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6G: The Next Horizon

The first book on 6G wireless presents an overall vision for 6G – an era of intelligence-
of-everything – with drivers, key capabilities, use cases, KPIs, and the technology
innovations that will shape it. These innovations include immersive human-centric
communication, sensing, localization, and imaging, connected machine learning and
networked AI, Industry 4.0 and beyond, with connected intelligence, smart cities and
life, and the satellite mega-constellation for 3D full-Earth wireless coverage. Also
covered are new air interface and networking technologies, integrated sensing and
communications, and integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks. In addition,
novel network architectures to enable networked AI, user-centric networks, and native
trustworthiness are discussed. Essential reading for researchers in academia and indus-
try working on B5G wireless communications.

Wen Tong is the CTO of Huawei Wireless and is the Huawei 5G chief scientist.
Dr. Tong is also an IEEE Fellow and a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of
Engineering. He was the recipient of the IEEE Communications Society Distinguished
Industry Leader Award, and the R. A. Fessenden Medal.

Peiying Zhu is Senior Vice President of Wireless Research at Huawei and is a Huawei
Fellow. She is also an IEEE Fellow and a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of
Engineering.
“This is the first comprehensive book on 5G, beyond 5G, and 6G written by experts in
the field. It elaborates very clearly the potential of 5G and future enhancements before
outlining the 6G vision and technical challenges. I highly recommend this book to all
in academia and industry who are interested in advanced research.”
Rahim Tafazolli, University of Surrey, UK
6G: The Next Horizon
From Connected People and Things to Connected
Intelligence

Edited by

WEN TONG
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada

PEIYING ZHU
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom
One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India
79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108839327
DOI: 10.1017/9781108989817
© Cambridge University Press 2021
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2021
Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ Books Limited, Padstow Cornwall
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-108-83932-7 Hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
 Contents

List of Contributors page xiv

Preface xix
List of Abbreviations xxi

Part I Introduction 1

1 Mobile Communications Towards 2030 and Beyond 3

1.1 Evolution of Mobile Communications 3
1.2 Key Drivers 5
1.3 Overall Vision 11
1.3.1 Key Technology Trends 15
1.3.2 Typical Use Cases 21
1.3.3 Target KPIs 24
1.4 Structure of the Book 26
References 28

Part II Use Cases and Target KPIs 31

Introduction to Part II 33

2 Extremely Immersive Human-Centric Experience 34

2.1 Ultimate Immersive Cloud VR 34
2.1.1 Transmission Latency Requirements 35
2.1.2 Throughput Requirements 38
2.1.3 Summary of Main Requirements for Ultimate VR 39
2.2 Haptic and Multi-Sensory Communication 40
2.2.1 Teleoperation in Highly Dynamic Environments 41
2.2.2 Main Requirements for Highly Dynamic Teleoperation 42
2.3 Glass-Free 3D and Holographic Displays 43
2.3.1 Background of Glass-Free 3D Displays 43
2.3.2 Glass-Free 3D Image Reconstruction Techniques 44
2.3.3 Resolution and Latency Requirements 45
2.3.4 Main Requirements for Glass-Free 3D Displays 45
References 46
vi Contents

3 Sensing, Localization, and Imaging 47

3.1 High-Accuracy Localization 47
3.1.1 Absolute Localization 49
3.1.2 Relative Localization 49
3.1.3 Semantic Localization 50
3.2 Simultaneous Imaging, Mapping, and Localization 51
3.2.1 Simultaneous Localization and Mapping 52
3.2.2 Indoor Imaging and Mapping 52
3.2.3 Outdoor Imaging and Mapping 53
3.3 Augmented Human Sensing 54
3.3.1 Seeing Beyond the Eye – Ultra-High Resolution 55
3.3.2 Seeing Beyond the Eye – Making the Invisible Visible 55
3.3.3 Seeing Beyond the Eye – Spectrogram Recognition 56
3.4 Gesture and Activity Recognition 57
3.4.1 Contactless Control – Macro Recognition 58
3.4.2 Contactless Control – Micro Recognition 59
References 60

4 Full-Capability Industry 4.0 and Beyond 61

4.1 Factory of the Future 62
4.2 Motion Control 64
4.3 Collaborative Robots in a Group 64
4.4 From Intelligent Cobots to Cyborgs 65
References 67

5 Smart City and Smart Life 68

5.1 Smart Transportation 68
5.2 Smart Building 70
5.3 Smart Healthcare 71
5.4 Smart Services Enabled by UAV 72
References 74

6 Global Coverage for Mobile Services 75

6.1 Broadband Wireless Access for the Unconnected 75
6.1.1 Mobile Broadband for the Unconnected 76
6.1.2 Broadband Connection on the Move 77
6.1.3 First Responder Communication and Disaster Relief 78
6.2 Wide-Ranging IoT Services Extended to Unconnected Locations 79
6.3 High-Precision Positioning and Navigation 79
6.4 Real-Time Earth Observation and Protection 80
References 81
 Contents vii

7 Connected Machine Learning and Networked AI 82

7.1 AI-Enhanced 6G Services and Operations 83
7.1.1 AI-Enhanced 6G Network Performance 83
7.1.2 AI-Enhanced Network Operations 84
7.2 6G-Enabled AI Services 85
7.2.1 6G for Collaborative Intelligence and Real-Time Control 85
7.2.2 6G for Large-Scale Intelligence 86
References 87
Summary of Part II 89

Part III Theoretical Foundations 91

Introduction to Part III 93

8 Theoretical Foundations for Native AI and Machine Learning 95

8.1 Fundamental AI Theory 95
8.1.1 Definitions 95
8.1.2 Machine Learning Taxonomy 97
8.1.3 Information Theoretic Principle of DNN 99
8.1.4 DNN Implementations 101
8.2 Distributed AI Theory 102
8.3 Dynamic Bayesian Network Theory 105
References 110

9 Theoretical Foundations for Massive Capacity and Connectivity 112

9.1 Electromagnetic Information Theory 112
9.2 Large-Scale Communication Theory 116
References 121

10 Theoretical Foundations for Future Machine Type Communications 125

10.1 Semantic Communication Theory 125
10.2 Super-Resolution Theory 129
References 132

11 Theoretical Foundations for Energy-Efficient Systems 134

11.1 Energy-Efficient Communication and Computation Theory 134
11.2 Green AI Theory 136
References 138
Summary of Part III 140
viii Contents

Part IV New Elements 143

Introduction to Part IV 145

12 New Spectrum 146

12.1 Global Spectrum Allocation of 5G up to 2020 147
12.2 6G Spectrum Requirements 148
12.3 Mid-Bands Remain the Most Cost-Effective Way for Wide Coverage 149
12.4 Millimeter Wave Bands Become Mature in the 6G Era 152
12.5 THz Bands Open New Possibilities for Sensing and Communication 154
References 157

13 New Channels 158

13.1 New Requirements of 6G Channel Modeling 159
13.2 Channel Measurement in 6G 161
13.2.1 Channel Measurement in New Spectrum 161
13.2.2 Channel Measurement in New Scenarios 164
References 166

14 New Materials 168

14.1 Silicon Advancement 168
14.2 Heterogeneous III-V Material Platform 169
14.3 Reconfigurable Material 170
14.4 Photonic Crystal 171
14.5 Photovoltaics Material and Photodetector 171
14.6 Plasmonic Material 172
References 173

15 New Antennas 176

15.1 Photoconductive Lens Antenna 177
15.2 Reflectarray and Transmitarray 177
15.3 Metasurfaces 178
15.4 Nano-Photodetectors 180
15.5 Antenna-on-Chip and Antenna-in-Package 180
15.6 Orbital Angular Momentum 181
References 182

