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 MATLABÒ
A Practical Introduction to Programming
and Problem Solving
This page intentionally left blank
 MATLAB Ò
A Practical Introduction to Programming
and Problem Solving

Third Edition

Stormy Attaway
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Boston University

Amsterdam  Boston  Heidelberg  London  New York  Oxford

Paris  San Diego  San Francisco  Singapore  Sydney  Tokyo
Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier
Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB
225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
First published 2009
Second edition 2012
Third edition 2013
Copyright Ó 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangement with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center
and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other
than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods
they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have
a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability
for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or
from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
MATLABÒ is a trademark of TheMathWorks, Inc., and is used with permission. TheMathWorks does not warrant
the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLABÒ software or related
products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by TheMathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach
or particular use of the MATLABÒ software.
MATLABÒ and Handle GraphicsÒ are registered trademarks of TheMathWorks, Inc.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-0-12-405876-7

For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications

visit our website at store.elsevier.com

Printed and bound in the United States

13 14 15 16 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedication

This book is dedicated to my husband, Ted de Winter.

This page intentionally left blank
Contents

PREFACE ...................................................................................................... xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................................................. xxi

PART 1 Introduction to Programming Using MATLAB

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to MATLAB.................................................... 3
1.1. Getting into MATLAB .......................................................... 4
1.2. The MATLAB Desktop Environment.................................. 5
1.3. Variables and Assignment Statements.............................. 6
1.4. Numerical Expressions ...................................................... 12
1.5. Characters and Encoding .................................................. 21
1.6. Relational Expressions....................................................... 23
Common Pitfalls ........................................................................... 27
Programming Style Guidelines ................................................... 28

CHAPTER 2 Vectors and Matrices........................................................ 33

2.1. Vectors and Matrices.......................................................... 33
2.2. Vectors and Matrices as Function Arguments................ 50
2.3. Scalar and Array Operations on Vectors
and Matrices........................................................................ 54
2.4. Matrix Multiplication.......................................................... 57
2.5. Logical Vectors.................................................................... 59
2.6. Applications: The diff and meshgrid Functions ............. 64
Common Pitfalls ........................................................................... 66
Programming Style Guidelines ................................................... 67

CHAPTER 3 Introduction to MATLAB Programming ......................... 73

3.1. Algorithms ........................................................................... 74
3.2. MATLAB Scripts ................................................................. 75
3.3. Input and Output ................................................................ 78
3.4. Scripts with Input and Output .......................................... 86 vii
viii Contents

3.5. Scripts to Produce and Customize Simple Plots ............. 87

3.6. Introduction to File Input/Output (Load and Save) ........ 93
3.7. User-Defined Functions That Return a Single Value...... 97
3.8. Commands and Functions ............................................... 106
Common Pitfalls ......................................................................... 107
Programming Style Guidelines ................................................. 107

CHAPTER 4 Selection Statements ...................................................... 117

4.1. The if Statement ............................................................... 117
4.2. The if-else Statement ....................................................... 121
4.3. Nested if-else Statements................................................ 123
4.4. The switch statement ...................................................... 129
4.5. The menu Function .......................................................... 131
4.6. The “is” Functions in MATLAB...................................... 133
Common Pitfalls ......................................................................... 136
Programming Style Guidelines ................................................. 137

CHAPTER 5 Loop Statements and Vectorizing Code ....................... 147

5.1. The for Loop ...................................................................... 148
5.2. Nested for Loops............................................................... 155
5.3. while Loops ....................................................................... 162
5.4. Loops with Vectors and Matrices: Vectorizing............. 172
5.5. Timing ................................................................................ 181
Common Pitfalls ......................................................................... 183
Programming Style Guidelines ................................................. 184

CHAPTER 6 MATLAB Programs......................................................... 195

6.1. More Types of User-Defined Functions ......................... 195
6.2. MATLAB Program Organization ..................................... 204
6.3. Application: Menu-Driven Modular Program ................ 209
6.4. Variable Scope................................................................... 215
6.5. Debugging Techniques .................................................... 220
Common Pitfalls ......................................................................... 226
Programming Style Guidelines ................................................. 226

CHAPTER 7 String Manipulation ........................................................ 235

7.1. Creating String Variables................................................. 235
7.2. Operations on Strings....................................................... 238
7.3. The “is” Functions for Strings ........................................ 252
7.4. Converting Between String and Number Types........... 252
Common Pitfalls ......................................................................... 256
Programming Style Guidelines ................................................. 256
 Contents ix

CHAPTER 8 Data Structures: Cell Arrays and Structures ............... 265

8.1. Cell Arrays......................................................................... 266
8.2. Structures .......................................................................... 271
Common Pitfalls ......................................................................... 288
Programming Style Guidelines ................................................. 289

CHAPTER 9 Advanced File Input and Output .................................. 295

9.1. Lower-Level File I/O Functions....................................... 296
9.2. Writing and Reading Spreadsheet Files ........................ 310
9.3. Using MAT-files for Variables.......................................... 311
Common Pitfalls ......................................................................... 313
Programming Style Guidelines ................................................. 314

CHAPTER 10 Advanced Functions....................................................... 321

10.1. Anonymous Functions ................................................... 321
10.2. Uses of Function Handles .............................................. 323
10.3. Variable Numbers of Arguments .................................. 326
10.4. Nested Functions............................................................ 333
10.5. Recursive Functions ....................................................... 334
Common Pitfalls ......................................................................... 339
Programming Style Guidelines ................................................. 339

PART 2 Advanced Topics for Problem Solving

with MATLAB
CHAPTER 11 Advanced Plotting Techniques ..................................... 347
11.1. Plot Functions ................................................................. 347
11.2. Animation ........................................................................ 354
11.3. 3D Plots ............................................................................ 355
11.4. Customizing Plots........................................................... 359
11.5. Handle Graphics and Plot Properties ........................... 360
11.6. Plot Applications............................................................. 372
11.7. Saving and Printing Plots .............................................. 377
Common Pitfalls ......................................................................... 378
Programming Style Guidelines ................................................. 378

CHAPTER 12 Basic Statistics, Sets, Sorting, and Indexing ............... 387

12.1. Statistical Functions ....................................................... 388
12.2. Set Operations................................................................. 394
12.3. Sorting.............................................................................. 397
12.4. Index Vectors .................................................................. 404
x Contents

12.5. Searching ......................................................................... 408

Common Pitfalls ......................................................................... 412
Programming Style Guidelines ................................................. 412

CHAPTER 13 Sights and Sounds .......................................................... 419

13.1. Sound Files ...................................................................... 419
13.2. Image Processing............................................................ 421
13.3. Introduction to Graphical User Interfaces ................... 431
Common Pitfalls ......................................................................... 450
Programming Style Guidelines ................................................. 450

CHAPTER 14 Advanced Mathematics ................................................. 461

14.1. Fitting Curves to Data.................................................... 462
14.2. Complex Numbers .......................................................... 466
14.3. Matrix Solutions to Systems of Linear Algebraic
Equations......................................................................... 473
14.4. Symbolic Mathematics ................................................... 491
14.5. Calculus: Integration and Differentiation .................... 498
Common Pitfalls ......................................................................... 504
Programming Style Guidelines ................................................. 504

APPENDIX I ............................................................................................... 517

APPENDIX II .............................................................................................. 525
INDEX......................................................................................................... 527
Preface

MOTIVATION
The purpose of this book is to teach basic programming concepts and skills
needed for basic problem solving, all using MATLABÒ as the vehicle. MATLAB is
a powerful software package that has built-in functions to accomplish a diverse
range of tasks, from mathematical operations to three-dimensional imaging.
Additionally, MATLAB has a complete set of programming constructs that
allows users to customize programs to their own specifications.
There are many books that introduce MATLAB. There are two basic flavors of
these books: those that demonstrate the use of the built-in functions in
MATLAB, with a chapter or two on some programming concepts, and those
that cover only the programming constructs without mentioning many of the
built-in functions that make MATLAB efficient to use. Someone who learns
just the built-in functions will be well prepared to use MATLAB, but would
not understand basic programming concepts. That person would not be able
to then learn a language such as C++ or Java without taking another intro-
ductory course, or reading another book, on the programming concepts.
Conversely, anyone who learns only programming concepts first (using any
language) would tend to write highly inefficient code using control statements
to solve problems, not realizing that in many cases these are not necessary in
MATLAB.
Instead, this book takes a hybrid approach, introducing both the programming
and the efficient uses. The challenge for students is that it is nearly impossible to
predict whether they will, in fact, need to know programming concepts later on
or whether a software package such as MATLAB will suffice for their careers.
Therefore, the best approach for beginning students is to give them both: the
programming concepts and the efficient built-in functions. As MATLAB is very
easy to use, it is a perfect platform for this approach to teaching programming
and problem solving.
xi
xii Preface

As programming concepts are critically important to this book, emphasis is not

placed on the time-saving features that evolve with every new MATLAB release.
For example, in most versions of MATLAB, statistics on variables are available
readily in the Workspace Window. This is not shown in any detail in the book,
as whether this feature is available depends on the version of the software and
because of the desire to explain the concepts in the book.

