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Brief Contents
World Map
Regional and Country Coverage
Preface
About the Authors
PART I A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING
COMPARATIVE POLITICS
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2. THE MODERN STATE
CHAPTER 3. STATES, CITIZENS, AND REGIMES
CHAPTER 4. STATES AND IDENTITY
PART II POLITICAL SYSTEMS AND HOW THEY WORK
CHAPTER 5. GOVERNING INSTITUTIONS IN
DEMOCRACIES
CHAPTER 6. INSTITUTIONS OF PARTICIPATION AND
REPRESENTATION IN DEMOCRACIES
CHAPTER 7. CONTENTIOUS POLITICS: SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS, POLITICAL VIOLENCE, AND
REVOLUTION
CHAPTER 8. AUTHORITARIAN INSTITUTIONS
CHAPTER 9. REGIME CHANGE
PART III POLITICAL ECONOMY AND POLICY
CHAPTER 10. POLITICAL ECONOMY OF WEALTH
CHAPTER 11. POLITICAL ECONOMY OF DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 12. PUBLIC POLICIES WHEN MARKETS FAIL:
WELFARE, HEALTH, AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Glossary
Index

8
Detailed Contents
World Map
Regional and Country Coverage
Preface
About the Authors
PART I A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING
COMPARATIVE POLITICS
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
The Big Issues
Comparative Politics: What Is It? Why Study It? How to
Study It?
Three Key Questions in Comparative Politics
What Explains Political Behavior?
Who Rules?
Where and Why?
Plan of the Book
Key Concepts
Works Cited
Resources for Further Study
Web Resources
CHAPTER 2. THE MODERN STATE
Characteristics of the Modern State
Historical Origins of Modern States
Strong, Weak, and Failed States
Case Studies of State Formation
The Strongest States
Case Study: Germany: The First Modern Welfare State
Case Study: United Kingdom: The Long Evolution of a
Strong State
Case Study: The United States: A Consciously Crafted
State
Case Study: Japan: Determined Sovereignty
Moderately Strong States
Case Study: Brazil: A Moderately Strong, and Now
Legitimate, Modern State
Case Study: Mexico: Challenges to Internal Sovereignty
Case Study: China: Economic Legitimacy over Political
Reform

9
 Case Study: India: Enduring Democracy in a Moderately
Weak State
Case Study: Russia: Strong External Sovereignty with
Weak Rule of Law
The Weakest States
Case Study: Iran: Claiming Legitimacy via Theocracy
Case Study: Nigeria: An Extremely Weak State
Conclusion
Key Concepts
Works Cited
Resources for Further Study
Web Resources
CHAPTER 3. STATES, CITIZENS, AND REGIMES
Citizens and Civil Society
Regimes, Ideologies, and Citizens
Liberal Democracy
Case Study: United Kingdom: “Cradle of Democracy”
Communism
Case Study: Russia: The First Self-Proclaimed Communist
Regime
Fascism
Case Study: Germany: Rise of the Nazi Party and a
Totalitarian State
Modernizing Authoritarianism
Case Study: Brazil: A Modernizing Authoritarian Regime
in Military Form, 1964–1985
Personalist Regimes
Case Study: Nigeria: A Personalist Regime in Uniform,
1993–1998
Electoral Authoritarianism
Case Study: Mexico: Electoral Authoritarianism under the
PRI
Theocracy
Case Study: The Islamic Republic of Iran: Theocratic State,
1979–
Conclusion
Key Concepts
Works Cited
Resources for Further Study
Web Resources
CHAPTER 4. STATES AND IDENTITY

10
 Understanding Identity
The Policy Debate
The Demands of Identity Groups
Arguments for Group Rights and Recognition
Arguments against Group Rights
Nations and Nationalism
Case Study: Nationalism in Germany
Ethnicity
Case Study: The Evolving Role of Ethnicity in Nigeria
Race
Case Study: Racial Politics in the United States
Religion: Recognition, Autonomy, and the Secular State
Religion as Group Identity
State Response to Religion: Differing Forms of
Secularism
Case Study: India: Secularism in a Religious and
Religiously Plural Society
Gender and Sexual Orientation: The Continuing Struggle
for Recognition, Social Status, and Representation
Debating Goals
Objectives and Outcomes
Case Study: Iran: Women’s Social Gains, Political and
Cultural Restrictions, and Islamic Feminism
Case Study: Brazil: LGBT Rights in a New Democracy
Conclusion
Key Concepts
Works Cited
Resources for Further Study
Web Resources
PART II POLITICAL SYSTEMS AND HOW THEY WORK
CHAPTER 5. GOVERNING INSTItUTIONS IN
DEMOCRACIES
Executives and Legislatures
Parliamentarism: The Westminster Model
Case Study: Parliamentary Rule in Britain and India
Presidential Systems: The Separation of Powers
Case Study: Presidentialism in the United States and Brazil
Semipresidentialism: The Hybrid Compromise
Case Study: Russia: Semipresidentialism in a New
Democracy with Weak Institutions
Comparing Executive-Legislative Institutions

