrane of the horse’s
eye is of a beautiful sea green colour, in consequence of which it
absorbs so much the less light, and thereby affords increased power
of vision in the night. Every rider must be aware from experience
that his horse can discern surrounding objects, when the gloom of
evening conceals them from his own eyesight. All animals who have
to seek their food by night have the interior of the eye more or less
bright; in the wolf and the dog it is grey; and in all varieties of the
cat species it is yellow; the eyes of the lion have been compared to
two flaming torches in the night. There are individuals of the human
race called Albinos, whose eyes look red like those of ferrets, from
the absence of the usual black pigment, and these persons are
almost blind by day, but see with ease in what to other men seems
thick darkness.
“Many persons erroneously suppose that the flow of tears, caused
by bodily pain or emotions of the mind, is peculiar to man. But
Shakspere says of the wounded stag:—
“The big round tears
Coursed one another down his innocent nose
In piteous chase;”

and horses are repeatedly seen to weep under acute pain or brutal
usage. Mr. Lawrence, speaking of the cruelty exercised by some
dealers in what they call “firing” a horse before he is led out for sale,
in order to rouse every spark of mettle, says, “More than fifty years
have passed away, and I have before eyes a poor mare stone blind,
exquisitely shaped, and showing all the marks of high blood, whom I
saw unmercifully cut with the whip a quarter of an hour before the
sale, to bring her to the use of her stiffened limbs, while the tears
were trickling down her cheeks.”
The size, setting on, and motion of the ear, are important points.
Ears rather small than large, placed not too far apart, erect and
quick in motion, indicate both breeding and spirit; and if a horse is in
the frequent habit of carrying one ear forward, and the other
backward, and especially if he does so on a journey, he will generally
possess both spirit and continuance. The stretching of the ears in
contrary directions shows that he is attentive to every thing that is
passing round him; and while he is doing this he cannot be much
fatigued, or likely soon to become so. It has been remarked, that
few horses sleep without pointing one ear forward and the other
backward, in order that they may receive notice of the approach of
objects in every direction. When horses or mules march in company
at night, those in front direct their ears forward, those in the rear
direct them backward, and those in the centre turn them laterally or
across; the whole troop seeming thus to be actuated by one feeling
which watches the general safety.
The ear of the horse is one of the most beautiful parts about him,
and by few things is the temper more surely indicated than by its
motion. The ear is more intelligible even than the eye; and a person
accustomed to the horse can tell, by the expressive motion of that
organ, almost all that he thinks or means. When a horse lays his
ears flat back on his neck, he most assuredly is meditating mischief,
and the stander by should beware of his heels or his teeth. In play
the ears will be laid back, but not so decidedly or so long. A quick
change in their position, and more particularly the expression of the
eye at the time, will distinguish between playfulness and vice.
The hearing of the horse is remarkably acute. A thousand
vibrations of the air, too slight to make any impression on the human
ear, are readily perceived by him. It is well known to every hunting
man, that the cry of hounds will be recognised by the horse, and his
ears will be erect, and he will be all spirit and impatience, a
considerable time before the rider is conscious of the least sound.
Need any thing more be said to expose the absurdity of cropping?
The cruel and stupid custom of cutting off the ears of the horse
began (to its shame be it said!) in Great Britain, and was so
obstinately pursued for many years, that, at length, it became
hereditary in some cases, and a breed of horses born without ears
was produced. Fortunately for this too often abused animal,
cropping is not now the fashion. The practice of lopping off two-
thirds of the tail, is more excusable, on the ground of convenience to
the rider. In wet weather and miry roads, the switching of a long
drabbled swab is not desirable. The question of long tails or short
tails, is a question between comfort and beauty of form. Now, much
as we may value the former, we think it ought not quite to overbear
all consideration for the latter; and we are glad to see that in this
instance, too, fashion is beginning to side with reason and good
taste.
The lips of the horse are his hands; they serve both as organs of
touch and as instruments of prehension, as may be seen when the
animal is feeding. He gathers up his corn with them, and collects the
grass into a tuft before he bites it. The lips should be thin, but firm
and regularly closed. Flabby, pendulous lips indicate weakness or old
age, or dulness and sluggishness.
It is thought, perhaps, with some degree of truth, that indications
of character may be drawn from the shape of the nose: but the rules
in this case are the reverse of those applicable in judging of human
noses; for, in the horse, the prominent Roman nose bespeaks an
easy, good-tempered kind of beast, but rather of a plebeian order of
mind and body; the horse with a straight, or Grecian nose, may be
good or bad tempered, but not often either to any great excess; but
a hollow nose (a cocked one, as we should say, in speaking of the
human face) generally indicates some breeding, especially if the
head is small, but occasionally accompanied by a vicious,
uncontrollable disposition. “There is another way, however,” says Mr.