16 THz Technology 184

16.1 THz Components 184
16.1.1 Electronic Approach 185
16.1.2 Hybrid and Photonic Approaches 189
 Contents ix

16.2 THz Systems 191

16.2.1 THz Communication Systems 191
16.2.2 THz Imaging and Sensing Systems 192
16.3 Challenges 193
References 194

17 Post Moore’s Law Computing 201

17.1 Post Moore’s Law Era 201
17.2 Neuromorphic Computing 202
17.3 Quantum Computing 204
17.4 New Computing Architectures 205
References 207

18 New Devices 208

18.1 Future Mobile Devices 208
18.2 Future Brain and Device Interface 213
18.3 New Wearable 215
References 216
Summary of Part IV 218

Part V Enabling Technologies for 6G Air Interface Design 219

Introduction to Part V 221

19 Intelligent Air Interface Framework 225

19.1 Background and Motivations 225
19.2 Overview of Existing Technologies 226
19.2.1 Spectrum Utilization and Energy Efficiency in NR 226
19.2.2 AI/ML for the PHY Layer 227
19.2.3 AI/ML for the MAC Layer 228
19.3 New Design Expectations and Potential Research Directions 229
19.3.1 AI-Enabled Personalized Air Interface 230
19.3.2 E2E AI-Based Link Design and Open Problems 236
References 238

20 Integrated Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Communication 241

20.1 Background and Motivations 241
20.2 Overview of Existing Solutions 242
20.3 New Design Expectations and Potential Research Directions 245
20.3.1 Integrated Multi-Layer Network 245
20.3.2 Enhanced Non-Terrestrial Communications 249
References 252
x Contents

21 Integrated Sensing and Communication 254

21.1 Background and Motivations 254
21.2 Overview of Existing Solutions 255
21.3 New Design Expectations and Potential Research Directions 258
21.3.1 System Design Aspects for Integrated Sensing and
Communications 258
21.3.2 RF Sensing Design and Algorithms 264
References 268

22 New Waveforms and Modulation Schemes 271

22.1 Background and Motivation 271
22.2 Overview of Existing Solutions 272
22.2.1 Multi-Carrier Waveforms 273
22.2.2 Single-Carrier Waveforms 278
22.2.3 Modulation Schemes 280
22.2.4 Sensing Waveforms 281
22.3 New Design Expectations and Potential Research Directions 282
References 285

23 New Coding 289

23.1 Background and Motivations 289
23.2 Channel Coding Schemes 290
23.2.1 Background 290
23.2.2 Target KPIs of 6G Channel Coding 291
23.2.3 6G Channel Coding Design Principles 293
23.3 Joint Source and Channel Coding 297
23.3.1 Research Background 297
23.3.2 JSCC Based on ML 298
23.3.3 6G JSCC Design Principles 300
23.4 PHY Network Coding 301
23.4.1 Background 301
23.4.2 6G PHY Network Coding Design Principles 303
References 304

24 New Multiple Access 309

24.1 Background and Motivations 309
24.2 Overview of Existing Solutions 310
24.2.1 Orthogonal Multiple Access 310
24.2.2 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access 312
24.2.3 Grant-Free MA 317
24.3 New Design Expectations and Potential Research Directions 319
24.3.1 MA for Large-Capacity URLLC Services 319
 Contents xi

24.3.2 MA for Extremely Low-Cost and Low-Power Devices 320

24.3.3 MA for Super-Massive Connectivity 321
24.3.4 MA for Robust Beamforming 321
24.3.5 MA with AI Assistance 322
References 322

25 Ultra-Massive MIMO 325

25.1 Background and Motivations 325
25.2 Overview of Existing Solutions 325
25.2.1 MIMO Technologies for FR1 326
25.2.2 MIMO Support for FR2 327
25.2.3 Cooperative MIMO 328
25.3 Emerging MIMO Technologies 330
25.3.1 THz MIMO 330
25.3.2 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces 332
25.3.3 Extremely Large Aperture Arrays 333
25.3.4 AI-Assisted MIMO 334
25.3.5 Other Potential MIMO Technologies 336
25.4 New Design Expectations and Potential Research Directions 339
25.4.1 Sensing-Assisted MIMO 340
25.4.2 Controllable Radio Channel and Topology 341
25.4.3 MIMO at FR2 and THz 342
25.4.4 Extremely Large Aperture Arrays 344
25.4.5 AI-Enabled MIMO 344
References 346

26 Integrated Super-Sidelink and Access Link Communication 353

26.1 Background and Motivations 353
26.2 Overview of Existing Solutions 355
26.3 New Design Expectations and Potential Research Directions 357
26.3.1 Enabling Technologies for Super-Sidelinks 357
26.3.2 Integration of Super-Sidelinks with Access Links as
One Design 357
References 359
Summary of Part V 360

Part VI New Features for 6G Network Architecture Design 361

Introduction to Part VI 363

27 Technologies for the Network AI Architecture 367

27.1 Background 367
27.2 Design Considerations and Principles 368
27.2.1 Key Requirements 368
xii Contents

27.2.2 Gaps 369

27.3 Architectural Features 370
27.3.1 Overall Design Scope 370
27.3.2 Task-Oriented Communication 372
27.3.3 Deeply Converged Computing and Communication at Edges 374
27.3.4 AI Service Operations and Management 377
References 378

28 User-Centric Architecture Technologies 379

28.1 Background 379
28.2 Design Considerations and Principles 380
28.2.1 Lessons Learned from Current Networks 380
28.2.2 Key Requirements 382
28.3 Architecture Features 385
28.3.1 Decentralized Architecture for User-Centric Design 385
28.3.2 Fusion of the Physical and Cyber Worlds 387
28.3.3 Digital Asset Management 390
References 391

29 Native Trustworthiness 392

29.1 Background of Trustworthiness 392
29.1.1 From Philosophy to Society 392
29.1.2 From Society to Industry 392
29.2 Complex Communication Trustworthiness 394
29.3 Trustworthiness Design Rules 395
29.3.1 Principles 395
29.3.2 Objectives 397
29.4 Trustworthiness Technologies 398
29.4.1 Multi-Lateral Trust Model 398
29.4.2 Distributed Ledger Technology 400
29.4.3 Post Quantum Cryptography 401
29.4.4 Autonomous Security 402
References 403

30 Data Governance Architecture Technologies 406

30.1 Background 406
30.2 Design Considerations and Principles 406
30.3 Architecture Features 408
30.3.1 Independent Data Plane 409
30.3.2 Data Governance Multi-Player Roles 409
30.3.3 Data Resource 410
30.3.4 Data Collection 411
 Contents xiii

30.3.5 Data Analytics 411

30.3.6 Data Desensitization 412
References 413

31 Multi-Player Ecosystem Architecture Technologies 415

31.1 Background 415
31.2 Design Considerations and Principles 416
31.3 Architecture Features 417
31.3.1 Distributed Ledger Technology 418
31.3.2 Multi-Player Platform 420
31.3.3 Identity Management 421
31.3.4 Data Management 422
31.3.5 Network Control 423
31.3.6 Operation and Business Support 425
References 426

32 Non-Terrestrial Network Integrated Architecture Technologies 428

32.1 Background 428
32.2 Design Considerations and Principles 430
32.2.1 Satellite Constellation 431
32.2.2 Low Latency at Global Scale 432
32.2.3 Connectivity Provisioning 433
32.2.4 Multi-Service Capability 433
32.3 Architecture Features 434
32.3.1 Latency 434
32.3.2 Connectivity Models 440
32.3.3 Routing in Space 441
32.3.4 Operations, Administration, and Maintenance 443
References 444
Summary of Part VI 445

