(eBook PDF) Comparative Politics Integrating

Theories, Methods, and Cases, Canadian Edition

pdf download

https://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-comparative-politics-
integrating-theories-methods-and-cases-canadian-edition/

Download more ebook from https://ebooksecure.com

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebooksecure.com
to discover even more!

(eBook PDF) Comparative Politics: Integrating Theories,

Methods, and Cases 3rd Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-comparative-politics-
integrating-theories-methods-and-cases-3rd-edition/

Comparative Politics: Integrating Theories, Methods,

and Cases 2nd Edition (eBook PDF)

http://ebooksecure.com/product/comparative-politics-integrating-
theories-methods-and-cases-2nd-edition-ebook-pdf/

(Original PDF) Comparative Politics Integrating

Theories, Methods, and Cases 2nd Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-comparative-politics-
integrating-theories-methods-and-cases-2nd-edition/

(eBook PDF) Comparative Politics: Integrating Theories,

Methods, and Cases 3rd Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-comparative-politics-
integrating-theories-methods-and-cases-3rd-edition-2/
(eBook PDF) Cases and Concepts in Comparative Politics:
An Integrated Approach

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-cases-and-concepts-in-
comparative-politics-an-integrated-approach/

(eBook PDF) Introducing Comparative Politics: Concepts

and Cases in Context 4th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-introducing-comparative-
politics-concepts-and-cases-in-context-4th-edition/

Introducing Comparative Politics: Concepts and Cases in

Context 4th Edition (eBook PDF)

http://ebooksecure.com/product/introducing-comparative-politics-
concepts-and-cases-in-context-4th-edition-ebook-pdf/

(eBook PDF) Essentials of Comparative Politics with

Cases (Sixth AP? Edition)

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-essentials-of-
comparative-politics-with-cases-sixth-ap-edition/

(Original PDF) Cases in Comparative Politics 6th

Edition by Patrick H. O'Neil

http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-cases-in-comparative-
politics-6th-edition-by-patrick-h-oneil/
 Contents vii

THINKING COMPARATIVELY Qualities of Good Analysis and

Argumentation 34
Step 1: Asking Good Questions: Why? 34
Step 2: Hypothesis Testing: Generating Good Hypotheses and Testing Them
Fairly 34
Step 3: Balancing Argumentation: Evidence, Originality, and Meaningfulness 34

Part II The State, Development, Democracy, and Authoritarianism 37

3 The State 38
Concepts 40
The Modern State 40
Post-colonial States and Settler States 41
State Capacity 42
Failed States 43
The State–Society Relationship 43
Types 45
Characteristics of Modern States 45
Traditional Functions of States 49
Causes and Effects: Why Did States Emerge and Expand? 51
Political/Conflict Theories 51
Economic Theories 53
Cultural Theories 53
Diffusion Theories 54
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Great Britain, the United Kingdom, or Neither?
State and Nation in England and Scotland 57
CASES IN CONTEXT
Mexico 45
United Kingdom 54
Brazil 55

4 Political Economy 62
Concepts 63
Inequality 65
Employment and Inflation 67
Types 69
Markets and States in Modern Economies 69
Economic Functions of Modern States 73
Causes and Effects: Why Do Welfare States Emerge? 76
Cultural Changes 76
Industrial Capitalism 77
viii Contents

Mobilization and Political Action 78

International Learning Effects 80
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Welfare States in the Nordic Countries: What
Can We Learn, and How? 81
CASES IN CONTEXT
Japan 75
Canada 78

5 Development 84
Concepts 85
Types 86
Poverty 86
Social Outcomes and Human Development 86
Gender Relations and Racial and Ethnic Identities 88
Satisfaction and Happiness 90
Cultural Development 91
Sustainability 92
Causes and Effects: Why Does Development Happen? 92
Institutions: The Market–State Debate, Revisited 93
Institutions: Beyond the Market–State Debate 95
Culture and Development 96
Systems and Structures: Domestic and International 100
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Explaining the Development of North and
South Korea 102
CASES IN CONTEXT
India 87
Japan 88
Saudi Arabia 90
China 95
Iran 99

6 Democracy and Democratization 107

Concepts 109
Democracy and Democratic Regimes 109
Regime Change and Democratization 111
Types 112
Types of Democracy 113
Types of Democratization 116
Causes and Effects: What Causes Democratization? 117
Modernization 118
Culture and Democracy 119
The International System 121
 Contents ix

Domestic Institutions 122

Agents and Actors: The Role of Individuals and Groups 122
Combining Arguments and Theories: Multiple Causes 124
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Is Canadian Democracy a Model? 125
CASES IN CONTEXT
Canada 118
India 119
United States 125

7 Authoritarian Regimes and Democratic Breakdown 129

Concepts 131
Authoritarianism and Authoritarian Regimes 131
Transitions to Authoritarian Regimes 132
Types 132
Types of Authoritarianism 132
Types of Transition (or Nontransition) to Authoritarianism 137
Causes and Effects: What Causes Authoritarian Regimes to Emerge
and Persist? 142
Historical Institutionalist Theories 142
Poverty and Inequality 143
State Weakness and Failure 145
Political Culture Theories of Authoritarian
Persistence 145
Barriers to Collective Action 146
Special Causal Circumstances Surrounding
Hybrid and Semi-authoritarian Regimes 147
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Why Did Zimbabwe Become Authoritarian? 149
CASES IN CONTEXT
Iran 134
Mexico 139
Germany 141

Part III Institutions of Government 153

8 Constitutions and Constitutional Design 154

Concepts 156
Constitutions 156
Constitutional Design: Including Some, Excluding Others 158
The Separation of Powers? 161
Types 162
Flexible and Rigid Constitutions 162
x Contents

Separation of Powers: Judicial Review and Parliamentary Sovereignty 164

Federalism and Unitarism 165
Authoritarian and Democratic Constitutions 167
Causes and Effects: What Are the Effects of Federal Constitutions? 168
Are Federal Constitutions Good for Social Stability? 168
Are Federal Constitutions Good for Democratic Rights? 170
Are Federal Constitutions Good for the Economy and Society? 171
Judicial Review and Democracy 172
THINKING COMPARATIVELY What Explains the Similarities between the
Brazilian and South African Constitutions? 174
CASES IN CONTEXT
Iran 169
Canada 170
India 172

9 Legislatures and Legislative Elections 178

Concepts 180
What Legislatures Are 180
What Legislatures Do 181
Types 182
Unicameral and Bicameral Legislatures 182
Electoral Systems 184
Executive–Legislative Relations 189
Causes and Effects: What Explains Patterns of Representation? 191
Patterns of Representation 192
Electoral Systems and Representation 193
Legislative Decision-Making and Representation 196
Executive–Legislative Relations and Representation 197
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Representation in New Zealand
and Beyond 198
CASES IN CONTEXT
Japan 190
Germany 191
United States 195

10 Executives 202
Concepts 203
Types 206
Executive Structures: Presidential and Parliamentary 206
Formal Powers 209
Partisan Powers 212
 Contents xi

Coalitions 212
Informal Powers 216
Causes and Effects: What Explains Executive Stability? 216
Stable and Unstable Regimes: Presidentialism, Parliamentarism,
and Democracy 217
Stable and Unstable Executives: Styles of Presidential Rule 218
Stable and Unstable Executives: Patterns of Parliamentary Rule 219
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Beyond the American and British Models 221
CASES IN CONTEXT
France 207
United States 208
Russia 211
Nigeria 217

11 Political Parties, Party Systems, and Interest Groups 225

Concepts 226
Political Parties 227
Party Systems 228
Interest Groups 229
Types 230
Political Parties: Elite, Mass, and Catch-All Parties 230
Party Systems: Dominant-Party, Two-Party, and Multiparty Systems 231
Interest Groups: Pluralism and Corporatism 235
Causes and Effects: Why Do Party Systems Emerge, and What Effects Do
They Have? 237
Party Systems and Representation 238
Interest Groups and Representation 241
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Party Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa 243
CASES IN CONTEXT
China 233
Russia 237

Part IV Politics, Society, and Culture 247

12 Revolutions and Contention 248

Concepts 249
What Is “Contention”? 250
Revolutionary and Non-revolutionary Contention 251
Types 251
Social Movements 251
xii Contents

Revolutions 254
Insurgencies and Civil Wars 257
Terrorism 258
“Everyday Resistance” 259
Thinking about Contention: Summary 259
Causes and Effects: Why Do Revolutions Happen? 260
Relative Deprivation 260
Resource Mobilization and Political Opportunities 260
Rational Choice 261
Cultural or “Framing” Explanations 264
THINKING COMPARATIVELY The “Arab Spring” of 2011 265
CASES IN CONTEXT
France 256
Russia 261
China 262

13 Nationalism and National Identity 270

Concepts 271
Identity 271
Nationalism and the Nation 273
Types 273
The Academic Study of Nationalism 273
Types of Nationalism 276
Causes and Effects: What Causes Ethno-National Conflict? 278
Primordial Bonds 279
Cultural Boundaries 280
Material Interests 281
Rational Calculation 281
Social Psychology 283
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Ending Ethnic and National Violence 284
CASE IN CONTEXT
Nigeria 280