Youatt, “in which the nasal bones do more certainly indicate the
breed; viz., by their comparative length or shortness. There is no
surer criterion of a well-bred horse than a broad, angular forehead,
prominent features, and a short face; nor of a horse with little
breeding than a narrow forehead, small features, and lengthened
nose. The comparative development of the head and face indicates,
with little error, the preponderance of the animal or intellectual
principle.”
As the horse breathes only through the nose, it is important that
the openings into that cavity should be free, and capable of dilating
sufficiently to allow of the passage of a large volume of air when the
animal is put to his speed. The expanded nostril is a striking feature
in the blood horse, especially when he has been excited and not
overblown. What a sudden effect is given to the countenance of the
hunter, when his ears become erect, and his nostrils dilate, as he
first listens to the cry of the hounds, and snorts and scents them
afar off! And the war-horse—“the glory of his nostrils is terrible!”
The following anecdote, related by Professor Kügler, of Halle,
proves both the sagacity and the fidelity of the horse:—A friend of
his, riding home through a wood on a dark night, struck his head
against a branch of a tree, and fell stunned to the ground. The horse
immediately returned to the house they had left, and which was now
closed, for the family had gone to bed. He pawed at the door until
some one rose and opened it, and then he turned about; and the
man, wondering at the affair, followed him. The faithful and
intelligent animal led him to the place where his master lay
senseless. A still more interesting incident, of a similar kind, occurred
in this country:—A little girl, the daughter of a gentleman in
Warwickshire, playing on the banks of a canal which runs through
his grounds, fell into the water, and would in all probability have
been drowned, had not a small pony, which had long been kept in
the family, plunged into the stream, and brought the child safely to
land.
Mr. Jesse gives an instance of what may fairly be called the
sensibility of the horse, and his keen perception of danger. A friend
of his was riding a horse one day in India, attended by a spaniel
which had long been its companion. The dog ran into some long
grass, and came out crying and shaking its head; the horse, contrary
to his usual custom, not only avoided the dog, but showed the
utmost dread of his coming near him. The dog soon died, and upon
examination it was found that he had been bitten in the tongue by a
venomous snake.
But the horse’s sensibility is not a selfish quality; he often displays
the most generous solicitude, to avoid injuring other creatures. It is
not an uncommon thing for a fallen soldier to escape without one
touch of a hoof, though a charge of cavalry pass over his prostrate
body, every animal in the line leaping clear over him. An old horse
belonging to a carter in Strathnegie, Fifeshire, had become
particularly familiar with the ways of children, for his master had a
large family. One day, as this animal was dragging a loaded cart
through a narrow lane near the village, a young child happened to
be sprawling in the road, and would inevitably have been crushed by
the wheels, if the sagacious old horse had not prevented it. He
carefully took up the child by the clothes with his teeth, carried it for
a few yards, and then placed it on a bank by the wayside, moving
slowly all the while, and looking back as if to satisfy himself that the
wheels of the cart had cleared it.
Gregarious in the wild state, the horse retains the same sociable
disposition in domestication, and shows a great aversion to be left
alone. This companionable temper appears very pleasingly in the
field, in the gambolings of horses with each other, in their manifest
curiosity when a strange horse comes in sight, and the animated
gestures and neighings with which they try to strike up an
acquaintance, and, above all, in the little kind offices they perform
mutually. It is an every-day occurrence to see two horses gently
scratching each other; and Mr. Jesse speaks of it as a well-known
fact, that in hot countries where the blood of the horses is heated by
the climate, they are in the constant habit of bleeding each other,
and sometimes of bleeding themselves, by biting the neck or the
shoulder. So strong is the horse’s aptitude for friendship, that he will
attach himself to almost any kind of animal rather than remain
solitary. White, of Selborne, relates an instance of this kind between
a horse and a hen. These two incongruous animals spent much of
their time together in a lonely orchard, where they saw no creature
but each other, and by degrees an apparent regard sprang up
between them. The fowl would approach the quadruped with notes
of complacency, rubbing herself quietly against his legs, whilst the
horse would look down with satisfaction, and move with the greatest
caution and circumspection lest he should trample on his diminutive
companion. In the portrait of the celebrated Godolphin Arabian is
seen a cat, which was his inseparable companion in the stable, and
died really broken hearted for his loss. Another race-horse and cat
were great friends, and the latter generally slept in the manger.
When the horse was going to have his oats, he always took up the
cat by the skin of her neck, and dropped her into the next stall, that
she might not be in his way while he was feeding. At all other times
he seemed pleased to have her near him. Eclipse was fond of a
sheep, and Chillaby, called from his great ferocity, the Mad Arabian,
whom only one of the grooms dared to approach, and who savagely
tore to pieces the image of a man purposely placed in his way, had
his peculiar attachment to a lamb that used to spend many an hour
in butting away the flies from his friend.