MODIFICATIONS IN THE THIRD EDITION

The changes in the Third Edition of this book include the following.
n New section at the end of every chapter, “Explore Other Interesting
Features”, which lists related language constructs, functions, and tools that
readers may wish to investigate.
n Expanded coverage of:
n image processing, including the use of different data types in image

matrices
n plot functions, including those that use logarithmic scales

n graphical user interfaces.

n Use of MATLAB Version R2012b.

n Modified and new “Practice” problems.
n Modified, new, and some more challenging end-of-chapter exercises.
n Reorganization of some material, principally:
n separate chapter (Chapter 2) on vectors and matrices, which includes

some functions and operators on vectors and matrices, and prepares for
vectorizing code
n matrix multiplication covered much earlier (in Chapter 2)

n vectorized code covered in the loop chapter in order to compare the use

of loops with arrays and vectorized code.

n Use of randi instead of round(rand).
n Use of true/false instead of logical(1)/logical(0).
n Expanded coverage of elementary math functions, including mod, sqrt,
nthroot, log, log2, and log10, as well as more trigonometric functions.
n New Appendix with complete list of functions covered in the book.
n New Appendix with list of Toolboxes that readers may wish to investigate.

KEY FEATURES
Side-by-Side Programming Concepts and Built-in
Functions
The most important, and unique, feature of this book is that it teaches
programming concepts and the use of the built-in functions in MATLAB side-
by-side. It starts with basic programming concepts, such as variables,
 Preface xiii

assignments, input/output, selection and loop statements. Then, throughout

the rest of the book many times a problem will be introduced and then solved
using the “programming concept” and also using the “efficient method”. This
will not be done in every case to the point that it becomes tedious, but just
enough to get the ideas across.

Systematic Approach
Another key feature is that the book takes a very systematic, step-by-step
approach, building on concepts throughout the book. It is very tempting in
a MATLAB text to show built-in functions or features early on with a note that
says “we’ll do this later”. This book does not do that; functions are covered
before they are used in examples. Additionally, basic programming concepts
will be explained carefully and systematically. Very basic concepts, such as
looping to calculate a sum, counting in a conditional loop, and error-checking,
are not found in many texts, but are covered here.

File Input/Output
Many applications in engineering and the sciences involve manipulating large
data sets that are stored in external files. Most MATLAB texts at least mention
the save and load functions, and, in some cases, also some of the lower-level
file input/output functions. As file input and output are so fundamental to so
many applications, this book will cover several low-level file input/output
functions, as well as reading from and writing to spreadsheet files. Later
chapters will also deal with audio and image files. These file input/output
concepts are introduced gradually: first load and save in Chapter 3, then lower-
level functions in Chapter 9, and, finally, sound and images in Chapter 13.

User-Defined Functions
User-defined functions are a very important programming concept, and yet
many times the nuances and differences between concepts, such as types of
functions and function calls versus function headers, can be very confusing to
beginner programmers. Therefore, these concepts are introduced gradually.
First, arguably the easiest type of functions to understand, those that calculate
and return one single value, are demonstrated in Chapter 3. Later, functions
that return no values and functions that return multiple values are introduced
in Chapter 6. Finally, advanced function features are shown in Chapter 10.

Advanced Programming Concepts

In addition to the basics, some advanced programming concepts, such as string
manipulation, data structures (e.g., structures and cell arrays), recursion,
anonymous functions, and variable number of arguments to functions, are
xiv Preface

covered. Sorting, searching, and indexing are also addressed. All of these are
again approached systematically; for example, cell arrays are covered before
they are used in file input functions and as labels on pie charts.

Problem-Solving Tools
In addition to the programming concepts, some basic mathematics necessary
for solving many problems will be introduced. These will include statistical
functions, solving sets of linear algebraic equations, and fitting curves to data.
The use of complex numbers and some calculus (integration and differentia-
tion) will also be introduced. The basic math will be explained and the built-in
functions in MATLAB to perform these tasks will be described.

Plots, Imaging, and Graphical User Interfaces

Simple two-dimensional plots are introduced very early in the book (Chapter 3)
so that plot examples can be used throughout. A separate chapter, Chapter 11,
shows more plot types, and demonstrates customizing plots and how the
graphics properties are handled in MATLAB. This chapter makes use of strings
and cell arrays to customize labels. Also, there is an introduction to image
processing and the basics necessary to understand programming graphical user
interfaces (GUIs) in Chapter 13.

Vectorized Code
Efficient uses of the capabilities of the built-in operators and functions in
MATLAB are demonstrated throughout the book. In order to emphasize the
importance of using MATLAB efficiently, the concepts and built-in functions
necessary for writing vectorized code are treated very early in Chapter 2.
Techniques such as preallocating vectors and using logical vectors are then
covered in Chapter 5 as alternatives to selection statements and looping
through vectors and matrices. Methods of determining how efficient the code is
are also covered.

LAYOUT OF TEXT
This text is divided into two parts: the first part covers programming constructs
and demonstrates the programming method versus efficient use of built-in
functions to solve problems. The second part covers tools that are used for basic
problem solving, including plotting, image processing, and mathematical
techniques to solve systems of linear algebraic equations, fit curves to data, and
perform basic statistical analyses. The first six chapters cover the very basics in
MATLAB and in programming, and are all prerequisites for the rest of the book.
After that, many chapters in the problem-solving section can be introduced,
 Preface xv

when desired, to produce a customized flow of topics in the book. This is true
to an extent, although the order of the chapters has been chosen carefully to
ensure that the coverage is systematic.
The individual chapters are described here, as well as which topics are required
for each chapter.

PART 1: INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING

USING MATLAB
Chapter 1: Introduction to MATLAB begins by covering the MATLAB Desktop
Environment. Variables, assignment statements, and types are introduced.
Mathematical and relational expressions and the operators used in them are
covered, as are characters, random numbers, and the use of built-in functions
and the Help browser.
Chapter 2: Vectors and Matrices introduces creating and manipulating vectors
and matrices. Array operations and matrix operations (such as matrix multi-
plication) are explained. The use of vectors and matrices as function arguments,
and functions that are written specifically for vectors and matrices are covered.
Logical vectors and other concepts useful in vectorizing code are emphasized in
this chapter.
Chapter 3: Introduction to MATLAB Programming introduces the idea of
algorithms and scripts. This includes simple input and output, and com-
menting. Scripts are then used to create and customize simple plots, and to do
file input and output. Finally, the concept of a user-defined function is intro-
duced with only the type of function that calculates and returns a single value.
Chapter 4: Selection Statements introduces the use of logical expressions in if
statements, with else and elseif clauses. The switch statement is also demon-
strated, as is the concept of choosing from a menu. Also, functions that return
logical true or false are covered.
Chapter 5: Loop Statements and Vectorizing Code introduces the concepts of
counted (for) and conditional (while) loops. Many common uses, such as
summing and counting, are covered. Nested loops are also introduced. Some
more sophisticated uses of loops, such as error-checking and combining loops
and selection statements, are also covered. Finally, vectorizing code, by using
built-in functions and operators on vectors and matrices instead of looping
through them, is demonstrated. Tips for writing efficient code are emphasized
and tools for analyzing code are introduced.
The concepts in the first five chapters are assumed throughout the rest of the
book.
xvi Preface

Chapter 6: MATLAB Programs covers more on scripts and user-defined

functions. User-defined functions that return more than one value and also that
do not return anything are introduced. The concept of a program in MATLAB
which consists of a script that calls user-defined functions is demonstrated with
examples. A longer, menu-driven program is shown as a reference, but could be
omitted. Subfunctions and scope of variables are also introduced, as are some
debugging techniques.
The concept of a program is used throughout the rest of the book.
Chapter 7: String Manipulation covers many built-in string manipulation
functions, as well as converting between string and number types. Several
examples include using custom strings in plot labels and input prompts.
Chapter 8: Data Structures: Cell Arrays and Structures introduces two main
data structures e cell arrays and structures. Once structures are covered, more
complicated data structures, such as nested structures and vectors of structures,
are also introduced. Cell arrays are used in several applications in later chapters,
such as file input in Chapter 9, variable number of function arguments in
Chapter 10, and plot labels in Chapter 11, and are therefore considered
important and are covered first. The rest of the chapter on structures can be
omitted, although the use of structure variables to store object properties is
shown in Chapter 11.
Chapter 9: Advanced File Input and Output covers lower-level file input/
output statements that require opening and closing the file. Functions that can
read the entire file at once, as well as those that require reading one line at
a time, are introduced, and examples that demonstrate the differences in their
use are shown. Additionally, techniques for reading from and writing to
spreadsheet files and also .mat files that store MATLAB variables are introduced.
Cell arrays and string functions are used extensively in this chapter.
Chapter 10: Advanced Functions covers more advanced features of and types
of functions, such as anonymous functions, nested functions, and recursive
functions. Function handles, and their use with both anonymous functions and
function functions are introduced. The concept of having a variable number of
input and/or output arguments to a function is introduced; this is implemented
using cell arrays. String functions are also used in several examples in this
chapter. The section on recursive functions is at the end and may be omitted.