14 Race, Ethnicity, and Gender 287

Concepts 289
Race and Ethnicity 289
Gender 290
Sexual Orientation 291
Types 292
Disentangling Race and Ethnicity 292
Discrimination Based on Race and Ethnicity 293
 Contents xiii

Gender Discrimination 294

Empowerment of Women and Minority Groups 296
Feminism and Intersectionality 297
Causes and Effects: What Factors Influence the Political Representation
of Women and Minority Groups? 298
Social Movement Mobilization 298
Political Parties Based on Gender or Ethnicity 299
Institutions for Promoting Women’s and Minority Group Representation 302
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Indicators of Gender Empowerment 304
CASES IN CONTEXT
Brazil 298
Saudi Arabia 300

15 Ideology and Religion in Modern Politics 307

Concepts 308
Modernity and Modernization 309
Ideology 309
Religion 310
Secularization, Religion, and Modern Politics 310
Religious Conflict 312
Types 312
Modern Ideologies 312
Modern Forms of Religion in Politics 315
Causes and Effects: Why Do Religion and Ideology Remain Prevalent in
Modern Politics? 318
Why (and How) Does Modernization Alter Religion’s Role in Politics? 318
Why Didn’t Ideology (and History) End? 320
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Is 21st-Century Populism an Ideology? 323
CASE IN CONTEXT
Saudi Arabia 316

Part V The Comparative–International Nexus 327

16 Comparative Politics and International Relations 328

Concepts 330
Issues 331
Globalization and Trade 331
International Institutions and Integration 335
Immigration 337
Environment and Sustainability 339
xiv Contents

Transnational Networks 341

Nuclear Threats and Terrorism 342
Causes and Effects: What Are the Main Causes in International
Relations? 344
Realism 344
Liberalism 346
Constructivism 347
Socialism 348
THINKING COMPARATIVELY The EU and Levels of Analysis 349
CASES IN CONTEXT
France 339
Iran 343
India 343

Part VI Country Profiles and Cases 353

Brazil 354
PROFILE 354
Introduction 354
Historical Development 356
Regime and Political Institutions 358
Political Culture 359
Political Economy 359
CASE STUDIES 360
Democratic Consolidation in Brazil (Chapter 3) 360
Gender and Political Representation in Brazil: Where Has Progress Come From?
(Chapter 14) 361
Research Prompts 362

Canada 363
PROFILE 363
Introduction 363
Historical Development 365
Regime and Political Institutions 369
Political Culture 370
Political Economy 370
CASE STUDIES 371
How Does Canada Compare in Terms of Gender Equality?
(Chapter 4) 371
 Contents xv

What Is the Future of Reconciliation between Indigenous Peoples and the

Canadian Settler State? (Chapter 6) 372
Is Quebec Independence Now off the Agenda? (Chapter 8) 373
Research Prompts 374

China 375
PROFILE 375
Introduction 375
Historical Development 377
Regime and Political Institutions 379
Political Culture 380
Political Economy 381
CASE STUDIES 382
The Chinese Party System (Chapter 11) 382
The Chinese Revolution (Chapter 12) 382
Research Prompts 383

France 385
PROFILE 385
Introduction 385
Historical Development 387
Regime and Political Institutions 390
Political Culture 390
Political Economy 391
CASE STUDIES 392
Electing the French President: What Do Runoffs Do? (Chapter 10) 392
The French Revolution (Chapter 12) 392
Globalization and Culture in France (Chapter 16) 393
Research Prompts 394

Germany 395
PROFILE 395
Introduction 395
Historical Development 397
Regime and Political Institutions 400
Political Culture 401
Political Economy 401
CASE STUDIES 402
Democracy and Authoritarianism in Germany (Chapter 7) 402
Institutional Design: Germany’s Bundestag and Bundesrat (Chapter 9) 402
Research Prompts 403
xvi Contents

India 405
PROFILE 405
Introduction 405
Historical Development 407
Regime and Political Institutions 410
Political Culture 411
Political Economy 411
CASE STUDIES 412
What Explains India’s Recent Growth? (Chapter 5) 412
India in the 21st Century: Domestic Politics, Identity,
and Security (Chapter 16) 413
Research Prompts 413

Iran 415
PROFILE 415
Introduction 415
Historical Development 417
Regime and Political Institutions 420
Political Economy 420
CASE STUDIES 421
Gender in Post-revolutionary Iranian Politics (Chapter 5) 421
Democratic Features of Authoritarian Systems?
The Case of Iran (Chapter 7) 422
Iran and the Politics of Nuclear Proliferation (Chapter 16) 422
Research Prompts 423

Japan 424
PROFILE 424
Introduction 424
Historical Development 426
Regime and Political Institutions 429
Political Culture 429
Political Economy 430
CASE STUDIES 431
Gender Empowerment in Japan? (Chapter 5) 431
The Hybrid Electoral System of the Japanese
Diet (Chapter 9) 432
Research Prompts 432
 Contents xvii

Mexico 434
PROFILE 434
Introduction 434
Historical Development 436
Regime and Political Institutions 439
Political Economy 440
CASE STUDIES 441
Why Aren’t There Major Ethnic Parties in Mexico? (Chapter 3) 441
The Mexican State and Rule of Law (Chapter 7) 442
Research Prompts 443

Nigeria 444
PROFILE 444
Introduction 444
Historical Development 446
Regime and Political Institutions 448
Political Culture 448
Political Economy 449
CASE STUDIES 450
Federalism and the States in Nigeria: Holding Together or Tearing Apart?
(Chapter 10) 450
Are Natural Resources Sometimes a Curse? The Nigerian Case
(Chapter 13) 451
Research Prompts 452

Russia 453
PROFILE 453
Introduction 453
Historical Development 455
Regime and Political Institutions 458
Political Culture 459
Political Economy 459
CASE STUDIES 460
Oligarchy, Democracy, and Authoritarianism in Russia
(Chapter 10) 460
Personalism and the Party System in Russia (Chapter 11) 461
The Russian Revolution (Chapter 12) 461
Research Prompts 462
xviii Contents

Saudi Arabia 463

PROFILE 463
Introduction 463
Historical Development 465
Regime and Political Institutions 467
Political Culture 468
Political Economy 469
CASE STUDIES 470
The Rise of Mohammed bin Salman (MBS): Reform or Repression?
(Chapter 5) 470
Why Has Saudi Arabia Made Such Little Progress on Women’s Rights?
(Chapter 14) 471
Yemen’s Civil War: What Is the Saudi Role? (Chapter 15) 472
Research Prompts 473

United Kingdom 474

PROFILE 474
Introduction 474
Historical Development 476
Regime and Political Institutions 479
Political Culture 480
Political Economy 480
CASE STUDIES 481
No Constitution? No Supreme Court? Constitutionality in the United Kingdom
(Chapter 3) 481
The United Kingdom and the Westminster Model (Chapter 9) 482
Research Prompts 483

United States 484

PROFILE 484
Introduction 485
Historical Development 485
Regime and Political Institutions 489
Political Culture 490
Political Economy 490
CASE STUDIES 491
Is American Democracy in Trouble? (Chapter 6) 491
The United States Congress: Dysfunctional or Functioning by Design?
(Chapter 9) 492
 Contents xix

The United States and the World: A Love–Hate Relationship?

(Chapter 16) 493
Research Prompts 493

Glossary 495
Notes 507
References and Further Reading 519
Index 543
BOXES

INSIGHT

Chapter 3 Chapter 12
Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States 53 Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A
Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors 56 Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China 263

Chapter 4 Chapter 13
Gøsta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare David Laitin, Nations, States, and Violence 282
Capitalism 79 Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict 283

Chapter 5 Chapter 14
Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson, Frances Henry, Enakshi Dua, Carl E. James, Audrey
The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development 98 Kobayashi, Peter Li, Howard Ramos, and Malinda S.
Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System 101 Smith, The Equity Myth: Racialization and Indigeneity at
Canadian Universities 297
Chapter 6 Sheryl Lightfoot, Global Indigenous Politics: A Subtle
Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Revolution 299
Whitehead, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects Mona Lena Krook, Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender
for Democracy 124 and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide 303

Chapter 7 Chapter 15
Barrington Moore, The Social Origins of Dictatorship David Rayside, Jerald Sabin, and Paul E.J. Thomas, Religion
and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the and Canadian Party Politics 317
Modern World 144 Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart, Sacred and Secular:
Timur Kuran, Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in Religion and Politics Worldwide 318
the East European Revolution of 1989 146 Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man 321
Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the
Chapter 9 Remaking of World Order 322
Hannah Pitkin, The Concept of Representation 193 Shmuel N. Eisenstadt, Multiple Modernities 322

Chapter 10 Chapter 16
Juan Linz, The Perils of Presidentialism and the Virtues of Garrett Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons 341
Parliamentarism 218 Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics 345
Arend Lijphart, Consociational Democracy 220 Michael Doyle, Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign
Affairs 347
Chapter 11 Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics 348
Maurice Duverger, Les Partis politiques [Political Parties] 238
Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods
and the Theory of Groups and The Rise and Decline
of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social
Rigidities 242
 Boxes xxi

