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Signals and Systems
with MATLAB ® Computing
and Simulink ® Modeling
Fourth Edition
Steven T. Karris

Includes

step-by-step
mn procedures
N –1 – j2π -------
N
X[ m ] = ∑ x [n ]e for designing
n=0

analog and

digital filters

Orchard Publications
www.orchardpublications.com
Signals and Systems
with MATLAB Computing
and Simulink Modeling
Fourth Edition

Steven T. Karris

Orchard Publications
www.orchardpublications.com
Signals and Systems with MATLAB® Computing and Simulink Modeling®, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2008 Orchard Publications. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Direct all inquiries to Orchard Publications, info@orchardpublications.com

Product and corporate names are trademarks or registered trademarks of the Microsoft™ Corporation and The
MathWorks™ Inc. They are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008927083

ISBN−13: 978−1−934404−12−6
ISBN−10: 1−934404−12−8

Copyright TX 5−471−562
 Preface

This text contains a comprehensive discussion on continuous and discrete time signals and
systems with many MATLAB® and several Simulink® examples. It is written for junior and
senior electrical and computer engineering students, and for self−study by working professionals.
The prerequisites are a basic course in differential and integral calculus, and basic electric circuit
theory.
This book can be used in a two−quarter, or one semester course. This author has taught the
subject material for many years and was able to cover all material in 16 weeks, with 2½ lecture
hours per week.
To get the most out of this text, it is highly recommended that Appendix A is thoroughly
reviewed. This appendix serves as an introduction to MATLAB, and is intended for those who
are not familiar with it. The Student Edition of MATLAB is an inexpensive, and yet a very
powerful software package; it can be found in many college bookstores, or can be obtained directly
from
The MathWorks™ Inc., 3 Apple Hill Drive, Natick, MA 01760−2098
Phone: 508 647−7000, Fax: 508 647−7001
http://www.mathworks.com
e−mail: info@mathworks.com
The elementary signals are reviewed in Chapter 1, and several examples are given. The purpose of
this chapter is to enable the reader to express any waveform in terms of the unit step function, and
subsequently the derivation of the Laplace transform of it. Chapters 2 through 4 are devoted to
Laplace transformation and circuit analysis using this transform. Chapter 5 is an introduction to
state−space and contains many illustrative examples. Chapter 6 discusses the impulse response.
Chapters 7 and 8 are devoted to Fourier series and transform respectively. Chapter 9 introduces
discrete−time signals and the Z transform. Considerable time was spent on Chapter 10 to present
the Discrete Fourier transform and FFT with the simplest possible explanations. Chapter 11
contains a thorough discussion to analog and digital filters analysis and design procedures. As
mentioned above, Appendix A is an introduction to MATLAB. Appendix B is an introduction to
Simulink, Appendix C contains a review of complex numbers, and Appendix D is an introduction
to matrix theory.
New to the Second Edition
This is an extensive revision of the first edition. The most notable change is the inclusion of the
solutions to all exercises at the end of each chapter. It is in response to many readers who
expressed a desire to obtain the solutions in order to check their solutions to those of the author
and thereby enhancing their knowledge. Another reason is that this text is written also for self−
study by practicing engineers who need a review before taking more advanced courses such as
digital image processing.
Another major change is the addition of a rather comprehensive summary at the end of each
chapter. Hopefully, this will be a valuable aid to instructors for preparation of view foils for
presenting the material to their class.
New to the Third Edition
The most notable change is the inclusion of Simulink modeling examples. The pages where they
appear can be found in the Table of Contents section of this text. Another change is the
improvement of the plots generated by the latest revisions of the MATLAB® Student Version,
Release 14.

The author wishes to express his gratitude to the staff of The MathWorks™, the developers of
MATLAB and Simulink, especially to Ms. Courtney Esposito, for the encouragement and
unlimited support they have provided me with during the production of this text.

Our heartfelt thanks also to Ms. Sally Wright, P.E., of Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, for bringing some errors on the previous editions to our
attention.

New to the Fourth Edition

The most notable change is the inclusion of Appendix E on window functions. The plots were
generated generated with the latest revisions of the MATLAB® R2008a edition. Also, two end-
of- chapter exercises were added in Chapter 10 to illustrate the use of the fft and ifft MATLAB
functions

The author wishes to express his gratitude to the staff of The MathWorks™, the developers of
MATLAB and Simulink, especially to The MathWorks™ Book Program Team, for the
encouragement and unlimited support they have provided me with during the production of this
and all other texts by this publisher.

Orchard Publications
www.orchardpublications.com
info@orchardpublications.com

2
Table of Contents
1 Elementary Signals 1−1
1.1 Signals Described in Math Form .............................................................................1−1
1.2 The Unit Step Function ..........................................................................................1−2
1.3 The Unit Ramp Function ......................................................................................1−10
1.4 The Delta Function ............................................................................................... 1−11
1.4.1 The Sampling Property of the Delta Function ............................................1−12
1.4.2 The Sifting Property of the Delta Function ................................................1−13
1.5 Higher Order Delta Functions...............................................................................1−14
1.6 Summary ................................................................................................................1−22
1.7 Exercises.................................................................................................................1−23
1.8 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ................................................................1−24
MATLAB Computing
Pages 1−20, 1−21
Simulink Modeling
Page 1−18

2 The Laplace Transformation 2−1

2.1 Definition of the Laplace Transformation...............................................................2−1
2.2 Properties and Theorems of the Laplace Transform ...............................................2−2
2.2.1 Linearity Property ........................................................................................2−3
2.2.2 Time Shifting Property .................................................................................2−3
2.2.3 Frequency Shifting Property ........................................................................2−4
2.2.4 Scaling Property ...........................................................................................2−4
2.2.5 Differentiation in Time Domain Property ...................................................2−4
2.2.6 Differentiation in Complex Frequency Domain Property ...........................2−6
2.2.7 Integration in Time Domain Property .........................................................2−6
2.2.8 Integration in Complex Frequency Domain Property .................................2−8
2.2.9 Time Periodicity Property ............................................................................2−8
2.2.10 Initial Value Theorem..................................................................................2−9
2.2.11 Final Value Theorem .................................................................................2−10
2.2.12 Convolution in Time Domain Property.....................................................2−11
2.2.13 Convolution in Complex Frequency Domain Property.............................2−12
2.3 The Laplace Transform of Common Functions of Time.......................................2−14
2.3.1 The Laplace Transform of the Unit Step Function u 0 ( t ) ..........................2−14
2.3.2 The Laplace Transform of the Ramp Function u 1 ( t ) ................................2−14
2.3.3 The Laplace Transform of t n u0 ( t ) ..............................................................2−15

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition i
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 2.3.4 The Laplace Transform of the Delta Function δ ( t ) ................................. 2−18
2.3.5 The Laplace Transform of the Delayed Delta Function δ ( t – a ) .............. 2−18
2.3.6 The Laplace Transform of e –at u 0 ( t ) .......................................................... 2−19
– at
2.3.7 The Laplace Transform of t n e u 0 ( t ) ....................................................... 2−19
2.3.8 The Laplace Transform of sin ω t u 0 t ......................................................... 2−20
2.3.9 The Laplace Transform of cos ω t u 0 t ......................................................... 2−20
2.3.10 The Laplace Transform of e –at sin ω t u 0 ( t ) ................................................. 2−21
2.3.11 The Laplace Transform of e –at cos ω t u 0 ( t ) ................................................. 2−22
2.4 The Laplace Transform of Common Waveforms .................................................. 2−23
2.4.1 The Laplace Transform of a Pulse............................................................... 2−23
2.4.2 The Laplace Transform of a Linear Segment .............................................. 2−23
2.4.3 The Laplace Transform of a Triangular Waveform .................................... 2−24
2.4.4 The Laplace Transform of a Rectangular Periodic Waveform.................... 2−25
2.4.5 The Laplace Transform of a Half−Rectified Sine Waveform ..................... 2−26
2.5 Using MATLAB for Finding the Laplace Transforms of Time Functions ............ 2−27
2.6 Summary ................................................................................................................ 2−28
2.7 Exercises................................................................................................................. 2−31
The Laplace Transform of a Sawtooth Periodic Waveform ............................... 2−32
The Laplace Transform of a Full−Rectified Sine Waveform.............................. 2−32
2.8 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises................................................................. 2−33