Part VII Summary and Future Work 447

33 6G Ecosystem and Roadmap 449

33.1 6G Initiatives and Ecosystem 449
33.1.1 ITU-R Initiatives 449
33.1.2 Regional Activities 449
33.1.3 Views from Industry and Academia 451
33.2 Roadmap to 2030 453
References 455

Index 458
Abbreviations

3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

5G 5th generation of mobile communication
5GAA 5G automative association
5G-ACIA 5G alliance for connected industries and automation
ACLR Adjacent channel leakage ratio
ADC Analog-to-digital converter
AE Auto encoder
AGV Automated guided vehicle
AI Artificial intelligence
AIaaS AI as a service
AMC Adaptive modulation and coding
AMI Antagonist myoneural interface
AMP Approximate message passing
ANC Analog network coding
ANN Artificial neural network
AoA Angle of arrival
AoD Angle of departure
APSK Amplitude phase shift keying
AR Augmented reality
A-SIC Application-specific integrated circuits
ATIS Alliance for telecommunications industry solutions
AWGN Additive white Gaussian noise
B2B Business-to-business
BCH Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem
BCI Brain–computer interface
BER Bit error rate
BICM Bit-interleaved coded modulation
BLAST Bell Laboratories layered space time
BLER Block error rate
BN Bayesian network
BP Belief propagation
BPSK Binary phase shift keying
CA Carrier aggregation
CAGR Compound annual growth rate
xxii List of Abbreviations

CAPEX Capital expenditure

CAPL Concurrent passive and active localization
CC Component carrier
CCSA China communications standards association
CDMA Code division multiple access
CEM Computational electromagnetic
CJT Coherent joint transmission
CN Core network
CNN Convolutional neural network
CNT Carbon nanotube
CoMP Coordinated multipoint
CP Cyclic prefix
CS Compressed sensing
CSI Channel state information
CT Computed tomography
CU Control unit
CWS Continuous wave spectroscopy
D2D Device-to-device
DAC Digital-to-analog converter
DBN Dynamic Bayesian network
DC Dual connectivity
DFT Discrete Fourier transform
DL Downlink
DLT Distributed ledger technology
DMRS Demodulation reference signals
DNN Deep neural network
DoF Degrees of freedom
DoU Data of usage
DPC Dirty paper coding
DRL Deep reinforcement learning
DRX Discontinuous reception
DSS Dynamic spectrum sharing
E2E End-to-end
EEG Electroencephalography
EIT Electromagnetic information theory
ELAA Extremely large aperture arrays
eMBB Enhanced mobile broadband
EMG Electromyography
ESPRIT Estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques
EVM Error vector magnitude
FBMC Filter bank multi-carrier
FDD Frequency division duplex
FDMA Frequency division multiple access
FEC Forward error correction
 List of Abbreviations xxiii

FFT Fast Fourier transform

FinFET Fin field-effect transistor
FMCW Frequency modulated continuous wave
f-OFDM Filtered OFDM
FOV Field of view
FPGA Field programmable gate arrays
FPS Frames per second
GaAs Gallium arsenide
GAN Generative adversarial network
GB Grant-based
GBSM Geometry-based stochastic model
GDP Gross domestic product
GDPR General Data Protection Regulation
GEM General expectation maximization
GEO Geostationary earth orbit
GF Grant-free
GFDM Generalized frequency-division multiplexing
GNSS Global navigation satellite system
GPS Global positioning system
GPU Graphics processing unit
GQD-PD Graphene photodetector sensitized with semiconducting quantum
dots photodetectors
GSMA Global System for Mobile Communications Association
HAP High-altitude platform
HAPSs High-altitude platform stations
HARQ Hybrid automatic repeat request
HBT Heterojunction bipolar transistors
HEMT High electron mobility transistors
HMI Human–machine interface
HMM Hidden Markov model
Holo-MIMO Holographic MIMO
IaaS Infrastructure as a service
IAB Integrated access and backhaul
IB Information bottleneck
ICI Inter-carrier interference
ICT Information and communications technology
IDFT Inverse discrete Fourier transform
IDMA Interleave-division multiple access
IFFT Inverse fast Fourier transform
IGMA Interleave-grid multiple access
IMT International mobile telecommunication
InH Indoor hotspot
InP Indium phosphide
IoE Internet of everything
xxiv List of Abbreviations

IRS Intelligent reflecting surface

ISAC Integrated sensing and communication
JSCC Joint source and channel coding
KPI Key performance indicator
LDPC Low-density parity-check
LED Light emitting diode
LEO Low-earth-orbit
LIDAR Light detection and ranging
LIS Large intelligent surface
LLR Log likelihood ratio
LNA Low-noise amplifier
Log-MAP Logarithmic maximum a posteriori
LOS Line-of-sight
LSTM Long short-term memory
LTE Long-term evolution
LTE-A LTE-advanced
LVDM Lagrange–Vandermonde division multiplexing
M2M Machine-to-machine
MA Multiple access
MAC Media access control
MARL Multi-agent reinforcement learning
MCS Modulation and coding scheme
MDP Markov decision process
MEC Mobile edge computing
MEO Medium earth orbit
ML Machine learning
MMSE Minimum mean square error
mMTC Massive machine type of communication
mmWave Millimeter wave
MNO Mobile network operator
MOSFET Metal-oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor
MP Matching pursuit
MR Mixed reality
MRI Magnetic resonance imaging
MTP Motion-to-photon
MUD Multi-user detection
MUSA Multi-user shared access
MUSIC Multiple signal classification
MUST Multi-user superposition transmission
NASA National aeronautics and space administration
NB-IoT Narrowband Internet of things
NCJT Non-coherent joint transmission
NEP Noise-equivalent power
NFI Near-field imaging
 List of Abbreviations xxv

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology

NLP Natural language processing
NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance
NOMA Non-orthogonal multiple access
NR New radio
NTN Non-terrestrial network
OA&M Operations, administration, and maintenance
OAM Orbital angular momentum
OAMP Orthogonal approximate message passing
OFDM Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
OFDMA Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
OMA Orthogonal multiple access
OMP Orthogonal matching pursuit
OOBE Out-of-band emission
OPEX Operational expenditure
OQAM Offset QAM
OSS Operation support system
OT Operational technology
OTFS Orthogonal time–frequency space
OTP One-time pad
OTT Over-the-top
OWC Optical wireless communication
P2P Point-to-point
PA Power amplifier
PaaS Platform as a service
PAE Power-added efficiency
PAPR Peak-to-average power ratio
PAR Packet arrival rate
PC Photonic crystal
PCA Photoconductive antenna
PCE Photo conversion efficiency
PDMA Pattern division multiple access
PDR Packet drop rate
PDSCH Physical downlink shared channel
PHY Physical layer
PLE Path loss exponent
PNC Physical-layer network coding
PPD Pixel per angular degree
PQC Post quantum cryptography
QAM Quadrature amplitude modulation
QD Quantum dot
QHA Quadrifilar helix antenna
QoS Quality of service
RACH Random access channel
xxvi List of Abbreviations

