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The document provides information about the 9th edition of 'Computerized Engine Controls' by Steve V. Hatch, which is designed to help students and technicians understand computerized engine control systems and their diagnostics. It outlines the structure of the textbook, including chapters on generic and system-specific topics, and emphasizes the importance of safety and continual training in automotive technology. The text includes objectives, key terms, diagnostic tips, and review questions to enhance the learning experience.

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COMPUTERIZED
ENGINE CONTROLS
Ninth Edition

Steve V. Hatch
Lincoln College of Technology, Denver Campus
Formerly
Denver Automotive and Diesel College

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

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with oﬃce locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United
Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan. Locate your local oﬃce at:
international.cengage.com/region

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Visit our corporate website at cengage.com.

Notice to the Reader

Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent analysis in connection with
any of the product information contained herein. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include
information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer. The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions
that might be indicated by the activities described herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein,
the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions. The publisher makes no representations or warranties of any kind,
including but not limited to, the warranties of ﬁtness for particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with
respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be
liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material.

Printed in the United States of America

1 2 3 4 5 XX 13 12 11

The application of the microprocessor with OBD II brought to our vehicles back in 1996. While
its related components, circuits, and systems has there are differences between manufacturers, the
made automotive technology exciting, fast paced, reality is that there are more similarities than dif-
and more complicated. Technological advance- ferences. Even prior to OBD II implementation,
ments continue to add complexity to the modern the input and output sides of the various com-
automobile at record-setting rates and show no puter systems were more similar than different.
signs of slowing down. Ultimately, the technol- OBD II standards then standardized the diagnos-
ogy requires that entry-level automotive service tic end of these systems. As a result, the reader
technicians must be well trained in the principles should begin by concentrating on the first nine
of automotive technology and must continue to generic chapters, then study the system-specific
upgrade their training throughout their careers. chapters that are of interest, and read the final
Those who do this will find the task challenging, two chapters last.
but achievable and rewarding. The chapters of this edition contain:
This text was written in response to a widely
recognized need within the industry: to help stu- • Objectives. Objectives are provided at the
dents and technicians get a commanding grasp beginning of each chapter to help the reader
of how computerized engine control systems op- identify the major concepts to be presented.
erate and how to diagnose problems associated • Key Terms. Terms that are unique to comput-
with them. The student/technician who studies erized engine control systems are provided at
this text will soon come to realize that no single the beginning of each chapter as Key Terms
component or circuit on any given computerized and then appear in boldface type at their first
engine control system, other than the computer use in the chapter. These Key Terms are also
itself, is complicated. provided in the Glossary, along with their
Computerized Engine Controls is written with definitions.
the assumption that the reader is familiar with the • Diagnostic & Service Tips. These tips offer
basic principles of traditional engine, electrical helpful advice for the technician on diagnosing
system, and fuel system operation. Although ev- and servicing vehicles, as well as addressing
erything here is within the grasp of a good techni- customer concerns.
cian, this textbook is not a beginner’s book. • Chapter Articles. Chapter articles give addi-
Computerized Engine Controls contains eleven tional nice-to-know information about technical
generic chapters (Chapters 1 through 9, 17, 18) topics covered in the chapter.
and seven system-specific chapters (Chapters 10 • Summary. Each chapter contains a Summary
through 16). Emphasis should be placed on the to review the major concepts presented in
generic chapters due to the standardization that that chapter.

vii

• Diagnostic Exercise. A Diagnostic Exercise the cylinder imbalance monitor and Global OBD
is provided after the Summary of each chapter, II Mode $0A. Chapter 10 (on GM TBI systems)
applying a real-life scenario to a concept of and Chapter 11 (on GM PFI systems) from the
importance to today’s technicians. eighth edition have been combined into one chap-
• Review Questions. Review Questions are ter (Chapter 10) to reduce the emphasis on TBI
provided at the end of each chapter to help systems. Much of the material in these two chap-
the reader assess his/her recall and compre- ters in past editions was repetitiove, with the PFI
hension of the material in each chapter, as chapter referring to the TBI chapter many times.
well as to reinforce the concepts covered. All Finally, Appendix A from the eighth edition has
of these Review Questions have been written now been turned into a final chapter, Chapter
in a multiple-choice format—the type of ques- 18, and has been revamped with much material
tion that would be found on an ASE test. added. A portion has also been added to Chap-
ter 18 that specifically deals with the diagnosis of
Personal safety concerns peculiar to specific emission program failures. Other additions to this
computerized engine control systems are high- chapter include chapter objectives, key terms, a
lighted where applicable. The book follows the diagnostic exercise, and 20 chapter questions.
industry standards for how to use the following Countless other changes have also been
terms: made throughout this textbook. Acronyms are
now found in Appendix A, and automotive-re-
• Warnings indicate that failure to observe cor- lated web addresses are now found in Appen-
rect diagnostic or repair procedures could re- dix B. These changes and additions have been
sult in personal injury or death. made in order to make this textbook the most
• Cautions indicate that failure to observe cor- comprehensive automotive textbook that you will
rect diagnostic or repair procedures could re- read this year.
sult in damage to tools, equipment, or the ve-
hicle being serviced.
SUGGESTIONS ON HOW
Each student should be aware that while TO USE THIS TEXT
working with computerized controls is not inher-
ently dangerous, failure to observe recognized The reader should begin by reading
safety practices is. There are, unfortunately, many Chapters 1 through 9, preferably in the sequence
more injuries and accidents in the automotive re- they exist in the textbook, as they contain informa-
pair business than there should be. Good safety tion that pertains to all makes of vehicles. Reading
practices, if learned early in a student’s career, these chapters will also provide some background
can literally be lifesaving later on. that will make understanding specific system
designs and diagnostic strategies easier when
reading the system-specific chapters of this book.
New to This Edition Chapters 10 through 16, which are specific to in-
Additional material on air/fuel ratio sensors dividual manufacturers’ systems, can be read in
is now provided in Chapter 3. Chapter 8, Under- any order, though most students will find it much
standing OBD II, with a slight modification in the easier to read a manufacturer’s set of chapters in
chapter’s title since the previous edition, has also chronological sequence, the way they appear in
been totally revamped so as to flow in a more logi- the book. Generally, systems become more com-
cal sequence for the reader. Necessary updates plex over time. The newer, more complex systems
have also been added to this chapter, including become easier to understand if the reader has

proficient background knowledge of the earlier, chapter, can also be considered an optional chap-
simpler systems. Many students may not wish to ter, although most readers will find this chapter
study each chapter, or their instructors may not enjoyable. Finally, the student/technician should
choose to assign the study of each chapter. We read Chapter 18 as a final chapter—this chapter
suggest, however, that at least three of the specific provides much information on how to apply the
system chapters be selected for study. Chapter 17 material presented throughout the textbook to a
on alternative power sources, although a generic vehicle that is in your service bay.

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Chapter 1: A Review of Electricity
and Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 3: Common Components
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 for Computerized Engine
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Electrical Circuits versus Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Electronic Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Electron Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Common Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Electrical Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Sensing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Electrical Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 102
Circuit Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Integrated Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
The Digital Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Chapter 4: Common Operating
Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Principles for Computerized
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Engine Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . 109
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Chapter 2: Computers in Cars . . . . . . 43 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Fuel Volatility and Fuel Octane . . . . . . . . 110
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Electronic Fuel Injection System
Why Computers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Operating Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
How Computers Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Ignition System Operating
Functions of the Engine Computer . . . . . . 62 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Controlling Exhaust Gasses . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Emission-Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Variable Valve Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 42 V Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
The PCM and Exhaust Emissions . . . . . . 67 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Attitude of the Technician . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . . 67 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

iii

Chapter 5: Diagnostic Concepts . . . . 145 Chapter 8: Understanding OBD II . . . 213

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Types of Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 CARB/EPA/SAE/OBD Background . . . . . 213
Diagnostic Trouble Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Why OBD II? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Data Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 What Does OBD II Do? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Functional Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Diagnostic Management Software . . . . . 215
Technical Service Bulletins . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Pinpoint Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 OBD II Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Flowcharts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 The Ten Global Modes of OBD II . . . . . . 235
Electrical Schematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Cold Start Emissions Reduction . . . . . . . 239
Other General Diagnostic Reducing the Escape of HC
Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Emissions During Refueling . . . . . . . . 240
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 OBD III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Chapter 6: Diagnostic Equipment . . . 159 Chapter 9: Multiplexing Concepts . . . 245

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Scan Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Multiplexing Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Breakout Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Multiplex System Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Non-Powered Test Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Multiplexing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Logic Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Communication on a J1850 VPW
Digital Volt/Ohm Meters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Data Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Digital Storage Oscilloscopes . . . . . . . . . 175
Communication on a CAN
Safety Considerations When Using
Data Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
A DVOM or DSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Multiplexing Variations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Gas Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Fiber Optic Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Other Bosch Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Diagnosis of Multiplexed Circuits . . . . . . 259
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Chapter 7: Exhaust Gas Analysis . . . 195 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Chapter 10: General Motors’
Theory of Gas Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Electronic Engine Controls . . . . . . . . 263
Measured Gasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Gas Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Diagnosing with the Gasses . . . . . . . . . . 206 Powertrain Control Module . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Operating Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Fuel Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . 277

Idle Speed Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Other PCM-Controlled Systems . . . . . . . 420

Spark Management Systems . . . . . . . . . 290 System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 425
Emission Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Other PCM-Controlled Systems . . . . . . . 310 Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Body Control Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 320
PCM, PROM, and CALPAK Service . . . . 323 Chapter 13: Ford’s Electronic
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Engine Control V (EEC V) . . . . . . . . . 439
Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Engine Controls Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Chapter 11: Advanced General Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Motors Engine Controls . . . . . . . . . . 331 Fuel Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . 443
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Idle Speed Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Ignition Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Northstar Engine Overview . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Emission Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Northstar Inputs/Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 Advanced Ford Computer
Cadillac LH2 Northstar Upgrades . . . . . . 347 System Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Cadillac HFV6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Body Control Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
GM Generation III Small-Block V8s. . . . . 351 Voice Recognition/Navigational
GM Generation IV Small-Block V8s . . . . 354 Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
GM Active Fuel Management AdvanceTrac™ System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 EcoBoost Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Flywheel Alternator Starter System . . . . 356 CVPI Fire-Suppression System . . . . . . . 463
Belt Alternator Starter System . . . . . . . . 361 System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 464
Chevrolet Volt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
GM Voice-Recognition/ Navigational Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 365
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Chapter 14: Chrysler Corporation
Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Fuel Injection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Chapter 12: Ford’s Electronic Powertrain Control Module . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Engine Control IV (EEC IV) . . . . . . . . 371 Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Fuel Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . 488
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Idle Speed Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Powertrain Control Module . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Spark Management Systems . . . . . . . . . 492
Operating Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Emission Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Other PCM-Controlled Systems . . . . . . . 497
Fuel Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . 398 Chrysler Multiplexing Systems . . . . . . . . 499
Idle Speed Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Advanced Chrysler Electronic
Spark Management Systems . . . . . . . . . 403 Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Emission Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 414 System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 502

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 Chapter 17: Alternative Power

Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Chapter 15: European (Bosch) Honda Insight, Civic, and Accord
Engine Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . 509 Hybrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Toyota Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Ford Escape Hybrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 Allison Two-Mode Hybrids . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Continuous Injection System. . . . . . . . . . 513 Fuel Cell Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Pulsed Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Flexible Fuel Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Motronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 600
Electronic Control Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Operating Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Bosch Obd II Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Chapter 18: Approach
System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 534 to Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Narrowing Down the Area
of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Chapter 16: Asian Computer Pinpoint Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Diagnosing Intermittent Symptoms . . . . . 614
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Testing Catalytic Converters . . . . . . . . . . 615
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 EVAP System Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
Nissan: Electronic Concentrated Diagnosing Air/Fuel Ratio Problems . . . . 620
Control System (ECCS) . . . . . . . . . . . 540 Diagnosing an Emission
Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 Test Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 Reprogramming a Computer. . . . . . . . . . 626
System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 553 The Three Essential Tools of Electronic
Toyota Computer-Controlled System Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
System (TCCS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 Other Diagnostic Resources . . . . . . . . . . 630
Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 564 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Honda: Programmed Fuel
Injection (PGM-FI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 Appendix A: Terms and Acronyms . . . 635
Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 Appendix B: Automotive-Related
Honda’s VTEC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 Web Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
System Diagnosis and Service . . . . . . . . 578
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Diagnostic Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

A Review of Electricity and Electronics

KEY TERMS
OBJECTIVES
Amp or Ampere
Upon completion and review of this chapter, you should be able to: Amperage
❑ Understand the conceptual differences between the terms Analog
electrical/and electronic. Armature
❑ Understand how a compound is different from an element. Clamping Diode
❑ Define the difference between an element and a compound. Compound
Digital
❑ Describe the importance of an atom’s valence ring as it pertains
Diode
to electrical theory. Dual In-Line Package (DIP)
❑ Understand the relationship between voltage, resistance, and Electrical
amperage. Electromotive Force
❑ Define circuit types in terms of series circuits and parallel circuits. Electronic
❑ Understand the construction and operation of semiconductors Element
such as diodes and transistors. Free Electrons
❑ Define the difference between an analog voltage signal and a H-Gate
digital voltage signal. Integrated Circuit (IC)
❑ Describe the relationship between a variable frequency, variable Molecule
duty cycle, and variable pulse width. Negative Ion
Ohm
Ohm’s Law
Permeability
Positive Ion
Reluctance
The earliest automobiles had little in the way
Resistance
of electrical systems, but as the automobile has Semiconductors
become more complicated and as more acces- Solenoid
sories have been added, electrical and electronic Transistor
systems have replaced mechanical methods of con- Valence Ring
trol on today’s vehicles. Additional electronic control Volt
systems have made and will continue to make the Voltage or Voltage Potential
automobile comply with government standards and Voltage Drop
consumer demands. Today, most major automotive
systems are controlled by computers.

This increased use of electrical and elec- came off the assembly line, but electronic circuits
tronic systems means two things for the automo- have been added to the automobile in more recent
tive service technician: First, to be effective, all years. For example, interior lighting circuits began
service technicians need skills in electrical diag- on the automobile as simple electrical circuits and
nosis and repair, almost regardless of the techni- without any electronic control. But, more often than
cian’s service specialty; second, technicians with not, interior lighting systems on today’s vehicles are
such skills will command significantly greater fi- controlled electronically by a computer.
nancial rewards and will deserve them. Even though the use of solid-state compo-
There are several principles by which electri- nents may often be used as a criterion to identify
cal systems operate, but they are all fairly simple; an electronic circuit, solid-state components,
learning them is not difficult. As each principle such as power transistors, may also be used in
is introduced to you through your reading or in an electrical circuit. A power transistor is a type
class, ask questions and/or read until you under- of transistor designed to carry larger amounts of
stand it. Review the principles often and practice amperage than are normally found in an elec-
the exercises that your instructor assigns. tronic circuit. A power transistor is essentially a
highly reliable relay.
Ultimately, an electrical circuit is a circuit
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS VERSUS that performs work through a load device. An
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS electronic circuit is used to intelligently control
an electrical circuit. Therefore, an electrical cir-
The differences between electrical circuits cuit may or may not be under the control of an
and electronic circuits are not always clear-cut. electronic circuit.
This has led to some confusion about the use of It should also be noted that a component
terms and how an electronic system differs from identified as an electronic device always needs
an electrical system. Perhaps the comparisons in a proper power (positive) and ground (negative)
the following table will help. just to power up properly, whether it is a small
Think of electrical circuits as the muscle and integrated circuit (IC) chip or a complex, sophis-
electronic circuits as the brain. Electrical circuits ticated computer. If either one is lacking it cannot
have been used in the automobile since the first one do its assigned job properly.