11
 Accountability
Policymaking
Stability
Judiciary
Judicial Review and the “Judicialization” of Politics
Judicial Independence and Institutional Strength
Case Study: The Judiciary: Brazil
Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy and Corruption
Case Study: Bureaucratic Control and Corruption: Japan
Federalism
Why Countries Adopt Federalism
Federalism and Accountability
Federalism and Minority Rights
Trends in Federalism
Case Study: Federalism: Mexico, India, and Russia
Conclusion
Key Concepts
Works Cited
Resources for Further Study
Web Resources
CHAPTER 6. INSTITUTIONS OF PARTICIPATION AND
REPRESENTATION IN DEMOCRACIES
The Electoral System
Single-Member Districts: “First-Past-the-Post” and
Majoritarian Voting
Proportional Representation
Mixed, or Semiproportional, Systems
Formal Institutions: Political Parties and Party Systems
Political Parties
Party Systems
Civil Society
Government–Interest Group Interaction: Two Models
Case Studies in Participation and Representation
Case Study: The United Kingdom: SMD/FPTP, Two
Parties, and Pluralism
Case Study: Germany: Two-and-a-Half-Party System and
Neocorporatism under Threat
Case Study: Japan: From Dominant-Party to Two-Party
System?
Case Study: India: From Dominant-Party to Multiparty

12
 Democracy
Case Study: Brazil: Parties and Civil Society in a Young
Democracy
Conclusion
Key Concepts
Works Cited
Resources for Further Study
Web Resources
CHAPTER 7. CONTENTIOUS POLITICS: SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS, POLITICAL VIOLENCE, AND
REVOLUTION
Framing Contentious Politics
Why Contentious Politics Happen
How Contentious Politics Happen
Case Study: The United States: Reacting to Economic
Decline—Occupy and the Tea Party
Political Violence
Theories of Political Violence
Civil War
Terrorism
Case Study: Mexico: The Zapatista Rebellion
Case Study: Nigeria: Boko Haram and Terrorism
Revolution
Types of Revolution
Why Do Revolutions Happen?
Case Study: Revolution: China and Iran
Conclusion
Key Concepts
Works Cited
Resources for Further Study
Web Resources
CHAPTER 8. AUTHORITARIAN INSTITUTIONS
Authoritarian Rule around the World
Governing Institutions in Authoritarian Regimes
The Problem of Succession
Case Study: China: From Communist to Modernizing
Authoritarian Rule
Case Study: Russia: Creating an Electoral Authoritarian
Regime
Case Study: Iran: A Theocratic, Electoral Authoritarian
Regime

13
 Elections, Parties, and Civil Society in Authoritarian
Regimes
Elections and Parties
Civil Society
Clientelism
Case Study: China: Growing Participation but Not
Democracy
Case Study: Russia: Weak Opposition in an Electoral
Authoritarian Regime
Case Study: Iran: From Participation and Reform to
Renewed Repression
Conclusion
Key Concepts
Works Cited
Resources for Further Study
Web Resources
CHAPTER 9. REGIME CHANGE
The Military in Politics: Coups d’État
Why Do Military Coups Happen?
What Are the Results of Coups?
Case Study: Comparing Coups: Brazil and Nigeria
Revolution
Democratization
Transitions to Democracy
Explaining Democratization, Consolidation, and
Breakdown
Case Study: Mexico: Transition from an Electoral
Authoritarian Regime
Case Study: Russia: Transition to an Electoral Authoritarian
Regime
Case Study: Nigeria: Neopatrimonial Transition
Conclusion
Key Concepts
Works Cited
Resources for Further Study
Web Resources
PART III POLITICAL ECONOMY AND POLICY
CHAPTER 10. POLITICAL ECONOMY OF WEALTH
The Market, Capitalism, and the State
Capitalism
Essential Roles

14
 Beneficial Roles
Politically Generated Roles
Key Economic Debates
Keynesianism
Neoliberalism
Keynesianism versus Neoliberalism: An Ongoing
Debate
Types of Capitalist Economies
Liberal Market Economies (LMEs)
Coordinated Market Economies (CMEs)
Globalization: A New World Order, or Déjà Vu All Over
Again?
A Brave New World?
Causes of Globalization
Political Responses to Globalization
Globalization and the European Union
State Responses to Globalization
States and Markets around the World
Case Study: The United States: The Free-Market Model
Case Study: United Kingdom: Radical Reform in a Liberal
Market Economy
Case Study: Germany: Struggling to Reform a Coordinated
Market Economy
Case Study: Japan: The Developmental State and Its Crisis
Conclusion
Key Concepts
Works Cited
Resources for Further Study
Web Resources
CHAPTER 11. POLITICAL ECONOMY OF DEVELOPment
What Is “Development”?
Development and Globalization
The Development Debate
Regime Type and Development Success
Case Studies in Development
Case Study: Mexico: From Protectionism to Neoliberalism
Case Study: China: An Emerging Powerhouse
Case Study: India: Development and Democracy
Case Study: Iran: Struggling with the Blessings of Oil
Case Study: Nigeria: A Weak State, Oil, and Corruption
Conclusion

15
 Key Concepts
Works Cited
Resources for Further Study
Web Resources
CHAPTER 12. PUBLIC POLICIES WHEN MARKETS FAIL:
WELFARE, HEALTH, AND THE ENVIRONMENT
“Welfare”: Social Policy in Comparative Perspective
Types of Social Policy
Types of Welfare States
Explaining the Development and Evolution of Welfare
States
Comparing Welfare States
Social Policy in the Global South
Case Study: Germany: Reforming the Christian Democratic
Welfare State
Case Study: The United States: Reforming the Liberal
Welfare State
Case Study: Brazil: Starting a Welfare State in a
Developing Economy
Health Care and Health Policy
Health Care and Market Failure
Health Care Systems
Common Problems
Case Study: Germany: Pioneer of Modern Health Policy
Case Study: United Kingdom: Reforming the NHS
Case Study: U.S. Health Policy: Trials and Tribulations of
the Market Model
Environmental Problems and Policy
The Environment and Market Failure
Risk and Uncertainty
Policy Options
Climate Change
Case Study: The United States: Pioneer That Lost Its Way?
Case Study: China: Searching for Sustainable Development
Conclusion
Key Concepts
Works Cited
Resources for Further Study
Web Resources
Glossary
Index