RAN Radio access network

RCN Radio computing node
RE Resource element
ReLU Rectified linear unit
RF Radio frequency
RIS Reconfigurable intelligent surface
RL Reinforcement learning
RM Reed–Muller
RNN Recurrent neural network
RRC Radio resource control
RRH Remote radio head
RS Reference signal
RSMA Resource spread multiple access
RSRP Reference signal received power
RTT Round-trip time
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
SCL Successive cancellation list
SCMA Sparse code multiple access
SDG Sustainable development goal
SDMA Space division multiple access
SEEG Stereoelectroencephalography
SeGW Security gateway
SIC Successive interference cancellation
SiN Silicon neuron
SLAM Simultaneous localization and mapping
SLM Spatial light modulator
SNR Signal-to-noise ratio
SP-OFDM Spectrally precoded OFDM
SPP Surface plasmon polariton
SRR Split-ring-resonator
SRS Sounding reference signal
SSB Synchronization signal blocks
STBC Space–time block codes
SWC Surface wave communication
TCA Tightly coupled array
TDD Time division duplex
TDL-C Tapped-delay line channel
TDMA Time division multiple access
TDS Time domain spectroscopy
THz Terahertz
TN Transport network
TPC Terminal-pipe-cloud
TR Time reversal
TTI Transmission time interval
 List of Abbreviations xxvii

UAV Unmanned aerial vehicle

UCN User-centric network
UCNC User-centric no cell
UFMC Universal filtered multi-carrier
UN United Nations
URLLC Ultra-reliable low-latency communication
UWB Ultra-wideband
V2I Vehicle-to-infrastructure
V2V Vehicle-to-vehicle
V2X Vehicle-to-everything
VAE Variational auto encoder
VLC Visible light communication
VLEO Very low earth orbit
VLSI Very-large-scale integration
VR Virtual reality
W-OFDM Windowed OFDM
WRC World Radiocommunication Conference
XOR Exclusive OR
Contributors
Note: Contributors are listed alphabetically by surname.

Arashmid Akhavain
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
Xueli An
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Germany
Hadi Baligh
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
Alireza Bayesteh
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
Jean-Claude Belfiore
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., France
Xiaoyan Bi
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Yan Chen
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
Wenshuan Dang
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Merouane Debbah
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., France
Yiqun Ge
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
Huanhuan Gu
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
Maxime Guillaud
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., France
Gaoning He
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
 List of Contributors xv

Jia He
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Artur Hecker
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Germany
Huang Huang
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Rong Li
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Xu Li
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
Yanchun Li
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., France
Zhongfeng Li
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Hui Lin
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Yingpei Lin
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Germany
Fei Liu
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Singapore
Yong Liu
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Jianmin Lu
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Hejia Luo
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Jiajin Luo
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Yongxia Lv
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Jianglei Ma
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
Mengyao Ma
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
xvi List of Contributors

Amine Maaref
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
Michael Mayer
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
Rui Ni
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Chenghui Peng
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Morris Repeta
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
Xueliang Shi
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Huan Sun
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Rob Sun
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
Danny Kai Pin Tan
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Hao Tang
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Wei Tan
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Wen Tong
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
Guangjian Wang
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Jian Wang
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Jun Wang
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.,China
Lei Wang
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
David Wessel
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
 List of Contributors xvii

Jianjun Wu
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Xun Xiao
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Germany
Xiuqiang Xu
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Xueqiang Yan
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Chenchen Yang
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Xun Yang
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Ziming Yu
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Kun Zeng
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Chunqing Zhang
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Hang Zhang
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
Huazi Zhang
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Liqing Zhang
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
Mingyu Zhao
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China
Peiying Zhu
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Canada
Preface

Wireless revolutions certainly necessitate the development of innovative, disruptive

technologies and groundbreaking applications. When these two forces meet, a new
generation of wireless technology emerges. This is exactly what happened when
mobile voice and digitalized radio transmission converged, and when the mobile
Internet came together with highly spectral efficient radio technology tailored towards
the IP protocol. The recent 5G wireless network seeks to achieve wireless connectivity
for both massive and ultra-high reliable links, ultimately connecting everything as we
know it, and accelerating the digital transformation of every business. Building on the
steps of 5G, the 6G wireless network has set a ubiquitous intelligence revolution as
the goal. In actuality, 6G will serve as our society’s neural network, and as the link
between the physical and cyber worlds. Artificial intelligence (AI) based on machine
learning will power 6G, and within this realm, our future will fully transform from
connected people, connected things to connected intelligence. Phrased differently, the
6G wireless network aims to deliver intelligence to every person, home, and business,
which in turn will bring the Intelligence of Everything into existence. From the
wireless technology perspective, we are presented with the opportunity to sense the
environment and things by exploiting wireless communication radio waves. As such,
in addition to transferring bits, the 6G wireless network could serve as networked
sensors that extract real-time knowledge and big data from the physical world. This
extracted information will not only go a long way in enhancing data transmission,
but will also facilitate machine learning for AI services. Another novel aspect, which
is definitely worth remembering, is the expansion of VLEO satellites, which orbit
the earth at very low altitude in very large constellations, ultimately creating 6G
wireless networks “in the sky.” As a result, wireless services and applications that
are covered anywhere and everywhere on our planet will not be beyond imagination.
Without doubt, this vision is immensely ambitious and will impact both our society
and economy substantially. On top of that, the creation of the 6G wireless network
will seize the opportunities offered by technological innovations in communications,
computing, materials, and algorithms. That said, this decade-long journey will not be
accomplished overnight.
In this book, we provide a comprehensive view of the 6G wireless network through
a technology lens. Our motivation is to introduce some of the initial research results
and critical thinking on the 6G wireless network. Not only do we review cutting-edge
wireless services and technologies; we also explore the requirements, capabilities, and
xx Preface

applications of this network, with an emphasis on the new radio air interface and
network architecture. This book serves as a collective result of our research team’s
quest to define 6G. With that in mind, it should be viewed as a starting point, espe-
cially due to the fact that innovation never stops. Along those lines, 6G’s trajectory
will eventually be shaped by experts around the globe, as we hold firmly that open
innovation and a single, globally unified standard are the foundation upon which 6G’s
success will be built. Just like its predecessors, the success of the 6G wireless network
will translate into the success of the open and global ecosystem.
Finally, the wireless revolution we are familiar with today has been in progress for
over four decades, with a widespread impact that continues to surpass all expectations.
As such, we can neither underestimate nor overestimate the potential of the wireless
future. With this spirit, let’s recall that Guglielmo Marconi once asserted in 1932 that
“it is dangerous to put limits on wireless.”
Part I

Introduction
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Governor
of Glave
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: The Governor of Glave

Author: Keith Laumer

Illustrator: Jack Gaughan

Release date: February 20, 2020 [eBook #61459]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GOVERNOR

OF GLAVE ***
THE GOVERNOR OF GLAVE
 BY KEITH LAUMER

The revolution was over and peace

restored—naturally Retief expected the worst!