3 The Inverse Laplace Transform 3−1

3.1 The Inverse Laplace Transform Integral ..................................................................3−1
3.2 Partial Fraction Expansion........................................................................................3−1
3.2.1 Distinct Poles..................................................................................................3−2
3.2.2 Complex Poles ................................................................................................3−5
3.2.3 Multiple (Repeated) Poles..............................................................................3−8
3.3 Case where F(s) is Improper Rational Function.....................................................3−13
3.4 Alternate Method of Partial Fraction Expansion...................................................3−15
3.5 Summary .................................................................................................................3−19
3.6 Exercises..................................................................................................................3−21
3.7 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises .................................................................3−22
MATLAB Computing
Pages 3−3, 3−4, 3−5, 3−6, 3−8, 3−10, 3−12, 3−13, 3−14, 3−22

4 Circuit Analysis with Laplace Transforms 4−1

4.1 Circuit Transformation from Time to Complex Frequency.................................... 4−1
4.1.1 Resistive Network Transformation ............................................................... 4−1
4.1.2 Inductive Network Transformation .............................................................. 4−1
4.1.3 Capacitive Network Transformation ............................................................ 4−1

ii Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 4.2 Complex Impedance Z(s).........................................................................................4−8
4.3 Complex Admittance Y(s) .....................................................................................4−11
4.4 Transfer Functions .................................................................................................4−13
4.5 Using the Simulink Transfer Fcn Block.................................................................4−17
4.6 Summary.................................................................................................................4−20
4.7 Exercises .................................................................................................................4−21
4.8 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises.................................................................4−24
MATLAB Computing
Pages 4−6, 4−8, 4−12, 4−16, 4−17, 4−18, 4−26, 4−27, 4−28, 4−29, 4−34
Simulink Modeling
Page 4−17

5 State Variables and State Equations 5−1

5.1 Expressing Differential Equations in State Equation Form................................... 5−1
5.2 Solution of Single State Equations ........................................................................ 5−6
5.3 The State Transition Matrix ................................................................................. 5−9
5.4 Computation of the State Transition Matrix ...................................................... 5−11
5.4.1 Distinct Eigenvalues ................................................................................. 5−11
5.4.2 Multiple (Repeated) Eigenvalues ............................................................. 5−15
5.5 Eigenvectors......................................................................................................... 5−18
5.6 Circuit Analysis with State Variables.................................................................. 5−22
5.7 Relationship between State Equations and Laplace Transform.......................... 5−30
5.8 Summary .............................................................................................................. 5−38
5.9 Exercises .............................................................................................................. 5−41
5.10 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises .............................................................. 5−43
MATLAB Computing
Pages 5−14, 5−15, 5−18, 5−26, 5−36, 5−48, 5−51
Simulink Modeling
Pages 5−27, 5−37, 5−45

6 The Impulse Response and Convolution 6−1

6.1 The Impulse Response in Time Domain ................................................................ 6−1
6.2 Even and Odd Functions of Time .......................................................................... 6−4
6.3 Convolution ............................................................................................................ 6−7
6.4 Graphical Evaluation of the Convolution Integral................................................. 6−8
6.5 Circuit Analysis with the Convolution Integral ................................................... 6−18
6.6 Summary ............................................................................................................... 6−21
6.7 Exercises................................................................................................................ 6−23

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition iii
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 6.8 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises................................................................ 6−25
MATLAB Applications
Pages 6−12, 6−15, 6−30

7 Fourier Series 7−1

7.1 Wave Analysis......................................................................................................... 7−1
7.2 Evaluation of the Coefficients................................................................................. 7−2
7.3 Symmetry in Trigonometric Fourier Series ............................................................. 7−6
7.3.1 Symmetry in Square Waveform..................................................................... 7−8
7.3.2 Symmetry in Square Waveform with Ordinate Axis Shifted ........................ 7−8
7.3.3 Symmetry in Sawtooth Waveform................................................................. 7−9
7.3.4 Symmetry in Triangular Waveform ............................................................... 7−9
7.3.5 Symmetry in Fundamental, Second, and Third Harmonics........................ 7−10
7.4 Trigonometric Form of Fourier Series for Common Waveforms.......................... 7−10
7.4.1 Trigonometric Fourier Series for Square Waveform ................................... 7−11
7.4.2 Trigonometric Fourier Series for Sawtooth Waveform............................... 7−14
7.4.3 Trigonometric Fourier Series for Triangular Waveform ............................. 7−16
7.4.4 Trigonometric Fourier Series for Half−Wave Rectifier Waveform............. 7−17
7.4.5 Trigonometric Fourier Series for Full−Wave Rectifier Waveform.............. 7−20
7.5 Gibbs Phenomenon ............................................................................................... 7−24
7.6 Alternate Forms of the Trigonometric Fourier Series .......................................... 7−24
7.7 Circuit Analysis with Trigonometric Fourier Series............................................. 7−28
7.8 The Exponential Form of the Fourier Series........................................................ 7−31
7.9 Symmetry in Exponential Fourier Series .............................................................. 7−33
7.9.1 Even Functions ........................................................................................... 7−33
7.9.2 Odd Functions ............................................................................................ 7−34
7.9.3 Half-Wave Symmetry ................................................................................. 7−34
7.9.4 No Symmetry .............................................................................................. 7−34
7.9.5 Relation of C –n to C n ................................................................................ 7−34
7.10 Line Spectra.......................................................................................................... 7−36
7.11 Computation of RMS Values from Fourier Series................................................ 7−41
7.12 Computation of Average Power from Fourier Series ........................................... 7−44
7.13 Evaluation of Fourier Coefficients Using Excel® ................................................ 7−46
7.14 Evaluation of Fourier Coefficients Using MATLAB® ........................................ 7−47
7.15 Summary ............................................................................................................... 7−50
7.16 Exercises ............................................................................................................... 7−53
7.17 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ............................................................... 7−55
MATLAB Computing
Pages 7−38, 7−47

iv Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 Simulink Modeling
Page 7−31

8 The Fourier Transform 8−1

8.1 Definition and Special Forms ................................................................................ 8−1
8.2 Special Forms of the Fourier Transform ................................................................ 8−2
8.2.1 Real Time Functions.................................................................................. 8−3
8.2.2 Imaginary Time Functions ......................................................................... 8−6
8.3 Properties and Theorems of the Fourier Transform .............................................. 8−9
8.3.1 Linearity...................................................................................................... 8−9
8.3.2 Symmetry.................................................................................................... 8−9
8.3.3 Time Scaling............................................................................................. 8−10
8.3.4 Time Shifting............................................................................................ 8−11
8.3.5 Frequency Shifting ................................................................................... 8−11
8.3.6 Time Differentiation ................................................................................ 8−12
8.3.7 Frequency Differentiation ........................................................................ 8−13
8.3.8 Time Integration ...................................................................................... 8−13
8.3.9 Conjugate Time and Frequency Functions.............................................. 8−13
8.3.10 Time Convolution .................................................................................... 8−14
8.3.11 Frequency Convolution............................................................................ 8−15
8.3.12 Area Under f ( t ) ........................................................................................ 8−15
8.3.13 Area Under F ( ω ) ...................................................................................... 8−15
8.3.14 Parseval’s Theorem................................................................................... 8−16
8.4 Fourier Transform Pairs of Common Functions.................................................. 8−18
8.4.1 The Delta Function Pair .......................................................................... 8−18
8.4.2 The Constant Function Pair .................................................................... 8−18
8.4.3 The Cosine Function Pair ........................................................................ 8−19
8.4.4 The Sine Function Pair............................................................................. 8−20
8.4.5 The Signum Function Pair........................................................................ 8−20
8.4.6 The Unit Step Function Pair .................................................................... 8−22
– jω 0 t
8.4.7 The e u0 ( t ) Function Pair .................................................................... 8−24
8.4.8 The ( cos ω 0 t ) ( u 0 t ) Function Pair ............................................................... 8−24
8.4.9 The ( sin ω 0 t ) ( u 0 t ) Function Pair ............................................................... 8−25
8.5 Derivation of the Fourier Transform from the Laplace Transform .................... 8−25
8.6 Fourier Transforms of Common Waveforms ...................................................... 8−27
8.6.1 The Transform of f ( t ) = A [ u 0 ( t + T ) – u 0 ( t – T ) ] ....................................... 8−27
8.6.2 The Transform of f ( t ) = A [ u 0 ( t ) – u 0 ( t – 2T ) ] ........................................... 8−28
8.6.3 The Transform of f ( t ) = A [ u 0 ( t + T ) + u 0 ( t ) – u 0 ( t – T ) – u 0 ( t – 2T ) ] ........... 8−29