16
Regional and Country Coverage
Africa
Nigeria: An Extremely Weak State 90
Nigeria: A Personalist Regime in Uniform, 1993–1998 129
The Evolving Role of Ethnicity in Nigeria 166
Nigeria: Boko Haram and Terrorism 390
Comparing Coups: Brazil and Nigeria 477
Nigeria: Neopatrimonial Transition 508
Nigeria: A Weak State, Oil, and Corruption 624
Americas
The United States: A Consciously Crafted State 65
Brazil: A Moderately Strong, and Now Legitimate, Modern State 71
Mexico: Challenges to Internal Sovereignty 74
Brazil: A Modernizing Authoritarian Regime in Military Form, 1964–
1985 126
Mexico: Electoral Authoritarianism under the PRI 133
Racial Politics in the United States 171
Brazil: LGBT Rights in a New Democracy 204
Presidentialism in the United States and Brazil 231
The Judiciary: Brazil 251
Federalism: Mexico, India, and Russia 268
Brazil: Parties and Civil Society in a Young Democracy 344
Americas
The United States: Reacting to Economic Decline—Occupy and the
Tea Party 370
Mexico: The Zapatista Rebellion 386
Comparing Coups: Brazil and Nigeria 477
Mexico: Transition from an Electoral Authoritarian Regime 498
The United States: The Free-Market Model 553
Mexico: From Protectionism to Neoliberalism 605
The United States: Reforming the Liberal Welfare State 653
Brazil: Starting a Welfare State in a Developing Economy 657
U.S. Health Policy: Trials and Tribulations of the Market Model 673
The United States: Pioneer That Losts9781506375489.i3622 Its Way?
688
Asia
Japan: Determined Sovereignty 68
China: Economic Legitimacy over Political Reform. 77

17
India: Enduring Democracy in a Moderately Weak State 81
Russia: Strong External Sovereignty with Weak Rule of Law 84
Russia: The First Self-Proclaimed Communist Regime 115
India: Secularism in a Religious and Religiously Plural Society 184
Parliamentary Rule in Britain and India 223
Russia: Semipresidentialism in a New Democracy with Weak
Institutions 240
Bureaucratic Control and Corruption: Japan 260
Federalism: Mexico, India, and Russia 268
Japan: From Dominant-Party to Two-Party System? 332
India: From Dominant-Party to Multiparty Democracy 339
Revolution: China and Iran 339
China: From Communist to Modernizing Authoritarian Rule 421
Russia: Creating an Electoral Authoritarian Regime 429
China: Growing Participation but Not Democracy 445
Russia: Weak Opposition in an Electoral Authoritarian Regime 452
Russia: Transition to an Electoral Authoritarian Regime 503
Japan: The Developmental State and Its Crisis 571
China: An Emerging Powerhouse 611
India: Development and Democracy 617
China: Searching for Sustainable Development 692
EUROPE
Germany: The First Modern Welfare State 59
United Kingdom: The Long Evolution of a Strong State 62
Russia: Strong External Sovereignty with Weak Rule of Law 84
United Kingdom: “Cradle of Democracy” 110
Russia: The First Self-Proclaimed Communist Regime 115
Germany: Rise of the Nazi Party and a Totalitarian State 120
Nationalism in Germany 161
Parliamentary Rule in Britain and India 223
Russia: Semipresidentialism in a New Democracy with Weak
Institutions 240
Federalism: Mexico, India, and Russia 268
United Kingdom: SMD/FPTP, Two Parties, and Pluralism 320
Germany: Two-and-a-Half-Party System and Neocorporatism under
Threat 326
Russia: Creating an Electoral Authoritarian Regime 429
Russia: Weak Opposition in an Electoral Authoritarian Regime 452
Russia: Transition to an Electoral Authoritarian Regime 503
United Kingdom: Radical Reform in a Liberal Market Economy 560
Germany: Struggling to Reform a Coordinated Market Economy 564

18
Germany: Reforming the Christian Democratic Welfare State 650
Germany: Pioneer of Modern Health Policy 666
United Kingdom: Reforming the NHS 670
MIDDLE EAST
Iran: Claiming Legitimacy via Theocracy 87
The Islamic Republic of Iran: Theocratic State, 1979– 139
Iran: Women’s Social Gains, Political and Cultural Restrictions, and
Islamic Feminism 198
Revolution: China and Iran 399
Iran: A Theocratic, Electoral Authoritarian Regime 434
Iran: From Participation and Reform to Renewed Repression 456
Iran: Struggling with the Blessings of Oil 621

19
Preface

The teaching of introductory comparative politics has long been divided,

and to some extent confounded, by the question of “country” or “concept”:
Should the course be taught, as it traditionally has been, as a series of
country studies highlighting the key similarities and differences among
political institutions around the world, or should it be focused on the
important concepts in the discipline? Throughout twenty-five years of
teaching introduction to comparative politics, we have been frustrated by
this “either/or” proposition, as well as by the textbooks that have been
built upon it. The country approach is far too descriptive, and it is not easy
to tease major concepts out of country case studies in any sustained way.
This makes it difficult for students to get to the intellectual “meat” of our
discipline. A purely conceptual approach, on the other hand, leaves
students with little concrete knowledge, even when they’re given examples
here and there. We want our students to know the difference between a
president and a prime minister. We’ve found that it is impossible for them
to assess theories in an empirical vacuum. Students need the context that
studying actual country cases provides.