Electrical Circuits Electronic Circuits

Do physical work: heat, light, and electro- Communicate information: voltages or on/off
magnetism used to create movement. signals.
Use electromechanical devices: motors, Use solid-state devices (semiconductors) with
solenoids, relays. no moving parts, such as transistors and
diodes.
Operate at relatively high current or amperage. Operate at relatively low current or amperage.
Have relatively low resistance (ohms). Have relatively high resistance (ohms).
May or may not be controlled by an electronic Are used to control electrical circuits.
circuit.

ELECTRON THEORY Neutrons

Molecules and Atoms

A study of electricity begins with the smallest Protons
pieces of matter. All substances—air, water, wood,
steel, stone, and even the various substances that
our bodies are made of—are made of the same
bits of matter. Every substance is made of units Electrons
called molecules. A molecule is a unit formed by
combining two or more atoms; it is the smallest
unit that a given substance can be broken down Orbit path
to and still exhibit all of the characteristics of that
Figure 1–2 Helium atom. © Cengage Learning 2012
substance. For example, a molecule of water, or
H2O, is made up of two atoms of hydrogen and
one atom of oxygen (H is the chemical symbol
for hydrogen and O is the chemical symbol for not have a neutron. The next smallest and lightest
oxygen). If a molecule of water is broken down atom is the helium atom. It has two protons, two
into its component atoms, it is no longer water. neutrons, and two electrons (Figure 1–2). Since
As molecules are made up of atoms, atoms the hydrogen atom is the smallest and lightest,
are in turn made up of: and since it has one electron and one proton, it is
given an atomic number of 1. Since helium is the
• electrons, or negatively charged particles next lightest, it has an atomic number of 2. Every
• protons, or positively charged particles atom has been given an atomic number that indi-
• neutrons, or particles with no charge; at the cates its relative size and weight (or its mass) and
level of atomic activity concerning us here, the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons it
neutrons just add mass to the atom contains. An atom usually has the same number
of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
The smallest and lightest atom is the hydro-
gen atom. It contains one proton and one elec-
Elements
tron (Figure 1–1); it is the only atom that does
Once the three different bits of matter are
united to form an atom, two or more atoms com-
Electron bine to form a molecule. If all of the atoms in the
molecule are the same, the molecule is called an
element. Which element it is depends on how
many protons, neutrons, and electrons the atoms
contain. There are more than a hundred differ-
ent elements. Some examples of elements are
gold, lead, iron, and sodium. Examples of other
elements that are of concern to an automotive
Proton
technician include hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen, and silicon. An element, then, is a pure
Orbit path
substance whose molecules contain only one
Figure 1–1 Hydrogen atom. © Cengage Learning 2012 kind of atom.

Compounds 1st layer (2 electrons)

2nd layer (8 electrons)
A substance such as water, which contains hy-
drogen and oxygen atoms, is called a compound.
Examples of other compounds that are of con-
cern to an automotive technician include carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and ox-
ides of nitrogen. Therefore, compounds consist of
Nucleus
two or more elements.
(29 protons)

Molecules
Outer layer (1 electron)
A molecule consists of a minimum of two
atoms that are chemically bonded together; it is 3rd layer (18 electrons)
electrically stable, with a neutral charge. A mole-
Figure 1–3 Layers of electrons around a copper
cule may contain two or more identical atoms and
atom nucleus. © Cengage Learning 2012
therefore be an element, such as an oxygen mol-
ecule (O2), or it may have atoms of two or more
elements and therefore be a compound, such as fact, they are sometimes said to move at nearly the
water (H2O). speed of light. These characteristics work together
to explain many of the behaviors of an atom that
make current flow. Current is defined as a mass of
Atomic Structure and Electricity
free electrons moving in the same direction.
Notice in Figure 1–1 and Figure 1–2 that the There are two types of current: direct current
protons and neutrons are grouped together in the (DC) and alternating current (AC). Direct current
center of each atom, which is called the nucleus of always flows in one direction. Current from a bat-
the atom. The electrons travel around the nucleus tery is the best example. Most of the devices in
of the atom in an orbit, similar to the way that the an automobile use DC. Circuits with alternating
Earth travels around the sun. But because an atom current repeatedly switch the polarity of the circuit
usually has several electrons orbiting around its so that current flow (electron movement) reverses
nucleus, the electrons form in layers, rather than direction repeatedly. The power available from
all of them traveling in the same orbit (Figure 1–3). commercial utility companies is AC and cycles
Some, however, share the same orbit, as seen in (changes polarity) 60 times per second. This is
Figure 1–3. For the purposes of this text, only the known as 60 Hertz (Hz) AC voltage. One cycle
electrons in the last layer are of any real impor- occurs when the current switches from forward to
tance. This layer is often called the outer shell or backward to forward again. The car’s alternator
valence ring. The student should realize that we (an AC generator) produces AC current, which is
are speaking very loosely here when we describe converted to DC before it leaves the alternator.
electrons in shells having orbits. For our pur- The fast-moving electron wants to move in a
poses, this simple explanation (a model once straight line, but its attraction to the proton nucleus
called the Rutherford atom) satisfactorily conveys makes it act like a ball tied to the end of a string
the nature of the electron. twirled around. The repulsive force between the
As mentioned, electrons are negatively charged electrons keeps them spread as far apart as their
and protons are positively charged. You have prob- attraction to the nucleus will allow.
ably heard or know that like charges repel and un- The fewer electrons there are in the outer shell
like charges attract. Electrons are always moving; in of the atom and the more layers of electrons there

are under the outer shell, the weaker is the bond Atom with Atom with
between the outer electrons and the nucleus. If negative charge positive charge
one of these outer electrons can somehow be (– ion) (+ ion)
broken free from its orbit, it will travel to a neigh-
boring atom and fall into the outer shell there, re- Electron flow from
sulting in two unbalanced atoms. The first atom is negative to positive
missing an electron. It is now positively charged
and is called a positive ion. The second atom
has an extra electron. It is negatively charged and
is called a negative ion. Ions are unstable. They
want either to gain an electron or to get rid of one Light bulb
so that they are balanced.
Negative ions at Positive ions at
negative terminal Battery positive terminal
ELECTRICAL THEORY
Voltage Potential Electron flow from
negative to positive
An atom that is a positive ion has positive
potential. It has more positive charge than neg-
ative charge because it has more protons than
electrons. Suppose that this atom is at one end of
a circuit (Figure 1–4). Further suppose that there Light bulb
is a negative ion at the other end of the circuit in
that this atom has an extra electron, thus giving it Figure 1–4 Negative versus positive potential.
© Cengage Learning 2012
a negative potential. Because of the difference in
potential at the two ends of the circuit, an electron
at the negatively charged end will start moving in the wire. Actually, this resistance has two func-
toward the positively charged end. The greater tions. It limits current flow so as to keep the wire
the difference in potential (the greater the num- from burning open and it also turns the current
ber of opposite-charged ions) at each end of the flow into some type of useful work—heat, light, or
circuit, the greater the number of electrons that electromagnetism.
will start to flow. This potential difference between It is the voltage potential that makes current
the two charges is commonly known as voltage flow. Actually, three factors must be present for
potential. an electrical circuit to work properly. These three
An example can be created by attaching factors are voltage potential, resistance to flow,
something between the two ends of a circuit and current flow, as demonstrated in the following
that will produce positive and negative ions. This example:
is what a battery or generator does in a circuit
(Figure 1–4). If you connect both ends of a copper Suppose that you have a glass of your
wire to a battery, the voltage potential will cause favorite lemonade sitting on your patio table
electron flow through the wire. However, because on a nice summer day. Suppose that there
the wire will not be able to handle the electron flow is a straw sitting in the glass of lemonade.
that the battery can provide, it will burn open very There is atmospheric pressure acting on
quickly. Therefore some kind of resistance, or the lemonade in the glass and therefore
opposition to a steady electric current, is needed at the lower end of the straw. There is also

atmospheric pressure present at the upper theories is that magnetism is caused by the
end of the straw (remember, it is just sitting movement and group orientation of electrons.
there on the patio table at the moment). Some materials strongly demonstrate the char-
Because there is no potential difference acteristics associated with magnetism and some
between the pressures at the two ends of the do not. Those that strongly demonstrate the char-
straw, the lemonade is not presently flowing acteristics of magnetism, such as iron, are said to
in the straw. Now, if you simply close your have high permeability. Those that do not, such
mouth over the upper end of the straw but do as glass, wood, and aluminum, are said to have
not change the pressure in your mouth, you high reluctance.
will still not get the lemonade to flow up the
straw. You must provide a pressure difference
Lines of Force
(or potential) in order to get the lemonade to
flow up the straw. You do this by creating a It is not known whether there actually is
negative pressure within your mouth (that is, such a thing as a magnetic line of force. What
a pressure that is less than the atmospheric is known, however, is that magnetism exerts a
pressure acting on the lemonade in the glass). force that we can understand and manipulate
The pressure differential is what causes the if we assume there are magnetic lines of force.
lemonade to flow up the straw. If you want Magnetic force is linear in nature, and it can be
to get a larger flow of lemonade, you must managed to do many kinds of work. By assign-
create a larger pressure difference (or suck ing certain characteristics to these lines of force,
harder). However, this only tells half the story. we can explain the behavior of magnetism. Mag-
Another factor that influences the volume of netic lines of force:
lemonade that you get to flow up the straw
is the size of the straw. Suppose that you 1. have a directional force (north to south out-
replace your normal-size straw with a slender side the magnet)
coffee stir stick/straw. This small straw would 2. want to take the shortest distance between
limit the volume of lemonade that you could two poles (just like a stretched rubber band
get to flow up the straw. The same is true in between the two points from which it is
an electrical circuit. In an electrical circuit, the held)
amount of current that flows is dictated by two 3. form a complete loop
factors—how much voltage potential is applied 4. are more permeable to iron than air
to the circuit and how much resistance to flow 5. resist being close together (especially in air)
is present in the circuit. This is, in essence, 6. resist being cut
what is commonly known as Ohm’s law, 7. will not cross each other (they will bend first)
described later in this chapter. You can also
apply this same principle to a fuel injector in Magnetic lines of force extending from a
that the flow rate of a fuel injector is dictated magnet make up what is commonly called a
by the amount of pressure difference between magnetic field and more correctly called mag-
the two ends of the injector and the orifice netic flux (Figure 1–5). If a magnet is not near
size (restriction) of the injector. an object made of permeable material, the lines
of force will extend from the north pole through
the air to the south pole (characteristic 1). The
Magnetism lines of force will continue through the body of the
Magnetism is closely tied to the generation magnet to the north pole to form a complete loop
and use of electricity. In fact, one of the prevailing (characteristic 3). Every magnet has a north pole

Magnetic flux field

Soft iron
N (temporarily
assumes a
polarity)
S

S N

S
Figure 1–6 Magnetic field distortion.
© Cengage Learning 2012

Figure 1–5 Magnetic field. © Cengage Learning 2012

Electromagnets
Early researchers discovered that when cur-
and a south pole. The poles are the two points of a rent passes through a conductor, a magnetic field
magnet where the magnetic strength is greatest. forms around the conductor (Figure 1–7). This
As the lines of force extend out of the north pole, principle makes possible the use of electromag-
they begin to spread out. Here you see opposition nets, electric motors, generators, and most of the
between characteristics 2 and 5. The lines of force other components used in electrical circuits.
want to take the shortest distance between the If a wire is coiled with the coils close together,
poles, but they spread out because of their ten- most of the lines of force wrap around the entire
dency to repel each other (characteristic 5). The coil rather than going between the coils of wire
result is a magnetic field that occupies a relatively
large area but has greater density near the body
of the magnet.
Because the body of the magnet has high
permeability, the lines of force are very concen-
trated in the body of the magnet (characteristic 4). w
n flo
This accounts for the poles of the magnet having tro
c
the highest magnetic strength. Ele
If there is an object with high permeability
near the magnet, the magnetic lines of force will
distort from their normal pattern and go out of their
Figure 1–7 Lines of force forming around a conduc-
way to pass through the object (Figure 1–6). The
tor. If you place your left hand on the wire with your
tendency for the lines of force to pass through the thumb pointing in the direction of electron flow, your
permeable object is stronger than their tendency fingers will be pointing in the direction of the directional
to take the shortest route. The lines of force will, force of the magnetic lines of force. When thinking of
however, try to move the object toward the near- conventional current flow, the same would apply for the
est pole of the magnet. right hand. © Cengage Learning 2012

Directional force of Directional force of Electron

Electron magnetic flux lines flow
magnetic flux lines
flow

S N

Soft iron core

S N
Figure 1–10 Electromagnet. © Cengage Learning 2012
Figure 1–8 Magnetic field around a coil. Place your
left hand, with thumb extended, around the coil with
your fingers pointing in the direction of the electron flow
through the coil. Your thumb will point to the north pole the center so that they can follow a shorter path.
of the magnetic field. © Cengage Learning 2012 If the core is movable, it will move to the center
of the coil. A coil around an off-center, movable,
permeable core is a solenoid. A spring is usually
(Figure 1–8). This is because if they do try to wrap used to hold the core off center. When the current
around each loop in the coil, they must cross each flow is switched on to create the electromagnet,
other, which they will not do (characteristic 7) the magnetic field is stronger than the spring ten-
(Figure 1–9). sion and will overcome the spring tension in order
If a highly permeable core is placed in the to move the iron core. This solenoid can be used
center of the coil, the magnetic field becomes to do physical work such as to engage a starter
much stronger because the high permeability of drive to a flywheel or to lock or unlock a door. But
the core replaces the low permeability of the air for most subjects to which this textbook pertains,
in the center (Figure 1–10). If the core is placed there will be a valve attached to the movable iron
toward one end of the coil (Figure 1–11), the lines core. This solenoid-operated valve may be spring
of force exert a strong force on it to move it toward loaded normally closed (N/C) and open when
electrically energized, or it may be spring loaded
normally open (N/O) and close when electrically
energized.
Electron flow

Motors
In an electric motor, current is passed through
a conductor that is looped around the armature
core (Figure 1–12). The conductor loops are
placed in grooves along the length of the core.
The core is made of laminated discs of permeable,
Figure 1–9 Magnetic lines of force cannot cross. soft iron that are pressed onto the armature shaft.
© Cengage Learning 2012 The soft iron core causes the magnetic field that

Directional force of
magnetic flux lines

S N

Note: Core will move to center of coil regardless

of directional force of magnetic flux lines.
Figure 1–11 Solenoid. © Cengage Learning 2012

forms around the conductor to be stronger due of the armature conductor, the field it has pro-
to its permeability. There are several conductor duced has a directional force in the same direc-
loops on the armature, but only the loop that is tion as that of the lines of force between the field
nearest the center of the field poles has current poles. The lines of force in this area are compat-
passing through it. The loops are positioned so ible, but combining these two fields in the same
that when one side of a loop is centered on one area produces a high-density field. Remember
field pole, its other side is centered on the other that magnetic lines of force resist being close
field pole. together.
The field poles are either permanent mag- At the bottom of the armature conductor, the
nets or pieces of soft iron that serve as the core of lines of force formed around it have a directional
an electromagnet. If electromagnets are used, an force opposite to those from the north field pole.
additional conductor (not shown in Figure 1–12) The lines of force will not cross each other, so
is wound around each field pole, and current is some lines from the field pole distort and go up
passed through these field coils to produce a and over the conductor into the already dense
magnetic field between the field poles. The motor portion of the field above the conductor, and some
frame that the poles are mounted on acts as the just cease to exist. This produces a high-density
magnet body. field above the conductor and a low-density field
Looking at the armature conductor near the below it. The difference in density is similar to a
north field pole in Figure 1–12, you see that its difference in pressure. This produces a downward
magnetic field extends out of the armature core force on the conductor.
and that it has a clockwise force. The magnetic The other side of the armature loop, on the
field between the field poles has a directional other side of the armature, is the same except
force from north pole to south pole. At the top that the current is now traveling the opposite

Armature conductors
Armature core

Motor frame
Armature shaft

Field poles:
electromagnets Magnetic field
or permanent around conductors
magnets

Flux field

END VIEW OF MOTOR

Figure 1–12 Electric motor. © Cengage Learning 2012

way. The loop makes a U-shaped bend at the through a magnetic field (Figure 1–13). This phe-
end of the armature. The magnetic field around nomenon occurs because of characteristic 6. As
this part of the conductor has a counterclockwise the conductor passes through the magnetic field, it
force. Here, the lines of force around the con- cuts each line of force. Because the lines of force re-
ductor are compatible with those between the sist being cut, they first wrap around the conductor,
field poles under the conductor, but they try to much like a blade of grass would if struck by a stick
cross at the top. This produces an upward force (Figure 1–14). This principle is used in generators
on this side of the armature loop. The armature
rotates counterclockwise. To change the direc-
tion in which the armature turns, either change Flux lines
the direction that current flows through the ar- N
mature conductors or change the polarity of the
field poles.