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition v
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 8.6.4 The Transform of f ( t ) = A cos ω 0 t [ u0 ( t + T ) – u 0 ( t – T ) ] .............................. 8−30
8.6.5 The Transform of a Periodic Time Function with Period T..................... 8−31
∞
8.6.6 The Transform of the Periodic Time Function f ( t ) = A ∑
n = –∞
δ ( t – nT ) .... 8−32

8.7 Using MATLAB for Finding the Fourier Transform of Time Functions............ 8−33
8.8 The System Function and Applications to Circuit Analysis............................... 8−34
8.9 Summary .............................................................................................................. 8−42
8.10 Exercises............................................................................................................... 8−47
8.11 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises .............................................................. 8−49
MATLAB Computing
Pages 8−33, 8−34, 8−50, 8−54, 8−55, 8−56, 8−59, 8−60

9 Discrete−Time Systems and the Z Transform 9−1

9.1 Definition and Special Forms of the Z Transform ............................................... 9−1
9.2 Properties and Theorems of the Z Transform...................................................... 9−3
9.2.1 Linearity ..................................................................................................... 9−3
9.2.2 Shift of f [ n ]u 0 [ n ] in the Discrete−Time Domain ..................................... 9−3
9.2.3 Right Shift in the Discrete−Time Domain ................................................ 9−4
9.2.4 Left Shift in the Discrete−Time Domain................................................... 9−5
n
9.2.5 Multiplication by a in the Discrete−Time Domain................................. 9−6
– naT
9.2.6 Multiplication by e in the Discrete−Time Domain ........................... 9−6
9.2.7 Multiplication by n and n2 in the Discrete−Time Domain ..................... 9−6
9.2.8 Summation in the Discrete−Time Domain ............................................... 9−7
9.2.9 Convolution in the Discrete−Time Domain ............................................. 9−8
9.2.10 Convolution in the Discrete−Frequency Domain ..................................... 9−9
9.2.11 Initial Value Theorem ............................................................................... 9−9
9.2.12 Final Value Theorem............................................................................... 9−10
9.3 The Z Transform of Common Discrete−Time Functions.................................. 9−11
9.3.1 The Transform of the Geometric Sequence .............................................9−11
9.3.2 The Transform of the Discrete−Time Unit Step Function ......................9−14
9.3.3 The Transform of the Discrete−Time Exponential Sequence .................9−16
9.3.4 The Transform of the Discrete−Time Cosine and Sine Functions ..........9−16
9.3.5 The Transform of the Discrete−Time Unit Ramp Function....................9−18
9.4 Computation of the Z Transform with Contour Integration .............................9−20
9.5 Transformation Between s− and z−Domains .......................................................9−22
9.6 The Inverse Z Transform ...................................................................................9−25

vi Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 9.6.1 Partial Fraction Expansion ..................................................................... 9−25
9.6.2 The Inversion Integral............................................................................ 9−32
9.6.3 Long Division of Polynomials ................................................................ 9−36
9.7 The Transfer Function of Discrete−Time Systems ............................................ 9−38
9.8 State Equations for Discrete−Time Systems ...................................................... 9−45
9.9 Summary............................................................................................................. 9−48
9.10 Exercises ............................................................................................................. 9−53
9.11 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises............................................................. 9−55
MATLAB Computing
Pages 9−35, 9−37, 9−38, 9−41, 9−42, 9−59, 9−61
Simulink Modeling
Page 9−44
Excel Plots
Pages 9−35, 9−44

10 The DFT and the FFT Algorithm 10−1

10.1 The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) ............................................................10−1
10.2 Even and Odd Properties of the DFT ................................................................10−9
10.3 Common Properties and Theorems of the DFT ..............................................10−10
10.3.1 Linearity ...............................................................................................10−10
10.3.2 Time Shift ............................................................................................10−11
10.3.3 Frequency Shift....................................................................................10−12
10.3.4 Time Convolution ...............................................................................10−12
10.3.5 Frequency Convolution .......................................................................10−13
10.4 The Sampling Theorem ...................................................................................10−13
10.5 Number of Operations Required to Compute the DFT ..................................10−16
10.6 The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) ..................................................................10−17
10.7 Summary...........................................................................................................10−28
10.8 Exercises ...........................................................................................................10−31
10.9 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises...........................................................10−33
MATLAB Computing
Pages 10−5, 10−7, 10−34
Excel Analysis ToolPak
Pages 10−6, 10−8

11 Analog and Digital Filters

11.1 Filter Types and Classifications......................................................................... 11−1
11.2 Basic Analog Filters........................................................................................... 11−2

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition vii
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 11.2.1 RC Low−Pass Filter ............................................................................... 11−2
11.2.2 RC High−Pass Filter .............................................................................. 11−4
11.2.3 RLC Band−Pass Filter.............................................................................11−7
11.2.4 RLC Band−Elimination Filter ................................................................11−8
11.3 Low−Pass Analog Filter Prototypes ..................................................................11−10
11.3.1 Butterworth Analog Low−Pass Filter Design .......................................11−14
11.3.2 Chebyshev Type I Analog Low−Pass Filter Design..............................11−25
11.3.3 Chebyshev Type II Analog Low−Pass Filter Design ............................11−38
11.3.4 Elliptic Analog Low−Pass Filter Design ...............................................11−39
11.4 High−Pass, Band−Pass, and Band−Elimination Filter Design..........................11−41
11.5 Digital Filters ....................................................................................................11−51
11.6 Digital Filter Design with Simulink..................................................................11−70
11.6.1 The Direct Form I Realization of a Digital Filter.................................11−70
11.6.2 The Direct Form II Realization of a Digital Filter................................11−71
11.6.3 The Series Form Realization of a Digital Filter ....................................11−73
11.6.4 The Parallel Form Realization of a Digital Filter .................................11−75
11.6.5 The Digital Filter Design Block............................................................11−78
11.7 Summary ...........................................................................................................11−87
11.8 Exercises ...........................................................................................................11−91
11.9 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ...........................................................11−97
MATLAB Computing
Pages 11−3, 11−4, 11−6, 11−7, 11−9, 11−15, 11−19, 11−23, 11−24, 11−31,
11−35, 11−36, 11−37, 11−38, 11−40, 11−41, 11−42, 11−43, 11−45, 11−46,
11−48, 11−50, 11−55, 11−56, 11−57, 11−60, 11−62, 11−64, 11−67, 11−68,
and 11−97 through 11−106
Simulink Modeling
Pages 11−71, 11−74, 11−77, 11−78, 11−80, 11−82, 11−83, 11−84

