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 Java Programming Exercises
Take the first step in raising your coding skills to the next level, and test your Java knowledge on tricky
programming tasks, with the help of the pirate Captain CiaoCiao. This is the first of two volumes which
provide you with everything you need to excel in your Java journey, including tricks that you should know
in detail as a professional, as well as intensive training for clean code and thoughtful design that carries
even complex software.

Features:

• About 200 tasks with commented solutions on different levels

• For all paradigms: object‑oriented, imperative, and functional
• Clean code, reading foreign code, and object‑oriented modeling

With numerous best practices and extensively commented solutions to the tasks, these books provide the
perfect workout for professional software development with Java.
Java Programming Exercises
Volume One: Language Fundamentals and
Core Concepts

Christian Ullenboom
Designed cover image: Mai Loan Nguyen Duy, Rheinwerk Verlag GmbH

First edition published 2025

by CRC Press
2385 NW Executive Center Drive, Suite 320, Boca Raton FL 33431

and by CRC Press

4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

©2023 Christian Ullenboom. First published in the German language under the title “Captain CiaoCiao erobert Java”
(ISBN 978‑3‑8362‑8427‑1) by Rheinwerk Verlag GmbH, Bonn, Germany.

Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been
acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or
utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written
permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the
Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978‑750‑8400. For works that are
not available on CCC please contact mpkbookspermissions@tandf.co.uk

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

ISBN: 978‑1‑032‑59397‑5 (hbk)

ISBN: 978‑1‑032‑57984‑9 (pbk)
ISBN: 978‑1‑003‑45450‑2 (ebk)

DOI: 10.1201/9781003454502

Typeset in Times
by codeMantra

Access the Support Material: https://routledge.com/9781032579849

Contents

About the Author xv

Introduction 1
Previous Knowledge and Target Audience 1
Working with This Book 2
The Suggested Solutions 2
Use of This Book 3
Required Software 3
Used Java Version in the Book 4
JVM 4
Development Environment 4
Conventions 4
Helping Captain CiaoCiao and Bonny Brain 5

1 Introduction to the Java Ecosystem 6

Bytecode and JVM 6
Porting Java Programs ⭑ 6
Tools for Java Developers 7
Get to Know Error Messages of the IDE ⭑ 7
Suggested Solutions 8
Porting Java Programs ⭑ 8
Get to Know Error Messages of the IDE ⭑ 8

2 Imperative Programming 9
Screen Output 9
Learn about the SVG Specification 9
Write an SVG Circle on the Console ⭑ 10
Variables and Data Types 11
Access Variables and Output Their Assignments ⭑ 12
Quiz: Value Ranges ⭑ 12
Quiz: Does This Add Up? ⭑⭑⭑ 12
Generate Random Circles ⭑ 13
Quiz: Dazed and Confused ⭑ 14
Process User Input ⭑ 14
Expressions, Operands, and Operators 14
Quiz: Check In-Between ⭑ 14
Check If Loot Can Be Shared Fairly ⭑ 15
Do Two Numbers Share the Same Digit? ⭑⭑ 15
Convert Currency Amount to Coins ⭑⭑ 15
One Bottle of Rum, Ten Bottles of Rum ⭑ 16
Quiz: The Zero Effect ⭑ 17