Magnetic Induction
Passing voltage through a wire causes a mag- Conductor
netic field to form around the wire. However, if S
lines of force can be formed around a conductor, a
voltage is produced in the wire and current starts to
Horseshoe magnet
flow. This assumes, of course, that the wire is part
of a complete circuit. Lines of force can be made to Figure 1–13 Magnetic induction.
wrap around a conductor by passing a conductor © Cengage Learning 2012

Horseshoe magnet 3. How fast and how many times the conductors
Flux lines
pass through the magnetic field.
Moving 4. The angle between the lines of force and the
N conductor’s approach to them.
conductor

Amperage
Amperage is a measure of the amount of cur-
rent flowing in a circuit. One ampere (amp) equals
6,250,000,000,000,000,000 (6.25 billion billion)
S electrons moving past a given point in a circuit per
second. This is often expressed as one coulomb.
Lines of force wrapping
around conductor as it
moves through flux field Voltage
Figure 1–14 Cutting lines of force. A volt is a measure of the force or pressure
© Cengage Learning 2012
that causes current to flow; it is often referred to
as voltage. The difference in potential is voltage.
to produce voltage and current flow. The principle The most common ways of producing voltage
will work regardless of whether: are chemically, as in a battery, or by magnetic
induction, as in a generator. A more accurate but
• the conductor is moved through a stationary less-used name is electromotive force. Note
magnetic field, as in a DC generator that volts are what drive the electrons through
• a magnetic field is moved past stationary the circuit; voltage is the measurement of that
conductors, as in an AC generator force. Similarly, amps are the number of elec-
• the lines of force in an electromagnetic field trons moving; amperage is the measurement of
are moved by having the circuit producing the that number.
magnetic field turned on and off, as in an igni-
tion coil
Resistance
Note that in each case, movement of either
the lines of force or the conductor is needed. A The fact that voltage is required to push cur-
magnetic field around a conductor where both are rent through a circuit suggests that the circuit of-
steady state will not produce voltage. The amount fers resistance. In other words, you do not have
of voltage and current produced by magnetic in- to push something unless it resists moving.
duction depends on four factors: Resistance limits the amount of amperage that
flows through a circuit (Figure 1–15). The unit of
1. The strength of the magnetic field (how many measurement of resistance to flow is an ohm. If
lines of force there are to cut). A tiny amount a circuit without enough resistance is connected
of voltage is induced in the wire by each line across a reliable voltage source, wires or some
of force that is cut. other component in the circuit will be damaged by
2. The number of conductors cutting the line heat because too much current flows.
of force. Winding the conductor into a coil As mentioned, a bond exists between an elec-
and passing one side of the coil through the tron and the protons in the nucleus of an atom.
magnetic field cuts each line of force as many That bond must be broken for the electron to be
times as there are loops in the coil. freed so that it can move to another atom. Breaking

4 Ohms • Temperature —as the temperature of a conduc-

tor increases, the resistance also increases.
• Physical condition—cuts, nicks, corrosion,
12 V and other deficient physical aspects of a con-
ductor, connector, or load will increase the
resistance of the circuit, thus creating exces-
sive voltage drop within the circuit, resulting
in reduced current flow.
Low resistance allows more
current to flow. Sometimes students get confused between
voltage and amperage while doing tests on elec-
20 Ohms trical systems. Review these definitions and con-
sider the influence that voltage and amperage
have on a circuit. It might also help to remember
12 V that voltage can be present in a circuit without
current flowing. However, current cannot flow un-
less voltage is present.

Higher resistance allows less Voltage Drop

current to flow. When current is flowing through a circuit,
Figure 1–15 Resistance versus current flow. voltage is lost, or used up, by being converted to
© Cengage Learning 2012 some other energy form (heat, light, or magne-
tism). This loss of voltage is referred to as voltage
drop. Every part of a circuit offers some resis-
that bond and moving the electron amount to doing tance, even the wires, although the resistance in
work. Doing that work represents a form of resis- the wires should be very low (Figure 1–16). The
tance to current flow. This resistance varies from voltage drop in each part of the circuit is propor-
one conductive material to another, depending on tional to the resistance in that part of the circuit.
the atomic structure of the material. For example, The total voltage dropped in a circuit must equal
lead has more resistance than iron, and iron has the source voltage. In other words, all of the volt-
more resistance than copper. It also varies with the age applied to a circuit must be converted to an-
temperature of the conductor. Loose or dirty con- other energy form within the circuit. If excessive
nections in a circuit also offer resistance to cur- voltage drop occurs somewhere in a circuit due
rent flow. Using current flow to do work (to create to unwanted resistance, the amperage flowing in
heat, light, or a magnetic field to move something) the circuit will be reduced. This also reduces the
also amounts to resistance to current flow. There voltage drop across the intended load component
are five things that will influence resistance within in that excessive voltage drop is occurring else-
a wire and/or circuit: where in the circuit. This reduces the load com-
ponent’s ability to function properly. Many good
• Atomic structure of the material—for exam- computers have been replaced simply because
ple, copper wiring versus aluminum wiring. of problems involving excessive voltage drop in
• Wire gauge —a smaller gauge of wire (higher the power and ground circuits that are used to
number) increases circuit resistance. power up the computer.
• Wire length —as the wire’s length is increased, It should be stressed that, in order for voltage
its resistance also increases. to be dropped or used up, current must be flowing

0.1 V lost across 0.2 V lost 5.82 V lost in 5.82 V lost in

fuse and connections in switch light as heat light as heat
as heat as heat and light and light

11.98 V 11.88 V 11.66 V 5.84 V

5.83 V 0.01 V
12.00 V 11.87 V 11.67 V

2 2
0.005 V
12 V

0.00 V
Small voltage drops
lost in wire as heat

0.005 V lost in
frame or body
ground path
as heat
VOLTAGE CONVERTED TO OTHER ENERGY FORMS
Figure 1–16 Voltage drop. © Cengage Learning 2012

in the circuit. If current is not flowing in the circuit where: E electromotive force or voltage
(as in the case of a burned fuse or other open), I intensity or amperage
voltage will not be dropped, but rather source volt- R resistance or ohms
age will be present regardless of resistance all
the way from the battery to the positive side of the The simplest application of Ohm’s law en-
open, and a ground measurement of zero volts ables you to find the value of any one of the three
will be present on the ground side of the open factors—amperage, voltage, or resistance—if the
as well. other two are known. For example, if the voltage
is 12 V and the resistance is 2 (Figure 1–17),
the current flow can be determined as follows:
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law defines a relationship between I E兾R or
amperage, voltage, and resistance. Ohm’s law I 12 V兾2 6 amps
says that it takes 1 volt (V) to push 1 amp (A)
through 1 ohm () of resistance. Ohm’s law can
be expressed in one of three simple mathemati-
cal equations:

electrons there are in the outer shell the easier it

E is to break them loose from the atom. If an atom
has five or more electrons in its outer shell, the
electrons become much more difficult to break
I X R away from the atom, and the substance made up
of those atoms is a very poor conductor—so poor
Figure 1–18 Ohm’s law calculation. that it is classed as an insulator. Rubber, most
© Cengage Learning 2012 plastics, glass, and ceramics are common ex-
amples of insulators. Substances with four elec-
trons in their outer shell are poor conductors but
(The Greek letter , or omega, is often used can become good ones under certain conditions.
as a symbol or an abbreviation for ohms, and Thus, they are called semiconductors. Silicon
amps is the term often used as an abbreviation and germanium are good examples of semicon-
for amperes.) ductors. (Semiconductors are covered in more
If the resistance is 4 and the current is detail later in this chapter.)
1.5 amps, the voltage applied can be found by: Conductors are substances made up of atoms
E I R or with three or fewer electrons in their outer shell.
E 1.5 amp 4 6 V These electrons are called free electrons because
they are loosely held and can be freed to travel to
If the voltage is 12 V and the current is 3 amps, another atom.
the resistance can be found by:
R E兾I or Circuit Design
R 12 V兾3 amps 40
The following three elements are essential to
Perhaps the easiest way to remember how all electrical circuits in order to have an operating
to use these equations is to use the diagram in circuit:
Figure 1–18. To find the value of the unknown fac-
tor, cover the unknown factor with your thumb and 1. Voltage source, such as a battery or genera-
multiply or divide the other factors as their posi- tor, provides voltage to the power circuit.
tions indicate. 2. Load, such as a motor or light, performs the
There are many other applications of Ohm’s function the circuit was designed to perform
law, some of which are quite complex. (A more and also provides resistance to limit current.
complicated application is covered later in this 3. Circuitry or current conductors complete the
chapter.) An automotive technician is rarely re- circuit between the voltage source and the
quired to apply Ohm’s law directly to find or repair load.
an electrical problem on a vehicle. But knowing and
understanding the relationship of the three factors Also, most electrical circuits will have some
is a must for the technician who wants to be able to type of component to provide each of the follow-
diagnose and repair electrical systems effectively. ing functions:

• Circuit protection, such as a fuse or circuit

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS breaker, serves to open the circuit in the
event of excessive current flow.
Conductors and Insulators
• Circuit control, such as a switch or relay (elec-
Previously, in discussing the electrons in the trically operated switch), provides the ability
outer shell of an atom, it was said that the fewer to control when current flows in the circuit.

• Ground—meaning the metal of the vehicle’s The following problems apply Ohm’s law to a
body, chassis, and engine—is commonly series circuit. Refer to Figure 1–21, which shows
used in place of running a copper wire on the a compound series circuit.
negative side of the circuit (referred to as a Series Circuit—Problem 1. Assume that
negative ground). the resistance of R1 is 2 and that R2 is 4 ;
find the total current flow. In a series circuit, the
These components are often represented resistance value of each unit of resistance can be
by symbols, as shown in Figure 1–19. You added together because all of the current passes
should note that any circuit protection devices, through each resistor.
circuit control devices, and grounds constitute
part of the circuitry or current conductors when I E兾R or
used. I E兾(R1 R2) or
I 12 V兾(2 4 ) or 12 V兾6 2 A
Circuit Types Series Circuit—Problem 2. Assume the
There are two distinct types of electrical cir- resistance values are unknown in Figure 1–21,
cuits, plus combinations of the two. but that the total current flow is 3 amps. To find
Series Circuits. In a series circuit, there is the total resistance:
only one path for current flow and all of the current
flows through every part of the circuit. Parts A RT E兾I or
and B of Figure 1–19 show simple series circuits. RT 12 V兾3 amps 4
Even though there is only one load in each of
these circuits, they qualify as series circuits Series Circuit—Problem 3. Find the voltage
because there is only one path for current flow. drop across R1, applying the same resistance
Figure 1–20 shows a better example of a series values as in problem 1. Each ohm of resistance
circuit. Not only is there just one path for current value shares equally in the total voltage drop in
flow, there are also two loads in series with each a series circuit. Therefore, how much voltage is
other. When there are two or more loads in series, dropped (used up) by each ohm of resistance in a
the current must pass through one before it can circuit is also numerically equal to how many amps
pass through the next. The characteristics of a are flowing in the circuit. As an example, if a 12 V
series circuit include the following: circuit has a resistance total of 6 , we know that
there the current flow is 2 amps (12兾6 2). But
• Current flow is the same at all parts of the the same math is also used to calculate how much
circuit. voltage is dropped by each measured ohm of
• Resistance units are added together for total resistance to flow. If each ohm of resistance shares
resistance. equally in the voltage drop, then 12 V divided by
• Current flow decreases as resistance units 6 indicates that each ohm of resistance will drop
are added. 2 V. Thus, because you are concerned with the
• All of the voltage will be used up by all of voltage drop across R1 in Figure 1–21, multiply
the resistance in the circuit if current is the resistance of R1 by the circuit’s amperage.
flowing. There will be no voltage left after
the last resistance. Furthermore, each ohm Voltage drop across R1 R1 I or
of resistance will share equally in the volt- 2 2 A 4 V (voltage drop across R1)
age drop.
• An open in any part of the circuit disrupts the Parallel Circuits. In a parallel circuit, the
entire circuit. conductors split into branches with a load in each

Voltage source Circuit protection Circuit control Load

(battery) (fuse) (switch) (type not indicated)

Conductor

Circuit protection Circuit control Load

Voltage source (circuit breaker) (switch) (light)
(battery)

Ground symbols indicate that points

are connected by frame or body
B

Voltage source Circuit protection

(alternator) (fusible link)
Relay

Load
(motor)

Control circuit

Ground side switch

C
When control circuit is turned ON, its coil creates a magnetic
field that closes the contacts, which turns ON the motor.
Figure 1–19 Circuit components. © Cengage Learning 2012

Load 2 5.2 A
Load 1 (motor) A
(resistor)
1.2 A 4A
A A

R1 R2
how the resistances relate to each other. There is
also a shortcut method that can be used in place
of any of the three formulas, as demonstrated.
12 V The following problems apply Ohm’s law to a par-
allel circuit.
Parallel Circuit—Problem 1: Calculating
Total Resistance for a Parallel Circuit with
Figure 1–21 Series circuit. © Cengage Learning 2012 Two Branches. The product of R1 multiplied
by R2 divided by the sum of R1 plus R2 equals
the resistance total (RT). This is mathematically
branch (Figure 1–19, Part C, and Figure 1–22). stated as:
Some current will flow through each branch, with
the most current flowing through the branch with (R1 R2)兾(R1 R2) RT
the least resistance. Characteristics of a parallel In Figure 1–23, assume that R1 is 3 and
circuit are: R2 is 4 . Then calculate the resistance total as
follows:
• Current varies in each branch (unless resis-
tance in each branch is equal). (3 4 )兾(3 4 ) 12 兾7 1.71
• Total circuit current flow increases as more
branches are added. Notice that the resistance total is less than
• Total circuit resistance goes down as more the least resistor value. This is because the total
branches are added and will always be less
than the lowest single resistance unit in the
circuit.
• Source voltage is dropped across each branch. 12 V
• An open in one branch does not affect other R1 R2
branches.