[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from

Worlds of If Science Fiction, November 1963.
Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that
the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]
 I

Retief turned back the gold-encrusted scarlet cuff of the mess jacket
of a First Secretary and Consul, gathered in the three eight-sided
black dice, shook them by his right ear and sent them rattling across
the floor to rebound from the bulk-head.
"Thirteen's the point," the Power Section Chief called. "Ten he makes
it!"
"Oh ... Mr. Retief," a strained voice called. Retief looked up. A tall
thin youth in the black-trimmed gray of a Third Secretary flapped a
sheet of paper from the edge of the circle surrounding the game.
"The Ambassador's compliments, sir, and will you join him and the
staff in the conference room at once?"
Retief rose and dusted his knees. "That's all for now, boys," he said.
"I'll take the rest of your money later." He followed the junior
diplomat from the ward room, along the bare corridors of the crew
level, past the glare panel reading NOTICE—FIRST CLASS ONLY
BEYOND THIS POINT, through the chandeliered and draped ballroom
and along a stretch of soundless carpet to a heavy door bearing a
placard with the legend CONFERENCE IN SESSION.
"Ambassador Sternwheeler seemed quite upset, Mr. Retief," the
messenger said.
"He usually is, Pete." Retief took a cigar from his breast pocket. "Got
a light?"
The Third Secretary produced a permatch. "I don't know why you
smoke those things instead of dope sticks, Mr. Retief," he said. "The
Ambassador hates the smell."
Retief nodded. "I only smoke this kind at conferences. It makes for
shorter sessions." He stepped into the room. Ambassador
Sternwheeler eyed him down the length of the conference table.
"Ah, Mr. Retief honors us with his presence. Do be seated, Retief."
He fingered a yellow Departmental despatch. Retief took a chair,
puffing out a dense cloud of smoke.
"As I have been explaining to the remainder of my staff for the past
quarter-hour," Sternwheeler rumbled, "I've been the recipient of
important intelligence." He blinked at Retief expectantly. Retief
raised his eyebrows in polite inquiry.
"It seems," Sternwheeler went on, "that there has been a change in
regime on Glave. A week ago, the government which invited the
dispatch of this mission—and to which we're accredited—was
overthrown. The former ruling class has fled into exile. A popular
workers' and peasants' junta has taken over."
"Mr. Ambassador," Counsellor Magnan broke in, rising. "I'd like to be
the first—" he glanced around the table—"or one of the first,
anyway, to welcome the new government of Glave into the family of
planetary ruling bodies—"

"Sit down, Magnan!" Sternwheeler snapped. "Of course the Corps

always recognizes de facto sovereignty. The problem is merely one
of acquainting ourselves with the policies of this new group—a sort
of blue-collar coalition, it seems. In what position that leaves this
Embassy I don't yet know."
"I suppose this means we'll spend the next month in a parking
orbit," Counsellor Magnan sighed.
"Unfortunately," Sternwheeler went on, "the entire affair has
apparently been carried off without recourse to violence, leaving the
Corps no excuse to move in—that is, it appears our assistance in
restoring order will not be required."
"Glave was one of the old Contract Worlds," Retief said. "What's
become of the Planetary Manager General and the technical staff?
And how do the peasants and workers plan to operate the
atmospheric purification system, the Weather Control station, the
tide regulation complexes?"
"I'm more concerned at present with the status of the Mission! Will
we be welcomed by these peasants or peppered with buckshot?"
"You say that this is a popular junta, and that the former leaders
have fled into exile," Retief said. "May I ask the source?"
"The despatch cites a 'reliable Glavian source'."
"That's officialese for something cribbed from a broadcast news
tape. Presumably the Glavian news services are in the hands of the
revolution. In that case—"
"Yes, yes, there is the possibility that the issue is yet in doubt. Of
course we'll have to exercise caution in making our approach. It
wouldn't do to make overtures to the wrong side."
"Oh, I think we need have no fear on that score," the Chief of the
Political Section spoke up. "I know these entrenched cliques. Once
challenged by an aroused populace, they scuttle for safety—with
large balances safely tucked away in neutral banks."
"I'd like to go on record," Magnan piped, "as registering my deep
gratification at this fulfillment of popular aspirations—"
"The most popular aspiration I know of is to live high off someone
else's effort," Retief said. "I don't know of anyone outside the Corps
who's managed it."

"Gentlemen!" Sternwheeler bellowed. "I'm awaiting your

constructive suggestions—not an exchange of political views. We'll
arrive off Glave in less than six hours. I should like before that time
to have developed some notion regarding to whom I shall expect to
offer my credentials!"
There was a discreet tap at the door; it opened and the young Third
Secretary poked his head in.
"Mr. Ambassador, I have a reply to your message—just received from
Glave. It's signed by the Steward of the GFE, and I thought you'd
want to see it at once...."
"Yes, of course; let me have it."
"What's the GFE?" someone asked.
"It's the revolutionary group," the messenger said, passing the
message over.
"GFE? GFE? What do the letters SIGNIFY?"
"Glorious Fun Eternally," Retief suggested. "Or possibly Goodies For
Everybody."
"I believe that's 'Glavian Free Electorate'," the Third Secretary said.
Sternwheeler stared at the paper, lips pursed. His face grew pink. He
slammed the paper on the table.
"Well, gentlemen! It appears our worst fears have been realized!
This is nothing less than a warning! A threat! We're advised to divert
course and bypass Glave entirely. It seems the GFE wants no
interference from meddling foreign exploiters, as they put it!"
Magnan rose. "If you'll excuse me Mr. Ambassador, I want to get off
a message to Sector HQ to hold my old job for me—"
"Sit down, you idiot!" Sternwheeler roared. "If you think I'm
consenting to have my career blighted—my first Ambassadorial post
whisked out from under me—the Corps made a fool of—"
"I'd like to take a look at that message," Retief said. It was passed
along to him. He read it.
"I don't believe this applies to us, Mr. Ambassador."
"What are you talking about? It's addressed to me by name!"
"It merely states that 'meddling foreign exploiters' are unwelcome.
Meddling foreigners we are, but we don't qualify as exploiters unless
we show a profit—and this appears to be shaping up as a
particularly profitless venture."
"What are you proposing, Mr. Retief?"
"That we proceed to make planetfall as scheduled, greet our
welcoming committee with wide diplomatic smiles, hint at largesse in
the offing and settle down to observe the lie of the land."
"Just what I was about to suggest," Magnan said.
"That might be dangerous," Sternwheeler said.
"That's why I didn't suggest it," Magnan said.
"Still it's essential that we learn more of the situation than can be
gleaned from official broadcasts," Sternwheeler mused. "Now, while
I can't justify risking the entire Mission, it might be advisable to
dispatch a delegation to sound out the new regime."
"I'd like to volunteer," Magnan said, rising.
"Of course, the delegates may be murdered—"
"—but unfortunately, I'm under treatment at the moment." Magnan
sat down.
"—which will place us in an excellent position, propaganda-wise.
"What a pity I can't go," the Military Attache said. "But my place is
with my troops."
"The only troops you've got are the Assistant Attache and your
secretary," Magnan pointed out.
"Say, I'd like to be down there in the thick of things," the Political
Officer said. He assumed a grave expression. "But of course I'll be
needed here, to interpret results."
"I appreciate your attitude, gentlemen," Sternwheeler said, studying
the ceiling. "But I'm afraid I must limit the privilege of volunteering
for this hazardous duty to those officers of more robust physique,
under forty years of age—"
"Tsk. I'm forty-one," Magnan said.
"—and with a reputation for adaptability." His glance moved along
the table.
"Do you mind if I run along now, Mr. Ambassador?" Retief said. "It's
time for my insulin shot."
Sternwheeler's mouth dropped open.
"Just kidding," Retief said. "I'll go. But I have one request, Mr.
Ambassador: no further communication with the ground until I give
the all-clear."