PART 2: ADVANCED TOPICS FOR PROBLEM

SOLVING WITH MATLAB
Chapter 11: Advanced Plotting Techniques continues with more on the plot
functions introduced in Chapter 3. Different two-dimensional plot types, such
 Preface xvii

as logarithmic scale plots, pie charts, and histograms are introduced, as is

customizing plots using cell arrays and string functions. Three-dimensional
plot functions, as well as some functions that create the coordinates for spec-
ified objects, are demonstrated. The notion of Handle Graphics is covered, and
some graphics properties, such as line width and color, are introduced. Core
graphics objects and their use by higher-level plotting functions are demon-
strated. Applications that involve reading data from files and then plotting use
both cell arrays and string functions.
Chapter 12: Basic Statistics, Sets, Sorting, and Indexing starts with some of
the built-in statistical and set operations in MATLAB. As some of these require
a sorted data set, methods of sorting are described. Finally, the concepts of
indexing into a vector and searching a vector are introduced. Sorting a vector of
structures and indexing into a vector of structures are described, but these
sections can be omitted. A recursive binary search function is in the end and
may be omitted.
Chapter 13: Sights and Sounds briefly discusses sound files and introduces
image processing. An introduction to programming GUIs is also given,
including the creation of a button group and embedding images in a GUI.
Nested functions are used in the GUI examples.
Chapter 14: Advanced Mathematics covers four basic topics: curve fitting,
complex numbers, solving systems of linear algebraic equations, and inte-
gration and differentiation in calculus. Matrix solutions using the
GausseJordan and GausseJordan elimination methods are described. This
section includes the mathematical techniques and also the MATLAB functions
that implement them. Finally, some of the symbolic math toolbox functions
are shown, including those that solve equations. This method returns a struc-
ture as a result.

PEDAGOGICAL FEATURES
There are several pedagogical tools that are used throughout this book that are
intended to make it easier to learn the material.
First, the book takes a conversational tone with sections called “Quick Ques-
tion!”. These are designed to stimulate thought about the material that has just
been covered. The question is posed, and then the answer is given. It will be
most beneficial to the reader to try to think about the question before reading
the answer! In any case, they should not be skipped over, as the answers often
contain very useful information.
“Practice” problems are given throughout the chapters. These are very simple
problems that drill the material just covered.
xviii Preface

“Explore Other Interesting Features”: this section has been added to the end of
every chapter in this third edition. This book is not intended to be a complete
reference book, and cannot possibly cover all of the built-in functions and tools
available in MATLAB; however, in every chapter there will be a list of functions
and/or commands that are related to the chapter topics, which readers may
wish to investigate.
When some problems are introduced, they are solved using both “The
Programming Concept” and “The Efficient Method”. This facilitates under-
standing the built-in functions and operators in MATLAB, as well as the
underlying programming concepts. “The Efficient Method” highlights methods
that will save time for the programmer, and, in many cases, are also faster to
execute in MATLAB.
Additionally, to aid the reader:
n identifier names are shown in italic
n MATLAB function names are shown in bold
n reserved words are shown in bold and underline
n key important terms are shown in bold and italic.
The end-of-chapter “Summary” contains, where applicable, several sections:
Common Pitfalls: a list of common mistakes that are made, and how to
avoid them.
Programming Style Guidelines: in order to encourage “good” programs,
that others can actually understand, the programming chapters will have
guidelines that will make programs easier to read and understand, and
therefore easier to work with and modify.
Key Terms: a list of the key terms covered in the chapter, in sequence.
MATLAB Reserved Words: a list of the reserved key words in MATLAB.
Throughout the text, these are shown in bold, underlined type.
MATLAB Functions and Commands: a list of the MATLAB built-in
functions and commands covered in the chapter, in the order covered.
Throughout the text, these are shown in bold type.
MATLAB Operators: a list of the MATLAB operators covered in the chapter,
in the order covered.
Exercises: a comprehensive set of exercises, ranging from the rote to more
engaging applications.

ADDITIONAL BOOK RESOURCES

A companion website with additional teaching resources is available for faculty
using this book as a text for their course(s). Please visit www.textbooks.elsevier.
com/9780750687621 to register for access to:
 Preface xix

n instructor solutions manual for end-of-chapter problems

n instructor solutions manual for “Practice” problems
n electronic figures from the text for creation of lecture slides
n downloadable M-files for all examples in the text.
Other book-related resources will also be posted there from time to time.
This page intentionally left blank
Acknowledgments

I am indebted to many, many family members, colleagues, mentors, and

students.
Throughout the last 26 years of coordinating and teaching the basic compu-
tation courses for the College of Engineering at Boston University, I have been
blessed with many fabulous students, as well as graduate teaching fellows and
undergraduate teaching assistants (TAs). There have been hundreds of TAs over
the years e too many to name individually e but I thank them all for their
support. In particular, the following TAs were very helpful in reviewing drafts of
the original manuscript and subsequent editions, and suggesting examples:
Edy Tan, Megan Smith, Brandon Phillips, Carly Sherwood, Ashmita Randhawa,
Mike Green, Kevin Ryan, Brian Hsu, Paul Vermilion, Jake Herrmann, Ben
Duong, and Alan Morse. Kevin Ryan wrote the MATLAB scripts that were used to
produce the cover illustrations.
A number of colleagues have been very encouraging throughout the years. In
particular, I would like to thank my former and current department chairmen
Tom Bifano and Ron Roy for their support and motivation, and Tom for his
graphical user interface example suggestions. I am also indebted to my mentors
at Boston University, Bill Henneman of the Computer Science Department and
Merrill Ebner of the Department of Manufacturing Engineering, as well as Bob
Cannon from the University of South Carolina.
I would like to thank all of the reviewers of the proposal and drafts of this
book. Their comments have been extremely helpful and I hope I have incor-
porated their suggestions to their satisfaction. They include: Pedro J.N. Silva,
Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de
Lisboa; Dr. Dileepan Joseph, Professor, University of Alberta; Dr. Joseph
Goddard, Professor, UC San Diego; Dr. Geoffrey Shiflett, University of
Southern California; Dr. Steve Brown, University of Delaware; Dr. Jackie
Horton, Senior Lecturer, University of Vermont; Dr. Robert Whitman, Senior
Lecturer, University of Denver; Dr. Lauren Black, Assistant Professor, Tufts
University; Dr. Chris Fietkiewicz, Professor, Case Western Reserve University;
Dr. Philip Wong, Professor, Portland State University; Dr. Mark Lyon,

xxi
xxii Acknowledgments

Professor, University of New Hampshire; and Dr. Cheryl Schlittler, Professor,

University of Colorado, Colorado Springs.
Also, I thank those at Elsevier who helped to make this book possible,
including: Joseph Hayton, Publisher; Stephen Merken, Acquisitions Editor; Jeff
Freeland, Editorial Project Manager; Lisa Jones, Project Manager; and Tim Pitts,
a Publisher at Elsevier in the United Kingdom.
Much of the work on this edition was done in Scotland on the Isle of Skye and
in Balquhidder and in Esquel, Argentina. Many thanks to the folks at Mon-
achyle Mhor and Patagonia River Guides, and to Donald and Dinah Rankin for
their hospitality!
Finally, thanks go to all of my family, especially my parents Roy Attaway and
Jane Conklin, both of whom encouraged me at an early age to read and to
write. Thanks also to my husband Ted de Winter for his encouragement and
good-natured taking care of the weekend chores while I worked on this
project!
The photo used in the image processing section was taken by Ron Roy.
 1 PART