v
vi Contents

Control Flow 18
Payday ⭑ 18
Quiz: Wrong Branching ⭑ 18
Convert Liters ⭑⭑ 19
Create SVG Circles with Random Colors ⭑ 19
Quiz: To Which Block Does the Else Belong? ⭑⭑ 20
Quiz: Recognize Negative Days and Hours ⭑ 20
Evaluate Input Strings for Approval ⭑ 20
Rewrite Switch Statement to Switch Expression ⭑ 21
Loops 21
Create Rotated SVG Rectangles ⭑ 21
Create SVG‑Pearl‑Chain ⭑ 22
Sum Numbers from the Command Line ⭑ 23
Go through a Mathematical Phenomenon ⭑ 24
Quiz: How Many Stars? ⭑ 24
Calculate Products for Faculties ⭑ 25
Determine If a Number Is Formed by Factorial ⭑ 25
Find the Smallest and Largest Digit of a Number ⭑ 26
Quiz: Not Like This from 1 to 100 ⭑⭑ 27
A Flag in the Wind through Nested Loops ⭑ 28
Output Simple Chessboard ⭑ 28
It’s Christmastime: Displaying Trees with Ornaments ⭑ 29
Draw Fishy Stitching Motifs ⭑ 30
Trying Instead of Thinking ⭑⭑ 31
Get the Number of Digits of a Number ⭑⭑ 32
Methods 33
Drawing Hearts ⭑ 33
Implement Overloaded Line Methods ⭑ 34
Standing Straight ⭑ 34
Create a Multiplication Table ⭑ 35
Cistercian Numerals Script ⭑⭑⭑ 36
Quiz: What Does Ding‑Dong Do? (Recursion) ⭑⭑ 37
Quiz: Repdigit (Recursion) ⭑⭑ 37
Calculate Collatz Sequence (Recursion) ⭑ 38
Ancient Egyptian Multiplication (Recursion) ⭑⭑ 38
Suggested Solutions 40
Write an SVG Circle on the Console ⭑ 40
Access Variables and Output Their Assignments 41
Quiz: Value Ranges 42
Quiz: Does This Add Up? 43
Generate Random Circles 43
Quiz: Dazed and Confused 44
Process User Input 44
Quiz: Check In-Between 44
Check If Loot Can Be Shared Fairly 45
Do Two Numbers Share the Same Digit? 45
Convert Currency Amount to Coins 46
One Bottle of Rum, Ten Bottles of Rum 47
Quiz: The Zero Effect 47
Payday 47
Quiz: Wrong Branching 48
 Contents vii

Convert Liters 48
Create SVG Circles with Random Colors 49
Quiz: To Which Block Does the Else Belong? 50
Quiz: Recognize Negative Days and Hours 50
Evaluate Input Strings for Approval 51
Rewrite Switch Statement to Switch Expression 52
Create Rotated SVG Rectangles 52
Create SVG‑Pearl‑Chain 53
Sum Numbers from the Command Line 53
Go through a Mathematical Phenomenon 54
Quiz: How Many Stars? 55
Calculate Products for Faculties 55
Determine If a Number Is Formed by Factorial 57
Find the Smallest and Largest Digit of a Number 58
Quiz: Not Like This from 1 to 100 58
A Flag in the Wind through Nested Loops 59
Output Simple Chessboard 60
It’s Christmastime: Displaying Trees with Ornaments 60
Draw Fishy Stitching Motifs 61
Trying Instead of Thinking 62
Get the Number of Digits of a Number 63
Drawing Hearts 65
Implement Overloaded Line Methods 65
Standing Straight 66
Create a Multiplication Table 68
Cistercian Numerals Script 69
Quiz: What Does Ding‑Dong Do? (Recursion) 72
Quiz: Repdigit (Recursion) 72
Calculate Collatz Sequence (Recursion) 73
Ancient Egyptian Multiplication (Recursion) 75

3 Classes, Objects, and Packages 78

Creating Objects 78
Draw Polygons ⭑ 78
Working with References 80
Quiz: The Short Life of Points ⭑ 80
Build Triangles ⭑ 80
Quiz: == vs. equals(…) ⭑ 81
Quiz: Protect against NullPointerException ⭑ 81
Suggested Solutions 82
Draw Polygons 82
Quiz: The Short Life of Points 83
Build Triangles 83
Quiz: == vs. equals(…) 84
Quiz: Protect against NullPointerException 84
Note 85