A Introduction to MATLAB A−1

A.1 MATLAB® and Simulink® ........................................................................... A−1
A.2 Command Window ......................................................................................... A−1
A.3 Roots of Polynomials ....................................................................................... A−3
A.4 Polynomial Construction from Known Roots ................................................. A−4
A.5 Evaluation of a Polynomial at Specified Values .............................................. A−6
A.6 Rational Polynomials ....................................................................................... A−8
A.7 Using MATLAB to Make Plots..................................................................... A−10
A.8 Subplots ......................................................................................................... A−18
A.9 Multiplication, Division, and Exponentiation .............................................. A−18
A.10 Script and Function Files .............................................................................. A−26
A.11 Display Formats ............................................................................................. A−31

viii Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 MATLAB Computing
Pages A−3 through A−8, A−10, A−13, A−14, A−16, A−17,
A−21, A−22, A−24, A−27

B Introduction to Simulink B−1

B.1 Simulink and its Relation to MATLAB............................................................. B−1
B.2 Simulink Demos ............................................................................................... B−20
MATLAB Computing
Page B−4
Simulink Modeling
Pages B−7, B−12, B−14, B−18

C A Review of Complex Numbers C−1

C.1 Definition of a Complex Number....................................................................... C−1
C.2 Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers ............................................... C−2
C.3 Multiplication of Complex Numbers.................................................................. C−3
C.4 Division of Complex Numbers ........................................................................... C−4
C.5 Exponential and Polar Forms of Complex Numbers.......................................... C−4
MATLAB Computing
Pages C−6, C−7, C−8
Simulink Modeling
Page C−7

D Matrices and Determinants D−1

D.1 Matrix Definition.............................................................................................D−1
D.2 Matrix Operations ...........................................................................................D−2
D.3 Special Forms of Matrices................................................................................D−6
D.4 Determinants .................................................................................................D−10
D.5 Minors and Cofactors ....................................................................................D−12
D.6 Cramer’s Rule ................................................................................................D−17
D.7 Gaussian Elimination Method.......................................................................D−19
D.8 The Adjoint of a Matrix ................................................................................D−21
D.9 Singular and Non−Singular Matrices ............................................................D−21
D.10 The Inverse of a Matrix .................................................................................D−22
D.11 Solution of Simultaneous Equations with Matrices ......................................D−24
D.12 Exercises.........................................................................................................D−31

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition ix
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 MATLAB Computing
Pages D−3, D−4, D−5, D−7, D−8, D−9, D−10,
D−12, D−19, D−23, D−27, D−29
Simulink Modeling
Page D−3
Excel Spreadsheet
Page D−28

E Window Functions E−1

E.1 Window Function Defined .................................................................................. E−1
E.2 Common Window Functions ............................................................................... E−1
E.2.1 Rectangular Window Function ................................................................. E−2
E.2.2 Triangular Window Function.................................................................... E−5
E.2.3 Hanning Window Function....................................................................... E−7
E.2.4 Hamming Window Function..................................................................... E−9
E.2.5 Blackman Window Function................................................................... E−12
E.2.6 Kaiser Family of Window Functions ....................................................... E−14
E.3 Other Window Functions .................................................................................. E−15
E.4 Fourier Series Method for Approximating an FIR Amplitude Response .......... E−17

References R−1

Index IN−1

x Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1
Elementary Signals

T
his chapter begins with a discussion of elementary signals that may be applied to electric
networks. The unit step, unit ramp, and delta functions are then introduced. The sampling
and sifting properties of the delta function are defined and derived. Several examples for
expressing a variety of waveforms in terms of these elementary signals are provided. Throughout
this text, a left justified horizontal bar will denote the beginning of an example, and a right justi-
fied horizontal bar will denote the end of the example. These bars will not be shown whenever an
example begins at the top of a page or at the bottom of a page. Also, when one example follows
immediately after a previous example, the right justified bar will be omitted.

1.1 Signals Described in Math Form

Consider the network of Figure 1.1 where the switch is closed at time t = 0 .
R t = 0

+
+ v out open terminals
−
vS −

Figure 1.1. A switched network with open terminals

We wish to describe v out in a math form for the time interval – ∞ < t < +∞ . To do this, it is conve-
nient to divide the time interval into two parts, – ∞ < t < 0 , and 0 < t < ∞ .
For the time interval – ∞ < t < 0 , the switch is open and therefore, the output voltage v out is zero.
In other words,
v out = 0 for – ∞ < t < 0 (1.1)

For the time interval 0 < t < ∞ , the switch is closed. Then, the input voltage v S appears at the
output, i.e.,
v out = v S for 0 < t < ∞ (1.2)

Combining (1.1) and (1.2) into a single relationship, we obtain

 0 –∞ < t < 0
v out =  (1.3)
 vS 0 < t < ∞

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition 1−1
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Elementary Signals

We can express (1.3) by the waveform shown in Figure 1.2.

v out
vS

0
t
Figure 1.2. Waveform for v out as defined in relation (1.3)

The waveform of Figure 1.2 is an example of a discontinuous function. A function is said to be dis-
continuous if it exhibits points of discontinuity, that is, the function jumps from one value to
another without taking on any intermediate values.

1.2 The Unit Step Function u 0 ( t )

A well known discontinuous function is the unit step function u 0 ( t ) * which is defined as

0 t<0
u0 ( t ) =  (1.4)
1 t>0

It is also represented by the waveform of Figure 1.3.

u0 ( t )
1
0 t

Figure 1.3. Waveform for u 0 ( t )

In the waveform of Figure 1.3, the unit step function u 0 ( t ) changes abruptly from 0 to 1 at
t = 0 . But if it changes at t = t 0 instead, it is denoted as u 0 ( t – t 0 ) . In this case, its waveform and
definition are as shown in Figure 1.4 and relation (1.5) respectively.

1
u0 ( t – t0 )
t
0 t0
Figure 1.4. Waveform for u 0 ( t – t 0 )

* In some books, the unit step function is denoted as u ( t ) , that is, without the subscript 0. In this text, however, we
will reserve the u ( t ) designation for any input when we will discuss state variables in Chapter 5.

1−2 Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 The Unit Step Function

0 t < t0
u0 ( t – t0 ) =  (1.5)
1 t > t0

If the unit step function changes abruptly from 0 to 1 at t = – t 0 , it is denoted as u 0 ( t + t 0 ) . In

this case, its waveform and definition are as shown in Figure 1.5 and relation (1.6) respectively.
u0 ( t + t0 )
1

−t0 0 t
Figure 1.5. Waveform for u 0 ( t + t 0 )

0 t < –t0
u0 ( t + t0 ) =  (1.6)
1 t > –t0

Example 1.1
Consider the network of Figure 1.6, where the switch is closed at time t = T .
R t = T

+
+ v out open terminals
−
vS −

Figure 1.6. Network for Example 1.1

Express the output voltage v out as a function of the unit step function, and sketch the appropriate
waveform.
Solution:
For this example, the output voltage v out = 0 for t < T , and v out = v S for t > T . Therefore,

v out = v S u 0 ( t – T ) (1.7)

and the waveform is shown in Figure 1.7.

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition 1−3
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Elementary Signals

vS u0 ( t – T )
v out

t
0 T
Figure 1.7. Waveform for Example 1.1

Other forms of the unit step function are shown in Figure 1.8.

Τ −Τ
t t t
0 0 0
(a) (b) (c)
−A −A −A
–A u0 ( t ) –A u0 ( t – T ) –A u0 ( t + T )

Au 0 ( – t ) Au 0 ( – t + T ) Au 0 ( – t – T )
A A A

t t −Τ 0
t
0 (d) 0 Τ (e) (f)

Τ −Τ
t t 0 t
0 (g) 0 (h) (i)
−A −A −A
–A u0 ( –t ) –A u0 ( – t + T ) –A u0 ( – t – T )

Figure 1.8. Other forms of the unit step function

Unit step functions can be used to represent other time−varying functions such as the rectangular
pulse shown in Figure 1.9.

u0 ( t )
1
1
t t t
0 1 0 0
(c)
(a) (b)
–u0 ( t – 1 )
Figure 1.9. A rectangular pulse expressed as the sum of two unit step functions

1−4 Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 The Unit Step Function

Thus, the pulse of Figure 1.9(a) is the sum of the unit step functions of Figures 1.9(b) and 1.9(c)
and it is represented as u 0 ( t ) – u 0 ( t – 1 ) .