Introduction to Programming
Using MATLAB
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
[892] Above, § 8.
[893] b. c. 28.
[894] B. xvi. c. 4, § 23.
[895] The modern hamlet of Dakkeh occupies a portion of the site
of ancient Pselchis.
[896] Called Primis by Ptolemy and Pliny. It is placed by the
former beyond Napata, and just above Meroë. Hence it is
identified with Ibrim.
[897] There is great difficulty in determining the true position of
Napata, as our author places it much farther north than Pliny; and
there is reason for supposing that it is the designation of a royal
residence, which might be moveable, rather than of a fixed
locality. Ritter brings Napata as far north as Primis and the ruins
at Ipsambul, while Mannert, Ukert, and other geographers,
believe it to have been Merawe, on the farthest northern point of
the region of Meroë. It is, however, generally placed at the east
extremity of that great bend of the Nile which skirts the desert of
Bahiouda, and near Mount Birkel. Among the ruins which probably
cover the site of the ancient Napata are two lions of red granite,
one bearing the name of Amuneph III., the other Amuntuonch.
They were brought to England by Lord Prudhoe, and now stand at
the entrance of the Gallery of Antiquities in the British Museum.
See Smith’s Dict., art. Napata.
[898] The inhabitants of Biscay. See b. iii. c. iii. § 8.
[899] This name was common to the queens of Ethiopia. Acts viii.
27.
[900] B. xvi. c. iv. § 8 et seqq.
[901] Groskurd corrects the text, and translates, “the inhabitants
also are small.”
[902] The translation follows the proposed correction of the text
by Kramer.
[903] ταῖς συμβολαῖς. The passage presents a great difficulty,
because Strabo has before asserted that Meroë is surrounded by
these rivers, and that their union takes place below, that is, to the
north, and not to the south of the city and island; and this notion
corresponds with all the ancients have said on the subject. I
declare, without hesitation, that I do not understand my author.
Letronne. Groskurd attempts to avoid the difficulty by translating,
“is within the compass of.”
[904] The Tacazze.
[905] Bahr-el-Azrek, or Blue River.
[906] Reading διαπλεκομένων ἢ πλίνθων for διαπλεκόμεναι τοίχων
ἢ πλίνθων.
[907] The trees called persiai (or perseai) produce a fruit of great
sweetness, which was introduced from Ethiopia by the Persians,
when Cambyses conquered that country. Diod. Sic. i. 34.
[908] Tsana.
[909] According to Diod. Sic. iii. 9, this was Jupiter.
[910] Above, c. i. § 15.
[911] The sturgeon.
[912] Cyprinus bynni.
[913] Perea Nilotica. Cuvier, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, xii. 5.
[914] Silurus anguillaris. Linn.
[915] Pliny, xxxii. 5. Coracini pisces Nilo quidem peculiares sunt.
Athenæus, b. vii. c. 83, p. 484. Bohn’s Classical Library.
[916] Called by the Arabs gamor-el-Lelleh, or star of the night.
Cuvier.
[917] The shad.
[918] The mullet.
[919] About six feet. Nicander is the author of two Greek poems
that are still extant, and of several others that have been lost. He
may be supposed to have been in reputation for about fifty years,
cir. b. c. 185-135. The longest of his poems that remains is named
Theriaca. It treats (as the name implies) of venomous animals,
and the wounds inflicted by them, and contains some curious and
interesting zoological passages, together with numerous absurd
fables. The other treats of poisons and their antidotes. His works
are only consulted by those who are interested in points of
zoological and medical antiquities. He is frequently quoted by
Athenæus. See Smith’s Dict. of Greek and Roman Biography, art.
Nicander.
[920] Herod. ii. 36.
[921] Strabo does not appear to have been acquainted with the
plant from which these tissues were made. Their true name
seems to have been cucina, and were made from a palm-tree (the
Doum palm), called by Theophrastus (Hist. Plant. 4, 2)
κουκιοφόρον, and by Pliny “cuci” (b. xiii. 9): “At e diverso, cuci in
magno honore, palmæ similis, quando et ejus foliis utuntur ad
textilia.”
[922] B. xvi. c. 2, § 34.
[923] B. ii. c. 3, § 4; and c. 4, § 3.
[924] B. i. c. 4, § 2.
[925] Cape Spartel, or Espartel. Ampelusia, vine-clad, was the
Greek name,—a translation of the native name.
[926] Groskurd reads Tinx, and also with Letronne observes that
our author has mistaken two places for one. Tinx, or
Trinx=Tangiers. Lixus = Al-Harâtch, or Laraiche.
[927] Cadiz.
[928] Situated between the town Sala (Salee) and Lixus (El-
Harâch).
[929] Tyrwhitt reads Apellas, for Ophellas of the text. Apellas was
a Cyrenæan navigator, whose Periplus is mentioned by Marcianus
of Heracleia. There was an Ophellas of Cyrene, who advanced at
the head of an army along the coast, to unite himself to
Agathocles, who was then besieging Carthage, b. c. 310. He was
put to death by Agathocles soon after his arrival, and no Periplus
of his said to have existed; his course also to Carthage was by
land.
[930] A people on the west coast of N. Africa, about the situation
of whom Strabo, Pliny, and Ptolemy are in perfect agreement with
one another, if the thirty days’ journey of Strabo between them
and Lixus on the west coast of Morocco, to the south of Cape
Spartel, be set aside, as an error either of his information or of
the text; which latter is not improbable, as numbers in MSS. are
so often corrupt. Nor is this mere conjecture, because Strabo
contradicts himself, by asserting in another place (b. xvii. c. 3. §
7) that the Pharusii had a great desert between them and
Mauretania. When Ezekiel prophesies the fall of Tyre, it is said,
(xxvii. 10,) “The men of Pheres (the common version reads
Persia) and Lud and Phut were in thine armies.” These Pheres
thus joined with Phut, or Mauretanians, and the Ludim, who were
nomads of Africa (the Septuagint and the Vulgate understand the
Lydians), may be reasonably supposed to belong to the same
region. Without the vowel points, the name will represent the
powerful and warlike tribe whom the Greeks call Pharusii. Smith,
art. Pharusii.
[931] Arum esculentum (snake-weed), and arum dracunculus.
[932] Parsnip (?).
[933] Fennel.
[934] Artichoke.
[935] Groskurd reads Hypsicrates.
[936] The rhinoceros.
[937] About six quarts, according to the lowest value of the
(chœnix).
[938] Arzila.
[939] Tiga in the text.
[940] The Septem-Fratres of Pliny.
[941] Jebel-el-Mina, or Ximiera, near Ceuta (a corruption of ἑπτὰ,
or septem?).
[942] Ape mountain.
[943] The Muluwi, which now forms the frontier between Morocco
and Algeria, as it did anciently between the Mauretanians and
Numidians.
[944] Cape Hone, or Ras-el-Harsbak. Groskurd corrects the text,
and translates: “Near the river is a large promontory, and a
neighbouring settlement called Metagonium.” Kramer’s proposed
correction is followed.
[945] Numidia is the central tract of country on the north coast of
Africa, which forms the largest portion of the country now
occupied by the French, and called Algeria, or Algérie. The
continuous system of highlands which extends along the coast of
the Mediterranean was in the earliest period occupied by a race of
people consisting of many tribes, of whom the Berbers of the
Algerine territories, or the Kabyles or Quabaily, as they are called
by the inhabitants of the cities, are the representatives. These
people, speaking a language which was once spoken from the
Fortunate Islands in the west to the cataracts of the Nile, and
which still explains many names in ancient African topography,
and embracing tribes of quite different characters, whites as well
as blacks (though not negroes), were called by the Romans
Numidæ; not a proper name, but a common denomination from