4 Arrays 86
Everything Has a Type 86
Quiz: Array Types ⭑ 86
One‑Dimensional Arrays 87
viii Contents

Loop Arrays and Output Wind Speed, Wind Direction ⭑ 87

Detect Continuous Revenue Growth ⭑ 88
Array of Points ⭑ 88
Search Consecutive Strings and Determine If Salty Snook Is Coming ⭑ 89
Reverse an Array ⭑ 89
Find the Nearest Cinema ⭑⭑ 90
Raid the Candy Store and Share Fairly ⭑⭑ 90
Enhanced for Loop 91
Numbers Well Shuffled ⭑⭑ 92
Draw Mountains ⭑⭑ 93
Two‑ and Multidimensional Arrays 94
Check Mini‑Sudoku for Valid Solution ⭑⭑ 94
Enlarge Image ⭑⭑ 95
Variable Argument Lists 96
Create SVG Polygons with a Variable Number of Coordinates ⭑ 96
Check for Approval ⭑ 97
Help, Tetraphobia! Put All Fours Last ⭑⭑ 97
The Utility Class Arrays 98
Quiz: Copy Arrays ⭑ 98
Quiz: Compare Arrays ⭑ 98
Suggested Solutions 99
Quiz: Array Types 99
Loop Arrays and Output Wind Speed, Wind Direction 99
Reverse an Array 100
Array of Points 101
Search Consecutive Strings and Determine if Salty Snook is Coming 102
Reverse an Array 103
Find the Nearest Cinema 104
Raid the Candy Store and Share Fairly 105
Draw Mountains 106
Check Mini‑Sudoku for Valid Solution 107
Enlarge Image 109
Create SVG Polygons with Variable Number of Coordinates 109
Check for Approval 110
Help, Tetraphobia! Put All Fours Last 111
Quiz: Copy Arrays 112
Quiz: Compare Arrays 112

5 Character and String Processing 114

The String Class and Its Members 114
Quiz: Is String a Built-In Keyword? ⭑ 114
Building HTML Elements with Simple Concatenation ⭑ 114
Check Safe Transmission by Doubling Characters ⭑ 115
Swap Y and Z ⭑ 116
Give Defiant Answers ⭑ 117
Quiz: String Comparisons with == and Equals(…) ⭑ 117
Quiz: Is Equals(…) Symmetric? ⭑ 118
Test Strings for Palindrome Property ⭑ 118
Check if Captain CiaoCiao is in the Middle ⭑ 119
Find the Shortest Name in the Array ⭑ 120
Count String Occurrences ⭑ 120
 Contents ix

Determine the Larger Crew Size ⭑ 121

Build Diamonds ⭑⭑ 122
Check for a Good Password ⭑ 123
Bake Peanut Butter Cookies ⭑⭑ 123
Calculate Sum of Digits ⭑ 124
Decolumnize Texts ⭑⭑ 125
Draw a Meadow with Favorite Flowers ⭑⭑ 126
Detect Repetitions ⭑⭑⭑ 128
Constrain Line Boundaries and Wrap Lines ⭑⭑ 128
Quiz: How Many String Objects? ⭑ 129
Test If the Fruit Is Wrapped in Chocolate ⭑⭑ 129
From Top to Bottom, from Left to Right ⭑⭑⭑ 130
Dynamic Strings with StringBuilder 131
Fill Strings ⭑ 131
Practicing the Alphabet with a Parrot ⭑ 132
Quiz: Lightly Attached ⭑ 133
Convert Number to Textual Unary Encoding ⭑ 133
Lose Weight by Moving Digits ⭑ 134
Remove Vowels ⭑ 135
Don’t Shoot the Messenger ⭑ 136
Compress Repeated Spaces ⭑⭑ 137
Insert and Remove Crackles and Pops ⭑ 137
Split CamelCase Strings ⭑ 138
Underline Words ⭑⭑ 138
Implement Caesar Encryption ⭑⭑⭑ 138
Suggested Solutions 140
Quiz: Is String a Built‑In Keyword? 140
Building HTML Elements with Simple Concatenation 140
Check Safe Transmission by Doubling Characters 140
Swap Y and Z 141
Give Defiant Answers 143
Quiz: String Comparisons with == and Equals(…) 143
Quiz: Is Equals(…) Symmetric? 143
Test Strings for Palindrome Property 144
Check if Captain CiaoCiao is in the Middle 146
Find the Shortest Name in the Array 146
Count String Occurrences 147
Determine the Larger Crew Size 148
Build Diamonds 149
Check for a Good Password 151
Bake Peanut Butter Cookies 152
Calculate Sum of Digits 153
Decolumnize Texts 154
Draw a Meadow with Favorite Flowers 156
Detect Repetitions 158
Constrain Line Boundaries and Wrap Lines 159
Quiz: How Many String Objects? 160
Test if the Fruit is Wrapped in Chocolate 160
From Top to Bottom, from Left to Right 161
Fill Strings 162
Practicing the Alphabet with a Parrot 163
x Contents