There are three possible mathematical formu-

las for calculating the total resistance in a parallel Figure 1–23 Parallel circuit with two branches.
circuit depending on the number of branches and © Cengage Learning 2012

resistance to the flow of electrons is reduced as Notice, again, that the resistance total is less
more branches that allow flow are added to the than the least resistor value. Also, this complex
circuit. mathematical formula is best done using a cal-
Parallel Circuit—Problem 2: Calculating culator with a memory feature. But there is an
Total Resistance for a Parallel Circuit with easier way.
More Than Two Branches That Have Equal Solving Total Resistance for a Parallel
Resistances. The resistance total is equal to the Circuit Using the Method of Assumed Voltages.
resistance of one branch divided by the number This is a “cheat” method for finding the resistance
of branches. This is mathematically stated as: total of any parallel circuit, whether it has two
branches or more than two branches and whether
(Resistance of one branch)兾 the resistances of the branches are equal or
(Number of branches) RT dissimilar. Assume any convenient voltage, be it
In Figure 1–24, if each of the resistances in each your source voltage or any other voltage that is
of the four branches were 3 of resistance (all are convenient to perform the math with. Calculate the
equal), the total resistance would be calculated by current flow for each branch at the assumed voltage.
dividing 3 (the resistance value of one branch) by 4 Then add up all of the current flows to find the total
(the number of branches). Thus, the resistance total current flow. Then divide the assumed voltage by
would equal 0.75 . Notice, again, that the resis- the total current flow to find the resistance total.
tance total is less than the least resistor value. Let us try applying it to Figure 1–24 with the same
Parallel Circuit—Problem 3: Calculating resistance values as used earlier.
Total Resistance for a Parallel Circuit with Let us assume a source voltage of 12 V. Using
More Than Two Branches That Have Dissimilar Ohm’s law, we can calculate the current flow eas-
Resistances. The resistance total is equal to ily for each branch as follo ws:
the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of
each of the branch’s resistance values. This is 12 V divided by 2 (R1) 6 amps
mathematically stated as: 12 V divided by 3 (R2) 4 amps
12 V divided by 4 (R3) 3 amps
1兾((1兾R1) (1兾R2) (1兾R3) (1兾R4) 12 V divided by 6 (R3) 2 amps
(and so on . . .)) RT
Then add up the current of each branch.
In Figure 1–24, if R1 2 , R2 3 , R3
4 , and R4 6 , then: 6 amps 4 amps 3 amps 2 amps
15 amps
RT 1兾((1兾2) (1兾3) (1兾4) (1兾6)) or
RT 1兾((0.5) (0.33) (0.25) (0.16)) or Now divide the assumed voltage by the total
RT 1兾1.24 0.806 current.

12 V divided by 15 amps 0.8 (RT)

ⴙ Now let us assume another convenient volt-

R1 R2 R3 R4 age of 60 V. Again, using Ohm’s law, we can
ⴚ easily calculate the current flow for each branch
as follows:

Figure 1–24 Parallel circuit with more than two 60 V divided by 2 (R1) 30 amps
branches. © Cengage Learning 2012 60 V divided by 3 (R2) 20 amps

60 V divided by 4 (R3) 15 amps how the resistance units relate to each other, then
60 V divided by 6 (R3) 10 amps use whichever set of formulas (series circuit or
parallel circuit) applies. For example:
Then add up the current of each branch. Series-Parallel Circuit—Problem 1. In
Figure 1–25, assume a resistance of 4 for the
30 amps 20 amps 15 amps 10 amps indicator light (R3), 20 for R1, and 30 for R2.
75 amps Find the total resistance for the circuit.
Branches R1 and R2 are in parallel with each
Now divide the assumed voltage by the total other and in series with R3. First, use the product
current. over the sum method (or the method of assumed
voltages may also be used) to solve for the com-
60 V divided by 75 amps 0.8 (RT) bined resistance of R1 and R2.

Therefore, any voltage that is convenient to

R R1 R2兾R1 R2 or
use with the particular resistance values will work
R 20 30 兾20 30
for this shortcut method. This makes it easy enough
R 600 兾50 12
to calculate the resistance total for any parallel cir-
cuit, thereby eliminating the need for a calculator.
Series-Parallel Circuits. Some circuits have Now add the total resistance of R1 and R2
characteristics of a series as well as those of a (12 ) to the resistance of R3 (4 ).
parallel circuit. There are two basic types of series-
parallel circuits. The most common is a parallel RT R R3 or 120 40 160
circuit with at least one resistance unit in series
with all branches (Figure 1–25). All of the current Series-Parallel Circuit—Problem 2. Find
flowing through the circuit in Figure 1–25 must the total current flow for the circuit.
pass through the indicator light before it divides to
go through the two heating elements, which are in IT E兾RT or
parallel with each other. IT 12兾16 0.75 amp
To solve for current, resistance, or voltage drop
values in a series-parallel circuit, you must identify Before you can find the current flow through
R1 or R2, you must find the voltage applied to R1
and R2. Remember that R3 is in series with both
Indicator light Heat R1 and R2. Also remember that in a series circuit,
elements a portion of the source voltage is dropped across
R3
each resistance unit. Therefore, because there is
a voltage drop across R3, there is not a full 12 V
applied to R1 and R2.
12 V R1 R2 Series-Parallel Circuit—Problem 3. Find
the voltage drop across R3.

V3 IT R3 or
V3 0.75 amp 4 3 V

Figure 1–25 Series-parallel circuit. If 3 V are dropped across R3 from a source

Indicator light Positive side

of circuit

R1 R3
12 V 2 1

Winding R2 Load
4

Figure 1–26 Series string in parallel.

© Cengage Learning 2012 Negative side
of circuit
Series-Parallel Circuit—Problem 4. Find Figure 1–27 Circuit polarity. © Cengage Learning 2012
the current flow through:

R1:I1 E兾R1 or is identified by positive and negative. An electrical

I1 9 V兾20 0.45 amp circuit’s polarity is determined by its power source.
R2: I2 E兾R2 or The best example is a battery (Figure 1–27). The
I2 9 V兾30 0.30 amp side of the circuit that connects to the positive side
of the battery is positive and on most vehicles is
The second type of series-parallel circuit the insulated side. The voltage on this side is usu-
is a parallel circuit in which at least one of the ally near the source voltage. Most of the voltage
branch circuits contains two or more loads in se- is dropped in the load where most of the work is
ries (Figure 1–26). This type of circuit may be re- done. The negative side of the circuit carries the
ferred to as series string in parallel. Finding the current from the load to the negative side of the
total current, resistance, or voltage drop for this battery. There is usually very little resistance in
circuit is easy. Identify the branch, or branches, the negative side of the circuit, and the voltage is
that have multiple loads in series and add up the near zero. Because this side of the circuit has the
resistances within that branch. Then treat the cir- same potential as the vehicle’s frame and sheet
cuit like any other parallel circuit. When trouble- metal, this side of the circuit is not usually insu-
shooting this kind of circuit in a vehicle, failing to lated, but rather is connected to the metal of the
recognize the branch of a circuit you are testing engine, chassis, or body and is therefore referred
as having loads in series could cause confusion. to as the ground side of the circuit.
CAUTION: If you are not absolutely sure
about the circuit you are testing, consult the
correct wiring schematic for the vehicle. CIRCUIT FAULTS
Three kinds of faults can occur in an electri-
POLARITY cal or electronic circuit: opens, excessive resis-
tance, and shorts.
Just as a magnet has polarity—a north pole
and a south pole that determine the directional
Opens
force of the lines of force—an electrical circuit
has polarity. Instead of using north and south to By far the most common fault in electrical
identify the polarity, an electrical circuit’s polarity and electronic circuits is an open circuit, or open.