The unit step function offers a convenient method of describing the sudden application of a volt-
age or current source. For example, a constant voltage source of 24 V applied at t = 0 , can be
denoted as 24u 0 ( t ) V . Likewise, a sinusoidal voltage source v ( t ) = V m cos ωt V that is applied to
a circuit at t = t0 , can be described as v ( t ) = ( V m cos ωt )u 0 ( t – t 0 ) V . Also, if the excitation in a
circuit is a rectangular, or triangular, or sawtooth, or any other recurring pulse, it can be repre-
sented as a sum (difference) of unit step functions.

Example 1.2
Express the square waveform of Figure 1.10 as a sum of unit step functions. The vertical dotted
lines indicate the discontinuities at T, 2T, 3T , and so on.

v(t)
A
{ }
T 2T 3T
t
0
–A | ~

Figure 1.10. Square waveform for Example 1.2

Solution:

Line segment { has height A , starts at t = 0 , and terminates at t = T . Then, as in Example 1.1, this
segment is expressed as
v1 ( t ) = A [ u0 ( t ) – u0 ( t – T ) ] (1.8)

Line segment | has height – A , starts at t = T and terminates at t = 2T . This segment is

expressed as
v 2 ( t ) = – A [ u 0 ( t – T ) – u 0 ( t – 2T ) ] (1.9)

Line segment } has height A , starts at t = 2T and terminates at t = 3T . This segment is expressed
as
v 3 ( t ) = A [ u 0 ( t – 2T ) – u 0 ( t – 3T ) ] (1.10)

Line segment ~ has height – A , starts at t = 3T , and terminates at t = 4T . It is expressed as

v 4 ( t ) = – A [ u 0 ( t – 3T ) – u 0 ( t – 4T ) ] (1.11)

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition 1−5
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Elementary Signals

Thus, the square waveform of Figure 1.10 can be expressed as the summation of (1.8) through
(1.11), that is,
v ( t ) = v1 ( t ) + v2 ( t ) + v3 ( t ) + v4 ( t )
= A [ u 0 ( t ) – u 0 ( t – T ) ] – A [ u 0 ( t – T ) – u 0 ( t – 2T ) ] (1.12)
+A [ u 0 ( t – 2T ) – u 0 ( t – 3T ) ] – A [ u 0 ( t – 3T ) – u 0 ( t – 4T ) ]

Combining like terms, we obtain

v ( t ) = A [ u 0 ( t ) – 2u 0 ( t – T ) + 2u 0 ( t – 2T ) – 2u 0 ( t – 3T ) + … ] (1.13)

Example 1.3
Express the symmetric rectangular pulse of Figure 1.11 as a sum of unit step functions.
i(t)
A

t
–T ⁄ 2 0 T⁄2
Figure 1.11. Symmetric rectangular pulse for Example 1.3
Solution:
This pulse has height A , starts at t = – T ⁄ 2 , and terminates at t = T ⁄ 2 . Therefore, with refer-
ence to Figures 1.5 and 1.8 (b), we obtain

i ( t ) = Au 0  t + ---  – Au 0  t – ---  = A u 0  t + ---  – u 0  t – --- 

T T T T
      
(1.14)
2 2 2 2 

Example 1.4
Express the symmetric triangular waveform of Figure 1.12 as a sum of unit step functions.
v(t)
1

t
–T ⁄ 2 0 T⁄2
Figure 1.12. Symmetric triangular waveform for Example 1.4
Solution:

1−6 Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 The Unit Step Function

We first derive the equations for the linear segments { and | shown in Figure 1.13.

2 v( t) 2
--- t + 1 1 – --- t + 1
T T
{ |
t
–T ⁄ 2 0 T⁄2
Figure 1.13. Equations for the linear segments of Figure 1.12

For line segment { ,

v 1 ( t ) =  --- t + 1 u 0  t + ---  – u 0 ( t )
2 T
T   2
(1.15)

and for line segment | ,

v 2 ( t ) =  – --2- t + 1 u 0 ( t ) – u 0  t – T
---  (1.16)
 T   2

Combining (1.15) and (1.16), we obtain

v ( t ) = v1 ( t ) + v2 ( t )
(1.17)
=  --- t + 1 u 0  t + T
---  – u 0 ( t ) +  – --2- t + 1 u 0 ( t ) – u 0  t – T
--- 
2
T   2  T   2

Example 1.5
Express the waveform of Figure 1.14 as a sum of unit step functions.

v( t)
3

t
0 1 2 3
Figure 1.14. Waveform for Example 1.5
Solution:

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition 1−7
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Elementary Signals

As in the previous example, we first find the equations of the linear segments linear segments {
and | shown in Figure 1.15.
v(t)
3
{
2
2t + 1
1 –t+3
|
t
0 1 2 3
Figure 1.15. Equations for the linear segments of Figure 1.14
Following the same procedure as in the previous examples, we obtain
v ( t ) = ( 2t + 1 ) [ u 0 ( t ) – u 0 ( t – 1 ) ] + 3 [ u 0 ( t – 1 ) – u 0 ( t – 2 ) ]
+ ( – t + 3 ) [ u0 ( t – 2 ) – u0 ( t – 3 ) ]

Multiplying the values in parentheses by the values in the brackets, we obtain

v ( t ) = ( 2t + 1 )u 0 ( t ) – ( 2t + 1 )u 0 ( t – 1 ) + 3u 0 ( t – 1 )
– 3u 0 ( t – 2 ) + ( – t + 3 )u 0 ( t – 2 ) – ( – t + 3 )u 0 ( t – 3 )

v ( t ) = ( 2t + 1 )u 0 ( t ) + [ – ( 2t + 1 ) + 3 ]u 0 ( t – 1 )
+ [ – 3 + ( – t + 3 ) ]u 0 ( t – 2 ) – ( – t + 3 )u 0 ( t – 3 )

and combining terms inside the brackets, we obtain

v ( t ) = ( 2t + 1 )u 0 ( t ) – 2 ( t – 1 )u 0 ( t – 1 ) – t u 0 ( t – 2 ) + ( t – 3 )u 0 ( t – 3 ) (1.18)

Two other functions of interest are the unit ramp function, and the unit impulse or delta function.
We will introduce them with the examples that follow.

Example 1.6
In the network of Figure 1.16 i S is a constant current source and the switch is closed at time
t = 0 . Express the capacitor voltage v C ( t ) as a function of the unit step.

1−8 Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 The Unit Step Function

R t = 0

+
vC ( t )
−
iS C

Figure 1.16. Network for Example 1.6

Solution:
The current through the capacitor is i C ( t ) = i S = cons tan t , and the capacitor voltage v C ( t ) is
t
1 *
v C ( t ) = ----
C ∫– ∞ i C ( τ ) dτ (1.19)

where τ is a dummy variable.

Since the switch closes at t = 0 , we can express the current i C ( t ) as

iC ( t ) = iS u0 ( t ) (1.20)

and assuming that v C ( t ) = 0 for t < 0 , we can write (1.19) as

iS 0
1 t ----
∫–∞ u0 ( τ ) dτ iS t
v C ( t ) = ----
C ∫– ∞ i S u 0 ( τ ) dτ = C + ----
C ∫ 0 u 0 ( τ ) dτ (1.21)








0
or
iS
v C ( t ) = ----- tu 0 ( t ) (1.22)
C

Therefore, we see that when a capacitor is charged with a constant current, the voltage across it is
a linear function and forms a ramp with slope i S ⁄ C as shown in Figure 1.17.

vC ( t )

slope = i S ⁄ C
t
0
Figure 1.17. Voltage across a capacitor when charged with a constant current source

* Since the initial condition for the capacitor voltage was not specified, we express this integral with –∞ at the lower limit of
integration so that any non-zero value prior to t < 0 would be included in the integration.