II

Retief grounded the lighter, in-cycled the lock and stepped out. The
hot yellow Glavian sun beat down on a broad expanse of concrete,
an abandoned service cart and a row of tall ships casting black
shadows toward the silent control tower. A wisp of smoke curled up
from the shed area at the rim of the field. There was no other sign
of life.
Retief walked over to the cart, tossed his valise aboard, climbed into
the driver's seat and headed for the operations building. Beyond the
port, hills rose, white buildings gleaming against the deep green
slopes. Near the ridge, a vehicle moved ant-like along a winding
road, a dust trail rising behind it. Faintly a distant shot sounded.
Papers littered the ground before the Operations Building. Retief
pushed open the tall glass door, stood listening. Slanting sunlight
reflected from a wide polished floor, at the far side of which
illuminated lettering over empty counters read IMMIGRATION,
HEALTH and CUSTOMS. He crossed to the desk, put the valise down,
then leaned across the counter. A worried face under an oversized
white cap looked up at him.
"You can come out now," Retief said. "They've gone."
The man rose, dusting himself off. He looked over Retief's shoulder.
"Who's gone?"
"Whoever it was that scared you."
"Whatta ya mean? I was looking for my pencil."
"Here it is." Retief plucked a worn stub from the pocket of the soiled
shirt sagging under the weight of braided shoulderboards. "You can
sign me in as a Diplomatic Representative. A break for you—no
formalities necessary. Where can I catch a cab for the city?"
The man eyed Retief's bag. "What's in that?"
"Personal belongings under duty-free entry."
"Guns?"
"No, thanks, just a cab."
"You got no gun?" The man raised his voice.
"That's right, fellows," Retief called out. "No gun; no knife, not even
a small fission bomb. Just a few pairs of socks and some reading
matter."
A brown-uniformed man ran from behind the Customs Counter,
holding a long-barreled blast-rifle centered on the Corps insignia
stitched to the pocket of Retief's powder-blue blazer.
"Don't try nothing," he said. "You're under arrest."
"It can't be overtime parking. I've only been here five minutes."
"Hah!" The gun-handler moved out from the counter, came up to
Retief. "Empty out your pockets!" he barked. "Hands overhead!"
"I'm just a diplomat, not a contortionist," Retief said, not moving.
"Do you mind pointing that thing in some other direction?"
"Looky here, Mister, I'll give the orders. We don't need anybody
telling us how to run our business."
"I'm telling you to shift that blaster before I take it away from you
and wrap it around your neck," Retief said conversationally. The cop
stepped back uncertainly, lowering the gun.
"Jake! Horny! Pud! come on out!"
Three more brown uniforms emerged from concealment.
"Who are you fellows hiding from, the top sergeant?" Retief glanced
over the ill-fitting uniforms, the unshaved faces, the scuffed boots.
"Tell you what. When he shows up, I'll engage him in conversation.
You beat it back to the barracks and grab a quick bath—"
"That's enough smart talk." The biggest of the three newcomers
moved up to Retief. "You stuck your nose in at the wrong time. We
just had a change of management around here."
"I heard about it," Retief said. "Who do I complain to?"
"Complain? What about?"
"The port's a mess," Retief barked. "Nobody on duty to receive
official visitors! No passenger service facilities! Why, do you know I
had to carry my own bag—"
"All right, all right, that's outside my department. You better see the
boss."
"The boss? I thought you got rid of the bosses."
"We did, but now we got new ones."
"They any better than the old ones?"
"This guy asks too many questions," the man with the gun said.
"Let's let Sozier answer 'em."
"Who's he?"
"He's the Military Governor of the City."
"Now we're getting somewhere," Retief said. "Lead the way, Jake—
and don't forget my bag."

Sozier was a small man with thin hair oiled across a shiny scalp,
prominent ears and eyes like coal chips set in rolls of fat. He
glowered at Retief from behind a polished desk occupying the center
of a spacious office.
"I warned you off," he snapped. "You came anyway." He leaned
forward and slammed a fist down on the desk. "You're used to
throwing your weight around, but you won't throw it around here!
There'll be no spies pussyfooting around Glave!"
"Looking for what, Mr. Sozier?"
"Call me General!"
"Mind if I sit down?" Retief pulled out a chair, seated himself and
took out a cigar. "Curiously enough," he said, lighting up, "the Corps
has no intention of making any embarrassing investigations. We deal
with the existing government, no questions asked." His eyes held the
other's. "Unless, of course, there are evidences of atrocities or other
illegal measures."
The coal-chip eyes narrowed. "I don't have to make explanations to
you or anybody else."
"Except, presumably, the Glavian Free Electorate," Retief said
blandly. "But tell me, General—who's actually running the show?"
A speaker on the desk buzzed. "Hey, Corporal Sozier! Wes's got
them two hellions cornered. They're holed up in the Birthday Cake
—"
"General Sozier, damn you! and plaster your big mouth shut!" He
gestured to one of the uniformed men standing by.
"You! Get Trundy and Little Moe up here—pronto!" He swiveled back
to Retief. "You're in luck. I'm too busy right now to bother with you.
You get back over to the port and leave the same way you came—
and tell your blood-sucking friends the easy pickings are over as far
as Glave's concerned. You won't lounge around here living high and
throwing big parties and cooking up your dirty deals to get fat on at
the expense of the working man."
Retief dribbled ash on Sozier's desk and glanced at the green
uniform front bulging between silver buttons.
"Who paid for your potbelly, Sozier?" he inquired carelessly.
Sozier's eyes narrowed to slits. "I could have you shot!"
"Stop playing games with me, Sozier," Retief rapped. "There's a
squadron of Peace Enforcers standing by just in case any apprentice
statesmen forget the niceties of diplomatic usage. I suggest you
start showing a little intelligence about now, or even Horny and Pud
are likely to notice."

Sozier's fingers squeaked on the arms of his chair. He swallowed.

"You might start by assigning me an escort for a conducted tour of
the capital," Retief went on. "I want to be in a position to confirm
that order has been re-established, and that normal services have
been restored. Otherwise it may be necessary to send in a Monitor
Unit to straighten things out."
"You know you can't meddle with the internal affairs of a sovereign
world!"
Retief sighed. "The trouble with taking over your boss's job is
discovering its drawbacks. It's disillusioning, I know, Sozier, but—"
"All right! Take your tour! You'll find everything running as smooth as
silk! Utilities, police, transport, environmental control—"
"What about Space Control? Glave Tower seems to be off the air."
"I shut it down. We don't need anything and we don't want anything
from the outside."
"Where's the new Premier keeping himself? Does he share your
passion for privacy?"
The general got to his feet. "I'm letting you take your look, Mr. Big
Nose. I'm giving you four hours. Then out! And the next meddling
bureaucrat that tries to cut atmosphere on Glave without a clearance
gets burned!"
"I'll need a car."
"Jake! You stick close to this bird. Take him to the main power plant,
the water works and the dispatch center. Ride him around town and
show him we're doing okay without a bunch of leeches bossing us.
Then dump him at the port—and see that he leaves."
"I'll plan my own itinerary, thanks. I can't promise I'll be finished in
four hours—but I'll keep you advised."
"I warned you—"
"I heard you. Five times. And I only warned you once. You're getting
ahead of me." Retief rose, motioned to the hulking guard. "Come on,
Jake. We've got a lot of ground to cover before we come back for
our dinner."