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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l’Worthington Jas W 3*Graham Lome R E o’Lotto Russell J 7 Carrick
John 9 Wraxall John 11 Windsor Harry 13 Windsor Matthew 15
Hodge Harold 17 Smith Herbt 19*Solecky Sophia Mrs Poradzinski
John WEST SIDE . 2»Llzon Aleck Lizon Michl 4*Krasta Adam 6
Holekewich Michl 8 McCann Thos 10’Jacobinsky Nicholas
►^WAVERLEY PARK DR (North York) Name changed to Haslemere
rd. WAVERLEY RD 8 North from the lake to Kingston rd, third east of
Woodbine av, Ward 8. EAST SIDE . . 27 Wilkins Frank Wilkins John T
29*Mosey Edwd 29% Jones Albt J 31*Routledge Chas J 33 Smith
Robt W 37 ’Cairns Alex T R 39 Cray Allan 41 ’Hogg Stanley J 43
Reyenga Harry W 45’Utting Fredk B Kay Elizth Mrs 47 Taylor John
49*Van Zandt Jas P 511 Brown Wm C 53 Jeffery Elbert R 55 Hopkins
Maud J Mrs 57 Davis Willard E 59 McGoveran Louisa Mrs 61 Hume
Alex D 61% Kelly Frank T 63 Johnstone Wm T 63% Dench Chas R
65 Wise Gordon P Falla Robt 67’Mort Geo Carter Jos A East Side
Continued 71 Richmond Wm 75 Walford Fredk 77 ’Ferguson Ferrin F
Genno Stanley R 79*Bent Geo H 81’Finegan Clara Mrs 87 Taylor
Ohas W 89*Clarke Mary E 91’Harrls Francis H 93 Smith Henry
95’Nugent Mary Mrs 9'7’Pett Ohas 9 9 ’Gordon Thos 101 Kane
Loretta Mrs 103’^Iyatt Moses 105*Shalof Julick 107 Flynn Wm J
109*Gillard Emma E Mrs 109% Bolt Kathleen Mrs Brown Margt Mrs
Lawrle Dennis Gilmore Mary Mrs 109A*Nugent Wm E ♦ Queen st e
crosses 111 Latimer Cameron Watson Homer 113*Gentleman Edwd
F llo’Eades Geo F 117*A'hier Walter 119’Milner Robt W 121 Rayner
Ewin F 123’Jackson Wm H Shareck Alex 125’Wood Wm C 127 ’Welch
Arthur Kindree Ruth Mrs 129-135 Waverley Rd Baptist Ch 137*Verity
Thos W ♦Verity Mary W Huston Robt R 139 O’Beirne Jas Kellett
Ruissill L 141*Dles Wm C 145’Richards Alfred E 147 Phoenix Fred
151 Bentley Daisy Mrs 153 Gibson John McG 155 Shaw John 157
Foster Wm R Mc-Farlane Angus 159*Nichols Ellen Mrs 161 Austin
Gordon C Holliday Wm J 163*Lawson Richd B 165 Boyle James 167
Kane Horatio J 169*Bauer Fredk H 171 Griffin Joseph
173’Plankenhorn Geo V 175 Briggs J B Mrs Wilcox Robt 177 Lanning
Margt Mrs 179 Casselman Alex Johns Luther 181 Billingfhurst Arnold
F Jeffery Earl A 183’Hanna Jean 185 Smith Alfred 187*Homer Minnie
Mrs 189 Smythson Arthur 191 Causton Douglas 193 Welch John W
195 Acton Chas J Compton Chrys Mrs 197 McKewon Emma 199
Vacant 201 Wilcock Clifford 203»Keen Wm 205*Johnson Geo H
207’Smit.h Arthur 2 09 ’Huggins Roy E 211*HuggIns Herbt G 213
Rldler Gladwyne F ♦'Payne Alfred 215 Boyd Frank 217 Conlin Wilfred
V 219 Reynolds Thos H 221»011vant Wm C R 223 Murphy Violet Mrs
225 Taylor Alan Taylor Fred 227*>Hewltt Arabella B Mrs 229*Knlght
Chas G 231 Bellisle Herbt J Daniels James 231% Glassbrook Wm J
233*Baakkonen Eva Mrs 23'5»Nyros Ruth 237*Angus Clifford F 239
Grant Wm T 241*Wood Eva A Mrs 243*Blake Alfred G ♦ Norway av
crosses 249 Ferguson Robt B 251 Smith Sidney R 253 Ross Frank J
255 Marskell Louis Everall Alfred E 257*Riley Ernest B 259*Benness
Stanley G 261*Plekett Henry A 263 Banks Clarence C M
265’Edmondson Jos 267 Miller Roy 269*McFadyen Malcolm 271
Kemp Herbt C 273’Kitohen Wm Montgomery John T Malcolmson
Robt D 275 Lewin Arthur H •McCllntock Sami East Side Continued
277*Carthy Chas i 279 McCarthy Everett C 281 McGregor Geo F
Patey Barbara Mrs 283’Norwiah David E 285’Kidney Wm J B'87*
Smith Elizth 289 Emery Frank 29:1 dark Douglas 293’MacDonald
Arscott P 295 McLean Edgar C 297’Rowe Gordon T 299 Webster Wm
B 301*Sprague 'Clyde H 303 Johnston John A 305 Aikens Jas M ■' f
307 Lane Arthur A 309’Cerre Jos W 311 Barss Geo W 313’Scott
Wesley O 315’MiaGrath Fredk W 333*Byibam Amos J 335 Shields
Wm E 337 Griffiths Wm H 339*McLachlan Harry C 341 Brody — Mrs
Sheppard Geo C 343’Flint Arthur W J45*Heffernan Edwd Brantford
Oven & Rack Co Ltd 347*David Roy T 349*Hamilton Josepha Mrs
351*Cowling Alfred H 353*Taylor Lizzie Mrs 355’Epps Louise A Mrs
357’Dinnie Wm S 359*Baine Wm G 361*Cox Arthur WEST SIDE . 24
Wakeman John . . 26*Portman Fred 28’Fent.on Robt Higgins Alice
Mrs 30 Munroe Agnes Mrs Vacant 32 Vacant 34 Roberts Chas D 34A
McDonell Robt J 36 Hodgson Geo E 36% Vacant 38*MacKay Wm
40*McKnight Wm 42*Nord Herbert F Sharp Robt W 44*Osman
Florence Mrs 46’Powell Wm C 50 MacGregor Chas A Bush Robt 52
Gunnell Edmund M Hayes Francis 54 Locke Wm J ♦Wase Harry 60
Reed T Hawe Elizth Mrs 62 Topping Arthur 64 Cummings Herbert H
66 Norman Joseph H Lindsay James 68 1 Jackson Clarinda Mrs 2
Ralph Florence B Mrs 3 Wilkins Frank H 4 Cox Henrietta 70 Ingram
Seton G Amson Alfred 72 Lockwood Raymond A 74 Manning G F
78*Voes Geo H 80 McFetridge — Mrs Veitch Elsie Mrs Keeble Chas R
Stock Ada Mrs 8 2 ’Toy e Wm D 84 Lythgoe Geo A 86 Walker John
86% Brown Wm H SS’WLiite Thos J 90 Sanderson Chas Egan
Roberta Mrs 92’Kelr David Calrd Wm 94*VanAtter Florence Mrs
96*Gastmier Mary Mrs 96% Green Percy E Smith John 96 A Evoy
Alma M Mrs ♦ Queen st e crosses 98% Amey Carl barber 1
Passafiume Josephine Passafiume James 2 Hancock John A Marr W
David 100’Hardy Harold 102*MeKay Pansy Mrs 104’Gregory Mary
Mrs 106’Guest Robt C 108’Lawrenson Edwd N 110’Nendick Frank 112
Anderson Wm 114* Armstrong Millie Mr» Gosselin Leo 116 Ross Wm
118 Colbourn Margt Mrs Colbourn Claude 120 Eames Frank W 122
Hunter Wm C 124*Taylor Bertha Mrs 126 Parker Albert E 128
iGareau Jacqueline Mrs 130’Culliton Thos J 132 Thompson Jas B
134’Robinson Alfred E Peliti Fred 136’Irvlne Thos Whitley Wm -506—
The Star (*) appearing after street number indicates house owned
by occupant.
West Side Continued 138 Palmateer Foss L 140 Watson
Andrew 144 Phillips Howard S Crouch Stanley 146 McGregor G Roy
Bishop Clarence G 148*Adams Jos C Havelin Jas 150*Turaer Norman
iE Killmaster Victor 154 Whitnall Wm 154 % Roscoe John 166*Milner
Squire 158 Colby Fred Lizotte. Rene J (rear) Absent 160*Brock
Marjorie L Mrs 162*Borg Jos 164*Bell Harry W 166 McGuire John
Mrs 168 Lappala August Rev 170*Allen Francis 172 Colbourn Ross
Hodgins Thos 174 Potts Ray 176 Lumley Ernest 178 Afcamasoff Sami
180 Merrem Otto H 182‘Max John 184 Farrar Mark J Davies Dorrien
186 Lauson Margt Mrs J88 Copeland Geo Locke Philip A 190
MeMartin Roy R 192 Mcllroy Thos 196 Wilson Wm 19'8*Veitch
Morley L 200 Goulet Arthur 202*Kane Margt Mrs 2 04 ‘Bradley
Harold D 206 Ardem May Mrs Brooks Chas J 208 Boyd Thos
212*Williamson Frances Mra 214*Gardner Ernest W 216*McKinney
John Moran Herbert O 218»Clark Frank R 220 Clarke E Richard
222‘Baxron Harvey J conic (bidr) .. 224 Sinclair Agnes Mrs 226
Lefeuvre Wm 226 Taylor Albert W 228 Mahon Robt C 230 Coffey Wm
232 Bond Nellie Mrs 234 Wilson Duncan M 236 Benness Edith Mrs
238 Moyse Josephine Mrs 240 Browne Geo T 242 Steele Edna K Mrs
244 Farlow Etta M ♦ Norway av crosses 252 Frost Thos H
254‘Wareham Wm B 256 Ridge Horace J 258‘Fuller Florence ‘Fuller
Gertrude A 260*Martin Benj E 262‘Oliver Albert E Oliver W Clifford
264*Goodall Alex 266*Robertson Christine H Robertson Wm A 2 68
‘Wells Edwd 270‘Cameron John F 274*Hellsberg Axel 276*Clarke
Wm J 2'7'8‘Williams Hazel M 280*Maukonen Kalle 282*Taylor
Minerva Mrs 284 Evans Ernest Fernie David 286 Turner Harry J Petts
Wm 288‘Murphy Herbert Wood Kenneth M 290 Patrick Wm 292 Patry
Cliff Oakman Chas 294 Macdonald John 298*Dath James H
300*McGowan James ♦McGowan Annie Mrs 312*Wyse Alex
314*Cowperthwalte Geo 316 Davis Hairold A Davis Catherine Mrs
drsmkr S18*Price Wm T Darwin Walter 320*Roy J Ernest •
322*Scott Thos 324*Organ Wm S Spence Chas Mrs 326*Rudd
Sidney G 328‘Farquharson Edith Mrs 330*Rossen Wm P
332*Blackhall Wilmot R 334*Seth Peter G R 336 Smith Ethel H Mrs
33S*McCartney Albt G 340‘Coward Anthony 342 Weir Minnie Mrs 344
Vacant 346*Brown Ethel Mrs 34 8 •'Swift Walter L WAYLAND AV 13
North from Lyall av to Garrard east, third east of Main, Ward 8. EAST
SIDE . 1 Liberty Fredk B lA*Savoie Margt Mrs Morris Wm East Side
Continued 3*Taylor Alfred 7 Cook Edwin R Andrews George 9 Fisher
Alice Mrs ‘Cann Harold J ll*Stead Thos M Barber Sarah Mrs 13*Hlcks
Allan E 15*Farnworth Raymond 17*M)adden Ernest 19*Lynch
Bernard V 23‘Moore Emma Mrs 27*Hardy Arthur C 29*Calder Wm D
31*Cleverdon Regd W plmbr 35 Cordner Robt 37 Garrett John W 39
Cox Alfred G 41 Hogg Henry A + Swan-wick -av crosses 45 Gallinger
Robt 47 Vincent Ernest C W 49 Murray Jos P 51 Giles Percy T
53‘Walker Thos 55 Armour Ira G 59 Clark Alex J 61‘Juniper Witt 63
‘Pdrter Oh as J 63A Chisholm John 65*Tinker Emma Mrs 67*Wootton
Percy B 69*Kennedy Clhas 71 Norris John E 73‘Forbes Benj WEST
SIDE . 2*Kindy Sami B Kindy Sami S 4*McAlllster John 6 Hargrove
Kenneth E 8*Lawley John 10»Weir John N 12‘Stroud Wm A
16‘McCron Robt J 18 Knox Wm 20*Chown Henry J archt 22 Winton
Victor V 24 MacNamara John K 26*Rogers Albert H Blazey John X
28*G111 Harry D 30 Drew Ernest 32 Butt Wrm O 34*Heppenstall
Geo W 36*Armstrong John B 38 D’Aigle Reuben B 40 Brownell
Walter C 42 Hipkiss Wm C 44*Caldwell Bertram + ISwanwick av
crosses 46 Kennedy Emma L Mrs Kennedy Fred J 48 Kentner Carl M
50 Tiffin Fredk flour an,d feed 54*Steadman Danby 56 Ardron
Harold C 58*Francis Albert J 60 Dean John E 62*Bentley Geo L
64*Jones Wm 66 ‘Bond Chas J 68‘Coltson Alfred E 70 Anderson
Harry S 72*Ware Fredk 74 Wendover Mo3es R 76*Shilliday Jos
78‘Wise Geo 80 Lapsley Walter WAYS LANE 3 North from 4
Robinson, first west of Bathurst Ward 5. EA8T SIDE . 1 Berry Harry 7
Blanshe Helen Mrs WEATHERELL 9 West from Armadale av to
Halford av, first north of Bloor w, Ward 7. NORTH SIDE . 2*Lewis
Bert C 4*Snazel Wm H 22 Runnymede Lawn Bowling Club Ltd
Marshall Wm 24‘Stephenson Wm G 26*Adams John A 28*Sproule
Louis L Lindsay Alex F 30*Morrison Donald W 32*Brown Jos R
34‘Nethercott Gordon I 36*Laird Andrew W + Jane st crosses 38
McClelland Edwd J ♦Hanna Ellzth Mrs 4'0‘iRlce Geo E 42‘Jaekson
Edgar H 44 Black Arthur J + City Limits •KHumbercrest) 48*Buckley
Madeline Mrs + Humber Trail crosses 50*Lamb Walter J
52‘Robertson Fredk A 4- Rlvercrest rd crosses SOUTH SIDE . 1
Forsyth G David 3 ‘McIntosh Gordon C 5*Brooks Geo South Side
Continued 7*Stanton Chas H 11 Bullock Hubert A 15 Golden Gerald
4 Jane st crosses 37 Stephens Wm T 39*Brown Hilton R 41 Hamlliou
Bertram W Carter Stuart II 43 Johnson Earle L 45 Shields Whitney J
♦ City Limits (Humbercrest) Humber Trail crosses 49*MeCall Sami B
51 Card Oliver O S ♦ Rivercrest rd crosses WEBB AV 9 West from 44
Gilmour av to Runnymede rd, second south of Annette, Ward 7.
NORTH SIDE . 2‘Brodie Walter 4 Douglas Arthur H 6 Hanna Barbara
Mrs 8‘Cameron Robt 10*Miles Thos E 12*Eyre Richd E 14‘Baker John
F Mrs 1'6‘Crocker Marjorie Mi's 18 Lightfoot Arthur F 20 Jefferson
Irwin G 22*Zilliax Fredk W '24 Lytle M Thos 26*Lowens Allan R
28*H111 Vernon C 30*Mogford Fredk 32‘Francis Alan L 34*Gallagher
Wm J 36*Palmer Herbt A SOUTH SIDE . l*Andrews Alfred 3 Bath
Wilbert 5 Wykes R G 7*Crook Jos 9 Richardson Harry D 11 Riesberr.v
Fredrick W Riesberry Ettie Mrs 13*Malloy Laura I 15*Parrott Frank S
17‘McDowell Everett W 19‘Hunter Wm L 21*Mitchell Edwin R
23‘Batehelder Albt E 25‘Hadley Arthur 27*Ball Oliver V 29 Mathews
Melville T 31‘Judge Sami J 33‘Barefoot Wm R 35*Wylie Fredk W pntr
and dec WEBSTER AV 5 West from Hazelton av to Avenue rd, first
south of Davenport rd, Ward 3. NORTH SIDE . 8 1 Hills Benj 2
Jemmett Geo C 3 Hill Hazel 10 Stainton Lily Mrs 12*McClellan Geo B
14*Gibblns Albert G Payne Harry 16 Crosbie Norman J Ottey Albt G
Greene Albert P 18 Morton Peter Waterson Harold Gamer Mary Mrs
20 Absent 22 Johnson Arthur 24*Laird Mary K Mrs 26 Miller Clinton
60UTH SIDE . 1 Griffin Leslie Bates Milton ♦Fox Garnet ®*Edwards
Sami Croskery Donald J ll*Abrey Harriett R Mrs •frWEETWOOD
(North York) North from Old Orchard Gr, first east of Grey rd. 210
Goodmount Oscar 814‘Garrett Geo ^.WELLAND (North York) North
from Lawrence av w to Douglas av, first east of Bathurst. Not built
on WELLAND AV 5 North from Inglewood dr to Moore av, first east
of Clifton rd, Ward 2. EAST SIDE . 33 McGill Catherine Mrs ♦
Glenrose av crosses 48*Rollins Jas Rev 51*Morse Harry 63*Cox
Florence Mrs 65*Blair Caroline Mrs 67‘0’Brien Chas C 71 King Gerald
W 73 Flynn Chas ♦ !St Clair av e crosses 95 Blair Archd Sheppard
Geo N 111 Sohanche Herman G 4 Rose Park dr crosses 115 Scott C
Bertram 117 ‘Cork Sami East Side Continued 119 Thoburn Chas A
121‘Wiatson M Barry 123‘Thomson Ellis J 125 Longmore Darrell A
127*Evans Brock- M ♦ Heath st e crosses 151 Legge Donald M 153
Merifleld Russell S 155 Stevens Roy D 157*Leslie Donald E 159‘RolLs
Clarence L 161 Schell Clifford A 163 McAlpine Alex C 165 Dymond
John M 167 Bates Marion Mrs 169 Agnew Sami A WEST SIDE . ♦
Glenrose av crosses 64‘Godfrey Richd J ♦ St Clair av e crosses 88
Kennard Henry F Hickey Elsie ♦ Rose Park dr crosses 122‘Meen
Arthur ♦ Heath st e crosses 152‘Kerfoot Anne D Mrs 154 Hendrick
Jos J 1-56‘Bj-own Matilda Mrs WELLER 8 East from Southwood dr to
Glen Manor dr, first south of Kingston rd, Ward 8. NORTH SIDE . 2
‘Carlton Wm H 4*Bunt Herman 6 Delarue Chas H 8 Paton Andrew
10*Mack Wm C 12*Clogg Leslie L 14*Taylor Albt A 16*Cole Jas W l'S
Flannery Ambrose J 20‘McCarthy Kenneth L 22 Gale Chas W
24*MacDougall Archd A 26 ‘Marks Mary J Mrs 28*Metcalfe John A
30*Fuzzard Geo 32*Yawman Jos L 34 Nestler Theodore E 36 Buck
Raymond L ♦ Winthorpe rd crosses 38*Brown Leslie H 40 Vacant
42*Jackman C Starr 44*Gill Frank W 46 Grepe Fredk 48*Sawyer Albt
H 50‘Brownlow Mary E Mins SOUTH SIDE . . 5*McGregor Duncan F
7‘Webb Jas S 9 Warner Harold H ll*Dilkes W 'Horace 15*Annls Levi
M 17‘Harlock Norman 19*Sinclair Jas E 21*Bradley Sidney L 23
Crosslngham John ,25^Pye Herbert A 29*Smyth Wm A 31*Shaw Jos
H 4 Winthorpe rd crosses WELLESLEY 5 East from 557 Yonge to e of
Sumach, fourth north of Carlton, Ward 2 and 3. NORTH SIDE . 4-6
Richardson Battery & Ignition Service 10 Murray Barbara Mrs 18
Apartments — 101 Tremaine Sami B supt 1012 Munro John 103
Thomson Marjorie I 104 Keough Dorothy 105 Newman Harold W 106
Stock Alfred P 107 Lane Bertram H 108 Fleming Thelma C 109
Hodges Regd W 110 Lalonde Loretta 111 112 Thomas Grace G 201
Hurry Edith M 202 Martin Mary S i2i03 Donovan Edna Mrs 204
Garrity Ann 205 Adams Ann Mra 306 Absent 207 Buschlem Maude
203 White Vera J 209 Dawson Anna M 210 Sagert Grace G 211
Nelson Bertha M 212 Truax Una M 301 MacTavish Florence M 302
Macpheraon Agnes 303 Porter Florence L Mrs 304 Fuller Robt 305
Johnson Florence E 306 Shafor Mildred K 307 Edwards Harris W 308
Absent 309 Dale Dorothy M McArthur Marguerite Y 310 Burwash
Phoebe 311 Ross Christina B 312 Finkelman Jacob Street contd — 20
Smith Arthur G phy WEL WELLESLEY North Side Continued 22
Neighborhood Workers Assn 24 Finlay James M Rev 28*Anderson
Duncan MacK phy 40 Wellesley Private Apts Saunders Florence Mrs
Connell La-wrie Mrs 42 Glenn Mary J Mra 46 Vacant 56 Evangelical
Church of the Deaf Ansgar Evangelical Lutheran Church Madsen’s
Gymnastic Institute McGowan Alexander Rev (rear) Zinch Ammon H
60‘Fulton Agnes J 60A Malone Alfred V 64 Sixty-Four Wellesley Apts
Apartments — First Floor — 101 Richardson Roy B phy d03 Asti enhu
rat W L 104 Brown Lloyd E 105 Absent 106 Brooker Gordon A 107
Ferguson Elaine M 108 Bawtinheimer Geo A 109 Tamblyn Ethel 110
Ward Norman E 111 Boxer Ruth C 112 Richardson Evangeline
Second Floor- — 201 Pilsworth Julia A 2-0'2 Hooper Philip caretkr
203 Bethune Margt 204 Adams Percy W 205 Walker Eleanor 206
Stork Greta E M 207 Evans Flora C 208 Hogg Hilda E Hogg Wm H
209 MacDonald Wm K 210 M'angan R Ethel 211 Le Pirovost Cecille
212 Yoraton J Evelyn Third Floor — 301 Macpherson Jessie W 302
Boake Mary M 303 - > 364 Lynch Helen T 305 McIntosh Katherine V
306 Palmer Edith 307 Vacant 308 Lawson Bevan K 309 Hipel N O
340 Hughson Alice 311 - 312 Williams Rita E Fourth Floor — 401