“A gentleman of Bristol had a greyhound, which slept in the stable
along with a very fine hunter of about five years of age. These
animals became mutually attached, and regarded each other with
the most tender affection. The greyhound always lay under the
manger beside the horse, which was so fond of him, that he became
unhappy and restless when the dog was out of his sight. It was a
common practice with the gentleman to whom they belonged, to call
at the stable for the greyhound to accompany him in his walks: on
such occasions the horse would look over his shoulder at the dog
with much anxiety, and neigh in a manner which plainly said—‘Let
me also accompany you.’ When the dog returned to the stable, he
was always welcomed by a loud neigh—he ran up to the horse and
licked his nose; in return, the horse would scratch the dog’s back
with his teeth. One day, when the groom was out with the horse and
greyhound for exercise, a large dog attacked the latter, and quickly
bore him to the ground; on which the horse threw back his ears,
and, in spite of all the efforts of the groom, rushed at the strange
dog that was worrying at the greyhound, seized him by the back
with his teeth, which speedily made him quit his hold, and shook
him till a large piece of the skin gave way. The offender no sooner
got on his feet, than he judged it prudent to beat a precipitate
retreat from so formidable an opponent.”
Another instance of attachment between a horse and a dog is
related by Capt. Brown in his “Biographical Sketches:” “My friend, Dr.
Smith, of the Queen’s County Militia, Ireland, had a beautiful
hackney, which, although extremely spirited, was at the same time
wonderfully docile. He had also a fine Newfoundland dog, named
Cæsar. These animals were mutually attached, and seemed perfectly
acquainted with each other’s actions. The dog was always kept in
the stable at night, and uniformly lay beside the horse. When Dr.
Smith practised in Dublin, he visited his patients on horseback, and
had no other servant to take care of the horse, while in their houses,
but Cæsar, to whom he gave the reins in his mouth. The horse stood
very quietly, even in that crowded city, beside his friend Cæsar.
When it happened that the doctor had a patient not far distant from
the place where he paid his last visit, he did not think it worth while
to remount, but called to his horse and Cæsar. They both instantly
obeyed, and remained quietly opposite the door where he entered,
until he came out again. While he remained in Maryborough,
Queen’s County, where I commanded a detachment, I had many
opportunities of witnessing the friendship and sagacity of these
intelligent animals. The horse seemed to be as implicitly obedient to
his friend Cæsar as he could possibly be to his groom. The doctor
would go to the stable, accompanied by his dog, put the bridle upon
his horse, and giving the reins to Cæsar, bid him take the horse to
the water. They both understood what was to be done, when off
trotted Cæsar, followed by the horse, which frisked, capered, and
played with the dog all the way to the rivulet, about three hundred
yards distant from the stable. We followed at a great distance,
always keeping as far off as possible, so that we could observe their
manœuvres. They invariably went to the stream, and after the horse
had quenched his thirst, both returned in the same playful manner
as they had gone out.
“The doctor frequently desired Cæsar to make the horse leap over
this stream, which might be about six feet broad. The dog, by a kind
of bark, and leaping up towards the horse’s head, intimated to him
what he wanted, which was quickly understood; and he cantered off,
preceded by Cæsar, and took the leap in a neat and regular style.
The dog was then desired to bring him back again, and it was
speedily done in the same manner. On one occasion Cæsar lost hold
of the reins, and as soon as the horse cleared the leap, he
immediately trotted up to his canine guide, who took hold of the
bridle, and led him through the water quietly.”
“A gentleman,” says Mr. Jesse, “who resides near Southampton,
had a retriever, a large half-bred Newfoundland dog, that had
formed a friendship with a horse, which, at the time I am referring
to, was turned out into a paddock near the house. The dog, hunting
one day by himself, was caught in a snare by the leg, and after
struggling some time, during which its cries were heard, he
disengaged himself so far from his confinement as to break the
string of the snare, the wire being still attached to the limb. In this
situation he was observed by my friend and his host to go to the
horse in the paddock, and seemed at once to make him aware of his
distress. The horse gently put his nose down to the dog, and the
dog having licked it, lifted up the leg to which the snare was
attached in a manner which could not be mistaken. The horse
immediately began to try to disengage the snare, by applying his
teeth to it in a gentle and cautious manner, although he was unable
to succeed in removing it. This is by no means a solitary instance of
the sympathy which animals show for each other when in distress.”
Man may fully avail himself of this amiable disposition of the
horse; it is rarely the latter’s fault if he and his owner are not on the
best possible terms. How often has the horse been found grazing by
the side of his drunken prostrate master, whom he would not leave.
“We have seen,” says Mr. Blaine, “a child of five years old purposely
sent by the wife of the coachman to quiet an unruly and noisy
coach-horse, for to no other person would he yield such obedience;
but a pat from her tiny hand, or her infantile inquiry—‘What is the
matter with you?’ was sufficient to allay every obstreperous
symptom. But it was to her only he yielded such submission, for
otherwise he was a high-spirited and really intractable animal. Often
has this child been found lying asleep on the neck of the horse,
when he had laid himself down in his stall, and so long as she
continued to sleep, so long the horse invariably remained in his
recumbent position.”