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition 1−9
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Elementary Signals

1.3 The Unit Ramp Function u 1 ( t )

The unit ramp function, denoted as u 1 ( t ) , is defined as

t
u1 ( t ) = ∫– ∞ u 0 ( τ ) d τ (1.23)

where τ is a dummy variable.

We can evaluate the integral of (1.23) by considering the area under the unit step function u 0 ( t )
from – ∞ to t as shown in Figure 1.18.
Area = 1 × τ = τ = t
1

t
τ
Figure 1.18. Area under the unit step function from – ∞ to t

Therefore, we define u 1 ( t ) as
0 t<0
u1 ( t ) =  (1.24)
t t≥0

Since u 1 ( t ) is the integral of u 0 ( t ) , then u 0 ( t ) must be the derivative of u 1 ( t ) , i.e.,

d
----- u 1 ( t ) = u 0 ( t ) (1.25)
dt

Higher order functions of t can be generated by repeated integration of the unit step function. For
example, integrating u 0 ( t ) twice and multiplying by 2 , we define u 2 ( t ) as

0 t<0 t
u2 ( t ) =  2
t t≥0
or u2 ( t ) = 2 ∫–∞ u1 ( τ ) dτ (1.26)

Similarly,
0 t<0 t
u3 ( t ) =  3
t t≥0
or u3 ( t ) = 3 ∫–∞ u2 ( τ ) dτ (1.27)

and in general,
0 t<0 t
un ( t ) =  n
t t≥0
or un ( t ) = 3 ∫– ∞ u n – 1 ( τ ) d τ (1.28)

Also,

1−10 Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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“It had been apparent for some time that the next great feat in the air
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 © Wide World Photos

NEW YORK CITY—THE PARADE PASSING THROUGH

CENTRAL PARK WHERE OVER 400,000 PEOPLE WERE
GATHERED. A SOLID BANK OF HUMANITY FLANKED OUR
PASSAGE
 © Wide World Photos

NEW YORK CITY—PARADE IN CENTRAL PARK AS SEEN FROM

A NEARBY SKYSCRAPER

“Making his home in St. Louis, he had joined the 110th Observation
Squadron of the Missouri National Guard. Some of his qualities
noted by the Army officers who examined him for promotion, as
shown by reports in the files of the Militia Bureau of the War
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“‘Intelligent,’ ‘industrious,’ ‘energetic,’ ‘dependable,’ ‘purposeful,’
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“He was alone. His destination was Paris.
“Thirty-three hours and thirty minutes later, in the evening of the
second day, he landed at his destination on the French flying field at
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perfect exhibition of art.
“This country will always remember the way in which he was
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the air and strength for the ties which bind us to our sister nations
across the sea.
“And, as President of the United States, I bestow the Distinguished
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has done, upon Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh.”
Upon completing this address the President then conferred upon
Lindbergh the Distinguished Flying Cross.
A new burst of cheering went up as the medal was being pinned on
by the President. It was at this point in the proceedings that the
Secretary of the Navy, ordinarily most placid of men, is alleged to
have waved his arm in the air like a college cheer leader and
hurrahed as loudly as any. When quiet came again Lindbergh rose
and replied to the President. What he said was brief. But had he
uttered a hundred times as many words, he could scarcely have
conveyed a more important message to those about him.
He said: “On the evening of May 21, I arrived at Le Bourget, France.
I was in Paris for one week, in Belgium for a day and was in London
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“‘You have seen,’ the message was, ‘the affection of the people of
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States from the people of France and of Europe.’
“I thank you.”
This is no place to dwell upon the minutiæ of that great day. The
picture must be sketched in with bold strokes and stippled
background. But it is impossible to pass this one short speech of
Lindbergh’s and not cajole the reader to gather something of its
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The final touch of the miracle was that this speech was
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Just as when Lincoln finished his Gettysburg address his listeners
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broke down and sobbed.
More and more people were beginning to realize that something was
happening far greater than just the celebration of a mechanical
triumph over the ocean separating Europe from America.
The ceremony ended as simply and quickly as it had begun. The
President’s own car whisked Lindbergh away to the temporary White
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demanding cheers could be silenced only by Lindbergh’s smiling
presence at the door or balcony.
President and Mrs. Coolidge entertained members of the Cabinet
and their wives that night. Lindbergh sat on Mrs. Coolidge’s right. He
wore conventional evening dress and was distinguished by the ease
and simplicity with which he met both sallies and inquiries of the
imposing guests.
It is one of the cruelties of social lionization that we search for the
peculiarities of our specimen. In Lindbergh’s case his peculiarity lay
in the fact that neither by word, nor look, nor deed was he in any way
grotesque. His eyes were clear, his smile quick; like a practised
diplomat he eluded entangling discussion; and he had a ready reply
for every intelligent inquiry put to him within his range of knowledge
or experience.
It is at risk of dampening the ardor of our narrative that we
repeatedly point to this trait of simplicity that lies in Lindbergh. We do
so because it was from close within the nucleus of this trait that there
sprung the incredible emotional reaction towards his personality.
After the President’s dinner Lindbergh attended a meeting of the
National Press Club in the Washington Auditorium. This was his first
public appearance “under roof” in America. Six thousand people
risked imminent heat stroke by crowding into every seat and cranny
of the building.
The program opened with an address on behalf of the Press Club by
Richard V. Oulahan. Because this address illuminated the feelings of
the “Fourth Estate,” proverbially cynical toward notoriety, we give it
here in full:
“In your journalistic flight of the past three weeks,” said Mr. Oulahan,
you must have learned that much may be read between the lines of
what is printed in newspapers. So even a novice in newspaperdom
like yourself would have no trouble in reading between the lines of
this journalistic expression an intimate note of sincere affection.
“We of the press rub elbows with all manner of mankind. We see
much of good but we see much of self-seeking, of sordid motive, as
we sit in the wings watching the world’s procession pass across the
stage. If it is true that through our contacts we are sprinkled with a
coating of the dry dust of cynicism, that dust was blown away in a
breath, as it were, when our professional brethren who greeted you
overseas broadcast the news of your peerless exploit. To Americans
it brought a spontaneous feeling of pride that you were of their
nationality.
“The whole world was carried off its feet by an accomplishment so
daring, so masterful in execution, so superb in achievement, by the
picture presented of that onrushing chariot of dauntless youth,
flashing across uncharted heavens straight through the storm’s
barrage.
“But if the press, with such an inspiration, performed its mission well,
it found equal inspiration. It performed as fine a mission in
chronicling the subsequent conduct of our young Ambassador of
Good Will. His words and bearing dissipated vapors of
misunderstanding. He personified, to a Europe amazed at the
revelation, the real spirit of America.
“The press should be proud then, if in telling the story of this later
phase in the career of the American boy, it brought to the peoples of
the world a new realization that clean living, clean thinking, fair play
and sportsmanship, modesty of speech and manner, faith in a
mother’s prayers, have a front page news value intriguing
imagination and inviting emulation, and are still potent as
fundamentals of success.”
Postmaster General New then stepped forward and gave Lindbergh
the first special air mail stamp. As he handed it to the flier he said:
“It is as a pilot in the service of the Air Mail that I greet you. There is
no public service devoted to the peace time of the public whose past
and present are attended by the romance that are attached to the
history of the Post Office Department of the United States.
“From the single couriers of the early days, who followed the
uncertain trails through wood and fen on horseback and on foot, the
picturesque riders of the pony express of a later day, who risked their
lives at the hands of savage foes in the wilderness, the drivers who
serve amid the rigors of the frozen North with dog teams and sleds,
to those intrepid pilots who pierce the night with the air mail and of
whom you are a worthy representative, the whole story is set in an
atmosphere of most engaging romance.
“It has no titles to bestow—no medal it can add to those that have
been given in recognition of your splendid achievement. There is one
thing, however, it can do that will everywhere be regarded as most
appropriate. It has issued a stamp designed for special use with the
air mail which bears your name and a representation of the other
member of that very limited partnership in which you made your now
famous journey across seas. It is the first time a stamp has been
issued in honor of a man still living—a distinction which you have
worthily won.
“It is my great pleasure to be privileged to present to you, and to the
mother who gave you to this service, the first two copies of this issue
as the best evidence of the enduring regard of the Post Office
Department of the United States.”
These speeches are quoted because better than almost any other
capturable entity of those days they reflect the wide scope of the
effect Lindbergh’s success had on both governmental and business
routine. Surely it is difficult to conceive of a military victor shaking so
many foundations, no matter what the might of his mailed fist.
Secretary of State Kellogg next presented Lindbergh with a memorial
volume consisting of a compilation of diplomatic exchanges between
the State Department and the Foreign Offices of the world in
connection with the flight. His words lined in a little more of the
bewildering picture of the world’s admiration enfolding before
Lindbergh’s frankly astonished gaze.
“Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh,” he slowly and ponderously began,
staring hard at the object of his eulogy. “On May 20th and 21st,
1927, the world was electrified by the news of your non-stop flight
from New York to Paris. It was a marvelous accomplishment
requiring the highest courage, skill and self-reliance. Probably no act
of a single individual in our day has ever aroused such universal
enthusiasm and admiration. Your great deed is a mile-stone marking
scientific advancement.
“You have been congratulated by Kings and Presidents. You have
listened to the plaudits of thousands and thousands in Europe and
you know the tributes which have been justly paid to you by millions
more. You do not now realize the thousands who have expressed
their congratulations in letters and telegrams. I have had printed in
this little volume only the official telegrams which passed through the
Department of State and I take pleasure in presenting to you this
volume in commemoration of your epochal achievement.
“Along the highway of human progress, as we look back over the last
half century we marvel at the progress in science, the arts and
invention. Truly this is a marvelous age and your daring feat will pass
into the pages of history.”
Then came Dr. Charles G. Abbott, Acting Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institute who informed Lindbergh that the Institute had
decided to award him the Langley “Medal of Pioneers.” This honor
has in the past been bestowed upon a small but distinguished group
such as Orville Wright, Glenn H. Curtiss and Gustave Eiffel. Thus
was added to the tribute of press and state the commendation of one
of the oldest and finest scientific bodies in the world.
Followed next a medley of messages from special organizations.
Greetings from cities touched by Lindbergh in his historic flight from
San Diego to Paris were read. St. Louis sent a moving reminder that
her people were “waiting for you now impatiently ... waiting since that
gray morning when you launched out over the clouds and the sea for
Paris.”
There was one from the British Government, something almost
without precedent when it is considered that its recipient was a
private citizen on a private enterprise. The official bearer read:
“I have been desired by the British Government to express to
Colonel Lindbergh on this occasion in behalf of all the people of
Great Britain their warm congratulations on the safe return home
after his historic flight across the Atlantic. The British people regard
Colonel Lindbergh with special admiration and affection not only for
his great courage and resource, but also for his equally great
modesty in success and generosity in giving their due to other
aviators who have gone before.”