Hunter Flora G 402 Merchant Lillian M 403 Rice Mary R Mrs 404 Sh-
rum Mabel A 405 Simmons Matilda M 406 Sabiston Thelma D 407
Adleberg Bessie Mrs 408 Lauder Lester G 409 Jackson Helen 410
Cohen John 411 Maxwell Helen O 442 Williams Marjorie F Fifth Floor
— 501 Blaber John R 502 Davis Lexie F 563 Melrose iSadie A 504
Johnston E Miss McFarlane Blanche 505 McNeill Flora J 506
Stevenson Norris 507 Chambers Fred A 508 Dunsmoor Frank N 509
Soairfe Ohias 510 Mochan Helen Mrs 511 Farrant Ethel O 512
McDonald Annie B 66 La Belle Gerrard A -6-6A Holwell Henry G 66B
2 Langdon John 3 Ashe Mary 4 Burdett Maud S Mrs 66% Guarnacclo
Sami barber 4 Church st crosses 68 Mackie’s Drug Store 70 Boffg
Wm 72 Lunt Carl 74*Wall Mary S Mrs 76 Little Robt M 78 Trout Rose
Mrs 80‘Brown Robt T 32 Treasurer James W 84-86 Candn
Mottiercraft Society and Mothereraft Centre 88 Homer Wm 90 Lamer
Jos 92 Henrick Paul 94 Longhurst Gordon 96‘Copp Chas J phy 98
Squires Harry 102*Blake Ellzth Mrs 4 Jarvis st crosses Street Guide,
Piiik Page 507
WEL WELLESLEY THORNE, MULHOLLAND, HOWSON &
McPHERSON CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS E. J. Howson and R. S.
McPherson, Licensed Trustees FEDERAL BUILDING TORONTO
Telephone ADelaide 0661 North Side Continued 110 One Hundred &
Ten Wellesley Apts Apartments — 101 Uren Mary J Mrs 102
Paiement Anne 103 Beatty Harold E 104 Clarke Carolyn Poison
Louise M Poison Constance Poison Kathleen J Mrs 105 Wheatley
Kathleen E 106 Oswald Margt Bates Lillian 10i7 Joseph Steve 108
Cameron Jos H Second Floor — 201 Soutar Geo P 202 Wise Vlnie
Mrs 203 Somers Chas 2014 Miller Joseph W 205 McKerrell Duncan
206 Knutt James E 207 Galley E Jewell 208 Cross Jessie I Third Floor
— 301 Martin A Maude 302 Hughes Jean 303 Vander Voort Geo M
304 Cotnam Harvey A 305 Barrett Peter A 306 Ingrouville IMollie iS
307 Fraser Campbell M (Scott Ritchie W 308 Tate Helen L Fourth
Floor — 401 Guest Ella W 402 Galloway Sami D 403 Ellis Thos (E P
404 Inglis Geo 405 Bratvold Harold 406 Ireland iDorelle F 407 Owen
Frank I M 40i8 Hopkins Regd W Fifth Floor501 Tate Jessie Bursey
Lillian '502 lOhmel Joseph 503 Doyle Mary M 504 Arison Wm H 505 -
• 500 Windross Melville 507 Weir Ellen 508 Ferguson Hugh V Sixth
Floor601 Swarts Louise Mrs Johnston May Mrs 602 Argent Irene M
Mrs 603 Scheik Margt M 604 Absent 60G iGmaedinger A Leslie 606
Holman Albt G 607 Thomas Ernest M '60'S Wood Joihn W Street
contd — 138-142 Coral Gables Apts Apartments — 1 Goodison Cecil
R .2 Absent 3 Glennie Wm R 4 Dickson Marjorie E o Maunder
Laurence E ■6 Steele Basil 7 Campbell Dorothy I 8 Reed Arthur H W
9 Ferguson Robt W 10 Bennett Florence Mrs 11 Absent 12 Archer
Marguerite E Mrs 14 15 Absent 16 McELroy Wm C 17 Purdon Athol A
18 Hepburn Doris M 19 Barlow Serge 20 Stewart John D 21 22
Barnes David G 23 Rowcliffe Ivy A l24 Schim Wilma 25 Defoe Roy W
26 Hervey Lucy Spurgin Eric B 27 Brown Wm G 28 Wendel Wilhelm
29 Semnle Geo R 30 Absent 31 Kinsman John M 32 Patterson Rav E
33 White Winnifred 34 Marco Olga 35 36 Wilson Harry W Thompson
Margt Mrss 37 Maioie Jos M 38 Stafford Robt N 39 - 40 Riddy Chas
41 Partridge Beatrice E 42 Janney Howard D 43 Absent 44 Costello
Lillian 45 Gordon Catharine 46 Bezuszko Constance 47 Wolfe Aaron
48 McKay Arthur F North Side Continued 49 Searo Fredk C '50 Ward
Claude A 51 O’Connell Marguerite E 52 Burt E 53 Taylor Maude 54
Roche Maureen 56 Runyon Irene 56 Absent 57 Smart Douglas E 58
McCracken Leonard F 59 Nolin Andre J 60 Fa 11 is Wm R 61 Michael
Ethyllia G 62 Brown Mary C McLaughlin Agnes 63 Babot Leo 64 Rudd
Elizth I 65 Absent 66 Snelgrove Nora 67 Falconer Relison Falconer
Geo W Purdon Hector D 68 Williams John G 69 Weller Dorothy 70
Doyle Xas E 71 Hart Annie Mrs 72 Hart Mary Mrs 73 Moore Melvin
'74 Trimble John R 75 Finnie Wm 76 Absent 77 DesRoches Adrian 78
Absent 79 Moffatt Dorothy Mrs 80 Greene Percy W 81 Maguire
Maurice C 82 Weckman Lyle '83 McGiffln Lilian 84 85 Johnston Albert
C 86 Thurston Gordon P 87 Johnson Chas S Stupka Nellie 88 Bradley
Carrie A 89 Graham Wm 90 Lea Viola C 91 Fisher Wm H Street contd
— ♦ Wellesley place commences 146*WHIhelm'Son Marius plhy 152
Britton Eva Mrs ♦ Homewood pi commences 160 Jesuit Fathers of
Upper Canada Canadian Messenger The 176 Wellesley Hospital
(nurses residence) ♦ Sherbourne st crosses 194 Hambourg
Conservatory of Music ♦Hambourg Boris Sharnale Fred 194% Garden
Taxi 196 Lyons Geo W dentist Heard Kenneth M phy Dixon Garnett D
phys Imperial Bank of Canada (br) ♦ Bleecker st crosses 200 'Lewis
Bert W drugs 202 Welcome Tea Rooms Maniates E 202% Bailey
Ernest W barber 204 Wellesley . Cleaners & Dyers •Christian John B
204% Law Laundry ♦Law Chow 206*Gammie Annie Mrs 208 Webb’s
Home Bakery Webb Edgar A 210 Larkin Edwd 212*Johnson Mary
Mrs 214 Palamar Apts Apartments — 101 Bliss Fred 102 Jaffiray Wm
103 Taber Banks M 194 Moran Wm supt 105 Williams Chas E 106
Hamill Allan 407 Thomas Sami 108 Winstone Geo A 109 Dinisdiale
Clinton A 110 Johnston Arthur 111 Frost August J '201 Martin Albt E
202 McMillan Gevena 203 Taber Robt J 204 McColl Alex F 295 Irwin
Thos 206 Horan Annie R 207 McLyneh Elizth 208 Broad Lesley M 209
Rowsell Wm W 210 Harman Harold L 211 Valentine Alex 212 Absent
214 Hawkins Wm 216 Kemp John S 391 Burke Gordon 392 Patterson
R H 303 Brown Janet G North Side Continued 304 Mitchell Garnet E
305 White Marjorie Mrs 306 Pitcher Emma Mrs 307 Fevez Albt J 308
Viccairs Thos R 300 Vacant 310 Bootihby Stanley 311 Muter Carl Me
312 McKenzie Douglas 314 Paquet Paul E 316 Brown Robt Street
contd — 216*Young Helen Mrs 21S*Godden Heirbt D 220 Middleton
Robt 222 Gallagher Mary Mrs 224 Wellesley Variety Shoppe •Shniffer
Philip Leafi Beauty Sialon 226 Jolliffe A plmbr Jolliffe Alfred 226%
Pusateria Fruit Market Pusateria John 228 Segal Robt gro ♦ Ontario
st crosses 239 Q Cut Rate Groceterias (br) 232 Vacant 232%
Bebbingtoo Thos 234 Duck Lee lndry 236 Wellesley Fish & Chips
Gillard Jas 238 Modern Shoe Repair Blatnik Harry 240*Hornibrook
Mabel Mrs 242 Coulter Milton J Moore David G 244*McVean Fred A
2'46*Dame Pearl P 248 Morgan Harry Chamberlain Jos Young Roland
Scriver Norman 250*Vine Wm E Vine James R Izard Herbt
252*Johnson Frank 254*McCraney Algernon W 256*Edwards Ralph
258 Apartments — A Clayton Gerald M B Murdoch Elizth O Mrs C
Hume Wm F D Poulin Marie A Mrs E Graham John F Cain Albt E ♦
Rose av crosses 264 Hamilton John J Raesback Robt 266 Watson
Alex Brasseur Ernest 268 Sampson Thos Bond Sydney A 270
Harrison Sarah Mrs 270% Barry Jas 272 Ardagh Oscar P 272%
Cooney Thos A 274 Roper Francis L 276 Mitchell Mary Mr3
278*Godbey Henry E Ross Allan 280*Alnsworth Ann Mrs 282*01sen
Danl 284 Bruce Andrew Muir Wm A Easy Taxi ♦ Parliament st crosses
300*Barrett Howard J 302*Hodgson Wm H 306*Peebles Wm J
306% Penfold Geo 308 Skembre Mary Mrs 308% Burrows Richd 310
1 Williamson Geo 2 Foster Floyd T 3 Sepp Arthur 4 Wheeler Simon
312*Marles Arnold Helps Arthur 314*Hardcastle Alfred
31'6*'Oameron Harry E 318*Simms Arthur 329 Sutherland Alex
Brown Edwd 322 Lecour Beverley C McLogan Edwd C 324*Hyman
Henry L ♦ Laurier av commence# 326 Calvin Wm Forsythe Terrence
328 Bowman Etta Mrs Scott Jas C 330 Broughton Sami 332 Morello
'Chas Reid Alfred Russell Leo 334 Miarchmcnt Clifford H 336 Hillis
Thos Pugsley Albert J 338 Seferlan Michl Seferlan AJbel 34'0*Peters
Wm A 342*Asseltlne John N 344 Taylor John 346*B]yth Wilfred 348
Kirisits Thos ,T(0*Fulker Arthur North Side Continued !l. IU»L*gace
Jos M 354 Carroll Jos ♦ Wellesley cottages mences 356 Brajid Wm
358*Fick Howard H 360 Rienshaw Chas 362 Martin Harry E 864
Langley Wm C 366 Mollins Wm E 368 Clement Clifford Douglas John
H 870*Glmblett Wm J Harrison Thos 372»Clarke Lillian ♦ iSackville st
crosses 374 Drewett Harold R Stephens John 376 Smith Jas W 378
Teghtsoonian Oksen 380 Scott Edwd S 382*Warnes Wm D 384*Allan
Ethel Mrs 386 Simson Godfrey H 388*Davies Thos S 394*Barry W
Leonard 396* Keller John F 398 Cribble Wm J 400 WIdgett John M
402 McGuire Wm 402% Blair Jas W Armour Jas 404*Bergh Henry O
406 Farmer Edwd Cook Chas F 410-412 Arthur Apts Thomas Alfred
410A Beard Francis R 412 Webb Alvin R 412A McNulty John A 414
Richardson Geo T Le Vasseur Jos A 416 Morgan Ronald Young
George H 418 Riley Clifford Van Nort Eva I Mrs 420 Courts Aimer
Loneday Fredk com♦ Wellesley av commence# 422*Martin Albert S
Lamson Harvey 424 Wright Arthur A 4)26 Weaver Arthur T 428
Preston Geo J ♦Cowle Lina Mrs 430 Sutherland Neill * (rear)
Punshon Jane Mrs 432 O'Gorman John 434*Fagg Geo 438*Pyper
Geo 440*Parrott Mary Gurr Sarah Mrs 442*Beales Eliza Mrs 444
Vacant 446 - — (rear) McLaughlin Leslie J 448 Knowles Albert R 4'50
'Scott Mairgt Mrs 452*Johnson M Grace Mrs 454*Brooks Norman
456 Price Frank Foster Albert E ♦ Parkview av commences 458
Cowley Alex P Knapp Harry 460*Beech Arthur Beech Chas 462
Wlnnett Walter F 464 Tutton Robt E 466 Gibson Geo 468*Taylor
Annie Mrs Taylor Gertrude F 470 Williams John 472*Armstrong Milne
SOUTH SIDE . 17 McDonald Jas 21*Radford Louisa 27*Forster
Frances Mrs 29*Tasker Wm 31 Buchanan Victoria Laslha Blanche 33
Seale Dalby H Bennett Laura J 35*Simonson Hilmar S 37*Brlcker Jas
G phy 39 Young Wm J 41*Watson W Gordon 43 Wood Sanltorlum
47*Healy Jas J phy and surg 53 S plains Olive M 55 Stevens Florence
61 Apartments — 1 Absent 2 Absent 13 Absent 4 Sdhnarr Jos W !5
Absent. 6 Absent 7 Melville Viola Simon Eleanor R Street contd —
■63»Miller Joy Mrs South Side Continued 65 Burns Elizth Mrs 67
Buchanan Victoria Secretarial College Atkins Richd G Giancola
Anthony Atkins Wm G ♦ Church st crosses 77 Seventy-Seven
Wellesley Apartments Apartments — 101 Pinch Lewis caretaker 102
flazelton Norman W 103 Manning Ella 104 Gairry Helen M 105 Hale
Iva 106 Barrie Evelyn 107 Reeve Chas W 108 Hall Wm A 109
Diamond Florence Mrs 110 Ferguson Ira A 1 lil McEachern Edith M A
1.12. LeSueur Florence A 113 Reid Albt J A 114 Clark Robt 115
Bateson Edna 116 Roe Doris 201 Affleck Margt R 202 Taylor Ruby
'203 Williamson Jas S 204 Chisholm Angelina B 205 MoLurg Hath
rine 206 Neice Sami H 207 Bulmer Chas F 208 Boulton D’Arcy 209
Macmillan Howard B 210 Vacant 211 Robertson Daisy G 2.12 O’Neill
Nora K 213 Walsh Celia 2,14 Vacant 215 Gordon Clifford '216 Absent.
301 Armstrong Cecil W 392 Hansen Leon E 303 England Dorothy
304 Dunkley Lola H 605 Martin Belle 306 Chambers Ina 307 Alim
Norman G 308 Absent 309 Oliver Gordon A 310 Bambrldge Verna
311 Ellery A May Gage Evangeline 312 Armstrong Katherine W 313
Ballard Hazel 314 Holmes Myrtle 315 Hargrave Clifford S 316 Absent
401 Hamly Douglas H 402 Lanphler Jean 403 Irving Margt 404
Mabbott Stanley A 405 Earle Emaline Mrs 406 Atkinson Helen B 407
Feilman F L Mrs 408 Thomas D C Mrs 409 Davis John T 410 Echanlz
Sablno Q 411 Brown Marion A 412 Cruickshanks May V 413 Russell
Geo R 414 Morrison Georgina M 415 Riddell Ethel A Howie Margt G
416 Foley Myrtle Mrs Street centd — 81 Women’s Auxiliary Diocesan
House Johnson Annie M Mrs 81 A Summer'bayes Violet 88*Sheridan
Jos P Hemingway Edgar 85 Graham Lottie Mrs 91 Lipton Apartments
Apartments — 1 Leach John 2 Pritchard Floretta A 3 Kiley Philip 4
Cassidy Mary A Mrs 5 Kruger Lois 6 Scott Jas 21 Baker Richd 22
Otten Hector 23 Barnes Fredk 24 Muchik John 26 Hutson John 3il
Martin Eva 32 Hunter Peter 34 Lehman Jane Mrs Street contd — 95
Canadian Red Cross Society ♦ Jarvis st crosses 115*Wllson Isabella
117*Hutchins Florence ♦Shephard Mary Mrs 119 Fowke Fredk F ♦
Homewood av ends 153 BTaemar Apartments 7 Gout Philip '8 Houle
Eva Mrs 9 La Rose Ernest 10 Moore Laura Mrs 11 Allan Wm E 12
Charos Peter t •M A —508— The Star (*') appearing after street
number indicates house owned by occupant.
DOMINION PRINTING INK & COLOR COMPANY, Limited
PEARS AVE. MANUFACTURERS OF INKS and COLORS TORONTO,
ONT. WEL WELLINGTON EAST South Side Continued 155*Tomenson
Sarah A Mrs ♦ Wellesley cres ends ♦ Sherbourne st crosses 195
Ernescllfte Apartments Apartments — 26 Virgin Albt E 27 White Chas
F supt 28 WilUson Frank H 29 Davis An' raw J 30 Dray Ida Airs 31
Swanston Walter S 32 Dickson Sadie A 33 Smith Jas G 34 Culverwell
I Miss 35 Doherty Florence Mrs 36 Harrigan Catherine 37 Gamey
Eileen Snure Ruth 38 Lowidt Frances D 39 Presumka Peggy 40
Wellheiser Edwd G Perkes Edwd E 41 • - 42 Sheppard Helen A 43
Absent 44 Gordon Ethel M 45 Epstein Richd 46 Ottoin Stanley C 47
Downey Helen E 48 Brlerley Frances E 49 Kulicova Beatrice ©0
Dennie Ellery '51 Dizes Jean 52 Gay Elizth G 53 Willton Chas 54
Oaten Catherine R 197 Ernescliffe Apartments Apartments — 1 NIdd
John J 2 Absent 3 Trudelle Adelard L 4 Scott Jas 5 Absent 6 Rose
Mruee D 7 Lamb Bertram M 8 Lang Fredk G 9 Coleman Ivan A 10
Ward Chas 11 Forsyth Howard H 12 Moffat Margt D Moffat Maude 14
Cruikshank Sami 15 Tracy Mary 16 Fennell T!hos T 17 Elliott Percy L
18 Brandon Ronald A 19 Wantman Theltaia Mrs 20 - 21 Grieve Jean
E 22 McDiarmld Bertha Mrs 2.4 McKnight Alice !25 Roberts Chas G D
Sir Street eontd — ♦ Bleecker st crosses 199 Dorais Lewis staty and
tob Post Office Bleecker St Sub Station 201 Hendra Fredk E gro 203
Wellesley Cut Rate Meat Market 205 Wellesley Shoe Repairer 1
Mackey Patk j 2 Guarinto Anthony 207 ILegge’s Home Bakery iLegge
John T 209 Engel’s Hairdressing Studio 211 1 Engel Wm O 2 Gatto
Guy 3 Fleming Clifford S 213 Dominion Stores (hr) 215-17 Sherwell
The 1 Watson Hal B 2* Summers Horatio G 3 Roberts Henry S 4
Gough John P 5 MacKay Christina •6 Joyce IH Donald 7 Ward 'Robt E
8 Lawson Jas M Street eontd — 219 Harding Robt M James Alice Mrs
Partridge Thos R 221 Jupp Alfred D drugs 223 Oliver Clifford W gro
225*Wilson Eleanor 229*Franke] Paula Mrs 231*Jupp Alfred D 233
Nickel Wm C 235 Hick Stanley W 237 Hewitt Sami 2 39 A Waitoff
Anita Mrs B Gay Chas N C Morgan Chas D Vacant ♦ Ontario st
crosses 241 Christie .May Mrs Patterson iSaml 2413 Holmes Emma
Mrs White Daniel 245*Downes Minnie C 247*Johnston Jessie Mrs
2i49*lShea. A Miss South Side Continued 251 Smith Mabel A Mrs
253*MacFadden Wm A 255 1 Kemp Isabel 2 Vacant .3 Guilmette
Harold C 4 Vacant 5 Strachan Helen 5 Kenny Margt Mrs 257*Sbarpe
John M 259 Oxley Kate Mrs 261 Kelly Fredk A 263 Galbraith Chas M
♦ Rose .av crosses 265*Anderson Albt A 267 Carty Elizth Mrs 269
Glass Arthur 271 Farrell Beatrice Mrs Hazard Robt J 273 Draper —
♦Tennyson Whitfield 275*Bealey Henry B 277 Michel John 279
Walters Christopher 281 Rooney Fredk J Patton 'Leslie 283 Wilson
Ethel Mrs 299 Miranda Ross M ♦ Parliament st crosses 305
Richardson Ruben 307 Vacant 369 (Bell Susan Mrs 311*Jackson
Maude Mrs Cons on Fred 313*Hodgins Jane Mrs 315 Wood Wm A
317 Burt Frank V 319*Bell Chas 321*Scott Albt T 323*Foster Fredk J
325 Dew Wm iH 327 Daly Jas 329*Power Robt M Hancock Rupert
331 Dowler Mary Mrs Lamarsh Florence Mrs 333*Culliton Annie Mrs
335 Cunningham Alfred 337 Lawson Ellen E Mrs 339*McDonnell
Alicia Mrs 341*Ireland Pearl E 341%*D.ade John E T 343 Dean Wm
T 345 Moore Chas T 345 % Joyes Robt 347 Fountain Sarah Mrs
347% Arrigo iSaml iSharkey Ella M Mrs 349*Wilson Geo A
351*Collins Kathleen 353 Eddy Fredk R 355*Harbige Fraqjr P
357*Bramham Robt 359 Christensen Johanna Mrs 361 McDowell
Martha Mra 363*Ro‘binson Elizth W Mrs 365*Robertson Mary A
36'7*Clower Ethel Mrs Cunningham Arthur ♦ Sackville st crosses 369
Winterton Lily Mrs drsmkr 371*Cornwall Isabella Mrs 373
Clendenning J Howard 375*Lane Walter J 377*McKee Wm R 379
Waddlngton Nellie Mrs 381*Dew Florence Mrs Griffiths Elsie Mrs 383
Adlam Edwin 385 Love Geo H 387 Kuzlck Wm Wilkinson Harold 389
Moorhouse Fredk 391 Nixon Edwd P 393 Haley Lenora Mrs
395*Delaney Mary A Mrs 397*Davies Geo 399 Woods Emma Mrs
4(M*Statham Chas A 403*Plpher Ernest L 405 Turner Jos Anglin
Arnold 407*Wallis Jos Gove Horace 409*De Chere Walter 411