Quiz: Lightly Attached 164

Convert Number to Textual Unary Encoding 165
Lose Weight by Moving Digits 166
Remove Vowels 167
Don’t Shoot the Messenger 169
Compress Repeated Spaces 170
Insert and Remove Crackles and Pops 171
Split CamelCase Strings 172
Underline Words 173
Implement Caesar Encryption 174

6 Writing Your Own Classes 176

Class Declaration and Object Properties 177
Declare Radio with Instance Variables and a Main Program ⭑ 177
Implementing Methods of a Radio ⭑ 177
Private Parts: Make Instance Variables Private ⭑ 178
Create Setters and Getters ⭑ 178
Static Variables Methods 178
Convert Station Names to Frequencies ⭑ 178
Write Log Output with a Tracer Class ⭑ 179
Quiz: Nothing Stolen ⭑ 180
Simple Enumerations 181
Give Radio an AM–FM Modulation ⭑ 181
Set Valid Start and End Frequency for Modulation ⭑ 181
Constructors 181
Writing Radio Constructors ⭑ 182
Implement Copy Constructor ⭑ 182
Realize Factory Methods ⭑ 182
Associations 183
Connect Monitor Tube with TV ⭑ 183
Quiz: Association, Composition, and Aggregation ⭑ 184
Add Radios with a 1:n Association to the Ship ⭑⭑ 184
Inheritance 185
Introduce Abstraction into Electrical Devices via Inheritance ⭑ 185
Quiz: Three, Two, and One ⭑ 185
Quiz: Private and Protected Constructor ⭑ 186
Determine the Number of Switched on Electrical Devices ⭑ 186
Ship Should Hold Any Electronic Device ⭑ 186
Take Working Radios on the Ship ⭑ 187
Solve Equivalence Test with Pattern Variable ⭑ 187
Fire Alarm Does Not Go Off: Overriding Methods ⭑ 188
Calling the Methods of the Superclass ⭑⭑ 188
Polymorphism and Dynamic Binding 189
Holiday! Switch Off All Devices ⭑ 189
The Big Move ⭑ 190
Quiz: Bumbo Is a Great Drink ⭑⭑ 191
Quiz: Vodka with Taste ⭑ 192
Quiz: Rum‑Paradise ⭑⭑ 192
Abstract Classes and Abstract Methods 192
Quiz: Consumer Devices as an Abstract Superclass? ⭑ 193
TimerTask as an Example for an Abstract Class ⭑⭑ 193
 Contents xi

Suggested Solutions 194

Declare Radio with Instance Variables and a Main Program 194
Implementing Methods of a Radio 195
Private Parts: Make Instance Variables Private 196
Create Setters and Getters 197
Convert Station Names to Frequencies 198
Write Log Output with a Tracer Class 198
Quiz: Nothing Stolen 199
Give Radio an AM–FM Modulation 199
Set Valid Start and End Frequency for Modulation 200
Writing Radio Constructors 201
Implement Copy Constructor 202
Realize Factory Methods 202
Connect Monitor Tube with TV 204
Quiz: Association, Composition, and Aggregation 205
Add Radios with a 1:n Association to the Ship 205
Introduce Abstraction into Electrical Devices via Inheritance 206
Quiz: Three, Two, and One 207
Quiz: Private and Protected Constructor 208
Determine Number of Switched on Electrical Devices 208
Ship Should Hold Any Electronic Device 209
Take Working Radios on the Ship 209
Solve Equivalence Test with Pattern Variable 210
Fire Alarm Does Not Go Off: Overriding Methods 210
Calling the Methods of the Superclass 211
Holiday! Switch Off All Devices 212
The Big Move 212
Quiz: Bumbo Is a Great Drink 212
Quiz: Vodka with Taste 213
Quiz: Rum‑Paradise 213
Quiz: Consumer Devices as an Abstract Superclass? 214
TimerTask as an Example for an Abstract Class 214
Note 215