the Greek form, νομάδες. Afterwards Numida and Numidia
became the name of the nation and the country. Sometimes they
were called Maurusii Numidæ, while the later writers always
speak of them under the general name of Mauri. The most
powerful among these tribes were the Massyli, whose territories
extended from the river Ampsaga to Tretum promontory; and the
Massæsyli, occupying the country to the west, as far as the river
Mulucha. Smith, Dict. art. Numidia.
[946] Cartagena.
[947] Marseilles.
[948] The words περιτραχήλια ξύλινα offer some difficulty. Paul
Louis Courier, who is of authority on this subject, says that Strabo,
having little experience in horses, has mistaken the first word for
another, and intended to speak of the horse’s nose, and not his
neck. Letronne and Groskurd both agree that ξύλινα is rightly to
be translated, “of cotton.”
[949] Constantine.
[950] The Pharusii, and not the Mauretanians, came with
Hercules from the East, according to Pliny, Mela, and Sallust;
hence Letronne conjectures that we should read here Pharusii.
[951] a. d. 18 or 19 at latest, but the exact date is uncertain.
[952] Groskurd corrects the text, and translates, “there existed in
the Bay Emporicus very many Phœnician cities.”
[953] Plutarch. Sertorius.
[954] Ebba-Ras.
[955] Probably Tafna.
[956] Jama.
[957] According to Shaw, who however did visit the place, its
ruins are still to be seen by the present Tucumbrit; others identify
it with Areschkul of the Arabs, at the mouth of the Tafna near
Rasgun.
[958] In the text μεγέθει δὲ ἑπτασπονδύλων, scorpions “of seven
joints” in the tail; the correction of Letronne, which Kramer
supports, is adopted. Groskurd however retains the text, and
reads μεγέθει δὲ [ὑπερβαλλόντων καὶ ἐσθ’ ὅτε ἑπτασπονδύλων,
“of enormous size, and sometimes of seven joints.”
[959] Cherchell, a corruption of Cæsarea-Iol.
[960] Ebba Ras (the seven capes) or Bougaron.
[961] Bougie.
[962] Shaw has the merit of having first pointed out the true
situation of this celebrated city. Before his time it was sought
sometimes at Biserta, sometimes at Farina, but he fixed it near
the little miserable “Douar,” which has a holy tomb called
Boushatter, and with this view many writers have agreed.
Adherbal, however, was besieged and captured in Cirta
(Constantine), b. c. 109.
[963] An unknown name. Letronne supposes Thisica to be meant,
mentioned by Ptolemy, iv. 3.
[964] Vaga or Vacca, now Bayjah.
[965] Shaw takes Ferreanah to have been the ancient Thala or
Telepte, but Lapie seeks it at Haouch-el-Khima.
[966] Cafsa.
[967] Jama.
[968] Probably near the ruins of Leptis Parva.
[969] El Aliah.
[970] Karkenah or Ramlah.
[971] Hippo Regius, Bonah; and Hippo Zaritus, Bizerta.
[972] Wady Mejerdah.
[973] Letronne corrects this reading to 2000, which is the number
given by Polybius and Arrian.
[974] By the Romans, Numidæ.
[975] Pantellaria.
[976] Marsala.
[977] Kramer is of opinion that this passage from the beginning of
the section is an interpolation. Cossura (the island Pantellaria) is
nowhere else spelt Corsura; Cossuros is the spelling observed
immediately below. Its distance from Aspis is differently stated in
b. vi. c. ii. § 11, to be 88 miles from Aspis. Ægimurus is the small
island Zembra, near Cape Bon; near it is also another small low
rocky island. From the shape and appearance of the former, more
especially in some positions, we may attribute the name Aræ
(altars), given to them, as in Pliny: “Ægimuræ Aræ, scopuli verius
quam insulæ;” and they are the “Aræ” of Virgil, Æn. i. 108.
[978] i. e. sacred to Mercury. Cape Bon.
[979] Cape Aclibia, from the Latin Clypea. B. vi. c. 2, § 11.
[980] Malta.
[981] Sousah.
[982] Demass.
[983] Lampedusa.
[984] Kramer’s proposed emendation is followed.
[985] Gulf of Cabes.
[986] Jerba or Zerbi. It produced the “lotus-zizyphus” or the
carob, now common in the islands of the Mediterranean and on
the continent.
[987] Od. ix. 84.
[988] Sabrata?
[989] Lebida.
[990] Gerace. See b. vi. c. i. § 7, 8.
[991] The Cinifo or Wadi-Quasam.
[992] Cape Canan or Mesrata.
[993] See b. ii. c. v. § 20.
[994] Its position, like that of so many places on the Great Syrtis,
can hardly be determined with certainty. A full discussion of these
localities will be found in Barth’s Wanderungen.
[995] About the middle of the fourth century, b. c., according to a
story in Sallust, these monuments commemorated the patriotic
sacrifice of two Philæni, Carthaginian envoys.
[996] Gulf of Suez.
[997] Ben Ghazi. Berenice previously bore the name Hesperides,
which name seems to have been derived from the fancy which
found the fabled Gardens of the Hesperides in the fertile terraces
of Cyrenaïca.
[998] Ras-Teyonas.
[999] Cape Catacolo.
[1000] Groskurd justly supposes that the name Chelonatas (Cape
Tornese) is here wanting in the text.
[1001] Zante.
[1002] Tochira.
[1003] The name has survived to the present day in that of the
district of which it was the capital, the province of Barca, in the
regency of Tripoli. The position of Barca is accurately described by
Scylax, who places its harbour 500 stadia from Cyrene, and 620
from Hesperides, and the city itself 100 stadia from the sea. It
stood on the summit of the terraces which overlook the west
coast of the Greater Syrtis, in a plain now called El-Merjeh; and
the same name is often given to the ruins which mark the site of
Barca, but the Arabs call them El-Medinah. See Smith, art. Barca.
[1004] Ras-al-Razat or Ras Sem. Scylax here placed the gardens
and lake of the Hesperides.
[1005] Cape Matapan, which is more than a degree and a half
more to the east than Phycus.
[1006] In b. viii. c. v. § 1, it is stated to be 3000.
[1007] Santorin.
[1008] Kavo Krio.
[1009] b. c. 631.
[1010] b. c. 330.
[1011] Flourished about b. c. 366. The Cyrenaïc system resembles
in most points those of Heracleitus and Protagoras, as given in
Plato’s Theætetus. The doctrines that a subject only knows
objects through the prism of the impression which he receives,
and that man is the measure of all things, are stated or implied in
the Cyrenaïc system, and lead at once to the consequence, that
what we call reality is appearance; so that the whole fabric of
human knowledge becomes a fantastic picture. The principle on
which it rests, viz. that knowledge is sensation, is the foundation
of Locke’s Modern Ideology, though he did not perceive its
connexion with the consequences to which it led the Cyrenaïcs. To
revive these was reserved for Hume. Smith’s Greek and Roman
Biography and Mythology.
[1012] This great astronomer and learned man, whose name so
frequently occurs in the course of this work, was born about b. c.
276. He was placed, by Ptolemy Euergetes, over the library of
Alexandria. His greatest work, and that which must always make
his name conspicuous in scientific history, is the attempt which he
made to measure the magnitude of the earth, in which he
brought forward and used the method which is employed to this
day. See vol. i. page 9, of this translation, note42.
[1013] Carneades was born about b. c. 213. In the year b. c. 155,
when he was fifty-eight years old, he was chosen with Diogenes
the Stoic, and Critolaus the Peripatetic, to go as ambassador to
Rome, to deprecate the fine of 500 talents, which had been
imposed on the Athenians, for the destruction of Oropus. During
his stay at Rome, he attracted great notice from his eloquent
declamations on philosophical subjects, and it was here that, in
the presence of Cato the Elder, he delivered his famous orations
on Justice. The first oration was in commendation of virtue; in the
second justice was proved not to be a virtue, but a mere matter
of compact, for the maintenance of civil society. The honest mind