© Wide World Photos

NEW YORK CITY—SPEAKING AT THE CEREMONIES IN

CENTRAL PARK. GOVERNOR SMITH OF NEW YORK BEHIND
THE “MIKE”
 © U. & U.

BROOKLYN, N. Y.—SPEAKING AT THE CEREMONIES IN

PROSPECT PARK

At the end of this bewildering array of orations and gifts the speaker
of the evening was announced. One has only to put oneself in
Lindbergh’s place after reading some of the eloquence listed above
to admire the moral courage it took to face that huge audience and
once more speak with directness and precision of the things nearest
his heart—things often furthest from the burden of the discourse:
“I want to express my appreciation of the reception I’ve met in
America and the welcome I have received here tonight.” It was plain
the flier was going to cover another field than the infinitely delicate
one he had touched earlier in the day. “When I landed at Le Bourget
a few weeks ago, I landed with the expectancy and hope of being
able to see Europe. It was the first time I had ever been abroad. I
had seen a number of interesting things when I flew over Ireland and
Southern England and France. I had only been gone from America
two days or a little less, and I wasn’t in any particular hurry to get
back.
“But by the time I had been in France a week, Belgium a day and
England two or three days—by that time I had opened several
cables from America and talked with three Ambassadors and their
attachés and found that it didn’t make much difference whether I
wanted to stay or not: and while I was informed that it was not
necessarily an order to come back home, there was a battleship
waiting for me.
“The Ambassador said this wasn’t an order, but advice,” the aviator
added.
“So on June 4 I sailed on the Memphis from Cherbourg and this
morning as I came up the Potomac I wasn’t very sorry that I had
listened to it.
“There were several things I saw in Europe that are of interest to
American aviation. All Europe looks on our air mail service with
reverence. There is nothing like it anywhere abroad.
“But, whereas we have airlines, they have passenger lines. All
Europe is covered with a network of lines carrying passengers
between all the big cities. Now it is up to us to create and develop
passenger lines that compare with our mail routes. For this we have
natural advantages in the great distances here that lend themselves
to rapid transportation by air. Moreover, we can make these long
trips without the inconvenience of passing over international
boundaries.
“The question comes up, ‘Why has Europe got ahead of us in
commercial airlines?’ The reason is, of course, that the Governments
over there give subsidies. I don’t think we want any subsidies over
here. Of course, if we had them they would create passenger lines
overnight, so to speak, but in the long run the airlines, the distance
they covered and the routes would be controlled entirely by the
subsidies.
“What we need now more than any other one thing is a series of
airports in every city and town throughout the United States. Given
these airports, in a very few years the nations of Europe would be
looking toward our passenger lines as they now look at our mail
routes.”
Sunday was another full day. Under able guidance of the Chief
Executive, Lindbergh did the things every good American would
expect him to do. And, as one who has seen the lad at close range,
we can say that he did them gladly and with profound appreciation
for the privilege of doing them. After you come to know him you find
out that’s the kind he is.
He went to church with President and Mrs. Coolidge. Accompanied
by his mother he laid a wreath upon the tomb of the Unknown
Soldier in the great memorial amphitheatre in Arlington Cemetery.
He drove to Georgetown and visited the wounded soldiers at Walter
Reed Hospital. He attended a celebration in honor of the 150th
anniversary of the American flag, for which services were held on the
steps of the Capitol and presided over by Charles Evans Hughes.
It was at this last ceremony that Lindbergh received the Cross of
Honor. His response to the honor was brief and typically to the point.
He declared that credit for his flight should “not go to the pilot alone
but to American science and genius which had given years of study
to the advancement of aeronautics.”
“Some things should be taken into consideration in connection with
our flight that have not heretofore been given due weight. That is just
what made this flight possible. It was not the act of a single pilot. It
was the culmination of twenty years of aeronautical research and the
assembling together of all that was practicable and best in American
aviation. It represented American industry.
“In addition to this consideration should be given the scientific
researches that have been in progress for countless centuries. All of
this should have consideration in apportioning credit for the flight.
Credit should go not alone to the pilot, but to the other factors that I
have briefly enumerated. I thank you.”
This was the day well worthy of what Lindbergh had done and what
he stood for. And again, by the spiritual values it comprised, it struck
the inspirational note which had dominated almost everything the lad
has done or said from the moment of his landing at Le Bourget to the
moment of this writing.
Is it any wonder that the populace responded as it did?
 V
NEW YORK