ONLINE CASE STUDIES

In addition to the case studies that appear in this book, you Japan
can find the following case studies online at www.oup. • How Did Japan’s Dominant Party Win for So Long?
com/he/DickovickCe: • Importing National Identity in Japan?
• Resource Management in Japan
Brazil • State-Led Development in Japan
• Brazil’s Landless Movement
• Does the Global Economy Help or Hurt Developing Mexico
Nations Like Brazil? • Industrialization, Modernity, and National Identity in
• Electoral Rules and Party (In)Discipline in Brazil’s Mexico
Legislature • Mexico’s “Perfect Dictatorship” and Its End
• The PRI and Corporatism in Mexico
Canada
• Should the Senate Be Reformed to Be More Accountable Nigeria
and Democratic? • The Presidency in Nigeria: Powers and Limitations
• Why Does It Take So Long to Choose a Leader? • The Nigerian Civil War or Biafran War: Nationalism and
Ethno-national Conflict in a Post-colonial Society
China • What Is a Weak State, and Can It Be Changed? The Case
• How Did China Become a Global Economic Power? of Nigeria
• Is China Destined for Democracy?
• Who Governs China? Russia
• Communist Ideology in Practice: Russia and the Soviet
France Union
• Authoritarian Persistence in 19th-Century France • Executives in Russia: Formal and Informal Powers
• Religion and Secularism in France
• The State in France Saudi Arabia
• How Has Saudi Arabia’s Welfare State Saved the
Germany Regime?
• Consensus-Based Politics in Germany
• Ethnic Boundaries of the German Nation? United Kingdom
• The German State: Unification and Welfare • National Identity in the United Kingdom
• Political Economy of Britain
India • The State in the United Kingdom
• Democracy’s Success in India
• Ethnicity and Political Parties in India United States
• Federalism and Differences in Development in India • Did Free Markets Help the United States Get Rich? Will
They in the Future?
Iran • Is Judicial Activism in the United States a Problem?
• Constitutional Design: Theocracy in Iran • “The Most Powerful Person in the World”? Checks on
• Iran’s Islamic Revolution and “Green Revolution”? American Presidents
• Religion and Politics in Iran
PREFACE AND
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The field of comparative politics is changing, not only in how it’s studied but in how it’s
taught. This textbook reflects the need for a new approach—one that is truly comparative,
that goes beyond a litany of facts or abstract ideas. In the process, we had to rethink what a
book for this course should look like. We started with a central aim: to get students to think
like comparativists. Toward that end, we have integrated theories and methods with a range
of country case applications to address the big questions in comparative politics today.
In this new Canadian adaption, we have also sought to reflect content of interest to
Canadian students of comparative politics, most of whom are living through an era of recon-
ciliation between Indigenous and settler peoples, and during a time when multiculturalism
remains an important ideational force in Canada. This book updates the earlier US edition,
with new content throughout reflecting many of the changes that have taken place since
2015. This includes the rise of global populism in Europe, Asia, Latin America, the United
States, and Canada. It also includes many political changes, including the rise of Donald
Trump, the re-election of Justin Trudeau’s Liberal government in Canada, the machinations
of the Islamic State, and the outcome of the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom.
Many undergraduates take a course in comparative politics because they are broadly
interested in world affairs. They want to understand issues such as democracy and democ-
ratization, economic and social development, transnational social movements, and the rela-
tionship between world religions and conflict around the globe. This book focuses squarely
on these big issues and offers a framework for understanding through comparison.
This new adaption shifts the focus from the US version of this book, which tended to
assume a certain level of knowledge of American history and politics. It also assumed a
certain American-centred standpoint that needed some adjusting for students outside of
the United States. Instead, this text now places Canadian students and their experiences
at the centre of the analysis. Throughout, Canadian examples and data have been added to
help make the concepts more accessible and engaging for students living and studying in
Canada. Reflecting David’s research interests, there is now considerable coverage given to
Indigenous politics and issues affecting Indigenous peoples around the world. There is also
additional content on pressing issues of race, gender, and sexual identities in Canada and
in comparative context. In Part VI: Country Profiles and Cases, we have also expanded the
number of featured countries to 14 (increased from 12), with the addition of Canada and
Saudi Arabia. We have also made additional case studies available online at www.oup.com/
he/DickovickCe.
Our goal is to enable students to think critically and apply these vital skills to analyze
the world around them. We want our students to do more than just memorize facts and
theories. Ultimately, we want them to learn how to do comparative politics. This course is
successful if students can use the comparative method to seek out their own answers. We
are successful as educators if we give them the analytical skills to do so.

An Integrative Approach
One of the distinctive features of this book is the way we have integrated theories, methods,
and cases. Rather than focusing on either country information or themes of comparative
politics, we have combined these approaches while emphasizing application and analysis.
By providing students with the tools to begin doing their own analyses, we hope to show
them how exciting this kind of work can be. These tools include theories (presented in an
accessible way), the basics of the comparative method, and manageable case materials for
practice, all in the context of the big questions.
 Preface and Acknowledgements xxiii

We thus take an integrative approach to the relationship between big themes and coun-
try case studies. This text is a hybrid, containing 16 thematic chapters plus linked materials
for 14 countries of significant interest to comparativists. This is supplemented by online
case study resources. The country materials following the thematic chapters include both
basic country information and a series of case studies dealing with specific thematic issues.
We link the country cases to the thematic chapters via short “call out” boxes—“Cases
in Context”—at relevant points in the chapters. For example, a “Case in Context” box in a
discussion of theory in Chapter 3, “The State,” points students to a full case study on dem-
ocratic consolidation in Brazil, included at the back of the text.
Using these short “linking” boxes has enabled us to integrate a complete set of case
materials without interrupting the narrative flow of the chapters. The kind of reading we
suggest with the structure of this text is similar to following hyperlinks in online text—
something students do easily. This flexible design feature also caters to the diversity of
teaching styles in today’s political science classroom. Instructors can choose to have stu-
dents follow these links to case studies as they go, using all or just some of them, or they can
choose to teach thematic chapters and country materials separately.
The text integrates theories, methods, and cases in other ways as well. “Insights” boxes
make connections by briefly summarizing important scholarly works representative of the
major schools of thought.
Each chapter after the introduction closes with a “Thinking Comparatively” feature,
which focuses on a case or set of cases to illustrate how students can apply the theories
discussed in the chapter.
In these features, we highlight important methodological tools or strategies, such as the
use of deviant cases and the most-similar-systems (mss) design. We then model for students
how to use these analytical tools in practice.

Organization
We have divided the 16 thematic chapters of this book into five parts:
• Part I (Chapters 1 and 2) focuses on basic methods in comparative politics, cover-
ing conceptualization, hypothesis testing, the formation of theories, and the use of
evidence. The goal in these first two chapters is not to focus on the details of meth-
odology, which can be taught in more specialized courses, but on the overarching
logic of comparative inquiry.
• Part II (Chapters 3 through 7) focuses on the state (Chapter 3), political economy
(Chapter 4), development (Chapter 5), democracy and democratization (Chapter 6),
and the various forms of authoritarian regimes (Chapter 7).
• Part III (Chapters 8 through 11) focuses on the analysis of political institutions,
giving students the tools to analyze institutional design in constitutional struc-
tures and judiciaries (Chapter 8), legislatures and elections (Chapter 9), executives
(Chapter 10), and political parties and interest groups (Chapter 11).
• Part IV (Chapters 12 through 15) focuses on issues that link comparative politics
to political sociology, such as the study of revolution and other forms of contention
(Chapter 12), national identities and nationalism (Chapter 13), race, gender, and
ethnicity (Chapter 14), and religion and ideology (Chapter 15).
• Part V consists of a single chapter, 16, which links comparative politics to interna-
tional relations, emphasizing how global politics has produced new sets of prob-
lems that both comparativists and international relations scholars must analyze.
As such, the book points to another kind of integration, pushing students to see
connections between comparative politics and other courses in political science.
xxiv Preface and Acknowledgements

After Chapter 2, the thematic chapters follow a common format. They are divided into
three main sections:
• Concepts: covers basic definitions and develops a working vocabulary.
• Types: discusses useful typologies, such as the major types of dramatic social change
that interest political scientists.
• Causes and Effects: walks students through the major theories that aim to explain
causes and effects, ending with the “Thinking Comparatively” feature to model analysis.
The final part of the book, Part VI, comprises country “profiles” and in-depth “case
studies.” We selected 14 countries after surveying instructors of comparative politics
to see which they considered most crucial for inclusion. The cases are Brazil, Canada,
China, France, Germany, India, Iran, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, Saudi Arabia, the
United Kingdom, and the United States. This selection offers broad coverage of every
major world region, democratic and authoritarian polities, every major religious tra-
dition, highly varying levels of economic and social development, and quite different
institutional designs. In this Canadian adaption, we have added country materials on
Canada and on Saudi Arabia.
For each country, we first provide a “profile”: an introduction with a table of key fea-
tures, a map, and pie charts of demographics; a timeline and historical overview; and brief
descriptions of political institutions, political culture, and political economy.
Following each profile is a set of case studies (two or three for each country) that we
reference in the thematic chapters as described earlier (via the “Case in Context” boxes).
The case sets end with research prompts to help students get started as comparativ-
ists, and includes a list of the online case studies that you can find at www.oup.com/he/
DickovickCe.