Warren Archd B Quinn Robt 413,Lambertl Cairlo Labell Frank 415
MoTkem Stanley E 415% Sumner Stanley J Rea Armando J 417
Haddock Jas 417% McVeigh Wm 419 Bewley Donald C 421*Glouding
Adolph C M 423*Cattley John Palmer Arthur 425*McPherson Annie
Mrs 427*Wlldfong John H 429 Eureka Apartments A Symon Annie
Mrs Carr Thos B Fitch — C Patterson Robt F D Cross Alex R South
Side Continued ♦ Sumach st ends 433 Mano Ellen Mrs Duke Phillip
Michln Milos 435*Campbell Wm J 43'7*Nelles Alexander 439*Brown
Minnie Mrs 441*Eadie Harriet J Mrs 443 Cotter Herbt Messer Richd
Stewart Wm 445*Chllds Jean A 447*Gimblett Robt L 449 Reid Wm
Bellanger Albt 451 Sim James ♦McQuarrie Hector L James Clarence
453 Howard Lot 455 Cook David 457*Martin Fredk Watson Wm S
Rev 459*Clarke Wm G 461 Walsh Jack WELLESLEY AV 5 North from
4.22 Wellesley to St James Cemetery, Ward 2. EAST SIDE . 1 Howes
Walter L 3 Spinney Victor P 5 Jukes Wallace 7 Hoop Ernest M 9
Jackson Wm^ 11 Dunlop Jas 13 Huff Chas C Schyler Morris 15
Buckley Wm K Plrle Alex 17 Lindley Walter 19 McAvoy Henry J WEST
SIDE . 2rWoodhouse Ivor 4 Ley Fredk J McKinley Jas 6 Macdonald
David R 8 Dawson Alex 10 Johnston Eldon M Short Walter C 12 Hell
Ernest Burraway Margt Mrs 14 McGulnness Owen Broughton Howard
P 16 Webber Lyle K May Wm 18 McColgen Patk 20 Demoe Clarence
Ayres G Fredk WELLESLEY COTTAGES 5 North and west from 354
Wellesley, Ward 2. NORTH SIDE . 1 Davies Herbt 2 Jillings Richd C 3
Warren Alfred 4 McGuire Jos 5 McGuire Cornelius 6 Skene Chas F 7
Lockhart Howard SOUTH SIDE . Not built on WELLESLEY CRES 5
That portion of Wellesley between Jarvis and Sherbourne Ward 2.
WELLESLEY LANE 5 West from 504 Sherbourne, Ward 2. NORTH
SIDE . . . Not built on SOUTH SIDE . 2 Davidson Alex J WELLESLEY
PL 5 North from 146 Wellesley cres, between Jarvis and Sherbourne,
Ward 2. EA8T SIDE . . . 5*Jones W Wallace 7 McClelland Sidney V
Barker Dorothy Dickson James Arohbldhops’ Palace WEST SIDE . 2
Convent of the Sisters of Service 4 Catholic Women’s League Hostel
6*Allan F G Bingham 8 Vacant WELLINGTON EAST 2 East from 47
Yonge to Church, Ward 3. NORTH SIDE . 4 First Floor — Bowen Thos
C acting asst supt North Side Continued Second Floor — Bank of
Montreal asst genl mgrs dept 20 MacFayden W T Alkins asst genl
mgr Third Floor — 30 McKenna Douglas asst supt 31 Jardlne Wm
asst to supt 3:2-35 Bank of Montreal (staff) Fourth Floor — 40 Bank
of Montreal (staff) 41 Groom A S sec to supt 42-44 Tor Clearing
House Fifth Floor — (Neale Geo caretkr Street eontd — 6 Norm’s
Sandwich Bar Richmond Industrial Equipment Ltd elect machy
Second Floor — Canadian Seamen’s Union Local No 2 8-10 DANIEL
BUILDING Second Floor — Rooms — 101 Vacant 102-3 Canadian
Hide & Skin Co Mills Wm T mfrs agt 201 Vacant 202 Vacant 203
Wallaeeburg Brass Ltd plumbing supplies 204 Donaldson J S & Son
grocery brokers 301 Smith Walter & Co auditors & accountants 302
Ontario Insp Bureau (Insurance) 303 Vacant 304 Vacant 400 Vacant
401 Vacant 402 Vacant 403 Vacant Street Contd — 10 Daly & Morin
Ltd house furngs 12-14 NORWICH UNION BLDG First Floor —
Norwich Union Fire Ins Soc Ltd Eagle Fire 'Co of New York 'Canada
Security Assur Co Canadian Surety Co The British & Canadian
Underwriters Mason & iShaw ins agts Rochester Underwriters Agcy
Second Floor — Norwich Union Fire Ins Soc Ltd accdt, auto, fire, loss
and accts dept Third Floor — Medland & McCreary ins brokers
Kennedy Wm ins broker Hewett Ernest ins brkr British & Colonial
Underwriters Ltd ins Stokoe Theodore H & Co ins broker McBride
John H ins brkr Dean Alfred S ins broker Shepherd Morley ins brkr
Marshall H J ins brkr Smart Harry L Ins broker Leslie Arthur O ins
broker Warrender L H ins agt Stanway & Walker ins broker Lamb
Frank J ins ibrkr Canadian Progress Club Dimock Jas E & Co ins agt
Donaldson D Clark ins brkr McWilliams & Humphries ins brokers
Curry Emerson G mortgage loans and ins •Campbell Beta M Agency
ins agt Humphries Chas K ins brkr M.ackness Bertha L Mrs ins agt
Fourth Floor — Tomenson, Saunders, .Smith & Garfat ins agts and
brokers ins Burruss & S'weatman Ltd ins Palatine Ins Co (Ltd of
London Eng Providence Washington Ins Co Agricultural Insurance Co
of Watertown NY Fifth Floor — Norwich Union rest rooms Street
contd — 16-22 WESTERN BUILDING British America Asece Co British
Empire Assurance Co North Side Continued British Candn Insurance
Co Pacific Coast Fire Ins Co (Marine Dept) Century Ins Co Ltd
Imperial Guarantee & Accident Ins Co of Canada Indemnity Marine
Assurance Co Ltd The (Marine Dept) North River Ins Co (St
Lawrence Underwriters Agency Marine Managers Limited Ins agents
United 'States Fire Ins Co (Marine Dept) Westchester Fire Ins Co
(Marine Dept) Western Assce Co (marine dept) Schauffler Edwd W
marine underwriter Agricultural Ins Co (marine dept) First Floor —
Weir Robt ins agt Clancy M M & Sons ins agts McWilliams M H &
Sons ins agts Smart Chas D ins agt Moore Geo L ins agt Poa-tch
Chas H ins agt Larrington Arthur Ins agt Kelly Fredk J ins agt Lee
Lawlor ins agt Lee W A & Son Ltd Ins agts Second Floor — Bird &
Williams ins brkrs Ontario Curling Assn Pearcy Gordon M ins brkr |
Pearcy G S Agency ins brkrs Third Floor — Western Assce Co
(accountants dept) Fourth Floor — Bradley Edwd caretkr 22 Western
Assurance Co British America Assce Co Street oontd — ♦ Scott st
crosses 24 Hartford Fire Ins Co Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co
Hartford Live Stock Ins Co Citizens Ins Co of New Jersey London-
Canada Ins Co Street oontd — 26 North British & Mercantile Ins Co
Ltd Railway Passengers Assce Co of London, Eng Occidental Fire Ins
Co Second Floor— Keats Lou ins brkr Grant John R Agency ins
Wilson Barry R & Co ins brkrs Fetterly Adjustment Service Third Floor
— Rogers H A & Co Ltd publrs Kinsmen Clubs of Canada Fourth
FloorWooding Jos caretkr Street contd — 28 GOOCH CHAMBERS
Rooms — Ground Floor — 1 Canadian Nasal Spray Co Ltd patent
medicines 2 Gooch & Sons Ltd ins agts First Floor— 4 Vacant 5
Sutcliffe John I & Co chart accts Burpee H T acct Burpee Helen M
Mrs acct Munro Hugh A acct Assn for the Appreciation of Music
Second Floor — Hustwitt Albert 'S office machy McCaskey Systems
sales & serv of office machy Street contd — 30 Ontario Rubber Co
Ltd 32 Homer Warren Co greeting cards Hutchinson Fredk pkg stn ♦
Leader la commences 36 Ground Floor — Haughton Wm & Co
proprietary Ltd hides International Hide & Skin Co Ltd First Floor —
Myott Son & Co (Toronto) Ltd china ware Second Floor — McKay
Frank G Co Ltd schl equipment Lacta Separator Co of Can Ltd |
Nutritional Foods Ltd Street Guide, Pink Page 509
WELLINGTON EAST North Side Continued 38 Davey A R &
Co stationers Tod & Dawkins Co Ltd statnrs (ret) 40 Forestville Clock
Co importers 42 Trees Sami & Co Ltd leather goods (who!) 44-50
Kloepfer C Ltd cartage hardware 52 Vacant 54 Ont Seed Cleaners &
Dealers Ltd 56-58 BANK OF TORONTO CHAMBERS Rooms — Main
Floor — Toronto Black Watch Inc The 2-3 Vacant 4 Industrial
Engineering Co 5 Vacant 6 Adams Thos P infra agt 7 Lindsay John
Co The bldg materials Canadian Iron-Tight Waterproofing Co Ltd 8-9
Jackson Clifford wool merchant 10 Jackson ‘Philip T office 11
Northern Sales Co 12 Vacant 13-16 Jackson Mauneell B meoh engnr
17 National Oats Co of Canada iRussell Chemical Co Ltd Second
Floor — Fennell Gordon Co mfrs agts Baker 'Sales Co mfrs agts
Street contd — 60 Bank of Toronto Herd David caretaker Herd Wm
Murphy Edward caretkr Bank of Toronto 80UTH SIDE . 3 GUTTA
PERCHA BUILDING Ground Floor — Bonat Sami & Brother perm
waving mach First Floor — McLaren Time Recorder Co Canada Clock
Co Nome E J C & Co mfrs agts Larkin Sami hides & wool Clark W G
& Co Ltd gro brkrs Beacon Battery Co Second Floor — Buckley
Studios com artists Deer Geo com artist Street contd — 5-7 Private
Parking Station 9 BURNSIDE BUILDING Rooms — Burnside Cigar
'Stand 201-201A Tigert Edward E artists supplies 202 Marshall-Hall
Co mfrs agts 203 Vacant 203A Donaldson John L customs brkrs 204
Vacant 205 Sterling Appraisal Co Ltd appraisers 206 Raper A G & Co
grocer brokers 301 Hoppe O Ltd importers 302 Vacant 303 Vacant
304 Daoust, Lalonde & Co Ltd shoes 305 Vacant 306 Vacant 307 Dix
Wm W customs broker Morley B F & Son mfrs agents Eyre Warren
cstms brkr 308 Brayley Robt L mfrs agt Link Herman A & Co
novelties May Wm J mfrs agt 400 Vacant 401 Vacant 402 Tetrault
Shoe Ltd 403 Pelican Carbon Co of Canada Murray Chas W drftsmn
405 Office Machinery & Supply Co Furniture Finance Corp Ltd 406
Vacant Street contd — 9A Empire Engineering Co 11 Toronto Art
Lamp Ltd 13-15 SUN INSURANCE BLDG South Side Continued First
Floor — Sun Ins Office Ltd of London Eng Imperial Insurance Office
Patriotic Assurance Co Ltd London & County Ins Co Ltd Planet Assce
Co Ltd Lyon & Butler ins brokers Great American Insurance Co
Guardian Insurance Co of Canada Second Floor — Sun Ins Office Ltd
of London Eng accounts and loss dept Barber R Anson ins broker
Welsh Norman A ins agt Richmond Agencies Ltd ins agts Third Floor
— Sun Ins Office Ltd of London Eng casualty dept Young &
MoWhinney ins ibrkrs Fourth Floor — 16 Toronto Insurance
Conference Assn 16 Eby H Douglas & Co ins agts 17 Sun Insurance
Ltd Inspectors’ office 18-19 iSun Insurance Office Ltd of London Eng
inspectors office 20-21 Employees lunch room Fifth Floor— 22- 25
Hayter & Scandrett importers Scandrett Harold B investments
Mackinnon J Bruce office 26 Smith Jas E caretaker Street oontd —
17 TELEGRAPH BUILDING Canadian Natl Telegraphs (hr) Derrick
Chas caretkr ♦ Scott st crosses 19 Fraser Wool Co Ltd 21-25
Wellington House 27-29 R 0 Y A L INSURANCE BUILDING
McMenemy J Co teas and coffees Freeman Kenneth C teas and
coffee Rooms — 4 Maguire & Connon ins 'McDonald Allen G Ins
agent Snelback Jas G Ins 'agt Baldwin Wilfred J 5 Caesar John A ins
agt Warde Paul & Co ins agt 6 Royal Ins Co Ltd of Liverpool Eng
Hudson Da y Ins Co Queen Ins Co of America Newark Fire Ins Co
Pioneer Insurance Co First Floor — 10-15 Royal Ins Co Ltd of
Liverpool, Eng. auto and casualty de,pts 13-14 Royal Ins Co Ltd of
Liverpool , Eng (accts renewals hr) Second Floor— 20-21 Watt &
Scott (Toronto) Ltd importers 23- 25 Canadian IngersollRand Co Ltd
compressed air mach Third Floor — Niddrie Wm L Ltd ins agts
Thompson Jas caretaker Sanger Ellen Mrs Royal Ins Co Ltd of
Liverpool life ins dept Candn Fruit Wholesalers’ Assn Traffic Dept
Street contd — 31-37 Acadian Garage 39 Mutual Brokers Ltd fruit
Vacant 41-43 Coffee Shop rest Taylor Typewriter Co rear entrance
45-47 FRONTWELL BUILDING Basement — Muirs Cartage Rooms —
21 Vacant 22 Vacant 26 Vacant 31-5 Vacant (3) 32 Vacant 33
Bennett Alfred J brokers 34-36 Grant Contracting Co Ltd Ont Road
Builders Assn 41 Vacant 42 Vacant 44 Vacant 45 Vacant 46 Vacant
South Side Continued 49 GOODERHAM BUILDING Feeney Oliver
Basement — Rooms — 6 Gooderham Geo (est of) 7 Bargraft Geo R
& Co ins agts Commercial Union Assce Co Ltd of London Eng
California Ins Co of Sanfrancisco Dominion of Canada Genl Ins Co
Montreal Underwriters Agency First Floor — 12 Gooderham Geo H
office Northrop Strong Securities Ltd 14 Gaynor C H & Co gro
brokers 15 Vacant '16 Ontario Food Distribution Council 17 Shea E J
& Co produce brokers Second Floor — • 20 Eddy Match Co Ltd 21-2
Canada Starch Sales 'Co Ltd 23 Moore Eugene fruit brkrs 24 Galt,
(Hollin'rake & Bartrem barrs 25 Vacant 26 Vacant Third Floor —
Stone & Wellington nurserymen Pelham Nursery Co Lind Brokerage
Co Ltd The grocery brokers Mitchell Chas mfrs agt Candn Corps of
Commissionaires Street contd — 51 Vacant WELLINGTON WEST 2
West from 48 Yonge to Strachan av, second south of King west.
Wards 3, 4 and 5. NORTH SIDE . 4 Weir Jas Sales Ltd paints 6-14
Grand & Toy Ltd staty Steel Equipment Co Ltd ♦ Jordan st
commences 16 Ontario Club 20-22 Staffordshire House Oakley,
Jackson & Farewell Co Ltd mfrs agts Candn China & Glass Co Ltd
Jackson’s Chinaware Ltd 24 GRAY BUILDING Rooms — First Floor —
1 Consolidated - Moulton Trimmings Ltd dress trimmings Grade
Alfred mfrs agt 2-3 Tiru-Lite (Toronto) Ltd lighting equip Armaco (Ltd
fire clay prods 4 Gray R A L & Co elect contrs Second Floor — 5
Grand Mere Shoe Co Ltd 6 Work room 7 Store room 8 Dunseith R J
& Co mfrs ■agts Third Floor — Q a nayit 10 Begg Wm R & Co textile
agts 11 Store room 12 Smallpeice W R & Son Ltd mfrs agts Fourth
Floor — ■ 14 'Store room 15 Venning 'Harold V woolens ( whol) 16
Keens John H mfrs agt 17 Candn Hungarian Publishing Assn Fifth
Floor— Attwood Allan M caretkr Street contd — 26 Morris T Shoe Co
Reliable Footwear Co Novelty Shoe Co shoes 28-30 CARLAW
BUILDING Rooms — Basement — Saunders Brabazon photo Tex
Lunch Ground Floor — 201- 201A Empire Trading Co dry goods 202-
204 Winthrope Shoe Co Sterling Footwear Co Ltd North Side
Continued 203-5 Triangle Press; The printers 206-207 Vacant Second
Floor — ■ 301 Johnston C L & Co drug sundries 302- 304 Imperial
Specialty neckwear mfrs Mossman’s men’s fns'hgs 303- 305 Cutler W
H & Co pipes and smokers’ articles 306 Imperial Specialty stk room
■307 Triangle Press office 308 Nippon Importing Co oriental gds 309
'Imperial Specialty stkrm 312 Nippon Importing Co Ltd 311-313
Imperial Neckwear 314 Nippon Importing Co stockroom Third
Floor401 Hill 'Chas E mfrs agt Morton Wm E mfrs agt 402 Lehto Kalle
tlr 404 Vacant 405 Greenshields, Hodgson, Racine Ltd dry goods 406
Vacant 407 Greenshields, Hodgson, Racine Ltd dry goods 408
Stockroom — 409 Vacant 410 Vacant 411 Vacant 412-416 Topeko Co
Ltd teas coffees Fourth Floor — 501 Canadian Forum The publrs
editorial bus office 502 Candn Jewish Weekly 503 Vacant 504 Vacant
505 Vacant 507 Vacant 508 Vacant 509-511 Smith Hamill Co mfrs
agts 510 Deedman Henry mfrs agt 512 Vacant 5,13 Vacant 614
Vacant Fifth Floor601 Merchandising Service 002-605 Vacant 606
Imperial Imports drugs 610 (Nyyssonen Julius tlr 16 12 Storeroom
614 Porter Alfred J Street contd — 36 Cunard White Star Ltd side
entrance + Bay st crosses + Mincing lane commences 52 Roneo Co
of Canada Ltd office supplies 54 PETERS BUILDING Basement — •
Bazaar & Novelty Co Joe’s Lunch rest Bazaar & Novelty Co
stockroom B & R Printing House Building Superintendents Office First
Floor — Princess Pat Products Ltd Second Floor — ■ Mayer Max & Co
of Canada Ltd Importers Drown Alfred P & Co Importers Monocraft
Co of Can initials Alexander Hamilton Institute Ltd of Canada Junior
Prom Hat Co hat mfrs Canadian Cord & Tassel Co Hewer A B Uniform
Cap Co Vacant Third Floor — 30,1 Dodds Medicine Co Ltd medicine
mfrs 302 Fisher Mark Sons & Co Ltd woollens 304 'Grant & Wilson
tlrs Shepherd E F & Son novelties 305 Cameo Hosiery Shops office
Fourth Floor — Hobbies Ltd fretwork supplies Croydon Hats Ltd Bond
Hat Mfg Co Superior Hat Co mlnry Vacant Fifth Floor — Osborne
Neckwear Ltd Godfrey Sam J & Co mlnry mfrs Vacant office Fenton
Myrtle mlnr Barron Wm J mfrs agts Merson Hat Co Barrett F W Co
states Spencer Hats Ltd Paige Hats Ltd Watson Bros Ltd men’s
neckwear Arlington Hat Co mfrs Poole Bros mfrs agt Grew Francis H
mfrs agt North Side Continued Sixth Floor — Dominion Flow Meter
Co Ltd Whiting Corporation (Canada) Ltd machy Diesel Power Ltd
Cowan Processing Kiln Co Niagara Screens & Machines Ltd Street
contd — 58 Starr Chas H milliner (whol) 60-62 European Linen
Importing Co 64 EMPIRE BUILDING Reed, Shaw & McNaught Ins
brkrs Aetna Insurance Co North British & Mercantile Ins Co Phoenix
Ins Co of Hartford Employers Liability Assce Corp Ltd of London Eng
Pacific Coast Fire Ins Co Century Insurance Co Ltd of Edinburgh
General 'Security Ins Co of Can Northern Assurance Co Ltd World
Marine & General Ins ■Co Ltd Liverpool & London & Globe Ins Co
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Printed in the United States of America