7 Records, Interfaces, Enumerations, and Sealed Classes 216

Records 216
Quiz: Which Statements Are True for Records? ⭑ 216
Develop Record for Complex Numbers ⭑ 216
Quiz: Records with Static Variables ⭑ 217
Record Patterns ⭑ 217
Interfaces 218
Compare Consumption of Electrical Devices ⭑ 218
Find Electronic Devices with the Highest Power Consumption ⭑ 219
Use Comparator Interface for Sorting ⭑ 220
Static and Default Methods in Interfaces ⭑⭑⭑ 220
Delete Selected Elements with Predicate ⭑⭑ 220
Enumeration Types (enum) 221
Enumeration for Candy ⭑ 221
Deliver Random Candies ⭑ 222
Tagging Candy with Addictive Value ⭑⭑ 223
Interface Implementations via an enum ⭑⭑ 224
xii Contents

Quiz: Aviso and Brig ⭑ 225

Suggested Solutions 225
Quiz: Which Statements Are True for Records? 225
Quiz: Records with Static Variables 226
Quiz: Records with Static Variables 227
Compare Consumption of Electrical Devices 228
Find Electronic Devices with the Highest Power Consumption 229
Use Comparator Interface for Sorting 230
Static and Default Methods in Interfaces 230
Delete Selected Elements with Predicate 231
Enumeration for Candy 232
Deliver Random Candies 233
Tagging Candy with Addictive Value 233
Interface Implementations via an enum 236
Quiz: Aviso and Brig 237

8 Nested Types 238

Declare Nested Types 238
Set AM–FM Modulation to Radio Type ⭑ 238
Write Three Kinds of Watt‑Comparator Implementations ⭑ 239
Nested Types Quiz 239
Quiz: Pirate Could Have Waved ⭑ 239
Quiz: Name in a Bottle ⭑⭑ 240
Quiz: Get Me Another Bottle of Rum ⭑ 240
Suggested Solutions 241
Set AM–FM Modulation to Radio Type 241
Write Three Kinds of Watt‑Comparator Implementations 242
Quiz: Pirate Could Have Waved 243
Quiz: Name in a Bottle 243
Quiz: Get Me another Bottle of Rum 243

9 Exception Handling 244

Catching Exceptions 244
Get the Longest Line of a File ⭑ 244
Identify Exceptions, Laughing All the Time ⭑ 245
Convert String Array to Int Array and Be Lenient on Nonnumbers ⭑ 245
Quiz: And Finally ⭑ 246
Quiz: A Lonely Try ⭑ 246
Quiz: Well Caught ⭑ 246
Quiz: Too Much of a Good Thing ⭑ 247
Quiz: Try‑Catch in Inheritance ⭑⭑ 247
Throwing Custom Exceptions 247
Quiz: Throw and Throws ⭑ 247
Quiz: The Division Fails ⭑ 248
Writing Your Own Exception Classes 248
Show Impossible Watt with Own Exception ⭑ 248
Quiz: Potatoes or Other Vegetables ⭑ 248
Try‑with‑Resources 249
Write Current Date to File ⭑ 249
Read Notes and Write Them to a New ABC File ⭑⭑ 249
 Contents xiii

Quiz: Excluded ⭑ 250

Suggested Solutions 251
Get the Longest Line of a File 251
Identify Exceptions, Laughing All the Time 252
Convert String Array to Int Array and Be Lenient on Nonnumbers 254
Quiz: And Finally 255
Quiz: A Lonely Try 255
Quiz: Well Caught 256
Quiz: Too Much of a Good Thing 256
Quiz: Try‑Catch in Inheritance 257
Quiz: Throw and Throws 257
Quiz: The Division Fails 257
Show Impossible Watt with Own Exception 258
Quiz: Potatoes or Other Vegetables 260
Write Current Date to File 260
Read Notes and Write Them to a New ABC File 261
Quiz: Excluded 262