Flexibility in Instruction:
Ways of Using This Text
The chapters are arranged in a logical order yet written in such a way that instructors might
easily rearrange them to custom-fit a course. Some instructors, for example, may wish to
pair Chapter 3 (on the state) with Chapter 13 (on nationalism and national identity). Others
might wish to assign Chapter 15 (on religion and ideology) alongside Chapters 6 and 7 (on
democratic and authoritarian regimes). We have written the book with the flexibility to
facilitate such pairings. Indeed, while we strongly suggest beginning with Chapters 1 and 2,
students will be able to follow the text even without reading them first.
Similarly, the book’s structure supports a range of options for using the country mate-
rials found at the back of the book (Part VI). Some instructors may wish to teach selected
country materials at or near the beginning of a course. Some may wish to make reference to
country materials as the course proceeds, assigning students to read them as they are clearly
and visibly “called out” in the text. One approach could require all students in a course to
familiarize themselves with only a subset of the countries detailed here rather than all 14.
Another might require each student to select three or four countries, following rules or
categories of countries as laid out by the instructor.
The book also works with or without supplemental materials chosen by the instructor.
The “Insights” boxes throughout the text provide indications of excellent options for further
readings. Many other choice readings are noted in the “References and Further Reading”
section at the back of the text, organized by chapter.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
seek her; and himself, joining in the pursuit, followed the road she
had taken, and was captured by these lawless men, who expected
rich ransom from one whose appearance denoted rank and wealth.
When they discovered who their prisoner was, they generously
delivered him up into his brother’s hands.
Ferdinand and Adalinda proceeded to Naples. On their arrival, she
presented herself to Queen Caroline; and, through her, Murat heard
with astonishment the device that had been practised on him. The
young Count was restored to his honours and possessions, and
within a few months afterwards was united to his betrothed bride.
The compassionate nature of the Count and Countess led them to
interest themselves warmly in the fate of Ludovico, whose
subsequent career was more honourable but less fortunate. At the
intercession of his relative, Gioacchino permitted him to enter the
army, where he distinguished himself, and obtained promotion. The
brothers were at Moscow together, and mutually assisted each other
during the horrors of the retreat. At one time overcome by
drowsiness, the mortal symptom resulting from excessive cold,
Ferdinand lingered behind his comrades; but Ludovico, refusing to
leave him, dragged him on in spite of himself, till, entering a village,
food and fire restored him, and his life was saved. On another
evening, when wind and sleet added to the horror of their situation,
Ludovico, after many ineffective struggles, slid from his horse
lifeless; Ferdinand was at his side, and, dismounting, endeavoured
by every means in his power to bring back pulsation to his stagnant
blood. His comrades went forward, and the young Count was left
alone with his dying brother in the white boundless waste. Once
Ludovico opened his eyes and recognised him; he pressed his hand,
and his lips moved to utter a blessing as he died. At that moment
the welcome sounds of the enemy’s approach roused Ferdinand from
the despair into which his dreadful situation plunged him. He was
taken prisoner, and his life was thus saved. When Napoleon went to
Elba, he, with many others of his countrymen, was liberated, and
returned to Naples.
 III.

THE EVIL EYE.

“The wild Albanian kirtled to his knee,

With shawl-girt head, and ornamented gun,
And gold-embroider’d garments, fair to see;
The crimson-scarfed man of Macedon.”
—Lord Byron.

The Moreot, Katusthius Ziani, travelled wearily, and in fear of its

robber-inhabitants, through the pashalik of Yannina; yet he had no
cause for dread. Did he arrive, tired and hungry, in a solitary village,
—did he find himself in the uninhabited wilds suddenly surrounded
by a band of klephts,—or in the larger towns did he shrink at finding
himself, sole of his race, among the savage mountaineers and
despotic Turk,—as soon as he announced himself the Pobratimo[1] of
Dmitri of the Evil Eye, every hand was held out, every voice spoke
welcome.

1. In Greece, especially in Illyria and Epirus, it is no uncommon thing for

persons of the same sex to swear friendship. The Church contains a ritual to
consecrate this vow. Two men thus united are called pobratimi, the women
posestrime.
The Albanian, Dmitri, was a native of the village of Korvo. Among
the savage mountains of the district between Yannina and
Terpellenè, the deep broad stream of Argyro-Castro flows; bastioned
to the west by abrupt wood-covered precipices, shadowed to the
east by elevated mountains. The highest among these is Mount
Trebucci; and in a romantic folding of that hill, distinct with minarets,
crowned by a dome rising from out a group of pyramidal cypresses,
is the picturesque village of Korvo. Sheep and goats form the
apparent treasure of its inhabitants; their guns and yataghans, their
warlike habits, and, with them, the noble profession of robbery, are
sources of still greater wealth. Among a race renowned for dauntless
courage and sanguinary enterprise, Dmitri was distinguished.
It was said that in his youth this klepht was remarkable for a
gentler disposition and more refined taste than is usual with his
countrymen. He had been a wanderer, and had learned European
arts, of which he was not a little proud. He could read and write
Greek, and a book was often stowed beside his pistols in his girdle.
He had spent several years in Scio, the most civilised of the Greek
islands, and had married a Sciote girl. The Albanians are
characterized as despisers of women; but Dmitri, in becoming the
husband of Helena, enlisted under a more chivalrous rule, and
became the proselyte of a better creed. Often he returned to his
native hills, and fought under the banner of the renowned Ali, and
then came back to his island home. The love of the tamed barbarian
was concentrated, burning, and something beyond this: it was a
portion of his living, beating heart,—the nobler part of himself,—the
diviner mould in which his rugged nature had been recast.
On his return from one of his Albanian expeditions he found his
home ravaged by the Mainotes. Helena—they pointed to her tomb,
nor dared tell him how she died; his only child, his lovely infant
daughter, was stolen; his treasure-house of love and happiness was
rifled, its gold-excelling wealth changed to blank desolation. Dmitri
spent three years in endeavours to recover his lost offspring. He was
exposed to a thousand dangers, underwent incredible hardships. He
dared the wild beast in his lair, the Mainote in his port of refuge; he
attacked, and was attacked by them. He wore the badge of his
daring in a deep gash across his eyebrow and cheek. On this
occasion he had died, but that Katusthius, seeing a scuffle on shore
and a man left for dead, disembarked from a Moreot sacovela,
carried him away, tended and cured him. They exchanged vows of
friendship, and for some time the Albanian shared his brother’s toils;
but they were too pacific to suit his taste, and he returned to Korvo.
Who in the mutilated savage could recognise the handsomest
amongst the Arnaoots? His habits kept pace with his change of
physiognomy: he grew ferocious and hardhearted; he only smiled
when engaged in dangerous enterprise. He had arrived at that worst
state of ruffian feeling, the taking delight in blood. He grew old in
these occupations; his mind became reckless, his countenance more
dark; men trembled before his glance, women and children
exclaimed in terror, “The Evil Eye!” The opinion became prevalent;
he shared it himself; he gloried in the dread privilege; and when his
victim shivered and withered beneath the mortal influence, the
fiendish laugh with which he hailed this demonstration of his power
struck with worse dismay the failing heart of the fascinated person.
But Dmitri could command the arrows of his sight; and his comrades
respected him the more for his supernatural attribute since they did
not fear the exercise of it on themselves.
Dmitri had just returned from an expedition beyond Prevesa. He
and his comrades were laden with spoil. They killed and roasted a
goat whole for their repast; they drank dry several wine skins; then,
round the fire in the court, they abandoned themselves to the
delights of the kerchief dance, roaring out the chorus as they
dropped upon and then rebounded from their knees, and whirled
round and round with an activity all their own. The heart of Dmitri
was heavy; he refused to dance, and sat apart, at first joining in the
song with his voice and lute, till the air changed to one that
reminded him of better days. His voice died away, his instrument
dropped from his hands, and his head sank upon his breast.
At the sound of stranger footsteps he started up; in the form
before him he surely recognised a friend—he was not mistaken. With
a joyful exclamation he welcomed Katusthius Ziani, clasping his hand
and kissing him on the cheek. The traveller was weary, so they
retired to Dmitri’s own home,—a neatly plastered, white-washed
cottage, whose earthen floor was perfectly dry and clean, and the
walls hung with arms—some richly ornamented—and other trophies
of his klephtic triumphs. A fire was kindled by his aged female
attendant; the friends reposed on mats of white rushes while she
prepared the pilaf and seethed flesh of kid. She placed a bright tin-
tray on a block of wood before them, and heaped upon it cakes of
Indian corn, goat’s-milk cheese, eggs, and olives; a jar of water from
their purest spring, and skin of wine, served to refresh and cheer the
thirsty traveller.
After supper the guest spoke of the object of his visit.
“I come to my pobratimo,” he said, “to claim the performance of
his vow. When I rescued you from the savage Kakovougnis of
Boularias, you pledged to me your gratitude and faith; do you
disclaim the debt?”
Dmitri’s brow darkened. “My brother,” he cried, “need not remind
me of what I owe. Command my life; in what can the mountain
klepht aid the son of the wealthy Ziani!”
“The son of Ziani is a beggar,” rejoined Katusthius, “and must
perish if his brother deny his assistance.”
The Moreot then told his tale. He had been brought up as the only
son of a rich merchant of Corinth. He had often sailed as
caravokeiri[2] of his father’s vessels to Stamboul, and even to
Calabria. Some years before he had been boarded and taken by a
Barbary corsair. His life since then had been adventurous, he said; in
truth, it had been a guilty one;—he had become a renegade,—and
won regard from his new allies, not by his superior courage, for he
was cowardly, but by the frauds that make men wealthy. In the
midst of this career some superstition had influenced him, and he
had returned to his ancient religion. He escaped from Africa,
wandered through Syria, crossed to Europe, found occupation in
Constantinople; and thus years passed. At last, as he was on the
point of marriage with a Fanariote beauty, he fell again into poverty,
and he returned to Corinth to see if his father’s fortunes had
prospered during his long wanderings. He found that while these
had improved to a wonder, they were lost to him for ever. His father,
during his protracted absence, acknowledged another son as his;
and, dying a year before, had left all to him. Katusthius found this
unknown kinsman, with his wife and child, in possession of his
expected inheritance. Cyril divided with him, it is true, their parent’s
property, but Katusthius grasped at all, and resolved to obtain it. He
brooded over a thousand schemes of murder and revenge; yet the
blood of a brother was sacred to him, and Cyril, beloved and
respected at Corinth, could only be attacked with considerable risk.
Then his child was a fresh obstacle. As the best plan that presented
itself, he hastily embarked for Butrinto, and came to claim the advice
and assistance of the Arnaoot whose life he had saved, whose
pobratimo he was. Not thus barely did he tell his tale, but glossed it
over; so that had Dmitri needed the incitement of justice, which was
not at all a desideratum with him, he would have been satisfied that
Cyril was a base interloper, and that the whole transaction was one
of imposture and villainy.