III
At the curb, Retief held out his hand. "Give me the power cylinder
out of your rifle, Jake."
"Huh?"
"Come on, Jake. You've got a nervous habit of playing with the firing
stud. We don't want any accidents."
"How do you get it out? They only give me this thing yesterday."
Retief pocketed the cylinder. "You sit in back. I'll drive." He wheeled
the car off along a broad avenue crowded with vehicles and lined
with flowering palms, behind which stately white buildings reared up
into the pale sky.
"Nice looking city, Jake," Retief said conversationally. "What's the
population?"
"I dunno. I only been here a year."
"What about Horny and Pud? Are they natives?"
"Whatta ya mean, natives? They're just as civilized as me."
"My boner, Jake. Known Sozier long?"
"Sure. He useta come around to the club."
"I take it he was in the army under the old regime?"
"Yeah—but he didn't like the way they run it. Nothing but band
playing and fancy marching. There wasn't nobody to fight."
"Just between us, Jake—where did the former Planetary Manager
General go?" Retief watched Jake's heavy face in the mirror. Jake
jumped, clamped his mouth shut.
"I don't know nothing."
Half an hour later, after a tour of the commercial center, Retief
headed towards the city's outskirts. The avenue curved, leading up
along the flank of a low hill.
"I must admit I'm surprised, Jake," Retief said. "Everything seems
orderly. No signs of riots or panic. Power, water, communications
normal—just as the general said. Remarkable, isn't it, considering
that the entire managerial class has packed up and left?"
"You wanta see the Power Plant?" Retief could see perspiration
beaded on the man's forehead under the uniform cap.
"Sure. Which way?" With Jake directing, Retief ascended to the ridge
top, cruised past the blank white facade of the station.
"Quiet, isn't it?" Retief pulled the car in to the curb. "Let's go inside."
"Huh? Corporal Sozier didn't say nothing—"
"You're right, Jake. That leaves it to our discretion."
"He won't like it."
"The corporal's a busy man, Jake. We won't worry him by telling him
about it."
Jake followed Retief up the walk. The broad double doors were
locked. "Let's try the back."
The narrow door set in the high blank wall opened as Retief
approached. A gun barrel poked out, followed by a small man with
bushy red hair. He looked Retief over.
"Who's this party, Jake?" he barked.
"Sozier said show him the plant," Jake said.
"What we need is more guys to pull duty, not tourists. Anyway, I'm
Chief Engineer here. Nobody comes in here 'less I like their looks."
Retief moved forward, stood looking down at the redhead. The little
man hesitated, then waved him past. "Lucky for you I like your
looks." Inside, Retief surveyed the long room, the giant converter
units, the massive busbars. Armed men—some in uniform, some in
work clothes or loud sport shirts—stood here and there. Other men
read meters, adjusted controls or inspected dials.
"You've got more guards than workers," Retief said. "Expecting
trouble?"
The redhead bit the corner from a plug of spearmint. He glanced
around the plant. "Things is quiet now; but you never know."
"Rather old-fashioned equipment isn't it? When was it installed?"
"Huh? I dunno. What's wrong with it?"
"What's your basic power source, a core sink? Lithospheric friction?
Sub-crustal hydraulics?"
"Beats me, Mister. I'm the boss here, not a dern mechanic."

A gray-haired man carrying a clipboard walked past, studied a panel,

made notes, glanced up to catch Retief's eye, moved on.
"Everything seems to be running normally," Retief remarked.
"Sure. Why not?"
"Records being kept up properly?"
"Sure. Some of these guys, all they do is walk around looking at
dials and writing stuff on paper. If it was me, I'd put 'em to work."
Retief strolled over to the gray-haired man, now scribbling before a
bank of meters. He glanced at the clipboard.
Power off at sunset. Tell Corasol was scrawled in block letters across
the record sheet. Retief nodded, rejoined his guard.
"All right, Jake. Let's have a look at the communications center."
Back in the car, headed west, Retief studied the blank windows of
office buildings, the milling throngs in beer bars, shooting galleries,
tattoo parlors, billiard halls, pinball arcades, bordellos and half-credit
casinos.
"Everybody seems to be having fun," he remarked.
Jake stared out the window.
"Yeah."
"Too bad you're on duty, Jake. You could be out there joining in."
"Soon as the corporal gets things organized, I'm opening me up a
place to show dirty tri-di's. I'll get my share."
"Meanwhile, let the rest of 'em have their fun, eh Jake?"
"Look, Mister, I been thinking. Maybe you better gimme back that
kick-stick you taken outa my gun...."
"Sorry, Jake; no can do. Tell me, what was the real cause of the
revolution? Not enough to eat? Too much regimentation?"
"Naw, we always got plenty to eat. There wasn't none of that
regimentation up till I joined up in the corporal's army."
"Rigid class structure, maybe? Educational discrimination?"
Jake nodded. "Yeah, it was them schools done it. All the time trying
to make a feller do some kind of class. Big shots. Know it all. Gonna
make us sit around and view tapes. Figgered they was better than
us."
"And Sozier's idea was you'd take over, and you wouldn't have to be
bothered."
"Aw, it wasn't Sozier's idea. He ain't the big leader."
"Where does the big leader keep himself?"
"I dunno. I guess he's pretty busy right now." Jake snickered. "Some
of them guys call themselves colonels turned out not to know
nothing about how to shoot off the guns."
"Shooting, eh? I thought it was a sort of peaceful revolution. The
managerial class were booted out, and that was that."
"I don't know nothing," Jake snapped. "How come you keep trying
to get me to say stuff I ain't supposed to talk about? You want to
get me in trouble?"

"Oh, you're already in trouble, Jake. But if you stick with me, I'll try
to get you out of it. Where exactly did the refugees head for? How
did they leave? Must have been a lot of them; I'd say in a city of this
size alone, they'd run into the thousands."
"I don't know."
"Of course, it depends on your definition of a big shot. Who's
included in that category, Jake?"
"You know, the slick-talking ones; the fancy dressers; the guys that
walk around and tell other guys what to do. We do all the work and
they get all the big pay."
"I suppose that would cover scientists, professional men, executives,
technicians of all sorts, engineers, teachers—all that crowd."
"Yeah, them are the ones."
"And once you got them out of the way, the regular fellows would
have a chance. Chaps that don't spend all their time taking baths
and reading books and using big words; good Joes that don't mind
picking their noses in public."
"We got as much right as anybody—"
"Jake, who's Corasol?"
"He's—I don't know."
"I thought I overheard his name somewhere."
"Uh, here's the communication center," Jake cut in.
Retief swung into a parking lot under a high blank facade. He set the
brake and stepped out.
"Lead the way, Jake."
"Look, Mister, the corporal only wanted me to show you the outside."
"Anything to hide, Jake?"
Jake shook his head angrily and stamped past Retief. "When I joined
up with Sozier, I didn't figger I'd be getting in this kind of mess."
"I know, Jake. It's tough. Sometimes it seems like a fellow works
harder after he's thrown out the parasites than he did before."
A cautious guard let Retief and Jake inside, followed them along
bright-lit aisles among consoles, cables, batteries of instruments.
Armed men in careless uniforms lounged, watching. Here and there
a silent technician worked quietly.
Retief paused by one, an elderly man in a neat white coverall, with a
purple spot under one eye.
"Quite a bruise you've got there," Retief commented heartily. "Power
failure at sunset," he added softly. The technician hesitated, nodded
and moved on.
Back in the car, Retief gave Jake directions. At the end of three
hours, he had seen twelve smooth-running, heavily guarded
installations.
"So far, so good, Jake," he said. "Next stop, Sub-station Number
Nine." In the mirror, Jake's face stiffened. "Hey, you can't go down
there—"
"Something going on there, Jake?"
"That's where—I mean, no. I don't know."
"I don't want to miss anything, Jake. Which way?"
"I ain't going down there," Jake said sullenly.
Retief braked. "In that case, I'm afraid our association is at an end,
Jake."
"You mean ... you're getting out here?"
"No, you are."
"Huh? Now wait a minute, Mister! The corporal said I was to stay
with you."
Retief accelerated. "That's settled, then. Which way?"
 IV