10 Lambda Expressions and Functional Programming 263

Lambda Expressions 264
Quiz: Recognize Valid Functional Interfaces ⭑ 264
Quiz: From Interface Implementation to Lambda Expression ⭑ 264
Write Lambda Expressions for Functional Interfaces ⭑ 265
Quiz: Write Lambda Expressions Like This? ⭑ 266
Developing Lambda Expressions ⭑ 266
Quiz: Contents of the Package java.util.function ⭑ 266
Quiz: Know Functional Interfaces for Mappings ⭑ 266
Method and Constructor References 268
Rewriting Lambda Expressions ⭑⭑ 268
Selected Functional Interfaces 268
Delete Entries, Remove Comments, Convert to CSV ⭑ 268
Suggested Solutions 269
Quiz: Recognize Valid Functional Interfaces 269
Quiz: From Interface Implementation to Lambda Expression 270
Write Lambda Expressions for Functional Interfaces 271
Quiz: Write Lambda Expressions Like This? 271
Developing Lambda Expressions 271
Quiz: Contents of the Package java.util.function 271
Quiz: Know Functional Interfaces for Mappings 272
Rewriting Lambda Expressions 273
Delete Entries, Remove Comments, and Convert to CSV 273
Note 274

11 Special Types from the Java Class Library 275

Absolute Superclass java.lang.Object 275
Generate equals(Object) and hashCode() ⭑ 276
Existing equals(Object) Implementations ⭑⭑ 276
Interfaces Comparator and Comparable 277
Quiz: Natural Order Or Not? ⭑ 277
Handle Superheroes 277
xiv Contents

Compare Superheroes ⭑⭑ 279

Concatenate Hero Comparators ⭑ 280
Using a Key Extractor to Easily Create a Comparator ⭑⭑ 280
Sort Points by Distance to Center ⭑ 282
Find Stores Nearby ⭑⭑ 283
Autoboxing 283
Quiz: Handling Null Reference in Unboxing ⭑ 283
Quiz: Unboxing Surprise ⭑⭑ 284
Suggested Solutions 284
Generate equals(Object) and hashCode() 284
Existing equals(Object) Implementations 287
Quiz: Natural Order Or Not? 289
Compare Superheroes 289
Concatenate Hero Comparators 290
Using a Key Extractor to Easily Create a Comparator 291
Sort Points by Distance to Center 291
Find Stores Nearby 292
Quiz: Handling Null Reference in Unboxing 293
Quiz: Unboxing Surprise 294
Notes 294

Appendix A: Most Frequent Types and Methods in the Java Universe 295
A.1 Packages with the Most Common Types 295
A.2 100 Most Common Types 296
A.3 100 Most Common Methods 299
A.4 100 Most Common Methods Including Parameter List 302
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 'Yes, by Jove! but in the time to come?'

'Thanks again, I say, dear Hammersley, but I am inclined to let to-

morrow take care of to-morrow, especially while campaigning in Zululand.'

'Tiresome work I find that, with all my zeal for the service,' observed
Hammersley, as the entire cavalry force moved off about four in the
morning, when the sky and landscape were alike dark. 'We have much
bodily endurance, and run enormous risks which the people at home don't
understand or fully appreciate, because our antagonists are naked savages,
though second to no men in the world for reckless valour; thus honour may
be accorded to us but scantily and grudgingly, because they are savages and
not civilised enemies, or, as some one says of the days of the Great Duke,
when so many thousand men in red coats and blue breeches met and beat so
many thousand men in blue coats and red breeches.'

General Marshall, with the King's Dragoon Guards and 17th Lancers,
had reconnoitred the country in advance as far as the Upoko River, and
there effected a junction with Buller's command on the same ground where
the latter had escaped the ambuscade referred to.

On a green plain below it a great mass of Zulus, sombre and dark,

spotted with the grey of their oval shields, was seen hovering, the flash of
an assegai-head sparkling out at times when the sun arose, and near them,
enveloped in smoke and all sheeted with flame at once, were some kraals
that had been set on fire by the Irregular Horse; so the scene, if beautiful,
was also a stirring one.