2. Master of a merchant ship.

All night these men discussed a variety of projects, whose aim
was, that the deceased Ziani’s wealth should pass undivided into his
elder son’s hands. At morning’s dawn Katusthius departed, and two
days afterwards Dmitri quitted his mountain-home. His first care had
been to purchase a horse, long coveted by him on account of its
beauty and fleetness; he provided cartridges and replenished his
powder-horn. His accoutrements were rich, his dress gay; his arms
glittered in the sun. His long hair fell straight from under the shawl
twisted round his cap, even to his waist; a shaggy white capote
hung from his shoulder; his face wrinkled and puckered by exposure
to the seasons; his brow furrowed with care; his mustachios long
and jet-black; his scarred face; his wild, savage eyes;—his whole
appearance, not deficient in barbaric grace, but stamped chiefly with
ferocity and bandit pride, inspired, and we need not wonder, the
superstitious Greek with a belief that a supernatural spirit of evil
dwelt in his aspect, blasting and destroying. Now prepared for his
journey, he departed from Korvo, crossing the woods of Acarnania,
on his way to Morea.

“Wherefore does Zella tremble, and press her boy to her bosom,
as if fearful of evil?” Thus asked Cyril Ziani, returning from the city of
Corinth to his own rural abode. It was a home of beauty. The
abruptly broken hills covered with olives, or brighter plantations of
orange-trees, overlooked the blue waves of the Gulf of Egina. A
myrtle underwood spread sweet scent around, and dipped its dark
shining leaves into the sea itself. The low-roofed house was shaded
by two enormous fig-trees, while vineyards and corn-land stretched
along the gentle upland to the north. When Zella saw her husband
she smiled, though her cheek was still pale and her lips quivering.
“Now you are near to guard us,” she said, “I dismiss fear; but
danger threatens our Constans, and I shudder to remember that an
Evil Eye has been upon him.”
Cyril caught up his child. “By my head!” he cried, “thou speakest
of an ill thing. The Franks call this superstition; but let us beware.
His cheek is still rosy; his tresses flowing gold. Speak, Constans; hail
thy father, my brave fellow!”
It was but a short-lived fear; no ill ensued, and they soon forgot
an incident which had causelessly made their hearts to quail. A week
afterwards Cyril returned, as he was wont, from shipping a cargo of
currants, to his retreat on the coast. It was a beautiful summer
evening: the creaking water-wheel, which produced the irrigation of
the land, chimed in with the last song of the noisy cicala; the rippling
waves spent themselves almost silently among the shingles. This
was his home; but where its lovely flower? Zella did not come forth
to welcome him. A domestic pointed to a chapel on a neighbouring
acclivity, and there he found her; his child (nearly three years of
age) was in his nurse’s arms; his wife was praying fervently, while
the tears streamed down her cheeks. Cyril demanded anxiously the
meaning of this scene; but the nurse sobbed; Zella continued to pray
and weep; and the boy, from sympathy, began to cry. This was too
much for man to endure. Cyril left the chapel; he leant against a
walnut-tree. His first exclamation was a customary Greek one,
“Welcome this misfortune, so that it come single!” But what was the
ill that had occurred? Unapparent was it yet; but the spirit of evil is
most fatal when unseen. He was happy,—a lovely wife, a blooming
child, a peaceful home, competence, and the prospect of wealth;
these blessings were his: yet how often does Fortune use such as
her decoys? He was a slave in an enslaved land, a mortal subject to
the high destinies, and ten thousand were the envenomed darts
which might be hurled at his devoted head. Now, timid and
trembling, Zella came from the chapel: her explanation did not calm
his fears. Again the Evil Eye had been on his child, and deep
malignity lurked surely under this second visitation. The same man,
an Arnaoot, with glittering arms, gay attire, mounted on a black
steed, came from the neighbouring ilex grove, and, riding furiously
up to the door, suddenly checked and reined in his horse at the very
threshold. The child ran towards him: the Arnaoot bent his sinister
eyes upon him:—“Lovely art thou, bright infant,” he cried; “thy blue
eyes are beaming, thy golden tresses fair to see; but thou art a
vision fleeting as beautiful;—look at me!” The innocent looked up,
uttered a shriek, and fell gasping on the ground. The women rushed
forward to seize him; the Albanian put spurs to his horse, and,
galloping swiftly across the little plain, up the wooded hill-side, he
was soon lost to sight. Zella and the nurse bore the child to the
chapel; they sprinkled him with holy water, and, as he revived,
besought the Panagia with earnest prayers to save him from the
menaced ill.
Several months elapsed; little Constans grew in intelligence and
beauty; no blight had visited the flower of love, and its parents
dismissed fear. Sometimes Cyril indulged in a joke at the expense of
the Evil Eye; but Zella thought it unlucky to laugh, and crossed
herself whenever the event was alluded to. At this time Katusthius
visited their abode—“He was on his way,” he said, “to Stamboul, and
he came to know whether he could serve his brother in any of his
transactions in the capital.” Cyril and Zella received him with cordial
affection: they rejoiced to perceive that fraternal love was beginning
to warm his heart. He seemed full of ambition and hope: the
brothers discussed his prospects, the politics of Europe, and the
intrigues of the Fanar: the petty affairs of Corinth even were made
subjects of discourse; and the probability that in a short time, young
as he was, Cyril would be named Codja-Bashee of the province. On
the morrow, Katusthius prepared to depart. “One favour does the
voluntary exile ask—will my brother and sister accompany me some
hours on my way to Napoli, whence I embark?”
Zella was unwilling to quit her home, even for a short interval; but
she suffered herself to be persuaded, and they proceeded altogether
for several miles towards the capital of the Morea. At noontide they
made a repast under the shadow of a grove of oaks, and then
separated. Returning homeward, the wedded pair congratulated
themselves on their tranquil life and peaceful happiness, contrasted
with the wanderer’s lonely and homeless pleasures. These feelings
increased in intensity as they drew nearer their dwelling, and
anticipated the lisped welcome of their idolized child. From an
eminence they looked upon the fertile vale which was their home: it
was situated on the southern side of the isthmus, and looked upon
the Gulf of Egina—all was verdant, tranquil, and beautiful. They
descended into the plain; there a singular appearance attracted their
attention. A plough with its yoke of oxen had been deserted midway
in the furrow; the animals had dragged it to the side of the field, and
endeavoured to repose as well as their conjunction permitted. The
sun already touched its western bourne, and the summits of the
trees were gilded by its parting beams. All was silent; even the
eternal water-wheel was still; no menials appeared at their usual
rustic labours. From the house the voice of wailing was too plainly
heard.—“My child!” Zella exclaimed. Cyril began to reassure her; but
another lament arose, and he hurried on. She dismounted, and
would have followed him, but sank on the road-side. Her husband
returned. “Courage, my beloved,” he cried; “I will not repose night
nor day until Constans is restored to us—trust to me—farewell!” With
these words he rode swiftly on. Her worst fears were thus
confirmed; her maternal heart, lately so joyous, became the abode
of despair, while the nurse’s narration of the sad occurrence tended
but to add worse fear to fear. Thus it was: the same stranger of the
Evil Eye had appeared, not as before, bearing down on them with
eagle speed, but as if from a long journey; his horse lame and with
drooping head; the Arnaoot himself covered with dust, apparently
scarcely able to keep his seat. “By the life of your child,” he said,
“give a cup of water to one who faints with thirst.” The nurse, with
Constans in her arms, got a bowl of the desired liquid, and
presented it. Ere the parched lips of the stranger touched the wave,
the vessel fell from his hands. The woman started back, while he, at
the same moment darting forward, tore with strong arm the child
from her embrace. Already both were gone—with arrowy speed they
traversed the plain, while her shrieks, and cries for assistance, called
together all the domestics. They followed on the track of the
ravisher, and none had yet returned. Now as night closed in, one by
one they came back: they had nothing to relate; they had scoured
the woods, crossed the hills—they could not even discover the route
which the Albanian had taken.
On the following day Cyril returned, jaded, haggard, miserable; he
had obtained no tidings of his son. On the morrow he again
departed on his quest, nor came back for several days. Zella passed
her time wearily—now sitting in hopeless despondency, now climbing
the near hill to see whether she could perceive the approach of her
husband. She was not allowed to remain long thus tranquil; the
trembling domestics, left in guard, warned her that the savage forms
of several Arnaoots had been seen prowling about: she herself saw a
tall figure, clad in a shaggy white capote, steal round the
promontory, and, on seeing her, shrink back: once at night the
snorting and trampling of a horse roused her, not from slumber, but
from her sense of security. Wretched as the bereft mother was, she
felt personally almost reckless of danger; but she was not her own,
she belonged to one beyond expression dear; and duty, as well as
affection for him, enjoined self-preservation. Cyril, again returned:
he was gloomier, sadder than before; but there was more resolution
on his brow, more energy in his motions; he had obtained a clue, yet
it might only lead him to the depths of despair.
He discovered that Katusthius had not embarked at Napoli. He had
joined a band of Arnaoots lurking about Vasilico, and had proceeded
to Patras with the Protoklepht; thence they put off together in a
monoxylon for the northern shores of the Gulf of Lepanto: nor were
they alone; they bore a child with them wrapt in a heavy torpid
sleep. Poor Cyril’s blood ran cold when he thought of the spells and
witchcraft which had probably been put in practice on his boy. He
would have followed close upon the robbers, but for the report that
reached him that the remainder of the Albanians had proceeded
southward towards Corinth. He could not enter upon a long
wandering search among the pathless wilds of Epirus, leaving Zella
exposed to the attacks of these bandits. He returned to consult with
her, to devise some plan of action which would at once ensure her
safety and promise success to his endeavours.
After some hesitation and discussion, it was decided that he