There is something almost mysterious in the manner in which the
horse contrives to pick his way in safety through dangerous and
deceitful ground, and to discover and avoid perils of which his
master is quite unsuspicious. In all doubtful cases the animal’s head
should be left free, that he may put his nose to the ground, and
examine it by touch, as well as by sight and hearing (the muzzle is
the peculiar organ of touch in the horse), and he will then seldom
fail to judge promptly and unerringly whether or not he may venture
to proceed. But even when the animal is confined in harness and
restrained from the free use of all his faculties, he sometimes
exercises his wonderful instinct in the happiest manner. In the very
month in which we are writing (January, 1846), several hundred feet
of the viaduct of Barentin over the Rouen and Havre railway came
down with a sudden crash. Just before the fall, Monsieur Lorgery,
flour merchant of Pavilly, was about to cross one of the arches in his
cabriolet, when the horse stopped short and refused to pass. M.
Lorgery struck the animal with his whip, but all in vain—he refused
to stir. At the moment while his unsuspecting driver was still urging
him on, the fall took place.
It is partly owing to the faculty of discerning the obscurest traces
of a frequented, or at least a practicable road, and partly to that
tenacious power of memory which enables a horse to recognise a
road he has once traversed, that bewildered travellers, from the
days of knight-errantry downwards, have found it good policy to
throw the reins on their steed’s neck, and trust themselves implicitly
to his guidance. Along with this retentive memory the horse
combines a very business-like observance of habit and routine. The
author of “The Menageries” knew a horse which, being accustomed
to make a journey once a week with the newsman of a provincial
paper, always stopped at the houses of the several customers,
although they were sixty or seventy in number. But further, there
were two persons in the route who took one paper between them,
and each claimed the privilege of receiving it first on the alternate
Sunday. The horse soon became accustomed to this regulation;
although the parties lived two miles asunder, he stopped once a
fortnight at the door of the half-customer at Thorpe, and once a
fortnight at that of the half-customer at Chertsey; and never did he
forget this arrangement, which lasted several years, or stop
unnecessarily after he had once thoroughly understood the rule.
The docility and intelligence of the horse are abundantly shown in
the feats he is trained to perform in the Circus; but those which he is
self-taught are still more interesting. Lord Brougham in his
“Dissertations” says, he knew a pony that used to open the latch of
the stable door, and also raise the lid of the corn chest; and he
notices the instance of a horse opening the wicket-gate of a field by
pressing down the upright bar, as a man would do,—“actions,” he
observes, “which the animals must have learned from observation,
as it is very unlikely that they were taught.” Such feats are not
uncommon; but the following is, we believe, unique. In 1794, a
gentleman in Leeds had a horse which, after having been kept up in
the stable for some time, and turned out into a field where there
was a pump well supplied with water, regularly obtained a quantity
therefrom by his own dexterity. For this purpose, the animal was
observed to take the handle into his mouth, and work it with his
head, in a way exactly similar to that done by the hand of man, until
a sufficiency was procured.
The force of habit is particularly strong in the old hunter and in
the war-horse. The Tyrolese, in one of their insurrections in 1809,
took fifteen Bavarian horses, and mounted them with fifteen of their
own men; but in a skirmish with a squadron of the same regiment,
no sooner did these horses hear the trumpet and recognise the
uniform of their old masters, than they set off at full gallop, and
carried their riders, in spite of all their efforts, into the Bavarian
ranks, where they were made prisoners. But inveterate habits are
contracted in peace as well as in war, domi militiæque, a truth which
was curiously exemplified in a case that fell under our own
observation. Some ladies of our acquaintance in Essex bought a very
respectable, middle aged, black-coated horse, to draw their four-
wheeled open chaise, driven by their own fair hands. At first they
were greatly pleased with their bargain; the horse was as strong as
an elephant, as gentle as a lamb, and as sedate as a parish clerk.
But he soon gave proof of very ungenteel propensities. No sooner
did a public house come in view than he would rush up to the door,
in defiance of whip and rein, and persist in remaining there a
reasonable drinking time, thereby exposing the reputation of his
mistresses to very shocking surmises. It afterwards came out that he
had learned these ways of a jolly old farmer in whose possession he
had been for some years.