ON Monday morning, June 13, Lindbergh rose at dawn and reached

the Mayflower Hotel at 6:45 a.m. for breakfast with the National
Aeronautical Association, which conferred a life membership upon
him.
He reached Bolling Field outside Washington at about 7:30 a.m.
Here rose the only incident to mar his otherwise flawless happiness
in the welcome he had received. His plane refused to “mote.” It didn’t
actually rebel. But there was sufficient irregularity in its engine to
discourage him from risking delay when New York City was almost
every minute voicing its impatience that he hurry to the celebration
awaiting him there. A pursuit plane was quickly obtained from an
army field and he was soon in the air with his escort of more than a
score of ships.
The course of the group led them over Baltimore, Wilmington and
Philadelphia. Eyewitnesses later reported that demonstrations took
place at every one of these places as the air cavalcade went by. Of
course those in the planes, thousands of feet in the air and deafened
by the roar of their motors, heard nothing of the bells and whistles
that saluted them as they passed.
Lindbergh arrived at Mitchel Field about noon. As he had flown in a
land plane and was to be met in the lower harbor by the mayor’s
yacht, he had to make a quick change to an amphibian. This ship
happened to be the San Francisco which had but recently returned
from her “good-will” flight to South America.
She took-off from dry land and a few minutes later volplaned down to
the water just above the Narrows.
Here a sight met Lindbergh’s eyes that old harbor inhabitants
declare was absolutely without precedent in the marine annals of
New York. Even the famous Hudson-Fulton Exposition with its vast
water parades and maneuvers was exceeded.
In the sparkling sunshine of a perfect June morning was gathered
half a thousand vessels of every kind and description. Excursion
boats, yachts, tugs, motor boats, launches, fireboats, even dredges,
formed the spectacular array of shipping gathered to meet the man
who had made the proudest of surface craft, the ocean liner, a back
number on the sea.
A police launch swung up to the San Francisco and took Lindbergh
aboard. He was brought to the Macom, yacht of the Mayor of New
York, amid a deafening chorus of whistles. Indeed, so great was the
din that conversation among the welcoming committees was quite
impossible and remained so throughout the hour’s voyage to the
Battery.
As the Macom moved forward the huge disorderly fleet of crowding
vessels swung into rough column behind her. Massive ocean going
tugs and fireboats clung close aboard to guard her from too curious
craft who sought to wedge their way in toward the yacht for a better
look at the bare-headed boy standing atop her pilot house.
As in Washington, the air was well filled with planes. Their motors’
roar lent a sort of solemn undertone to the shrieking chorus of
whistles and sirens.
There was an interview below decks. It was not very successful. The
whistles made too much noise and Lindbergh very properly refused
to discuss his “feelings”, which are meat and drink to the writing
man.
It was estimated that 300,000 people were massed in the vicinity of
the Battery when the Macom hove alongside. Lining the streets clear
to Central Park was a multitude that was variously estimated from
3,000,000 to 4,500,000. Scores of people were in their places before
eight a.m. on upper Fifth Avenue. Lindbergh did not pass them until
three p.m. Traffic was disrupted. Police control was strained to its
utmost.
As evidence of the almost unanimous turnout for the occasion, the
Police Department of the City issued special instructions to all
citizens about leaving their houses protected against thieves,
something that hadn’t been done for a generation.
When the cavalcade with Lindbergh leading started up Broadway
there came the famous New York “snow storm” consisting of a
myriad paper bits and confetti streamers floating downward from the
skyscrapers. Photographs do scant justice to the spectacle.
At the City Hall Mayor Walker expressed the city’s sentiments with a
felicity that deserves their record here. He spoke more informally
than most had spoken in Washington; by the same token he echoed
through his easily forgivable eloquence much that the inarticulate
thousands waiting without the lines would like to have said.
He struck right at the heart of things when he began:
“Let me dispense with any unnecessary official side or function,
Colonel, by telling you that if you have prepared yourself with any
letters of introduction to New York City they are not necessary.
“Everybody all over the world, in every language, has been telling
you and the world about yourself. You have been told time after time
where you were born, where you went to school, and that you have
done the supernatural thing of an air flight from New York to Paris. I
am satisfied that you have become convinced of it by this time.
“And it is not my purpose to reiterate any of the wonderful things that
have been so beautifully spoken and written about you and your
triumphal ride across the ocean. But while it has become almost
axiomatic, it sometimes seems prosaic to refer to you as a great
diplomat, because after your superhuman adventure, by your
modesty, by your grace, by your gentlemanly American conduct, you
have left no doubt of that. But the one thing that occurs to me that
has been overlooked in all the observations that have been made of
you is that you are a great grammarian, and that you have given
added significance and a deeper definition to the word ‘we.’
“We have heard, and we are familiar with, the editorial ‘we,’ but not
until you arrived in Paris did we learn of the aeronautical ‘we.’ Now
you have given to the world a flying pronoun.
“That ‘we’ that you used was perhaps the only word that would have
suited the occasion and the great accomplishment that was yours.
That all-inclusive word ‘we’ was quite right, because you were not all
alone in the solitude of the sky and the sea, because every American
heart, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, was beating for you. Every
American, every soul throughout the world, was riding with you in
spirit, urging you on and cheering you on to the great
accomplishment that is yours.
“That ‘we’ was a vindication of the courage, of the intelligence, of the
confidence and the hopes of Nungesser and Coli, now only alive in
the prayers and the hearts of the people of the entire world. That ‘we’
that you coined was well used, because it gave an added
significance and additional emphasis to the greatest of any and all
ranks, the word of faith, and turned the hearts of all the people of the
civilized world to your glorious mother, whose spirit was your spirit,
whose confidence was your confidence, and whose pride was your
pride; the ‘we’ that includes all that has made the entire world stand
and gasp at your great feat, and that ‘we’ also sent out to the world
another message and brought happiness to the people of America,
and admiration and additional popularity for America and Americans
by all the peoples of the European countries.
“Colonel Lindbergh, on this very platform are the diplomatic corps,
the diplomatic representatives of all the countries of the civilized
world; but before you and around you are the peoples themselves of
all the countries of the civilized world, foregathered in this city, the
greatest cosmopolitan institution in all the world; the peoples who
have come from the forty-eight States of the Union and from every
country of the civilized world; and here today, as Chief Magistrate of
this city, the world city, the gateway to America, the gateway through
which peoples from the world have come in the search for liberty and
freedom—and have found it—here today let it be written and let it be
observed that the Chief Magistrate of this great city, the son of an
immigrant, is here to welcome as the world’s greatest hero, another
son of an immigrant.
“What more need I call to your attention, in view of the busy life that
you have been leading and have the right to expect to lead? What
more can we say as we foregather in the streets of this old city? And
today, not by the words alone of the Mayor, or the beautifully written
words of a scroll, as you stand here I am sure you hear something
even more eloquent and glorious. You can hear the heart-beats of
six millions of people that live in this the City of New York. And the
story they tell is one of pride, is one of admiration for courage and
intelligence; is one that has been born out of and is predicated upon
the fact that as you went over the ocean you inscribed on the
heavens themselves a beautiful rainbow of hope and courage and
confidence in mankind.
“Colonel Lindbergh, New York City is yours—I don’t give it to you;
you won it. New York not only wants me to tell you of the love and
appreciation that it has for your great venture, but is deeply and
profoundly grateful for the fact that again you have controverted all
the old rules and made new ones of your own, and kind of cast aside
temporarily even the weather prophets, and have given us a
beautiful day.
“So, just another word of the happiness, the distinction and the pride
which the City of New York has today to find you outside this
historical building, sitting side by side with your glorious mother,
happy to find you both here, that we might have the opportunity and
a close-up, to tell you that like the rest of the world—but because we
are so much of the world, even with a little greater enthusiasm than
you might find in any other place in the world—I congratulate you
and welcome you into the world city, that you may look the world in
the face.”
Mayor Walker pinned the Medal of Valor upon the lapel of
Lindbergh’s coat. Whereupon Lindbergh for the first time gave in
some detail his sense of the size of the welcome he had received:
“When I was preparing to leave New York, I was warned that if we
landed at Le Bourget we might receive a rather demonstrative
reception. After having an hour of Le Bourget I did not believe that
anyone in New York had the slightest conception of what we did
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