of Cato was shocked at this, and he moved the senate to send the
philosopher home to his school, and save the Roman youth from
his demoralizing doctrines. He left no writings, and all that is
known of his lectures is derived from his intimate friend and pupil,
Cleitomachus. See Smith, Dict. of Greek and Roman Biography.
[1014] Marsa-al-Halal or Al Natroun.
[1015] Ras-al-Tyn.
[1016] Grabusa.
[1017] Ras-el-Milhr.
[1018] Marsa Sollom, or Akabet-el-Kebira, the present boundary
of Tripoli and Egypt.
[1019] Baretoun or Berek Marsa.
[1020] Kramer’s reading of this passage is followed.
[1021] Groskurd has a long note on this passage, and reads τοὺς
κατ’ αὐτὸν Νασαμῶνας. The words in the original text, τοὺς κατ’
αὐτὸ μαλακῶς, present the great difficulty; but Kramer reads τοῦ
for τοὺς, and has adopted in the text Falconer’s proposed
correction, κατ’ Αὐτόμαλά πως. The name Augila is wanting in the
text; it is supplied by Groskurd, and approved by Kramer, who
refers to Herod. iv. 172, 182.
[1022] Aujela, an oasis in the desert of Barca; it still retains its
ancient name, and forms one of the chief stations on the caravan
route from Cairo to Fezzan.
[1023] Τῆς καθ’ ἡμᾶς οἰκουμένης, Groskurd translates as
inhabited to our time; but Strabo refers to the then known world,
having before, b. i. c. iv. § 6, in a remarkable manner conjectured
the existence of other habitable worlds (such as America) in the
latitude of Athens. “We call that (part of the temperate zone) the
habitable earth (οἰκουμένην) in which we dwell, and with which
we are acquainted; but it is possible, that in the same temperate
zone there may be two or even more habitable earths, especially
near the circle of latitude drawn through Athens and the Atlantic
Ocean.” The latitudes of Athens and Washington do not differ by
one degree.
[1024] B. vi. c. iv. § 2.
[1025] B. ii. c. v. § 31.
[1026] Guadalquiver (Wad-el-Kebir, the Great River).
[1027] B. iv. c. i. § 6.
[1028] B. iii. c. iv. § 20.
 INDEX.
Aarassus, t. of Pisidia, ii. 324.
Aba, daughter of Zenophanes, iii. 56.
——, Abæ, t. of Phocis, ii. 122, 151.
Abaïtæ, ii. 402.
Abaïtis, district of Phrygia, ii. 333.
Abantes (Eubœans), ii. 151.
Abantis (Eubœa), ii. 151.
Abaris, i. 463.
Abas, great-grandson of Erectheus, ii. 151.
——, ii. 133.
Abdēra, t. of Thrace, i. 515; ii. 272, 298; iii. 17.
——, t. of Spain (Adra), i. 235, 238.
Abderus, i. 515.
Abeacus, ii. 239.
Abella, t. of Campania (Avella Vecchia), i. 370.
Abii, i. 453, 454, 458, 461, 465, 479; ii. 302.
Abilyx, Abyle (Jebel-el-Mina), mtn in Mauritania, i. 255; iii. 278.
Abisarus, iii. 90.
Abōniteichos, t. of Paphlagonia, (Ineboli), ii. 291.
Aborace, ii. 223.
Aborrhas, r. of Mesopotamia, iii. 158.
Aboukir. See Canopus.
Abrettene, district of Mysia, ii. 330, 332.
Abrettenus, Jupiter, ii. 330.
Abrotonon (Sabrata), iii. 289.
Absyrtides (Cherso and Ossero), i. 186.
Abus, mtn in Armenia, ii. 268, 273.
Abydeni, ii. 353.
Abydon. See Amydon.
Abydos, t. of Mysia, i. 164, 188, 508; ii. 338-354, 366, 374; iii. 5, 66.
——, strait of, i. 517.
——, t. of Egypt, iii. 258, 259.
Ab-Zal. See Copratas.
Acacesium, i. 459.
Academy, philosophers of the, iii. 294.
Acalandrus, r. i. 427.
Acamas, Athenian, iii. 71.
——, prom. of Cyprus (Cape Arnauti), iii. 68, 70, 71.
Acanthian gulf, i. 511.
Acanthus, t. of Egypt, iii. 253.
——, t. of Macedonia, i. 511-513.
Acara, i. 322.
Acarnan, ii. 174, 178.
Acarnania, i. 493, 499, 501; ii. 3, 5, 14, 25, 58, 129, 150, 161-163, 167, 171-
174.
Acarnanians, Acarnanes, i. 410, 494, 498; ii. 2, 6, 75, 114, 128, 130, 131, 158-
162, 169, 172-175, 178; iii. 297.
Acatharti, iii. 197.
Acathartic gulf, Acathartus, iii. 193.
Ace, city of Phœnicia. See Ptolemaïs.
Acerræ, i. 367, 370.
Acesines, r. of India (Chenab), iii. 83, 85, 90-92, 102.
Achæan league, ii. 59, 70.
——, cities, ii. 73.
Achææ, rocks, ii. 21.
Achæi, Achæans, i. 55, 96, 195, 328, 395, 399; ii. 3, 5, 7, 13, 27, 42, 49, 50,
51, 53, 66-68, 70, 71, 73, 118, 132, 160, 181, 182, 195, 219, 224-226, 329,
366.
——, Phthiōtæ, ii. 224.
——, in Bosporus, ii. 224.
——, in Pontus, ii. 113.
——, robbers, iii. 296.
——, harbour, in the Troad, ii. 358, 363.
——, in Æolis, ii. 397.
——, in Cyprus, iii. 69.
Achæium, t. of the Troad, ii. 360, 371-373.
Achæmenidæ, iii. 130.
Achæus, son of Xuthus, ii. 67.
——, father of Antiochis, ii. 400.
Achaia, Achæa, i. 506; ii. 6, 8, 43, 68, 72, 77, 132, 160; iii. 297.
——, t. of the Cimmerian Bosporus, ii. 224.
——, t. of Aria, ii. 252.
Achaïcarus, iii. 180.
Acharaca, t. of Lydia, ii. 335; iii. 25, 26.
Achardeus, r. of the Caucasus, ii. 239.
Achelōus, r. of Acarnania (Aspro-potamo), i. 44, 93, 410, 411, 501; ii. 6, 25,
158, 159, 170-173.
——, r. of Achæa, ii. 14, 158.
——, r. of Thessaly, ii. 136, 158.
Acheron, r. of Triphylia, ii. 17.
——, of Italy, i. 382.
——, of Epirus, i. 497.
Acherræ, t. of Cisalpine Gaul, i. 367.
——, t. of Campania, i. 367, 370.
Acherusian Lake, marsh in Campania (Mare Morto), i. 39, 362-364.
Achilleium, in the Troad, ii. 366, 372.
——, in the Cimmerian Bosporus, i. 477; ii. 222.
Achilles, i. 71, 73, 470, 472, 500; ii. 22, 35-37, 115, 126, 181, 132-138, 140,
157, 168, 342, 343, 345, 358, 359, 363, 366, 377, 383, 384, 394; iii. 58.
Achilles, course of, peninsula, i. 472, 473.
——, rampart of, in Mysia, ii. 386.
——, temple of, ii. 222, 359.
Achivi, rampart of the, i. 154.
Acholla, t. of the Carthaginians (El Aliah), iii. 285.
Acidon, r. of Triphylia, ii. 22, 26.
Acila, prom. of Arabia (Ghela), iii. 193.
Acilisene, distr. of Armenia, ii. 260, 268, 269, 272, 274, 305.
Aciris, r. of Leucania (Agri), i. 397.
Acisene, ii. 269.
Acmon, ii. 191.
Aconites, people of Sardinia, i. 334.
Acontia (Acuteia?), t. of Spain, i. 228.
Acontium, mtn of Bœotia, i. 113.
Acqui. See Aquæ-Statiellæ.
Acra (C. Takli), ii. 222.
Acræa, Venus, iii. 69.
Acrææ, t. of Laconia, ii. 15, 41.
Acræphiæ, Acræphium, t. of Bœotia, ii. 107, 109, 110.
Acragas, city of Sicily (Girgenti), i. 411, 415.
Acrathos (C. Monte Santo), i. 512.
Acrisius, ii. 118, 211.
Acritas, prom. of Messenia, i. 36.
Acrocorinthus, ii. 38, 60, 61, 62, 70.
Acrolissus. See Lissus, i. 485.
Acropolis, ii. 86.
Acrothōï, t. on Mount Athos, i. 512, 513.
Acta, Lepre, iii. 3.
Actæon, ii. 87.
Acte, ii. 77, 79, 174.
Acte, Actice. See Attica, ii. 80.
Actē. See Acarnania.
Actia, Actian games, i. 499.
Actian war, i. 36; ii. 330.
Actis, ii. 375.
Actium, prom. of Acarnania (La Punta), ii. 115, 161.
——, t. of Acarnania, ii. 73, 115, 159, 161, 171.
——, battle of, ii. 208; iii. 230, 233.
Acusilaus, Argive, ii. 189.
Acyphas, or Pindus, ii. 128.
——, in the Œtæan district, ii. 136.
Ada, dr of Hecatomnus, iii. 35, 36.
——, dr of Pixodarus, iii. 35.
Ada. See Patræus.
Adada, c. of Pisidia, ii. 324.
Adæ, town of Æolis, iii. 397.
Adarbal, Adherbal, iii. 284.
Adda, r. of Gaul, i. 287, 304, 312, 317.
Adeimantus, ii. 350.
Adiabene, ii. 272; iii. 142, 146, 154.
Adiatorix, son of Domnecleus, ii. 288.
——, f. of Dyteutus, ii. 308.
Admetus, i. 72; ii. 155.
Adobogion, ii. 401.
Adonis, iii. 170.
——, river of Phœnicia (Nahr-Ibrahim), iii. 170.
Ador, ii. 270.
Adra. See Abdera.
Adramyttene, district of Mysia, ii. 370, 400.
Adramytteni, ii. 383, 384.
Adramyttium, t. of Mysia (Adramytti), ii. 339, 340, 371, 374, 376, 384, 386,
387.
——, gulf of, ii. 342, 374, 386, 400.
Adrapsa, iii. 126.
Adrasteia, district of Mysia, ii. 317, 332, 337, 348.
——, t. of Mysia, ii. 345-348.
——, mtn near Cyzicus, ii. 331.
——, (Nemesis), ii. 348.
Adrastus, ii. 59, 97.
——, ii. 174, 346, 348.
Adria, city and naval station of Picenum (Atri), i. 358. See Atria.
Adrias, r. i. 487.
Adriatic (Gulf of Venice), i. 31, 72, 73, 75, 89, 96, 139, 141, 158, 159, 163,
164, 186, 193, 291, 303, 307, 308, 314, 315, 319, 324-326, 336, 338, 357,
373, 425, 432, 435, 442, 463, 475, 481, 483, 486, 487, 492, 495, 505, 506;