We traded syllabi back and forth over the years, trying to combine the two
approaches. Our goal was to introduce a set of related concepts and then
immediately examine in some detail how they matter in the real world in a
comparative context. To do this, we started using two textbooks, one
conceptual and the other country-based, in an iterative fashion. But the
parts never fit together well, even if written by the same team. In
particular, we found that the conceptual books didn’t lend themselves well
to connecting key theoretical concepts to case study material. We also
found that the case studies in most country-based books were either too
detailed, leaving the student overwhelmed by unnecessary information, or
too simplistic, leaving the student without adequate knowledge with which
to understand the utility of the theoretical concepts.

This textbook tries to resolve this country-or-concept dilemma, using what

we’ve come to think of as a “hybrid” approach. The book is organized
conceptually, but each chapter introduces concepts and then immediately
uses them to examine a series of topical, interesting, and relevant case
studies. For instance, chapter 10, on the political economy of wealthy
countries, lays out the key concepts in political economy and major

20
economic theories and inserts case studies, where they best fit, of the U.S.
laissez-faire model, the German social market economy, and the Japanese
developmental state.

We use eleven countries throughout the book as “touchstones”

(approximately five cases in each chapter), returning to these countries to
illustrate the debates we address. The eleven countries—Brazil, China,
Germany, India, Iran, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, the United
Kingdom, and the United States—span the globe, illustrate a wide array of
current and past regimes, and avoid a Eurocentrism still too common in the
field of comparative politics. Since we know, however, that not all aspects
of comparative politics can best be represented by these eleven countries
alone, we reference dozens of others as brief examples (of a paragraph or
two) throughout the text.

By the end of the book, students not only will have been introduced to a
wide array of important concepts and theoretical debates but also will have
learned a lot about each of the eleven countries. We do not and cannot
systematically examine all elements of all eleven as a standard country-by-
country book would. Instead, after a brief overview of each country in
chapter 2 to give students a basic context, we identify the most
conceptually interesting elements of each country. For instance, regarding
Japan, we cover the developmental state, the role of that state’s
bureaucracy and level of corruption, its electoral system, and the country’s
recent efforts to deal with globalization and resuscitate economic growth.
Regarding Germany, we cover the rise and structure of the Nazi regime,
Germany’s cultural nationalism and citizenship debates, its electoral
system, and its efforts to reform the social market economy and welfare
state in the face of globalization and European Union integration. The case
studies are organized and written in a way that allows students to
understand the context of the debates and concepts without having to read
an entire “country chapter” on each. And we keep the cases concise, which
leaves faculty members the option of lecturing to fill in any additional
detail that they may feel important or to provide comparisons with cases
not covered in a chapter.

Rather than using any one theoretical or methodological approach, in

chapter 1 we introduce students to the broad debates in the field to show
how comparativists have used various theories and methodologies to
understand political phenomena. We do not generally offer definitive
conclusions about which approach is best for understanding a particular

21
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
 "I'm not your Lammikin, you are Miss Wolf!" cried the
saucy little girl, encouraged by a laugh from some of the
bystanders.

The naughty Lammikin lost no opportunity of trying the

patience of her poor guardian. Shelah sat down on Miss
Petty's flower-trimmed bonnet, when it had been exchanged
for the dinner-cap. Shelah got possession of her guardian's
scissors, and snipped a fringe round the handkerchief which
Miss Petty had dropped on the floor. The old lady found salt
mixed in her tea, and had a good guess as to how it came
there. There seemed to be no end of the Lammikin's
pranks; but with Mrs. Evendale she never played any.

In due time the island of Malta was reached, and, to the

no small pleasure of the passengers, Captain Gump gave
them leave to go on shore, strictly limiting, however, the
time which they might spend on land. An amusing scene,
familiar to those who have touched at Malta, occurred when
the passengers first set foot on the historical island. A mob
of porters, vehicle-drivers, and other jabbering candidates
for employment, who look on pleasure-seekers as their
natural prey, swarmed around.

Miss Petty, who knew not a word of Italian, and was

frightened and confused by the bustle and noise, fought her
way through the rabble as well as she could with the point
of her parasol, holding by the hand Shelah, who mightily
enjoyed the fun. Mrs. Evendale quietly followed behind,
and, singling out a driver more respectable in appearance
than the rest, gave him in Italian directions whither to
drive.

"Oh, Mrs. Evendale, let us go shopping together!" cried

Miss Petty. "I've heard that in Malta there are the sweetest
things in silver and lace."
 "I am afraid that I cannot accompany you, Miss Petty,"
said the widow, who was just about to step into the vehicle
which she had hired. "My time here is very precious; I must
take advantage of the only opportunity which I may ever
have of visiting a dear friend, a great invalid, sent to Malta
by the advice of the doctors."

"Then take Shelah with you, please do; I can't shop or

enjoy anything in peace with this monkey always at my
heels."

"I am sorry to have again to say no," replied Mrs.

Evendale, who had taken her seat in the conveyance. "If my
poor friend were in health, I should certainly take Shelah
with me; but the lady is ill, may be dying. Shelah is too
lively a child for a sick-room." The vehicle was driven away.

Lammikin turned down the corners of her mouth and

looked cross; Miss Petty felt scarcely less so. "It's always
the way with those saints," she muttered; "they are never
ready to do me a service. Come, Shelah, we can manage
for ourselves."

"I'll not go with you; I'll go with Robin!" cried Shelah.

But Robin was nowhere to be seen; he and Harold had

landed before the ladies, and taken a different course. The
Lammikin had no choice but to go with her guardian.

When the Hartley brothers touched land, Robin

enthusiastically exclaimed, "How glorious it is to be in
Malta, in Melita, the first spot trodden by an apostle's feet
on which I have ever stood!"