There is a story told of a famous trotter belonging to a butcher,
which attracted the admiration of a gentleman by its splendid action,
and was bought by him at a very high price. But no long time
elapsed before the purchaser came to the conclusion that he had
been taken in; the horse was decidedly a dull, lazy brute; it was all
over with his fine trotting; and the butcher who sold him was, no
doubt, aware that the animal laboured under some unsoundness
that destroyed his former high qualities. The gentleman took the
horse to its former owner, and indignantly denounced the fraud that
had been practised upon him. The butcher listened in silence to the
stormy harangue, and then turning to one of his men, who was
leaving the shop with a tray of meat on his shoulder, he said to him,
“Here, Dick, jump up, just as you are, and let us see if the horse
can’t trot a bit.” The man did so, and off started the horse in the
very best style. The gentleman was amazed and confounded: “I can
never make him go like that!” he said. “That’s a pity, sir,” replied the
butcher; “you see it is not his fault. But I’ll tell you what it is; you
just please to mount, and let me put a tray of meat on the saddle
before you, and then I warrant you’ll say he goes fast enough!”
Horses often exhibit a good deal of cunning. The late General
Pater, of the East India service, was a remarkably fat man. While
stationed at Madras, he purchased a charger, which, after a short
trial, all at once betook himself to a trick of lying down whenever he
prepared to get upon his back. Every expedient was tried, without
success, to cure him of the trick; and the laugh was so much
indulged against the general’s corpulency, that he found it
convenient to dispose of his horse to a young officer quitting the
settlement for a distant station up the country. Upwards of two years
had subsequently elapsed, when, in the execution of his official
duties, General Pater left Madras to inspect one of the frontier
cantonments. He travelled, as is the usual custom in India, in his
palanqueen (a covered couch carried on men’s shoulders). The
morning after his arrival at the station, the troops were drawn out;
and, as he had brought no horses, it was proper to provide for his
being suitably mounted, though it was not very easy to find a
charger adapted to his weight. At length an officer resigned to him a
powerful horse for the occasion, which was brought out duly
caparisoned in front of the line. The general came forth from his
tent, and proceeded to mount; but the instant the horse saw him
advance, he flung himself flat upon the sand, and neither blows nor
entreaties could induce him to rise. It was the general’s old charger,
which, from the moment of quitting his service, had never once
practised the artifice until this second meeting. The general, who
was an exceedingly good-humoured man, joined heartily in the
universal shout that ran through the whole line on witnessing this
ludicrous affair.
 SIR ROBERT GILLESPIE’S DARING FEAT.

Courage is a quality of great importance in a horse, and some

possess it in a high degree. It is worthy, too, of remark, that there is
often something more than mere natural indifference to danger,
something of an intellectual character in the courage of the horse.
He learns to overcome his fears. At the sight of a tiger a horse has
been known to become wholly paralysed with terror, and incapable
of resistance, or even of flight; and yet this instinctive dread of
mortal foes can be eradicated by education, and a reliance on the
protection of man. A remarkable proof of this is, that the hunting
leopard is allowed by the well-trained horse to spring on his back,
either behind or before his master, when he goes a-field in pursuit of
game. One of the most signal instances of courage on the part of
horse and rider, and of perfect concert between both, is that
recorded of the late Sir Robert Gillespie and his Arab. Sir Robert
being present on the race-course of Calcutta during one of the great
Hindoo festivals, when many thousands are assembled to witness all
sorts of shows, was suddenly alarmed by the shrieks and commotion
of the crowd. On being informed that a tiger had escaped from his
keepers, he immediately called for his horse, and, with no other
weapon than a boar-spear snatched from one of the by-standers, he
rode to attack this formidable enemy. The tiger was probably
amazed at finding himself in the middle of such a number of
shrieking beings flying from him in all directions; but the moment he
perceived Sir Robert, he crouched in the attitude of preparing to
spring upon him; and that instant the gallant soldier passed his
horse in a leap over the tiger’s back, and struck the spear through
his spine. It was a feat requiring the utmost conceivable unity of
purpose and movement on the part of horse and rider, almost
realising for the moment the fable of the centaur. Had either
swerved or wavered for a second, both had been lost. But the brave
steed knew his rider. The animal was a small grey, and was
afterwards sent home as a present to the Prince Regent.
Sir Robert fell subsequently at the storming of Kalunga. Another
horse of his, a favourite black charger, bred at the Cape of Good
Hope, and carried by him to India, was, at the sale of his effects,
competed for by several officers of his division, and finally knocked
down to the privates of the 8th dragoons, who contributed their
prize money, to the amount of £500 sterling, to retain this
commemoration of their late commander. The charger was always
led at the head of the regiment on a march, and at the station of
Cawnpore was usually indulged with taking his ancient post at the
colour stand, where the salute of passing squadrons was given at
drill and on reviews. When the regiment was ordered home, the
funds of the privates running low, he was bought for the same sum
by a gentleman, who provided funds and a paddock for him, where
he might end his days in comfort; but when the corps had marched,
and the sound of the trumpet had departed, he refused to eat, and
on the first opportunity, being led out to exercise, he broke from his
groom, and galloping to his ancient station on the parade, after
neighing aloud, dropped down and died.