ii. 119, 289, 290, 301, 378.
Adrion, mtn of Dalmatia. See Ardium, i. 484.
Adrumes (Sousah), iii. 288.
Adshane. See Canæ.
Adula, Adulas, mtn, i. 287, 304, 317.
Æa, city, i. 31, 32, 72-74.
——, ftn, i. 509, 510.
Æacidæ, i. 496; ii. 83.
Æacus, ii. 57.
Ææa, i. 6, 32, 73.
Æaneium, ii. 126.
Æanes, ii. 126.
Æanis, ii. 126.
Æas, r. of Illyria. See Aias.
——, son of Telamon. See Ajax.
Æclus, i. 493; ii. 152, 154.
Ædepsus, t. of Eubœa (Dipso) i. 94; ii. 125, 152.
Ædui, i. 278, 286-288.
Æeta, i. 72, 73.
Æetes, i. 72-74.
Æga, prom. of Æolis, ii. 388.
——, city of Achaia, ii. 71-73.
Ægæ, t. of Mysia, ii. 397.
——, t. of Eubœa, ii. 72, 98.
Ægææ, Ægæ, t. of Cilicia (Ajas), iii. 60.
——, t. of Laconia, ii. 42.
Ægæan Sea (Egio-Pelago), i. 42, 187-190, 195, 487, 496, 505, 512, 518, 519;
ii. 72, 152, 193, 207, 341, 388.
Ægæi, ii. 71.
Ægaleum, mtn of Messenia, ii. 35.
Ægeira, t. of Achæa, ii. 71, 73.
Ægeirus, t. in Lesbos, ii. 391.
Ægesta, t. of Sicily, i. 379, 411, 415; ii. 378.
Ægestani, i. 401, 411.
Ægestes, Trojan, i. 378, 411.
Ægeus, ii. 81.
Ægialeia, Ægialus, ii. 3, 23, 67, 68, 72, 288.
Ægiali (Sicyon), ii. 66.
Ægialians, ii. 53, 67, 68.
Ægialus, Ægialeia, in Paphlagonia, ii. 288, 291.
Ægieis, Ægienses, ii. 73, 157.
Ægilieis, in Attica, ii. 89.
Ægilips, ii. 161, 163.
Ægimius, ii. 128.
Ægimurus (Al Djamur), i. 185, 422; iii. 287.
Ægina, t. of Argolis, ii. 57, 58.
——, island, i. 84, 187; ii. 47, 49, 54, 57, 58, 82, 136.
——, city, ii. 55, 58.
Æginetæ, ii. 57, 58, 83.
Æginium, t. of Thessaly, i. 501.
Ægirussa, ii. 84.
Ægisthus, i. 25.
Ægium, city of Achæa (Vostitza), ii. 5, 6, 8, 59, 71-73, 77.
Ægletes Apollo. See Anaphe.
Ægospotami, t. and r., i. 438, 518.
Ægua, t. of Spain, i. 213.
Ægys, city and district of Laconia, ii. 42, 153.
Ælana, Aila (Ailah), t. of Arabia Petræa, iii. 176, 191.
Ælanitic Bay, iii. 176, 191, 204, 254.
Ælius Gallus, i. 178; iii. 209-212, 246, 262, 267.
——, (Catus), i. 466.
Æmilian road, i. 323.
Æmilianus, Q. Fabius Maximus, i. 277, 285.
——, Scipio, iii. 51, 286.
Æmilius, Paulus, i. 495.
Ænarium. See Arnarium, ii. 73.
Ænea, t. of the Troad, ii. 372.
——, t. of Macedonia, i. 509, 510. See Enea and Nea.
Æneas, i. 76, 225, 339, 346, 347; ii. 317, 344, 353, 356, 357, 360, 377, 378,
383.
Ænesippeia, isl., iii. 235.
Ænesisphyra, prom. of Egypt, iii. 235.
Æniana (Ænia), ii. 242.
Æniānes, people of Thessaly, i. 96; ii. 128, 147, 158, 241, 273.
Æniates, name of the Paphlagonians, ii. 302.
Ænius, r. of the Troad, ii. 371.
Ænobarbus (Cnæus), i. 277.
——, (Domitius), i. 285; iii. 24.
Ænus, mtn of Cephallenia (Monte Nero), ii. 167.
——, city of Thrace, i. 490, 516, 519.
Æolia, i. 17, 64, 187, 195, 224; ii. 153; iii. 140.
Æolian nation, ii. 3.
——, colony, ii. 94.
Æolians, i. 96, 328; ii. 2, 3, 154, 366, 374, 382-386; iii. 34.
Æolic dialect, ii. 2, 3.
——, expedition, ii. 93.
——, migration, iii. 2.
Æolis, ii. 339-341, 346, 366, 384, 398.
Æolus, king, i. 31, 35, 36, 39, 194, 403, 417, 419; ii. 142.
——, Islands of (Lipari Islands), i. 84, 89, 185, 194, 383, 403, 420.
——, Play of Euripides, ii. 32.
Æpasian plain, region of Triphylia, ii. 22.
Æpeia, town of Messenia, ii. 35, 37.
Æpeia Methone, ii. 37.
Æpy, town of Triphylia, ii. 23, 24.
Æpytus, son of Neleus, iii. 2.
Æqui, i. 339, 343, 344, 353.
Æquum-Faliscum, i. 335.
Aëria, t. of the Cavari (Le mont Ventoux), i. 277.
Æsar, r. of Etruria, i. 330.
Æsarus, r. near Crotona (Esaro), i. 393.
Æschines, Athenian, ii. 188.
——, Milesian, iii. 5.
Æschylus, i. 52, 68, 329, 386, 458, 462; ii. 13, 73, 82, 154, 187, 337, 390; iii.
130.
Æsculapius. See Asclepius.
Æsēpus, r. of Mysia, Satal-dere, ii. 300, 316, 317, 330, 332, 337-341, 344-348,
353, 357, 369, 371, 372.
Æsernia, city of the Samnites (Isernia), i. 353, 371.
Æsis, r. of Umbria (Fiumesino), i. 324, 337, 357, 435.
Æsyetes, tomb of, ii. 361, 364.
Æthalia, island (Elba), i. 185, 332-334.
Æthaloeïs, r. of Scepsia, ii. 190.
Æthices, people of Epirus and Thessaly, i. 499, 501; ii. 131, 137, 144.
Æthicia, i. 501.
Æthiopia. See Ethiopia.
Ætna, Mount, i. 31, 35, 84, 368, 369, 386, 403, 404, 406, 411, 413-415, 418.
Ætnæans, i. 405.
Ætolia, i. 493, 499, 501, 505; ii. 6, 10, 33, 72, 75, 114, 129, 136, 150, 155,
156, 159, 160, 171, 172, 174.
Ætna, town of Sicily, i. 405, 414.
Ætōli, Ætolians, i. 381; ii. 2, 6, 12, 30, 33, 121, 122, 127-131, 146, 158-161,
169, 172, 175, 176, passim.
Ætolian mountains, ii. 115, 131.
——, promontories, i. 93.
——, polity, i. 494.
Ætolicus, Demetrius, ii. 160.
Ætōlus, ii. 33, 122, 176, 177.
Æxoneis, vill. of Attica, ii. 89.
Æxonici, ii. 89.
Afium-karahissar. See Synnada.
Afranius, legate of Pompey, i. 242.
Afreen. See Oenoparas.
Africa. See Libya, iii. 274-278.
African coast, i. 76.
——, sea, ii. 193, 194, 199, 212.
Agamedes, ii. 119.
Agamemnon, i. 17, 63, 499; ii. 22, 35, 36, 53, 56, 57, 59, 83, 115, 174, 186,
340, 356, 368, 374; iii. 10, 15, passim.
Agapenor, iii. 70.
Agatha, a city of Gaul (Agde), i. 269, 272.
Agatharchides, iii. 34, 208.
Agathocleia, iii. 231.
Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily, i. 383, 427; iii. 288.
Agathocles, father of Lysimachus, ii. 399.
——, son of Lysimachus, ii. 400.
Agathyrnum, i. 401.
Agde. See Agatha.
Agdistis, the goddess Rhea, ii. 184.
——, temple of, ii. 320.
Agenois. See Nitiobriges.
Agesilaus, i. 427.
Agidæ, ii. 44.
Agis, ii. 43, 44.
Aglio, L'Osteria dell'. See Algidum.
Agnu-Ceras, promontory of Egypt, iii. 239.
Agoracritus, ii. 87.
Agra, village of Attica, ii. 91.
Agradates, iii. 132.
Agræa, district of Ætolia, ii. 10.
Agræi, a people of Ætolia, ii. 158, 160, 179.
——, people of Arabia, iii. 189.
Agræus, ii. 77.
Agri, ii. 223.
Agri. See Aciris.
Agriades, ii. 8.
Agriānes, a people of Thrace, i. 488, 514, 515.
Agrigentini, i. 401.
Agrigentum. See Acragas.
Agrii, a people of Ethiopia, iii. 196.
Agrippa, i. 289, 310, 350, 364; ii. 36, 350; iii. 170.
Agrius, ii. 175, 179.
Agylla, t. of Etruria, i. 328, 335.
Agyllæi, i. 328.
Aiaghi-dagh. See Zagrum.
Aias, or Aous, i. 410, 411, 486.
Aigan, ii. 388.
Aila. See Ælana.
Ain-el-Hiyeh. See Enydra.
Aix. See Sextiæ.
Ajas. See Ægææ.
Ajax, son of Teucer, iii. 55, 56.
——, temple of, ii. 357, 359.
——, son of Telamon, ii. 83, 84, 102.
——, the Locrian, ii. 126, 367.
Ajazzo, Aias, Bay of. See Issus.
Ak-Su. See Cestrus.
Akaba. See Aila.
Akabel-el-Kebira. See Catabathmus.
Ak-Liman. See Armene, ii. 291.
Ak-Schehr. See Philomelium.
Ala Schehr. See Philadelphia.
Alabanda, t. of Caria (Arab-Nissar), ii. 347; iii. 34, 37, 38, 40.
Alæan Minerva, ii. 75.
Alæis Æxōnici, vill. of Attica, ii. 89.
Alæsa, t. of Sicily (I Bagni), i. 401, 411.
Alalcŏmĕnæ, t. of Bœotia, i. 501; ii. 107, 110.
——, t. of Asteria, ii. 168.
Alalcomenium, temple of Minerva, ii. 106, 110.
Alara. See Ptolemaïs.
Alatri. See Aletrium.
Alazia, t. of Mysia, ii. 299.
Alazōnes, ii. 298, 299.
Alazonia, Alazonium, t. of the Troad, ii. 300, 371.
Alazonius, r. of Albania, ii. 230, 231, 234.
Alba (Albi), i. 340, 344, 349, 353, 356.
Alban wine, i. 347.
Albania (Shirvan), ii. 217, 226, 230-235, 238, 243, 267, 268.
Albanians, i. 178, 195, 341, 344, 440; ii. 217, 232-235, 248, 260, 267-272, 307.
Albanus, Mount (Monte Albano), i. 340, 351; (Monte Cavo), 355, 356.
Albi. See Alba.
Albia, Alpionia, i. 300.
Albienses, i. 302.
Albii, i. 482.
Albingaunum (Albinga), i. 300, 301.
Albiœci, i. 302.
Albis, r. (Elbe), i. 22, 444-447, 451.
Albium Intemelium (Vintimille), i. 300, 301.
Albius, Mount, i. 300, 483.
Albūla, cold waters, i. 354.
Alcæus, poet of Mitylene, i. 58; ii. 108, 109, 366, 375, 391, 393; iii. 40.
Alcestis, i. 72.
Alchædamnus, iii. 166.
Alcimedon, ii. 42.
Alcimus, ii. 42.
Alcmæōn, i. 499; ii. 122, 174.
Alcmæonis, the poem, ii. 162.
Alcman, i. 68, 458; ii. 13, 153, 172, 203, 337.
Alcmene, ii. 30.
Alcolea. See Ilipa.
Alcyonis Sea, ii. 6, 82, 92.