"And what a splendid place it is," rejoined Harold,

gazing up with interest at the noble buildings which give
Malta the appearance of a collection of ancient fortresses.
He thought of the olden times when those walls rang with
the shouts of the gallant knights of St. John, who, with their
fearless devotion, made their rocky island the bulwark of
Christendom against the warriors of the Crescent.

"Gallant deeds have been done here," observed Harold,

"which will make the name of the Knights of Malta illustrious
to the end of time. What a brave stand they made against
the tide of Moslem aggression when it came on Europe like
a flood! They had inherited the spirit of the Crusaders of
old."

"Harold, if you and I had lived in the time of Peter the

Hermit," observed Robin, "I think that we both would have
been off to Palestine to rescue the Holy Sepulchre; and if in
the days when the Turks were trying by fire and sword to
carry their false religion into the West, you and I would
have taken the vows, and donned the white cross of the
Knights of St. John."

"Perhaps we might have done so," replied Harold, "for

we should not have understood better than others did in
those times that our Lord's kingdom is not to be spread by
earthly weapons. The warfare of the knights in the days of
old is no bad type of that before us in India. All Christians
should be crusaders, in the sense of bearing the Cross and
fighting its battles; we missionaries, set apart and specially
devoted to the noblest of warfares, may be called, if you
will, the present Order of the Knights of St. John."

The idea took the fancy of Robin. "Had not the knights
to take a special vow of purity and obedience," he said;
"were they not to protect women, take up the cause of the
oppressed, and fight against evil wherever they met it? This
is exactly what we have to do. We have to set up our
banner on a Rock. Our weapons are not sword nor spear,
nor our armour the glittering casque and mail, but we have
to wield the sword of the Spirit, the Word of God, and wear
the breastplate of righteousness, and for a helmet the hope
of salvation."

Harold smiled at the enthusiasm of his young brother.

"One part of the comparison you have omitted," said he.
"Do you not remember the knight's solemn night-watch
beside his weapons before he was esteemed worthy to use
them? For the missionary knight of St. John there is some
preparation required corresponding to this."

"I am afraid that I have not thought enough of

preparation," said Robin; "though I have prayed, and that
from my heart. How would you have us keep our vigil?"

"By increased watchfulness, prayerfulness, and

submission to whatever trials God may appoint," replied
Harold. "Our Leader will not leave His warriors without
discipline, often far more prolonged and painful than the
night-watch of the Knights of St. John."

These words were often to recur to the mind of Robin,

as if, when they were spoken, coming events had indeed
cast their dark shadow before.

"Now, whither shall we first bend our steps?" said

Harold.

"I don't care for seeing Romish cathedrals, still less for
staring into shops when I've no money to spend," replied
Robin. "I've been making inquiries as to how far it is to the
memorable bay, where St. Paul and his companions are said
to have landed after their shipwreck. I long to see the
place, and have just time to go there if I make all speed."
 "I am not sure whether you have time for the
expedition," said Harold Hartley. "What if the 'Alligator'
should steam off without you? I doubt whether Captain
Gump would wait for the Queen herself."

"I shall take care not to be late," cried Robin; "only lend
me your watch."

Harold did so, and the active young Englishman went off
at full speed.

"I must make some use of my time too," thought

Harold; "the missionary knight should always be on duty;
here are some of my shafts ready;" and he drew from his
vest some small copies of single gospels in the Italian
language, which he had brought from England for
distribution in Malta.

"This is the Word of God," said the young missionary to

an intelligent-looking man, who was engaged in selling fruit.
Harold had learnt these few words in Italian from Mrs.
Evendale, on purpose to use them thus.

But the man's hand was not stretched out to receive the
precious gift; he shook his head, and said something in
Italian which Harold could not understand, except that it
implied refusal.

Nothing discouraged, the distributor went on his way, to

find some more hopeful subject. He next tried a lad who
had books under his arm. "He at least will be able to read,"
thought Harold.

"Bad book—forbidden by the priests," was the youth's

reply in Italian.
 The third person to whom a gospel was offered was a
woman. She looked timidly round her, saw a Romish priest
standing at the corner of the street, and hurried away.

"It is evident that Malta is not a place where the

Scriptures are welcomed," thought Harold, sadly, as he
replaced his rejected books in his vest. "Rome's constant
opposition to the circulation of the Word of God amongst
the poor is one of the clearest proofs that her doctrines will
not bear its searching light."

Harold was near a shop, and remembering that he had

lost his pen-knife, he went in to replace it by buying one
which he chanced to see in the window. The trifling
purchase was soon made; turning to quit the shop, Harold
saw the seller of fruit by his side. The man furtively
stretched out his hand, and Hartley, understanding the
gesture, for nothing was said, placed in that hand the
Gospel, which was received with a silent look of joy.

"One seed sown," thought Harold; "may the Lord give

His blessing to it! I have heard that this island of Malta, now
famed for its orange groves, was originally only bare rock,
and that all its soil had to be conveyed in ships from the
mainland. Such efforts were made to cultivate fruit, and
such success attended the efforts. Shall the children of this
world always be wiser than the children of light? Shall the
energetic men of earth look on difficulties as 'things to be
overcome,' whilst God's servants magnify them into
impossibilities."

Harold's reflections were interrupted by Miss Petty's

meeting him as he passed out of the shop. She looked
flustered, excited, and eager.
 "Oh! Dear Mr. Hartley, I'm so delighted to see you; you
are the very person whom I wanted to meet!" she
exclaimed. "Do just lend me twelve shillings at once, for
I've spent my last sixpence already in lace. Malta, with its
shops full of beautiful things, is the place to empty the
purse of a Crœsus!"

"I am no Crœsus," said Harold; "and I have not so

much as twelve shillings with me."

"Then lend me ten; I daresay that I can beat the

jeweller down. I never in my life saw so perfect a brooch—a
peacock in filagree silver."