should first conduct her to her native home, consult with her father
as to his present enterprise, and be guided by his warlike experience
before he rushed into the very focus of danger. The seizure of his
child might only be a lure, and it were not well for him, sole
protector of that child and its mother, to rush unadvisedly into the
toils.
Zella, strange to say, for her blue eyes and brilliant complexion
belied her birth, was the daughter of a Mainote: yet dreaded and
abhorred by the rest of the world as are the inhabitants of Cape
Tænarus, they are celebrated for their domestic virtues and the
strength of their private attachments. Zella loved her father, and the
memory of her rugged rocky home, from which she had been torn in
an adverse hour. Near neighbours of the Mainotes, dwelling in the
ruder and wildest portion of Maina, are the Kakovougnis, a dark
suspicious race, of squat and stunted form, strongly contrasted with
the tranquil cast of countenance characteristic of the Mainote. The
two tribes are embroiled in perpetual quarrels; the narrow sea-girt
abode which they share affords at once a secure place of refuge
from the foreign enemy and all the facilities of internal mountain
warfare. Cyril had once, during a coasting voyage, been driven by
stress of weather into the little bay on whose shores is placed the
small town of Kardamyla. The crew at first dreaded to be captured
by the pirates; but they were reassured on finding them fully
occupied by their domestic dissensions. A band of Kakovougnis were
besieging the castellated rock overlooking Kardamyla, blockading the
fortress in which the Mainote Capitano and his family had taken
refuge. Two days passed thus, while furious contrary winds detained
Cyril in the bay. On the third evening the western gale subsided, and
a land-breeze promised to emancipate them from their perilous
condition; when in the night, as they were about to put off in a boat
from shore, they were hailed by a party of Mainotes, and one, an old
man of commanding figure, demanded a parley. He was the
Capitano of Kardamyla, the chief of the fortress, now attacked by his
implacable enemies: he saw no escape—he must fall—and his chief
desire was to save his treasure and his family from the hands of his
enemies. Cyril consented to receive them on board: the latter
consisted of an old mother, a paramana, and a young and beautiful
girl, his daughter. Cyril conducted them in safety to Napoli. Soon
after the Capitano’s mother and paramana returned to their native
town, while, with her father’s consent, fair Zella became the wife of
her preserver. The fortunes of the Mainote had prospered since then,
and he stood first in rank, the chief of a large tribe, the Capitano of
Kardamyla.
Thither then the hapless parents repaired; they embarked on
board a small sacovela, which dropt down the Gulf of Egina,
weathered the islands of Skyllo and Cerigo, and the extreme point of
Tænarus: favoured by prosperous gales, they made the desired port,
and arrived at the hospitable mansion of old Camaraz. He heard
their tale with indignation; swore by his beard to dip his poniard in
the best blood of Katusthius, and insisted upon accompanying his
son-in-law on his expedition to Albania. No time was lost—the grey-
headed mariner, still full of energy, hastened every preparation. Cyril
and Zella parted; a thousand fears, a thousand hours of misery rose
between the pair, late sharers in perfect happiness. The boisterous
sea and distant lands were the smallest of the obstacles that divided
them; they would not fear the worst; yet hope, a sickly plant, faded
in their hearts as they tore themselves asunder after a last embrace.
Zella returned from the fertile district of Corinth to her barren
native rocks. She felt all joy expire as she viewed from the rugged
shore the lessening sails of the sacovela. Days and weeks passed,
and still she remained in solitary and sad expectation: she never
joined in the dance, nor made one in the assemblies of her
countrywomen, who met together at evening-tide to sing, tell
stories, and wile away the time in dance and gaiety. She secluded
herself in the most lonely part of her father’s house, and gazed
unceasingly from the lattice upon the sea beneath, or wandered on
the rocky beach; and when tempest darkened the sky, and each
precipitous promontory grew purple under the shadows of the wide-
winged clouds, when the roar of the surges was on the shore, and
the white crests of the waves, seen afar upon the ocean-plain,
showed like flocks of new-shorn sheep scattered along wide-
extended downs, she felt neither gale nor inclement cold, nor
returned home till recalled by her attendants. In obedience to them
she sought the shelter of her abode, not to remain long; for the wild
winds spoke to her, and the stormy ocean reproached her
tranquillity. Unable to control the impulse, she would rush from her
habitation on the cliff, nor remember, till she reached the shore, that
her papooshes were left midway on the mountain-path, and that her
forgotten veil and disordered dress were unmeet for such a scene.
Often the unnumbered hours sped on, while this orphaned child of
happiness leant on a cold dark rock; the low-browed crags beetled
over her, the surges broke at her feet, her fair limbs were stained by
spray, her tresses dishevelled by the gale. Hopelessly she wept until
a sail appeared on the horizon; and then she dried her fast-flowing
tears, fixing her large eyes upon the nearing hull or fading topsail.
Meanwhile the storm tossed the clouds into a thousand gigantic
shapes, and the tumultuous sea grew blacker and more wild; her
natural gloom was heightened by superstitious horror; the Morai, the
old Fates of her native Grecian soil, howled in the breezes;
apparitions, which told of her child pining under the influence of the
Evil Eye, and of her husband, the prey of some Thracian witchcraft,
such as still is practised in the dread neighbourhood of Larissa,
haunted her broken slumbers, and stalked like dire shadows across
her waking thoughts. Her bloom was gone, her eyes lost their lustre,
her limbs their round full beauty; her strength failed her, as she
tottered to the accustomed spot to watch—vainly, yet for ever to
watch.
What is there so fearful as the expectation of evil tidings delayed?
Sometimes in the midst of tears, or worse, amidst the convulsive
gaspings of despair, we reproach ourselves for influencing the
eternal fates by our gloomy anticipations: then, if a smile wreathe
the mourner’s quivering lip, it is arrested by a throb of agony. Alas!
are not the dark tresses of the young painted grey, the full cheek of
beauty delved with sad lines by the spirits of such hours? Misery is a
more welcome visitant when she comes in her darkest guise and
wraps us in perpetual black, for then the heart no longer sickens
with disappointed hope.
Cyril and old Camaraz had found great difficulty in doubling the
many capes of the Morea as they made a coasting expedition from
Kardamyla to the Gulf of Arta, north of Cefalonia and St. Mauro.
During their voyage they had time to arrange their plans. As a
number of Moreots travelling together might attract too much
attention, they resolved to land their comrades at different points,
and travel separately into the interior of Albania: Yannina was their
first place of rendezvous. Cyril and his father-in-law disembarked in
one of the most secluded of the many creeks which diversify the
winding and precipitous shores of the gulf. Six others, chosen from
the crew, would, by other routes, join them at the capital. They did
not fear for themselves; alone, but well armed, and secure in the
courage of despair, they penetrated the fastnesses of Epirus. No
success cheered them: they arrived at Yannina without having made
the slightest discovery. They were joined by their comrades, whom
they directed to remain three days in the town, and then separately
to proceed to Terpellenè, whither they immediately directed their
steps. At the first village on their way thither, at “monastic Zitza,”
they obtained some information, not to direct, but to encourage
their endeavours. They sought refreshment and hospitality in the
monastery, which is situated on a green eminence, crowned by a
grove of oak trees, immediately behind the village. Perhaps there is
not in the world a more beautiful or more romantic spot, sheltered
itself by clustering trees, looking out on one widespread landscape
of hill and dale, enriched by vineyards, dotted with frequent flocks;
while the Calamas in the depth of the vale gives life to the scene,
and the far blue mountains of Zoumerkas, Sagori, Sulli, and
Acroceraunia, to the east, west, north, and south, close in the
various prospects. Cyril half envied the Caloyers their inert
tranquillity. They received the travellers gladly, and were cordial
though simple in their manners. When questioned concerning the
object of their journey, they warmly sympathized with the father’s
anxiety, and eagerly told all they knew. Two weeks before, an
Arnaoot, well known to them as Dmitri of the Evil Eye, a famous
klepht of Korvo, and a Moreot, arrived, bringing with them a child,—
a bold, spirited, beautiful boy, who, with firmness beyond his years,
claimed the protection of the Caloyers, and accused his companions
of having carried him off by force from his parents.
“By my head!” cried the Albanian, “a brave Palikar: he keeps his
word, brother; he swore by the Panagia, in spite of our threats of
throwing him down a precipice, food for the vulture, to accuse us to
the first good men he saw: he neither pines under the Evil Eye, nor
quails beneath our menaces.”
Katusthius frowned at these praises, and it became evident during
their stay at the monastery that the Albanian and the Moreot
quarrelled as to the disposal of the child. The rugged mountaineer
threw off all his sternness as he gazed upon the boy. When little
Constans slept, he hung over him, fanning away with woman’s care
the flies and gnats. When he spoke, he answered with expressions
of fondness, winning him with gifts, teaching him, all child as he
was, a mimicry of warlike exercises. When the boy knelt and
besought the Panagia to restore him to his parents, his voice
quivering, and tears running down his cheeks, the eyes of Dmitri
overflowed; he cast his cloak over his face; his heart whispered to
him: “Thus, perhaps, my child prayed. Heaven was deaf. Alas! where
is she now?”
Encouraged by such signs of compassion, which children are quick
to perceive, Constans twined his arms round his neck, telling him
that he loved him, and that he would fight for him when a man, if he
would take him back to Corinth. At such words Dmitri would rush
forth, seek Katusthius, remonstrate with him, till the unrelenting
man checked him by reminding him of his vow. Still he swore that no
hair of the child’s head should be injured; while the uncle, unvisited
by compunction, meditated his destruction. The quarrels which
thence arose were frequent, and violent, till Katusthius, weary of