 It is not surprising that an animal endowed in so high a degree as
the horse is with mental and moral faculties, should occasionally be
subject, like man, to derangement of these faculties. The disordered
actions, the fury, the caprices, and the vices which are sometimes
shown by the brute, are in the highest degree analagous to certain
forms of human insanity. The following anecdotes are related by Mr.
Youatt, on the authority of Professor Rodet, of Toulouse:—
A horse, seven years old, was remarkable for an habitual air of
stupidity, and a peculiar wandering expression of countenance.
When he saw any thing he had not been accustomed to, or heard
any sudden or unusual noise, whether it was near or at a distance,
or sometimes when his corn was thrown into the manger without
the precaution of speaking to him or patting him, he was frightened
to an almost incredible degree; he recoiled precipitately, every limb
trembled, and he struggled violently to escape. After several useless
efforts to get away, he would work himself into the very highest
degree of rage so that it was dangerous to approach him. This state
of excitement was followed by dreadful convulsions, which did not
cease until he had broken his halter, or otherwise freed himself from
his trammels. He would then become calm, and suffer himself to be
led back to his stable, nor would any thing more be seen but an
almost continual uneasiness, and a wandering and stupid expression
of countenance. He had belonged to a brutal soldier, who had
beaten him shamefully: but before he fell into that man’s hands he
had been perfectly quiet and tractable.
A Piedmontese officer possessed a beautiful mare, and one that
would have been in all respects serviceable, but for a peculiarity that
rendered her exceedingly dangerous: that was a decided aversion to
paper, which she recognised the moment she saw it, and even in the
dark, if two leaves were rubbed together. The effect produced by the
sight or sound of it was so prompt and violent, that she several
times unhorsed her rider. She had not the slightest fear of objects
that would terrify most horses. She regarded not the music of the
band, the whistling of the balls, the roaring of the cannon, the fires
of the bivouacs, or the glittering of arms. The confusion and noise of
an engagement made no impression on her; the sight of no other
white object offended her. No other sound moved her, but the view
or the rustling of paper roused her to madness.
A mare was perfectly manageable, and betrayed no antipathy to
human beings, to animals of other kinds, or to horses, except they
were of a light grey colour; but the moment she saw a light grey
horse she rushed towards it and attacked it with the greatest fury. It
was the same at all times and everywhere. She was all that could be
wished on the parade, on the route, in the ranks, in action, and in
the stable; but if she once caught a glimpse of a grey or white horse
she rested not until she had thrown her rider or broken her halter,
and then she rushed on the object of her dislike with the utmost
fury. She generally contrived to seize the animal by the head or
throat, and held him so fast that she would suffocate him, if he were
not promptly released from her bite.
Another mare exhibited no dread except of white inanimate
objects, as white mantles or coats, and particularly white plumes.
She would fly from them if she could; but if unable to accomplish
this, she would rush fiercely upon them, strike at them with her
forefeet, and tear them with her teeth.
One of these horses, the second, was by long and kind attention
divested of its insane terror, and became, perfectly quiet and useful;
but the other three bid defiance to all means of cure, and to
coercion amongst the rest. The cases of all four were as decided
instances of monomania, or insanity confined to one object, as ever
were exhibited in the human being.
 CHAPTER III

VICES, AND DISAGREEABLE OR DANGEROUS HABITS.

N the last chapter we gave instances of

mischievous propensities directed only
against certain kinds of objects, and
displaying all the characters of what is called
monomania. These are rare cases; but it is
not uncommon to find horses, whom no jury
would pronounce insane, but who are
addicted to the worst and most malevolent
practices, such as kicking, biting, and
plunging without provocation, or to shying and starting from mere
wantonness, to the great danger and annoyance of their riders.
These and other vices are partly the effect of a naturally bad temper,
and partly of bad education. Horses, for instance, that are teased by
the thoughtless play of grooms and stable boys, will begin by
pretending to bite or kick their tormentors; by-and-by they will do so
in earnest, and at last the habit will be permanently confirmed.
Almost all veterinary surgeons are agreed in considering it hopeless
to attempt the cure of these vices when once established. Professor
Stewart says, “I have seen biters punished until they trembled in
every joint and were ready to drop, but have never in any case
known them to be cured by this treatment, or by any other. The lash
is forgotten in an hour, and the horse is as ready and determined to
repeat the offence as before. He appears unable to resist the
temptation, and in its worst form biting is a species of insanity.” But,
according to Burckhardt, the traveller, there is a method known to
the Egyptian soldiery for curing the propensity to bite, and practised
by them with unfailing success. They roast a leg of mutton, take it
hot from the fire, and present it to the offending animal. He plunges
his teeth in it, they stick fast in the hot meat, and the pain he
endures makes him careful for the future to bite at nothing but his
lawful food. Mr. Morier mentions a singular method he saw practised
in Persia to subdue the temper of a very vicious horse that had
resisted every other kind of treatment. The horse was muzzled, and
turned loose in an enclosure, there to await the attack of two horses
whose mouths and limbs were at liberty, and which were turned in
to attack him. So effectually did this discipline operate that he
became completely altered, and as remarkable for docility as he had
previously been for savage obstinacy.