"Excuse me, Miss Petty," said Harold smiling, "but would

it not be well to resist even the temptation of buying a
silver filagree peacock, rather than go into debt?"

"Oh! I want your money, not your preaching," cried

Theresa. "There's Mr. Bolton coming, he does not keep such
a tight grasp over his money; he'll lend the twelve shillings,
I'm sure, and I'm just dying to get that brooch!"

Mr. Bolton was a careless, good-humoured young

planter, who kept coin loose about his person. He was
always joking at Miss Petty, paying her absurd compliments,
and laughing at her behind her back because she had the
folly to believe them. The young man on receiving her
pathetic appeal, dived into his pocket, and pulled out a
piece of gold. Miss Petty received it with childish delight,
hurried into a neighbouring shop, and after a little while
returned rejoicing in the possession of the peacock brooch,
which she fastened into her collar.

"But where is your Lammikin, Miss Petty?" inquired

Bolton. The question came with startling effect, as if
awakening the guardian suddenly from an agreeable dream.
 "Where?" she repeated, nervously looking to the right
and the left, but neither on the right nor the left was to be
seen a trace of Shelah. Miss Petty, absorbed in the purchase
of silver and lace, had not given a thought to the restless
child whose charge she had undertaken. The guardian was
overcome with alarm at missing the baronet's daughter.

Then began a distressing search; Bolton accompanying

poor Miss Petty, more for the sake of the fun of the thing
than from any intention of giving her help. Theresa
interrogated passers-by in English, rushed in and out of
shops, and shouted the name of her charge till the street
rang, and people stared at the crazy Inglezi.

"Let's get the crier to go about the town," suggested

Bolton, laughing: "Lost—a Lammikin, a lively young
Lammikin. Reward offered for her recovery—a shilling and a
filagree silver brooch!"

"Oh, don't worry me!" exclaimed poor Miss Petty. Her

trouble might well invite compassion. She wrung her hands,
she cried, she sobbed, then again began asking every one
whom she met whether he had seen a red-haired little girl
in a scarlet hat.

The heat was great; the paved street reflecting the rays
of the sun almost burned Miss Petty's thin boots, and sorely
tried her now blistered feet.
 "Let's get the crier to go about the town," suggested Bolton,
laughing: "Lost—a Lammikin, a lively young Lammikin. Reward
offered
for her recovery—a shilling and a filagree silver brooch!"

At last, when passing the door of a handsome Romanist

church, the sound—for the first time welcome—of a child's
passionate roar from within broke on the searchers' ears.
No one but Shelah could roar like that.

"Lammikin's inside, as sure as a gun!" cried Bolton.

 The guardian, as fast as her weary limbs could carry
her, hurried up the broad steps of the church, and through
the open door, Miss Petty saw Shelah inside in the grasp of
an angry tonsured priest, who held her as a raven might
hold a mouse, whilst the child struggled and roared. Why
did the priest thus capture her? What dire offence had been
committed by the poor little Irish girl?

"Let her go! Please, Mr. Priest, let her go!" cried Miss
Petty, not a little frightened, for a curious crowd was
gathering round, and dreadful stories which she had read of
the Inquisition flashed through the guardian's mind.

The priest released his grasp, and said something which

Miss Petty could not understand, glancing indignantly at a
receptacle for holy water near the entrance of the church.

"What have you done, you mischievous mouse?" asked

Miss Petty of Shelah. "You are always at something
naughty."

"Not naughty. I was only thirsty, and drank out of that

thing." She pointed to the marble receptacle. "Wasn't it put
there for people to drink?"

"You are always getting me into trouble," said the angry

guardian. "The Papists will be wanting to burn you for this.
Let's get back to the ship as fast as we can."

Shelah was too young a culprit not to be forgiven, and

neither priest nor people interfered to prevent her
departure. Heartily glad was Shelah, still more glad was her
guardian, when they found themselves again with their
fellow-passengers, on the deck of the "Alligator", steaming
away from Malta.
 CHAPTER VIII.
PRINCESS AND SUITE.

ALEXANDRIA was soon reached. In those days there

was no Suez Canal, so the passengers had to disembark,
and bid farewell to the "Alligator" and its commander, ere
pursuing their journey across the desert, to the port where
another vessel awaited them.

Captain Gump stood on the deck of his ship, whilst

heaps of luggage were disgorged from the hold, and piled
up ready to be carried on shore. It was a scene of confusion
and bustle, intermingled with good-byes and kindly words,
interchanged between those who would now be separated,
some passengers remaining in Egypt, some going on to
India. The captain, of course, came in for his share of good-
byes, which he received and returned in his own blunt way.
But when Mrs. Evendale approached him, the captain
walked a few steps aside from the throng, and said to the
lady in a low tone, "I spoke of returning that book, but—if
you don't mind—I'd rather keep it."

"Keep it as a remembrance from me," said the lady.

"I'm not likely to forget you, the only one for twenty
years and more who cared for my soul; and when you're at
your prayers, Mrs. Evendale, maybe you'll sometimes
remember me." The captain held out his broad, sunburnt
hand, which the missionary lady grasped kindly.
 "May we meet—in heaven," she softly said.

"I'm hardly likely to find my way there," muttered

Gump; "but if I do, 'twill be mainly owing to you. God bless
you!" The captain abruptly turned away.

The two were never to see each other again upon earth,
but often did the captain, as he studied his book, think of
her who had given it to him. It had not been given in vain.