opposition, had recourse to craft to obtain his purpose. One night he
secretly left the monastery, bearing the child with him. When Dmitri
heard of his evasion, it was a fearful thing to the good Caloyers only
to look upon him; they instinctively clutched hold of every bit of iron
on which they could lay their hands, so to avert the Evil Eye which
glared with native and untamed fierceness. In their panic a whole
score of them had rushed to the iron-plated door which led out of
their abode: with the strength of a lion, Dmitri tore them away,
threw back the portal, and, with the swiftness of a torrent fed by the
thawing of the snows in spring, he dashed down the steep hill—the
flight of an eagle not more rapid; the course of a wild beast not
more resolved.
Such was the clue afforded to Cyril. It were too long to follow him
in his subsequent search; he, with old Camaraz, wandered through
the vale of Argyro-Castro, and climbed Mount Trebucci to Korvo.
Dmitri had returned; he had gathered together a score of faithful
comrades, and sallied forth again; various were the reports of his
destination, and the enterprise which he meditated. One of these led
our adventurers to Terpellenè, and hence back towards Yannina; and
now chance again favoured them. They rested one night in the
habitation of a priest at the little village of Mosme, about three
leagues to the north of Zitza; and here they found an Arnaoot who
had been disabled by a fall from his horse; this man was to have
made one of Dmitri’s band: they learned from him that the Arnaoot
had tracked Katusthius, following him close, and forcing him to take
refuge in the monastery of the Prophet Elias, which stands on an
elevated peak of the mountains of Sagori, eight leagues from
Yannina. Dmitri had followed him, and demanded the child. The
Caloyers refused to give it up, and the klepht, roused to mad
indignation, was now besieging and battering the monastery, to
obtain by force this object of his newly-awakened affections.
At Yannina, Camaraz and Cyril collected their comrades, and
departed to join their unconscious ally. He, more impetuous than a
mountain stream or ocean’s fiercest waves, struck terror into the
hearts of the recluses by his ceaseless and dauntless attacks. To
encourage them to further resistance, Katusthius, leaving the child
behind in the monastery, departed for the nearest town of Sagori, to
entreat its Belouk-Bashee to come to their aid. The Sagorians are a
mild, amiable, social people; they are gay, frank, clever; their
bravery is universally acknowledged, even by the more uncivilised
mountaineers of Zoumerkas; yet robbery, murder, and other acts of
violence are unknown among them. These good people were not a
little indignant when they heard that a band of Arnaoots was
besieging and battering the sacred retreat of their favourite
Caloyers. They assembled in a gallant troop, and, taking Katusthius
with them, hastened to drive the insolent klephts back to their ruder
fastnesses. They came too late. At midnight, while the monks prayed
fervently to be delivered from their enemies, Dmitri and his followers
tore down their iron-plated door and entered the holy precincts. The
Protoklepht strode up to the gates of the sanctuary, and, placing his
hands upon it, swore that he came to save, not to destroy. Constans
saw him. With a cry of delight he disengaged himself from the
Caloyer who held him, and rushed into his arms: this was sufficient
triumph. With assurance of sincere regret for having disturbed them,
the klepht quitted the chapel with his followers, taking his prize with
him.
Katusthius returned some hours after, and so well did the traitor
plead his cause with the kind Sagorians, bewailing the fate of his
little nephew among those evil men, that they offered to follow, and,
superior as their numbers were, to rescue the boy from their
destructive hands. Katusthius, delighted with the proposition, urged
their immediate departure. At dawn they began to climb the
mountain summits, already trodden by the Zoumerkians.
Delighted with repossessing his little favourite, Dmitri placed him
before him on his horse, and, followed by his comrades, made his
way over the mountains, clothed with old Dodona’s oaks, or, in
higher summits, by dark gigantic pines. They proceeded for some
hours, and at length dismounted to repose. The spot they chose was
the depth of a dark ravine, whose gloom was increased by the broad
shadows of dark ilexes; an entangled underwood, and a sprinkling of
craggy isolated rocks, made it difficult for the horses to keep their
footing. They dismounted, and sat by the little stream. Their simple
fare was spread, and Dmitri enticed the boy to eat by a thousand
caresses. Suddenly one of his men, set as a guard, brought
intelligence that a troop of Sagorians, with Katusthius as their guide,
was advancing from the monastery of St. Elias; while another man
gave the alarm of the approach of six or eight well-armed Moreots,
who were advancing on the road from Yannina; in a moment every
sign of encampment had disappeared. The Arnaoots began to climb
the hills, getting under cover of the rocks, and behind the large
trunks of the forest trees, keeping concealed till their invaders
should be in the very midst of them. Soon the Moreots appeared,
turning round the defile, in a path that only allowed them to proceed
two by two; they were unaware of danger, and walked carelessly,
until a shot that whizzed over the head of one, striking the bough of
a tree, recalled them from their security. The Greeks, accustomed to
the same mode of warfare, betook themselves also to the
safeguards of the rocks, firing from behind them, striving with their
adversaries which should get to the most elevated station; jumping
from crag to crag, and dropping down and firing as quickly as they
could load: one old man alone remained on the pathway. The
mariner, Camaraz, had often encountered the enemy on the deck of
his caick, and would still have rushed foremost at a boarding, but
this warfare required too much activity. Cyril called on him to shelter
himself beneath a low, broad stone: the Mainote waved his hand.
“Fear not for me,” he cried; “I know how to die!”
The brave love the brave. Dmitri saw the old man stand,
unflinching, a mark for all the balls, and he started from behind his
rocky screen, calling on his men to cease. Then addressing his
enemy, he cried, “Who art thou? Wherefore art thou here? If ye
come in peace, proceed on your way. Answer, and fear not!”
The old man drew himself up, saying, “I am a Mainote, and
cannot fear. All Hellas trembles before the pirates of Cape Matapan,
and I am one of these! I do not come in peace! Behold! you have in
your arms the cause of our dissension! I am the grandsire of that
child—give him to me!”
Dmitri, had he held a snake which he felt awakening in his bosom,
could not so suddenly have changed his cheer;—“the offspring of a
Mainote!”—he relaxed his grasp;—Constans would have fallen had
he not clung to his neck. Meanwhile each party had descended from
their rocky station, and were grouped together in the pathway
below. Dmitri tore the child from his neck—he felt as if he could,
with savage delight, dash him down the precipice; when, as he
paused and trembled from excess of passion, Katusthius, and the
foremost Sagorians, came down upon them.
“Stand!” cried the infuriated Arnaoot. “Behold, Katusthius! behold,
friend, whom I, driven by the resistless fates, madly and wickedly
forswore! I now perform thy wish—the Mainote child dies! the son of
the accursed race shall be the victim of my just revenge!”
Cyril, in a transport of fear, rushed up the rock; he levelled his
musket but he feared to sacrifice his child. The old Mainote, less
timid and more desperate, took a steady aim; Dmitri saw the act,
and hurled the dagger, already raised against the child, at him,—it
entered his side,—while Constans, feeling his late protector’s grasp
relax, sprang from it into his father’s arms.
Camaraz had fallen, yet his wound was slight. He saw the
Arnaoots and Sagorians close round him; he saw his own followers
made prisoners. Dmitri and Katusthius had both thrown themselves
upon Cyril, struggling to repossess themselves of the screaming boy.
The Mainote raised himself—he was feeble of limb, but his heart was
strong; he threw himself before the father and child; he caught the
upraised arm of Dmitri. “On me,” he cried, “fall all thy vengeance! I
of the evil race! for the child, he is innocent of such parentage!
Maina cannot boast him for a son!”
“Man of lies!” commenced the infuriated Arnaoot, “this falsehood
shall not stead thee!”
“Nay, by the souls of those you have loved, listen!” continued
Camaraz, “and if I make not good my words, may I and my children
die! The boy’s father is a Corinthian, his mother, a Sciote girl!”
“Scio!” the very word made the blood recede to Dmitri’s heart.
“Villain!” he cried, dashing aside Katusthius’ arm, which was raised
against poor Constans, “I guard this child—dare not to injure him!
Speak, old man, and fear not, so that thou speakest the truth.”
“Fifteen years ago,” said Camaraz, “I hovered with my caick, in
search of prey, on the coast of Scio. A cottage stood on the borders
of a chestnut wood; it was the habitation of the widow of a wealthy
islander—she dwelt in it with her only daughter, married to an
Albanian, then absent;—the good woman was reported to have a
concealed treasure in her house—the girl herself would be rich spoil
—it was an adventure worth the risk. We ran our vessel up a shady
creek, and, on the going down of the moon, landed; stealing under
the covert of night towards the lonely abode of these women.”
Dmitri grasped at his dagger’s hilt—it was no longer there; he half
drew a pistol from his girdle—little Constans, again confiding in his
former friend, stretched out his hands and clung to his arm; the
klepht looked on him, half yielded to his desire to embrace him, half
feared to be deceived; so he turned away, throwing his capote over
his face, veiling his anguish, controlling his emotions, till all should
be told. Camaraz continued:
“It became a worse tragedy than I had contemplated. The girl had
a child—she feared for its life, and struggled with the men like a
tigress defending her young. I was in another room seeking for the
hidden store, when a piercing shriek rent the air—I never knew what
compassion was before—this cry went to my heart; but it was too
late, the poor girl had sunk to the ground, the life-tide oozing from
her bosom. I know not why, but I turned woman in my regret for the
slain beauty. I meant to have carried her and her child on board, to
see if aught could be done to save her, but she died ere we left the
shore. I thought she would like her island grave best, and truly
feared that she might turn vampire to haunt me, did I carry her
away; so we left her corpse for the priests to bury, and carried off
the child, then about two years old. She could say few words except
her own name—that was Zella, and she is the mother of this boy!”