It is related, we know not on what authority, that a novel kind of
jockeyship was once tried with triumphant success in one of those
cases we are here speaking of. A well-known nobleman, so runs the
tale, had a wild horse which nobody could ride. “I know not what
your lordship can do with him,” said some one, “but to set the
monkey on his back.” So they put a pad on the horse, and clapped
the monkey upon it with a switch in his hand, wherewith he
belaboured the horse, and set him into a furious kicking and
galloping, but pug still kept his seat. The horse lay down on the
ground; but when he threw himself on one side, the monkey was
upon the other. He ran into a wood to brush his rider off; but the
monkey dodged from side to side so as to avoid every tree and
bush, until at last the horse was so sickened and fatigued and
broken spirited, that he ran home to the stable for protection. When
the monkey was removed, a boy was put in his place, and managed
the horse with ease. The animal never gave any trouble afterwards.
Old books of farriery mention a plan for taming intractable horses,
which, we believe, has gone out of fashion only on account of the
trouble attending it. We should be glad to see it revived, for we are
inclined to think it would be attended with very good results. The
horse was tethered in his stall, with his tail to the manger, prevented
from lying down and kept without food or sleep for forty-eight hours
or more; men, who relieved each other by turns, being stationed at
his head to rouse him whenever he began to dose. This method was
the same in principle as that by which falconers used to tame their
hawks; and there can be little doubt that the discipline which could
subdue those savage and impetuous birds, would have been no less
efficacious in bringing down the unruly temper of the more generous
quadruped.
We have now to speak of certain horse-taming exploits, which
have in them a strong tincture of the marvellous, but which are,
nevertheless, authenticated by undeniable evidence.
At the Spring meeting of 1804, Mr. Whalley’s horse, King Pippin,
was brought on the Curragh of Kildare to run. He was a horse of the
most strangely savage and vicious disposition. His particular
propensity was that of flying at and worrying any person who came
within his reach; and, if he had an opportunity, he would turn his
head round, seize his rider by the leg with his teeth, and drag him
down from his back. For this reason he was always ridden with what
is called a sword; this is a strong flat stick, having one end attached
to the check of the bridle, and the other to the girth of the saddle—a
contrivance to prevent a horse of this kind from getting at his rider.
King Pippin had long been difficult to manage, and dangerous to
go near; but on the occasion in question, he could not be got to run
at all: nobody could put the bridle on his head. There was a large
concourse of people assembled on the Curragh; and one
countryman, more fearless than the rest of the lookers on,
volunteered his services to bridle the horse. No sooner had he
commenced operations, than King Pippin seized him somewhere
about the shoulders, and shook him as a dog does a rat. Fortunately
for the poor fellow his body was very thickly covered with clothes,
for on such holiday occasions an Irishman of his class is fond of
displaying his wardrobe, and if he has three coats in the world, he is
sure to put them all on. Owing to this circumstance, the horse never
fairly got hold of his skin, and the man escaped with little injury,
except the rent and ruined condition of his holiday attire.
 A VICIOUS RACEHORSE.

The Whisperer was now sent for. This mysterious horse-tamer soon
arrived, was shut up with the horse all night, and in the morning
exhibited the hitherto ferocious animal following him about the
course like a dog—lying down at his command—suffering his mouth
to be opened, and any person’s hand to be introduced into it—in
short, as quiet almost as a sheep. He came out the same meeting
and won his race, and his docility continued satisfactory for a
considerable period; but at the end of three years his vice returned,
and then he is said to have killed a man, for which he was
destroyed.
The man who effected the wonder we have just recounted was an
awkward, ignorant rustic of the lowest class, of the name of Sullivan,
but better known by the appellation of the Whisperer. His occupation
was horse-breaking. The nickname he acquired from the vulgar
notion of his being able to communicate to the animal what he
wished by means of a whisper; and the singularity of his method
seemed in some degree to justify the supposition. How his art was
acquired, or in what it consisted, he never disclosed. He died about
1810. His son, who followed him in the same trade, possessed but a
small portion of the art, having either never learned the true secret,
or being incapable of putting it into practice. The wonder of his skill
consisted in the celerity of the operation, which was performed in
privacy, without any apparent means of coercion: every description
of horse or even mule, whether previously broken or unhandled,
whatever their peculiar habits or vices might have been, submitted
without a show of resistance to his magical influence, and in the
short space of an hour became gentle and tractable. This effect,
though instantaneously produced, was generally durable. Though
more submissive to him than to others, the animals seemed to have
acquired a docility unknown before.