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Chapter 5: Diagnostic Concepts . . . . 145 Chapter 8: Understanding OBD II . . . 213

Chapter 6: Diagnostic Equipment . . . 159 Chapter 9: Multiplexing Concepts . . . 245

Idle Speed Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Other PCM-Controlled Systems . . . . . . . 420

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 Chapter 17: Alternative Power

A Review of Electricity and Electronics

Electrical Circuits Electronic Circuits

ELECTRON THEORY Neutrons

Molecules and Atoms

Compounds 1st layer (2 electrons)

Magnetic flux field

Figure 1–5 Magnetic field. © Cengage Learning 2012

Directional force of Directional force of Electron

Soft iron core

Note: Core will move to center of coil regardless

END VIEW OF MOTOR

4 Ohms • Temperature —as the temperature of a conduc-

Higher resistance allows less Voltage Drop

0.1 V lost across 0.2 V lost 5.82 V lost in 5.82 V lost in

11.98 V 11.88 V 11.66 V 5.84 V

electrons there are in the outer shell the easier it

• Circuit protection, such as a fuse or circuit

Voltage source Circuit protection Circuit control Load

Circuit protection Circuit control Load

Ground symbols indicate that points

Voltage source Circuit protection

Ground side switch

Figure 1–22 Parallel circuit. © Cengage Learning 2012

There are three possible mathematical formu-

12 V divided by 15 amps 0.8 (RT)

ⴙ Now let us assume another convenient volt-

Therefore, any voltage that is convenient to

Figure 1–25 Series-parallel circuit. If 3 V are dropped across R3 from a source

Indicator light Positive side

Figure 1–26 Series string in parallel.

R1:I1 E兾R1 or is identified by positive and negative. An electrical

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