Above the vast mountain opposite, where the Upoko (a tributary of the
great White Umvulosi, which flows towards the sea) was rolling in golden
sheen between banks clothed with date palms, Kaffir plums, flowering
acacias, and thornwood, the uprisen sun was shining in all his glory. The
mountain was torn by ravines and studded with mimosa groups. On the left
of the troops rose the vast Inhlatzatye, or mountain of greenstone, turned to
crimson in the morning sun, its base clothed with lovely pasture, and twenty
miles in its rear was known to be Ulundi, the great military kraal of
Cetewayo, the chief object of the advance.
 In the immediate foreground was the force of cavalry, with all their
white helmets and sword blades shining in the sun, the dark blue of the
Lancers, and the sombre uniforms of the Irregular Horse, relieved and
varied by the bright scarlet of the King's Dragoon Guards and the mimosa-
coloured tunics of the Mounted Infantry.

The sharp blare of the trumpets sounded 'the advance.'

'Buller's Horse to the left!' cried the officer of that name, digging spurs
into his charger; 'Whalley's to the right! Frontier Light Horse and
Hammersley's Mounted Infantry the centre!'

Uncovering to the flanks, the formation was made at a canter, and the
forward movement began. During the morning Florian had more than once
(till his men required his attention) an unpleasant sense of the presence of
two secret enemies on the ground, which made him look frequently to
where the oddly costumed volunteer troopers were advancing, and before
that day's fighting was quite over he had bitter cause to know that both were
in the field.

The 1st King's Dragoon Guards had been quartered in the same barracks
with the regiment to which these two deserters belonged, and, feeling
themselves now in hourly expectation of recognition by some of them, the
camp of the Second Division had become perilous for the two desperadoes,
and on that day they had resolved to 'levant,' but not before effecting their
villainous purpose, if possible.

They knew well that by the rules of the service, at foreign stations, when
there is no doubt as to the identity of a deserter, he is sent at once to his own
corps to be dealt with there; moreover, they know that the fact of their
serving with the Volunteer Horse constituted another crime—that of
fraudulent enlistment; and neither had any desire to be tied to the wheel of a
field-piece and flogged as an example to others, for that punishment had not
been quite abandoned yet.

While Colonel Buller's force was advancing, the Zulus had moved off by
companies in singularly regular formation, and taken post in the rocky
ravines at the base of the Euzangonyan Hill, which was covered with thick
scrub and high feathery reeds, that swayed to and fro in the wind like a
mighty cornfield.

After crossing the river, the Irregulars and Mounted Infantry at full speed
advanced to within three hundred yards of the foe, and leaped from their
saddles, with rifles unslung. The horses were then led forward out of fire, or
nearly so, by every third file, told off for that purpose.

Kneeling and creeping forward by turns, the fighting line opened a

steady fire upon the partly concealed Zulus, whose dark figures were half
seen, half hidden amid the smoke that eddied along the slopes of the hill,
and this continued till the watchful Buller, who was surveying the position
through a field-glass from the summit of a knoll, discovered from a flank
movement that the Zulus had a large force in reserve, and, in a wily manner,
were luring his troops on to destruction.

He ordered his bugle to sound the 'retire' and the whole to recross the
river, but not before several men were killed or wounded, with fifteen
horses placed hors de combat; then the Queen's cavalry were ordered to
advance to the attack with lance and sword.

In his saddle, Florian watched them advance in imposing order, led by

that preux chevalier, Drury Lowe, the hero of Zurapore, where the pursuit
and the destruction of Tantia Topee were achieved in the Indian war. When
Buller's scouting horse, skilled marksmen even from the saddle, and
mounted on cattle nimble as antelopes, had partly failed, he could scarcely
hope to achieve much with his heavy Lancers and still heavier Dragoon
Guardsmen; but sending a troop of the latter to guard against any chance of
the Zulus creeping down the bed of the river, he led three troops of Lancers
close to the margin, where the marigold figs grew in profusion, and the
yellow Kaffir melons, large as 40-pound shot, were floating in the current;
and splashing through, he deployed them on some open ground beyond, full
of that fiery confidence that there is nothing in war which the genuine
dragoon cannot achieve.

'By Jove!' exclaimed Hammersley, 'but it is sad to see these splendid

Lancers going in for this kind of work. It is hopeless for them to charge
such a position, and attempt, at the lance's point, to ferret these savages out
of their holes and dongas.'