When sent for to tame a vicious beast, for which he was either
paid according to the distance, or generally two or three guineas, he
directed the stable, in which he and the object of the experiment
were, to be shut, with orders not to open the door until a signal was
given. After a tête-à-tête of about half an hour, during which little or
no bustle was heard, the signal was made, and upon opening the
door, the horse appeared lying down, and the man by his side
playing with him like a child with a puppy dog. From that time he
was found perfectly willing to submit to any discipline, however
repugnant to his nature before.
Mr. Croker, to whom we are indebted for this account, once saw
this man’s skill tried on a horse which could never before be brought
to stand still for a smith to shoe him. “The day after Sullivan’s half
hour’s lecture,” he says, “I went, not without some incredulity, to the
smith’s shop, with many other curious spectators, where we were
witnesses of the complete success of his art. This, too, had been a
troop horse, and it was supposed, not without reason, that after
regimental discipline had failed, no other would be found availing. I
observed that the animal appeared terrified whenever Sullivan either
spoke to or looked at him: how that extraordinary ascendancy could
have been obtained it is difficult to conjecture.
 “In common cases this mysterious preparation was unnecessary.
He seemed to possess an instinctive power of inspiring awe, the
result, perhaps, of natural intrepidity, in which, I believe, a great part
of his art consisted: though the circumstance of the tête-à-tête
shows that, on particular occasions, something more must have
been added to it. A faculty like this would in some hands have made
a fortune, and I understand that great offers were made to him for
the exercise of his art abroad. But hunting was his passion: he lived
at home in the style most agreeable to his disposition, and nothing
could induce him to quit Duhallow and the fox-hounds.”
We have been told by a merchant long resident in Mexico, that it
is a common practice in that country to tame the most violent horses
by a very simple but singular method, namely, by putting the horse’s
nostrils under a man’s armpit. Our informant assures us that the
most refractory brute instantly becomes tractable on inhaling the
odour of the human body. This strange statement is corroborated by
a fact first made known by Mr. Catlin, and both together may
perhaps afford a clue to the mystery of the Whisperer’s proceedings.
Mr. Catlin tells us, that when an Indian of the Rocky Mountains runs
down and nooses a wild horse, one of his first steps is to place his
hand over the eyes of the struggling animal, and breathe into its
nostrils, when it soon becomes docile, and is so completely
conquered that it submits quietly ever after.
Mr. Ellis, a gentleman of Cambridge, happened to read Mr. Catlin’s
statement, and felt a natural desire to ascertain how far this mode of
horse-taming might be employed among British horses. He tried the
experiment on a filly not a year old, that had been removed from her
dam three months before, and since that time had not been out of
the stable; he tried it, too, under manifest disadvantage, for the filly,
which was quite wild, was in the open air, with several strangers
about her, and both the owner and the amateur were rather seeking
amusement from the failure, than knowledge from the success, of
their experiment. It was with great difficulty Mr. Ellis managed to
cover the eyes of the restive and frightened animal. At length he
succeeded, and blew into her nostrils. No particular effect seemed to
follow. He then breathed into her nostrils, and the moment he did so
the filly at once desisted from her violent struggles, stood still and
trembled. From that time she became very tractable. Another
gentleman also breathed into her nostrils, and she evidently enjoyed
it, and kept putting up her nose to receive the breath. On the
following morning she was led out again. She was perfectly
tractable, and it seemed to be almost impossible to frighten her.
Shying is a very troublesome vice, and is only to be overcome by a
rider of great firmness and good temper. Blows will scarcely ever
cure vicious habits originating in fear; they will only increase them,
for the horse will be possessed with the dread of two evils instead of
one; viz., the object itself from which he starts away, and the
punishment that is to follow. Sometimes his shying is the
consequence of defective sight; and then he must be taught to rely
on his rider, and to learn from him that the object of his terror is not
at all formidable. The tone of the voice, half chiding, half
encouraging, and a gentle pressure of the heel, will be perfectly
understood by the animal, and he will soon come to trust in his
rider’s judgment: on the other hand, if the latter show any
symptoms of timidity, they will be instantly detected by the horse,
and the mischief will be greatly aggravated. In other cases the vice
proceeds from skittishness or affectation, and must be differently
dealt with. “Horses,” says Mr. Lawrence, “generally fix on some
particular shying butt; for example, I recollect having, at different
periods, three hacks, all very powerful: the one made choice of a
windmill for the object or butt; the second a tilted wagon; and the
third, a pig led in a string. It so happened, however, that I rode the
two former when amiss from a violent cold; and they then paid no
more attention to either windmills or tilted wagons, than to any
other objects, convincing me that their shying, when in health and
spirits, was pure affectation; an affectation however, which maybe
speedily united with obstinacy and vice. Let it be treated with
marked displeasure, mingled with gentle but decided firmness, and
the habit will be of short endurance.”