Retief pulled the car to a halt two hundred yards from the periphery
of a loose crowd of brown-uniformed men who stood in groups
scattered across a broad plaza, overflowing into a stretch of
manicured lawn before the bare, functional facade of sub-station
number Nine. In the midst of the besieging mob, Sozier's red face
and bald head bobbed as he harangued a cluster of green-uniformed
men from his place in the rear of a long open car.
"What's it all about, Jake?" Retief enquired. "Since the parasites
have all left peacefully, I'm having a hard time figuring out who'd be
holed up in the pumping station—and why. Maybe they haven't
gotten the word that it's all going to be fun and games from now
on."
"If the corporal sees you over here—"
"Ah, the good corporal. Glad you mentioned him, Jake. He's the man
to see." Retief stepped out of the car and started through the crowd.
A heavy lorry loaded with an immense tank with the letter H
blazoned on its side trundled into the square from a side street,
moved up to a position before the building. A smaller car pulled
alongside Sozier's limousine. The driver stepped down, handed
something to Sozier. A moment later, Sozier's amplified voice
boomed across the crowd.
"You in there, Corasol! This is General Sozier, and I'm warning you to
come out now or you and your smart friends are in for a big
surprise. You think I won't blast you out because I don't want to
wreck the planet. You see the tank aboard the lorry that just pulled
up? It's full of gas—and I got plenty of hoses out here to pump it
inside with. I'll put men on the roof and squirt it in the ventilators."
Sozier's voice echoed and died. The militiamen eyed the station.
Nothing happened.
"I know you can hear me, damn you!" Sozier squalled. "You'd better
get the doors open and get out here fast!"
Retief stepped to Sozier's side. "Say, Corporal, I didn't know you
went in for practical jokes."
Sozier jerked around to gape at Retief.
"What are you doing here!" he burst out. "I told Jake—where is that
—"
"Jake didn't like the questions I was asking," Retief said, "so he
marched me up here to report to you."
"Jake, you damn fool!" Sozier roared. "I got a good mind—"

"I disagree, Sozier," Retief cut in. "I think you're a complete imbecile.
Sitting out here in the open yelling at the top of your lungs, for
example. Corasol and his party might get annoyed and spray that
fancy car you've swiped with something a lot more painful than
words."
"Eh?" Sozier's head whipped around to stare at the building.
"Isn't that a gun I see sticking out?"
Sozier dropped. "Where?"
"My mistake. Just a foreign particle on my contact lenses." Retief
leaned on the car. "On the other hand, Sozier, most murderers are
sneaky about it. I think making a public announcement is a nice
gesture on your part. The Monitors won't have any trouble deciding
who to hang when they come in to straighten out this mess."
Sozier scrambled back onto his seat. "Monitors?" he snarled. "I don't
think so. I don't think you'll be around to do any blabbering to
anybody." He raised his voice. "Jake! March this spy over to the
sidelines. If he tries anything, shoot him!" He gave Retief a baleful
grin. "I'll lay the body out nice and ship it back to your cronies.
Accidents will happen, you know. It'll be a week or two before they
get around to following up—and by then I'll have this little problem
under control."
Jake looked at Retief uncertainly, fingering his empty rifle.
Retief put his hands up. "I guess you got me, Jake," he said.
"Careful of that gun, now."
Jake glanced at Sozier, gulped, aimed the rifle at Retief and nodded
toward the car. As Retief moved off, a murmur swept across the
crowd. Retief glanced back. A turret on the station roof was rotating
slowly. A shout rose; men surged away from the building, scuffling
for way; Sozier yelled. His car started up, moved forward, horns
blaring. As Retief watched, a white stream arced up from the turret,
catching the sun as it spanned the lawn, plunged down to strike the
massed men in a splatter of spray. It searched across the mob, came
to rest on Sozier's car. Uniformed men scrambled for safety as the
terrified driver gunned the heavy vehicle. The hose followed the car,
dropping a solid stream of water on Sozier, kicking and flailing in the
back seat. As the car passed from view, down a side street, water
was overflowing the sides.
"The corporal will feel all the better for an invigorating swim in his
mobile pool," Retief commented. "By the way, Jake, I have to be
going now. It wouldn't be fair to send you back to your boss without
something to back up your story that you were outnumbered, so—"
Retief's left fist shot out to connect solidly with Jake's jaw. Jake
dropped the gun and sat down hard. Retief turned and headed for
the pumping station. The hose had shut down now. A few men were
standing, eyeing the building anxiously. Others watched his progress
across the square. As Retief passed, he caught scattered comments:
"—seen that bird before."
"—where he's headed."
"—feller Sozier was talking to...."
"Hey, you!"
Retief was on the grass now. Ahead, the blank wall loomed up. He
walked on briskly.
"Stop that jasper!" a shout rang out. There was a sharp whine and a
black spot appeared on the wall ahead. Near it, a small personnel
door abruptly swung inward. Retief sprinted, plunged through the
opening as a second shot seared the paint on the doorframe. The
door clanged behind him. Retief glanced over the half dozen men
confronting him.
"I'm Retief, CDT, acting Charge," he said. "Which of you gentlemen
is Manager-General Corasol?"

Corasol was a tall, wide-shouldered man of fifty, with shrewd eyes, a

ready smile, capable-looking hands and an urbane manner. He and
Retief sat at a table at one side of the large room, under a maze of
piping, tanks and valves. Corasol poured amber fluid into square
glass tumblers.
"We spotted you by the blazer," he said. "Baby blue and gold braid
stand out in a crowd."
Retief nodded. "The uniform has its uses," he agreed. He tried the
drink. "Say, what is this? It's not bad."
"Sugarweed rum. Made from a marine plant. We have plenty of
ocean here on Glave; there's only the one continent, you know, and
it's useless for agriculture."
"Weather?"
"That's part of it. Glave is moving into what would be a major
glaciation if it weren't for a rather elaborate climatic control
installation. Then there are the tides. Half the continent would be
inundated twice a year when our satellite is at aphelion; there's a
system of baffles, locks and deep-water pumps that maintain the
shore-line more or less constant. We still keep our cities well inland.
Then there are the oxygen generators, the atmosphere filtration
complex, vermin control and so on. Glave in its natural state is a
rather hostile world."
"I'm surprised that your mines can support it all."
"Oh, they don't." Corasol shook his head. "Two hundred years ago,
when the company first opened up Glave, it was economical enough.
Quintite was a precious mineral in those days. Synthetics have long
since taken over. Even fully automated, the mines barely support the
public services and welfare system."
"I seem to recall a reference in the Post Report to the effect that a
company petition to vacate its charter had been denied...."
Corasol nodded, smiling wryly. "The CDT seemed to feel that as long
as any of the world's residents desired to remain, the Company was
constrained to oblige them. The great majority departed long ago, of
course. Relocated to other operational areas. Only the untrainables,
living off welfare funds—and a skeleton staff of single men to
operate the technical installations—have stayed on."
"That explains the mechanics of the recent uprising," Retief said.
The bottle clinked against glasses for a second round. "What about
the good corporal?" Retief asked. "Assuming he's a strong swimmer,
you should be hearing from him soon."
Corasol glanced at his finger watch. "I imagine he'll be launching his
gas attack any minute."
"The prospect doesn't seem to bother you."
"Sozier is a clever enough chap in his own way," Corasol said. "But
he has a bad habit of leaping to conclusions. He's gotten hold of a
tank of what someone has told him is gas—as indeed it is.
Hydrogen, for industrial use. It seems the poor fellow is under the
impression that anything masquerading as gas will have a lethal
effect."
"He may be right—if he pumps it in fast enough."