What delightful disclosures will there be in another

world, of the results of good done in secret, seeds that have
grown up unknown to the sower! If it be not presumption to
add a verse to a lay of one of our sweetest Christian
singers, one may supplement its delightful chain of
contrasts between present sorrow and future bliss by such
hopeful thoughts as the following:—

Joyful surprises,
Flowers after frost,
Greetings and welcomings
Where prayer seemed lost.
Those we have sorrowed o'er
Shining above,
Swelling the harmony,
Sharing the love!

We will not dwell on the land part of the journey, which

was, at that season, almost unbearable from the heat. The
passengers from England, and others from Alexandria, then
embarked in the "Napoli," an Italian steamer, commanded
by Captain Cenci, an Italian, and partly manned by Arab
Lascars.
 Before the vessel was unmoored, Miss Petty came up to
Robin in a state of rapturous excitement.

"We shall have a delightful voyage down the Red Sea,"

she cried, "if only we can escape being fried alive on the
way. Only imagine! We have a real princess on board; she
and her suite had two whole omnibuses to themselves
(which caused our terrible jamming in the third), and now
they take up all the best cabins."

"Hardly the thing to make our voyage more delightful,

Miss Petty," laughed Robin. "I confess that I was not
delighted to find that Bolton was to share with Harold and
myself a hole in which we have hardly room to turn round.
And that in such grilling weather."

"Mrs. Evendale is squeezed into our cabin," said Miss

Petty, fanning herself vigorously as she spoke; "but of
course every one must make room for a real princess. Her
name is—let me think—Principessa Lucrezia di—di—Pelipatti
—or something like that, it is almost too long a name to
remember. She's very charming—of course."

"How do you know? Have you already made her

acquaintance?" asked Robin.

"Not yet—not yet; but of course during the voyage we

shall meet often," said Miss Petty, who had already built a
tall castle of cards or cobwebs on the strength of her
coming intimacy with a real princess. "Oh! What splendid
jewels she wears! How her diamonds flash in the sun!
Principessa Lucrezia, has, I believe, more rings than fingers,
and such a necklace—of course all pure gold! They say that
the Princess is amazingly rich."

It was no small disappointment to Miss Petty to find,

after they started on the voyage, that the Principessa di
Peliperiti did not condescend to dine with the other
passengers, but was served apart from the rest. The
obsequious captain, proud of his freight, gave the best of
everything to the grand lady and her companions, leaving
the other passengers to fare very badly indeed. Some of the
English travellers ventured to express a wish that the
Princess had chosen any other ship than that in which they
were sailing, or that they themselves had embarked in
some other vessel.

"I don't think much of our sleek captain," observed

Bolton to Harold in the evening; "he's rather like a fawning
courtier than a seaman. I doubt whether he knows how to
handle his ship or manage his ruffian-like crew."

"I felt more confidence in our bluff old Gump,"

remarked Harold.

"As for the elderly Princess, she's cracked, simply

cracked," said Bolton. "She's an exaggerated Miss Petty,—
Princess Pettier let us call her, for I can never remember her
name. I hear that she is as full of fancies as a sieve is of
holes. She has had a training establishment for cats and a
hospital for dogs; I'm not sure whether rats had not their
turn,—for nothing pleases Her Highness for long. The
Princess's present fancy is to be a great traveller. She has
been to London, Paris, Vienna, Cairo, and I know not how
many cities besides. They say that she wished to go to
Mecca, but there were difficulties in the way, such as the
probability of having her throat cut. The Princess is about to
'do' India, and be lionised in Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta;
then, if the travelling mania be not superseded by one for
educating elephants or taming snakes, she will probably
pass on to China or Japan."
 "Time and money wasted in a chase after shadows,"
thought Harold, but he did not utter the remark aloud, and
turned the conversation.

"We shall have a breezy night," he observed, clapping

his hand to his broad-brimmed hat to prevent its being
carried away by the wind.

"More breezy than pleasant," remarked Bolton, "except

that anything is better than the horrible heat. What fierce
gusts are coming in from the west!"

"One has an impression, right or wrong, that the

steamer has no ballast, or nothing heavier than bladder-
balls," said Robin, who had just joined the two. "The vessel
seems to dance along whither it will, as lively as Lammikin
herself, and as little obedient to orders as she is to her
guardian's."

"Of course, we shall all sleep on deck," said Harold.

"Certainly the men will," replied his brother. "Better to

be buffeted by the wind than be baked alive below and then
eaten up by cockroaches."

Almost all the male passengers kept the deck; but the
Princess, her companions, Miss Petty, and her charge stayed
below. Once poor Lammikin, making her escape from semi-
suffocation, rushed up on deck, bareheaded and barefooted,
to get a breath of air; but finding a good deal more air than
she liked, and being afraid of being blown over into the sea,
she dived down again into the cabin. There was not much
sleep on board the "Napoli" that night.

The morning dawned, and daylight disclosed the

startling fact that the vessel, instead of steaming down the
Red Sea, had been driven by the west wind right across it.
A wide, desolate-looking expanse of sandy shore was
ahead, dotted here and there with a few stunted palms.

"Where are we?" asked Harold of the captain.

The poor Italian was as ignorant as his questioner. He

only knew—every one knew—that the ship must be nearing
the western coast of Arabia.

"What is to be done?" demanded Harold.

The captain shrugged his shoulders, and hurried off to

question the pilot whom he had taken on board.

The pilot, when questioned, showed that he did not

know anything of the eastern shore, though he might have
safely guided the vessel down the Red Sea had she not
been driven so far out of her course by the gale.

"Should we not sound the depth?" suggested Harold.

"We may run on some unseen shoal."

The suggestion was adopted; the line was thrown out to

measure the depth of the water. The result was
unsatisfactory; the vessel was getting into a shallow part of
the sea. The captain muttered a prayer to the Virgin and
saints to get him out of his trouble, and then gave orders to
let off steam.