A succession of arrivals in the bay of Kardamyla had kept poor

Zella watching for many nights. Her attendant had, in despair of ever
seeing her sleep again, drugged with opium the few cakes she
persuaded her to eat, but the poor woman did not calculate on the
power of mind over body, of love over every enemy, physical or
moral, arrayed against it. Zella lay on her couch, her spirit somewhat
subdued, but her heart alive, her eyes unclosed. In the night, led by
some unexplained impulse, she crawled to her lattice, and saw a
little sacovela enter the bay; it ran in swiftly, under favour of the
wind, and was lost to her sight under a jutting crag. Lightly she trod
the marble floor of her chamber; she drew a large shawl close round
her; she descended the rocky pathway, and reached, with swift
steps, the beach—still the vessel was invisible, and she was half
inclined to think that it was the offspring of her excited imagination
—yet she lingered. She felt a sickness at her very heart whenever
she attempted to move, and her eyelids weighed down in spite of
herself. The desire of sleep at last became irresistible; she lay down
on the shingles, reposed her head on the cold, hard pillow, folded
her shawl still closer, and gave herself up to forgetfulness.
So profoundly did she slumber under the influence of the opiate,
that for many hours she was insensible of any change in her
situation. By degrees only she awoke, by degrees only became
aware of the objects around her; the breeze felt fresh and free—so
was it ever on the wave-beaten coast; the waters rippled near, their
dash had been in her ears as she yielded to repose; but this was not
her stony couch, that canopy, not the dark overhanging cliff.
Suddenly she lifted up her head—she was on the deck of a small
vessel, which was skimming swiftly over the ocean-waves—a cloak
of sables pillowed her head; the shores of Cape Matapan were to her
left, and they steered right towards the noonday sun. Wonder rather
than fear possessed her: with a quick hand she drew aside the sail
that veiled her from the crew—the dreaded Albanian was sitting
close at her side, her Constans cradled in his arms; she uttered a cry
—Cyril turned at the sound, and in a moment she was folded in his
embrace.
 IV.

THE DREAM.

“Chi dice mal d’amore

Dice una falsità!”
—Italian Song.

The time of the occurrence of the little legend about to be narrated,

was that of the commencement of the reign of Henry IV. of France,
whose accession and conversion, while they brought peace to the
kingdom whose throne he ascended, were inadequate to heal the
deep wounds mutually inflicted by the inimical parties. Private feuds,
and the memory of mortal injuries, existed between those now
apparently united; and often did the hands that had clasped each
other in seeming friendly greeting, involuntarily, as the grasp was
released, clasp the dagger’s hilt, as fitter spokesman to their
passions than the words of courtesy that had just fallen from their
lips. Many of the fiercer Catholics retreated to their distant
provinces; and while they concealed in solitude their rankling
discontent, not less keenly did they long for the day when they
might show it openly.
In a large and fortified chateau built on a rugged steep
overlooking the Loire, not far from the town of Nantes, dwelt the last
of her race, and the heiress of their fortunes, the young and
beautiful Countess de Villeneuve. She had spent the preceding year
in complete solitude in her secluded abode; and the mourning she
wore for a father and two brothers, the victims of the civil wars, was
a graceful and good reason why she did not appear at court, and
mingle with its festivities. But the orphan countess inherited a high
name and broad lands; and it was soon signified to her that the
king, her guardian, desired that she should bestow them, together
with her hand, upon some noble whose birth and accomplishments
should entitle him to the gift. Constance, in reply, expressed her
intention of taking vows, and retiring to a convent. The king
earnestly and resolutely forbade this act, believing such an idea to
be the result of sensibility overwrought by sorrow, and relying on the
hope that, after a time, the genial spirit of youth would break
through this cloud.
A year passed, and still the countess persisted; and at last Henry,
unwilling to exercise compulsion,—desirous, too, of judging for
himself of the motives that led one so beautiful, young, and gifted
with fortune’s favours, to desire to bury herself in a cloister,—
announced his intention, now that the period of her mourning was
expired, of visiting her chateau; and if he brought not with him, the
monarch said, inducement sufficient to change her design, he would
yield his consent to its fulfilment.
Many a sad hour had Constance passed—many a day of tears, and
many a night of restless misery. She had closed her gates against
every visitant; and, like the Lady Olivia in “Twelfth Night,” vowed
herself to loneliness and weeping. Mistress of herself, she easily
silenced the entreaties and remonstrances of underlings, and nursed
her grief as it had been the thing she loved. Yet it was too keen, too
bitter, too burning, to be a favoured guest. In fact, Constance,
young, ardent, and vivacious, battled with it, struggled, and longed
to cast it off; but all that was joyful in itself, or fair in outward show,
only served to renew it; and she could best support the burden of
her sorrow with patience, when, yielding to it, it oppressed but did
not torture her.
Constance had left the castle to wander in the neighbouring
grounds. Lofty and extensive as were the apartments of her abode,
she felt pent up within their walls, beneath their fretted roofs. The