Al-Djamur. See Ægimurus.
Al-Djezira. See Mesopotamia.
Alea Athena, ii. 75.
Alece, r. of the Bruttii. See Halex.
Aleian plain, ii. 304; iii. 60, 61.
Aleisium, Aleisius, t. and hill of, in, ii. 12, 14.
Aleisius, r. in Elis, ii. 14.
Alento. See Elees.
Alesia, i. 285.
Alesiæum, t. of Elis, ii. 14.
Alesius, tumulus of, ii. 27.
Alētes, ii. 77.
Alētia, t. of Calabria, i. 430.
Aletrium, t. of Latium (Alatri), i. 352.
Alĕus, ii. 389.
Alexander, son of Priam, i. 65, 90.
——, poet of Ætolia, ii. 318; iii. 23, 67.
——, Lychnus, the orator, iii. 14.
——, Philalethes, ii. 336.
——, son of Antiochus, iii. 401.
——, Balas, iii. 164.
——, king of Judæa, iii. 180.
——, of the Molossi, i. 382, 427.
——, the Great, son of Philip, i. 22, 77, 104, 108, 109, 122, 137, 257, 463, 464,
512, 513; ii. 237, 238, 241, 243, 253, et passim.
Alexandria, city of Egypt, i. 13, 38, 91, 98, 118, 130, 131, 140, 153, 171, 172,
189, 190, 197, 200-202, 318; ii. 213, 235, 249, 252, 274, 276; iii. 33, 34, 53,
57, 59, 162, 164, 211, 213-273, 275, 294.
——, in the Troad, i. 202; ii. 355, 361, 364, 373, 377, 385. See Troad.
——, city of Syria, iii. 59.
——, mtn of Mysia, ii. 376.
Alexandrian merchants, i. 178.
Alexandrini, ii. 190, 373.
Alexandrium (near Teos), iii. 17.
——, (in Judæa), iii. 181.
Alexarchus, i. 513.
Algidum, city (L'Osteria dell' Aglio), i. 351.
Algidus, Mount, i. 355.
Algiers and Fez. See Maurusia.
Alinda, t. of Caria, iii. 36.
Alliphæ (Allife), i. 353.
Allitrochades, i. 109.
Allobroges, i. 277, 289, 302.
Allotriges, i. 233.
Al-Madain. See Ctesiphon.
Alobe, Alope, Alybe, ii. 300.
Alope, t. of the Opuntian Locrians, i. 95; ii. 126, 128, 132, 135.
——, t. of the Locri Ozolæ, ii. 128.
——, t. of Phthiotis, ii. 128, 135.
Alōpecia, ii. 221.
Alopeconnesii, i. 516.
Alopeconnesus, t. of Thrace, i. 517.
Alōrium, t. of Triphylia, ii. 24.
Alōrus, t. of Bottiæa, i. 508, 509.
Alpheius, r. of Elis (the Carbonaro, Ruféa), i. 402, 403, 408-410, 417; ii. 7, 11,
15, 17, 20, 22-28, 32, 33, 76.
Alpōnus, t. near Thermopylæ, i. 95.
Alps, i. 110, 193, 264-269, 276-280, 286, 287, 291, 296, 300-315, 317, 319,
322-324, 337, 357, 439, 444, 448, 450, 481-483.
Alps, Pennine, i. 305, 309, 310.
Alsium, t. of Etruria, i. 335.
Altes, ii. 344; iii. 395.
Althæa, ii. 179.
Althæmenes, Argive, ii. 201, 203; iii. 30.
Altinum, city of Cisalp. Gaul (Altino), i. 318.
Altun-Suyi, r. See Lycus.
Alus, ii. 132.
Alyattes, ii. 118, 405; iii. 66, 141.
Alybe, Alope, or Alobe, ii. 298, 299, 372.
Alybes, ii. 297, 298, 299.
Alyzeus, ii. 162.
Alyzia, t. of Acarnania (Kandili), ii. 159, 171.
Amadocus, i. 516.
Amaltheia, i. 226; ii. 170.
Amanides Gates, iii. 60, 164.
Amanus, ii. 259, 278, 279; iii. 60, 63, 143, 160, 163.
Amardi, ii. 241, 245, 248, 263.
Amarynces, king, ii. 12.
Amarynthia Diana, ii. 155.
Amarynthium, the, ii. 156.
Amarynthus, t. of Eubœa, ii. 155.
Amaseia, city of Pontus (Amasija), ii. 295, 306, 311, 312; iii. 252.
Amasenses, ii. 312.
Amasias, r. of Germany (Ems), i. 444, 445.
Amasis, ii. 311.
Amastris, city of Paphlagonia, (Amassera), i. 475; ii. 285, 289, 290, 291, 302.
Amastris, wife of Dionysius, tyrant of Heracleia, ii. 291.
Amathus, r. of Elis, ii. 7, 11, 26, 38.
——, t. of Cyprus (Limasol), iii. 69.
——, t. of Laconia, ii. 41.
Amathusii, ii. 13.
Amazones, plain of the, i. 82, 190.
Amazonides, ii. 298.
Amazons, ii. 300, 301, 328, passim.
Ambarvia, i. 341.
Ambiani, i. 289, 309.
Amblada, t. of Pisidia, ii. 324.
——, wine, ii. 324.
Ambracia, t. of Thesprotia (Arta), i. 498, 499; ii. 159, 161.
Ambracian Gulf, Ambracian Sea, (The Gulf of Arta), i. 186, 495, 496-498, 501,
505; ii. 4, 129, 158, 161, 171.
Ambrōnes, i. 274.
Ambryseis, ii. 123.
Ambrysus, t. of Phocis (Distomo), ii. 122.
Amelia. See Ameria.
Amĕnanus, r. of Sicily (Judicello), i. 356.
Ameria, t. of Umbria (Amelia), i. 338.
——, t. of Pontus, ii. 306.
Amisēne, ii. 290, 294, 296.
Amiseni, ii. 290, 294, 296, 310, 311.
Amisus (Samsun), i. 106, 107, 109, 113, 114, 190; ii. 227, 256, 289, 294, 296,
302, 310; iii. 44, 56, 62, 63.
Amiternum, city of the Sabines, i. 338, 359.
Ammon Balithon, prom., iii. 288.
——, seat of oracle, i. 504; iii. 226, 253, 258, 283.
——, temple of, i. 78, 79, 87, 88; iii. 253, 258, 289, 294, 295.
Ammonia, iii. 235.
Amnias, r. of Paphlagonia (Gok-Irmak), ii. 313.
Amnisus, port of Cnossus, ii. 196.
Amorgos, isl. (Amorgo), ii. 211.
Amorium, t. of Phrygia (Hergan-Kelêh), ii. 332.
Ampelus, prom. of Samos, ii. 212; iii. 8.
Amphaxītis, distr. of Macedonia, i. 506, 509.
Amphiale, prom. of Attica, ii. 84.
Amphiaræum, ii. 90.
Amphiaraus, ii. 90, 96, 97, 174; iii. 15.
Amphictyons, ii. 116-120, 128, 130.
Amphictyonic body, ii. 55, 109, 118.
Amphidolia, Amphidolis, t. of Elis, ii. 14, 23.
Amphigeneia, t. of Triphylia, ii. 23, 24.
Amphilochi, t. of Spain, i. 236.
Amphilochians, i. 410, 493, 499; ii. 131, 158, 174.
Amphilochic Argos. See Argos.
Amphilochus, i. 236, 410, 499; ii. 174, 175; iii. 15, 50, 59, 60.
Amphimalla, t. of Crete, ii. 194.
Amphinomus, i. 405, 502.
Amphion, ii. 36, 107.
Amphipolis (Emboli), i. 202, 513, 514, 516.
Amphiscii, i. 146.
Amphissa (Salona, or Lampeni), ii. 127, 128.
Amphissenses, ii. 116.
Amphistratus, ii. 224.
Amphitryōn, ii. 166, 170, 173.
Amphius, ii. 346.
Amphrysus, r. of Thessaly, ii. 135, 138.
Ampsani. See Campsiani, i. 447.
Ampurias. See Emporium.
Amulius, i. 340.
Amyclæ, city of Laconia, i. 424; ii. 40-42.
Amycteres, iii. 108.
Amydōn, t. of Macedonia, i. 508-510.
Amymōne, mother of Nauplius, ii. 48.
——, fountain at Lerna, ii. 52.
Amynander, ii. 128.
Amyntas, father of Philip, i. 472, 492, 500, 509, 510; ii. 39, 111.
——, successor of king Deiotarus, ii. 320-325, 333; iii. 297.
Amyntor, ii. 142, 143.
Amyrus, ii. 147; iii. 22.
Amythaonidæ, ii. 52.
Amyzōn, t. of Caria, iii. 37.
Anabūra, t. of Pisidia, ii. 324.
Anacharsis, i. 463, 465; iii. 86.
Anacreon, i. 226; iii. 2, 9, 17, 40.
Anactorium, t. of Acarnania, ii. 159, 161.
Anacyndaraxes, iii. 55.
Anadatus, ii. 246.
Anæa, Anaïtis, iii. 137, 144. See Anaïtis.
Anagnia, t. of the Hernici (Anagni), i. 353.
Anagurasii, vill. of Attica, ii. 89.
Anaïtis, ii. 246.
——, temple of, ii. 274, 275, 309.
Anaphe, isl. (Nanfio), i. 73; ii. 206, 207.
Anaphlystii, ii. 89.
Anaphlystus, vill. of Attica, ii. 89.
Anapias, i. 406.
Anariacæ, ii. 240-242, 248.
Anariace, ii. 241.
Anas (Guadiana), r. of Spain, i. 208-212, 214, 222, 228, 230, 243.
Anaurus, r. of Magnesia, ii. 139.
Anaxagoras, iii. 20.
Anaxarchus, ii. 356.
Anaxēnor, iii. 23.
Anaxicrates, iii. 191.
Anaxilas, the tyrant of Rhegium, i. 384, 385.
Anaximander, the Milesian, i. 1, 12; iii. 5.
Anaximenes of Lampsacus, disciple of Anaximander, ii. 350; iii. 5, 20.
Ancæus, iii. 2.
Anchiale, a town of Pontus, i. 490.
——, t. of Cilicia, iii. 55, 56.
Anchialus, ii. 166.
Anchises, i. 339; ii. 344, 353, 378.
Anchoë, ii. 100.
Ancon, Ancona, i. 315, 337, 357, 435, 483.
Ancus Martius, i. 326, 345, 348.
Ancyra, t. of Galatia (Angora), i. 279; ii. 320.
——, t. of Phrygia (Simau-Gol), ii. 320, 332.
——, t. of Gaul, i. 279.
Andania, t. of Arcadia, ii. 11, 24, 37, 156.
Andeira, city of Mysia, ii. 381, 386, 387.
Andeirene, ii. 387.
Andetrium, t. of Dalmatia, i. 484.
Andirus, r. of the Troad, ii. 370.
Andizetii, i. 483.
Andræmōn, iii. 2.
Andriace, t. of Thrace, i. 490.
Andriclus, mtn of Cilicia (Kara Gedik), iii. 52.
Andrii, i. 511.
Androclus, iii. 2, 11.
Andromache, ii. 343, 356, 363, 394.
Andromeda, i. 68; iii. 175.
Andron, ii. 81, 167, 195.
Andronicus, iii. 33.
Andropompus, iii. 2.
Andros, isl. (Andro), ii. 156, 208, 210.
Androsthenes, iii. 186.
Anemurium, prom. of Cilicia (Inamur), iii. 52, 54, 68.
Anemoreia, Anemoleia, t. of Phocis, ii. 123.
Angelo-Castron. See Arsinoe.
Angora. See Ancyra.
Anias, r. of Arcadia, ii. 76.
Anigriades, ii. 19, 20.
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