"Perhaps we could get a pilot from Arabia," said Bolton.

"There seems to be a little creek into which a boat could go,
and, luckily, the wind has lulled."

The fiery globe of the sun had now risen above the
sandy waste, bathing it in golden light. Some Arabs were
seen on the beach, evidently watching the movements of
the vessel, which was about to be anchored only a few
hundred yards from the shore. Cenci gave command to
some of his sailors to man a boat, and bring, if possible, a
pilot who knew the coast. Accordingly, three Lascars, who
spoke Arabic, got into the boat which was quickly lowered
from the vessel. The boat soon accomplished its little
voyage, and was drawn up on the beach. For some time
every eye on the deck of the "Napoli" watched with eager
interest what appeared like a conference between the
Lascars and their countrymen on shore. The meeting
seemed to be friendly, but apparently no pilot was at hand;
and it was necessary to seek one inland. In Oriental lands,
patience is a necessary virtue, and gradually those who
were in the "Napoli" made up their minds to wait quietly at
anchor until the pilot should come at last.

The day was Sunday, and Harold held a service on deck

for the English passengers under an awning. Two Italians
attended, perhaps from curiosity, perhaps from some higher
motive. During the singing of the concluding hymn, the
attention of Miss Petty was entirely distracted by the
approach of the Principessa di Peliperiti herself; but, as
soon as the music ended, the great lady walked away.
There was some appropriateness in Bolton's description of
her as Princess Pettier, for there was certainly similarity in
height, restless manner, and gaudy dressing (as there was
also in weakness of character), between the Italian and the
English traveller.

Mrs. Evendale found no opportunity of conversing with

the Princess herself during that long, wearisome day, but
had some talk with two of her suite. After dinner, Mrs.
Evendale went up to Harold with the question, "Do you
happen to have any of your Italian gospels left?"

"One—only one; the rest were disposed of at Malta,"

was the reply.
 "There is an Italian lady here who is seeking for light,"
said the widow. "I should be so thankful if you would enable
me to place in her hands the lamp of truth."

"That lady never loses an opportunity of serving the

Master," thought Harold, as he went to bring the book.
"What a golden harvest she will one day reap in joy after
her night of weeping!"

It appeared to be very difficult to find a pilot, for hour

after hour passed, and the boat, with but one man to watch
her, lay idle still, drawn up on the shore. A little before
sunset the Princess summoned the captain to her presence,
and said in Italian:

"I am tired of this monotonous rocking up and down;

there is nothing so wearisome as waiting. You have another
and a larger boat hanging up there. I've a fancy to land, if
but for an hour. I want to be able to say that I have been in
Arabia."

There seemed to be no particular objection to gratifying

the wish; and, even had there been one, to Captain Cenci
the will of the Principessa di Peliperiti was law. The little
expedition was safely accomplished, and the high-born
traveller entered into her note-book the fact that she had
visited Arabia, with a description of its scenery, and the
appearance of the dwellers in the land.

The night passed, and still there came no pilot. The

captain declared that should a favourable wind blow from
the east, he would start without a pilot, and signal to the
three Lascars on shore to return at once. But there was now
an absolute calm.

Miss Petty was extremely anxious to do what the

Princess had done, and the Hartley brothers and Bolton
greatly desired to land in Arabia. The captain gave a
courteous consent, and Mrs. Evendale was persuaded to
make one of the party.

"They must return quickly," said the Princess; "for if an

east wind spring up, or a pilot arrive, we must be off
without a minute's delay. We have lingered too long already
off this wretchedly barren coast."

Captain Cenci bent over the bulwarks, and, addressing

himself to Harold, the leader of the party, said, "If I hoist a
white signal from the yard, you must all instantly return."

"All right," was the reply. "We will take care not to
wander far off."

"It is such fun to get on shore again!" said Shelah. And

scrambling out of the boat before she could do so without
wetting her feet, Lammikin had the satisfaction of leaving
one of her shoes in the water. As it was more awkward to
limp with one shoe on than to run without any, the little
Irish girl soon flung its companion into the sea!

CHAPTER IX.
CAUGHT.

HAROLD wished to try his Arabic on one of the Lascars

who was near the first boat, and find from him the cause of
the tedious delay, but was as unsuccessful as Europeans
usually are when trying to extract information from
Orientals. Harold knew not whether the swarthy Arab
understood him or not; the man's eyes, and evidently his
thoughts, were wandering in the direction which the ladies
were taking. The Lascar looked like one on the watch for
something, and all that Harold could draw from him were
the ejaculations common on Mahomedan lips, which seem
pious when translated, but which often with them express
nothing more than a shrug of the shoulders does with a
European.

In the meantime, Robin, who had borrowed a gun from

Captain Cenci, was on the sharp look-out for game with
which to mend the passengers' scanty fare. But not a
partridge rose, not a hare came in view. Shelah, who liked
to keep pretty near Robin, and was quite as eager as
himself to find some creature that might be turned into
food, suddenly exclaimed, pointing to the sand, "Partridges
been here—look, look!—Hadn't they big claws!"

Robin, gun in hand, went up to the spot. "Why,

Lammikin," he cried, "you are as good as a pointer! But
these marks are left by much larger birds than partridges;
these are the prints of ostriches' feet in the sand!"

"Oh! I want to see ostriches!" exclaimed Shelah,

clapping her hands.

"I too should like to get a sight of these noble birds

running before the wind," said Robin, looking, but vainly, in
every direction. "They say that a horseman can hardly
overtake this swift bird of the desert."

"Oh! I do so want to find an ostrich's egg," cried Shelah,

with sparkling eyes. "There was one in our house, brought
from a long way off; it was as big as this—" She put her