From the Euzangonyan Hill the Zulus were now firing heavily, but as
their rifles were all wrongly sighted—if sighted at all—their bullets went
high into the air. Between these and Lowe spread a mealie-field, which he
believed to be full of other Zulus, and resolved to let all who might be
lurking there feel what the point of a lance is, he rode straight at it.

'Trot—gallop—charge!' sounded the trumpets; and with their horses'

manes and the banneroles of their levelled lances streaming backward on
the wind, the 17th rushed on, sweeping through the tall, brown stalks of the
dead mealies, but found no Zulus there.

When clear of the mealies, Lowe ordered some of the Lancers to

dismount and open fire with their carbines on those Zulus who were lurking
on the hill-slope among some thorn-trees, and there many were shot down,
and their half-devoured and festering remains were found by our soldiers in
the subsequent August.

After punishing them severely, the cavalry were recalled, but not before
there were some casualties among the Lancers, whose adjutant, Lieutenant
Frith—a favourite officer—was shot through the heart, and brought to camp
dead across the saddle of his charger.

From fastnesses that were quite inaccessible to horsemen, the Zulus,

covered by an undergrowth of prickly thorns and plants with enormous
brown spiky leaves, continued to fire heavily, wreathing all the hill-side in
white smoke, streaked with jets of fire; while another portion of them,
yelling and running with the swiftness of hares, lined the bed of the river
and opened a sputtering fusilade in flank, rendering the whole position of
our cavalry most perilous.

'Retire by alternate squadrons!' was now the order for the cavalry, and
beautifully and steadily was the movement executed.

'Fours about—trot,' came the order in succession from the leaders of the
even and odd squadrons.
 A front was thus kept to the Zulus, but the hope to lure them from their
fastnesses by a movement they had never seen before, and to have a chance
of attacking them in the open, proved vain; and upon broken and steep
ground, on which it would have been impossible for any cavalry force to
assail them, they were seen swarming in vast black hordes round the flanks
of the Euzangonyan Hill, and still maintaining a sputtering but distant
though defiant fire, while the cavalry and other mounted men fell back
towards their respective columns; and now it was that the calamitous
outrage we have hinted at occurred.

When the cavalry began to fall back by alternate squadrons, it was

remarked that two men of the Irregular Horse lingered at a considerable
distance in the rear, still firing occasionally, as if they had not heard the
sound of the trumpet to 'retire.'

'Those rash fools will get knocked on the head if they don't come back,'
said Hammersley to Florian, as they were riding leisurely now at a little
distance in rear of their men. 'They are nearly six hundred yards off. Well,
we have not got even a scratch to-day,' he added, laughing, as he
manipulated and proceeded to light a cigar; 'and now to get back to camp
and have a deep drink of bitter beer. By Jove, I am thirsty as a bag of sand.'

'And I too,' said Florian.

Again the 'retire' was sounded, now by two trumpeters together, but
without avail apparently.

At that moment two rifle-shots came upon the speakers, delivered by the
very men in question, and then they were seen to gallop at full speed, not
after the retreating column, but at an angle towards the north-west, on
perceiving that their shots had taken fatal effect; for Hammersley, struck by
one, fell from his saddle on his face, and rolled over apparently in mortal
agony, while Florian felt Tattoo give a kind of writhing bound under him
and nearly topple over on his forehead till recovered by the use of spur and
bridle-bit. Florian at once dismounted, for the horse was seriously
wounded; but he could only give a despairing glance at his friend, if he
meant to act decisively and avenge him.
 'These scoundrels are deserters doubly—I know; follow me, men, we
have not a moment to lose!' cried Florian, in a voice husky with rage, grief,
and excitement, as he leaped upon poor Hammersley's horse; and with a
section of four men, one of whom was Tom Tyrrell, he spurred after them at
full speed, without waiting for orders given or permission accorded.

If he was to act at all, there was no time for either.

He never doubted for a moment that they were Josh Jarrett and Dick of
the Droogveldt, who were boldly attempting to escape in the face of the
column after failing to shoot himself, and who had now fully thousand
yards start of him and his pursuing party.

END OF VOL. II.

BILLING & SONS, PRINTERS, GUILDFORD.

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