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Java Foundations: Introduction to Program Design & Data Structures, 3/e
John Lewis, Peter J. DePasquale, Joseph Chase
Test Bank: Chapter 7

Chapter 7: Arrays

Multiple Choice Questions:

1) In Java, array indexes always begin at ________________ .

a) -1
b) 0
c) 1
d) 2
e) you can declare an array to have any indexes you choose

Answer: b
Explanation: In Java, the array indexes are from 0 to one less than the length of the array.

2) Which of the following statements best describes this line of code?

int[] numbers = new int[50];

a) this is the declaration and initialization of an array that holds 50 integers

b) this is a declaration and initialization of an array that holds 49 integers
c) this is a declaration and initialization of an integer array that will hold integers smaller than 50
d) this is a declaration and initialization of an integer array that will hold integers smaller than 49
e) none of the above is correct

Answer: a
Explanation: The code represents the declaration and initialization of an array that will hold 50 integers. The
indexes of this array will begin at 0 and end at 49.

3) Which of the statements is true about the following code snippet?

int[] array = new int[25];

array[25] = 2;

a) The integer value 2 will be assigned to the last index in the array.
b) The integer value 25 will be assigned to the second index in the array.
c) The integer value 25 will be assigned to the third value in the array.
d) This code will result in a compile-time error.
e) This code will result in a run-time error.

Answer: e
Explanation: This code will throw an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, since the last index in this array will
be 24. This causes a run-time error.

4) What will be the output of the following code snippet?

int[] array = new int[25];

System.out.println(array.length);

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Java Foundations: Introduction to Program Design & Data Structures, 3/e
John Lewis, Peter J. DePasquale, Joseph Chase
Test Bank: Chapter 7

a) 26
b) 24
c) 25
d) This code will result in a compile time error.
e) This code will result in a run time error.

Answer: c
Explanation: Note that the length instance variable can be accessed directly. Therefore this will not result in any
errors. The array has length 25, and therefore the code will output 25.

5) Which of the following array declarations are invalid?

a) int[] grades = new int[5];

b) int grades[] = new int[5];
c) int[] grades = { 91, 83, 42, 100, 77 };
d) all of the above are valid
e) none of the above are valid

Answer: d
Explanation: All three of these are valid array declarations. Choice b uses an alternate syntax. Choice c uses an
initializer list to initialize the array.

6) Which of the following is a true statement?

a) Arrays are passed as parameters to methods like primitive types.

b) Arrays are passed as parameters to methods like object types.
c) Arrays cannot be passed as parameters to methods.
d) All of the above are true.
e) None of the above are true.

Answer: b
Explanation: Arrays are passed to methods by reference. This means that if the content of the array is changed in a
method, the change will be reflected in the calling method.

7) Suppose we have an array of String objects identified by the variable names. Which of the following for loops will not
correctly process each element in the array.

a) for(int i = 0; i < names.length; i++)

b) for(String name : names)
c) for(int i = 0; i < names.length(); i++)
d) none of these will correctly process each element
e) all of these will correctly process each element

Answer: c
Explanation: Choice c will not process each element correctly due to a syntax error. The length variable is not a
method and, therefore, does not have parenthesis after it. Choice b is an example of using a foreach loop to process an
array, and choice a is a correct for loop.

8) Which of the following statements will assign the first command-line argument sent into a Java program to a variable

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Java Foundations: Introduction to Program Design & Data Structures, 3/e
John Lewis, Peter J. DePasquale, Joseph Chase
Test Bank: Chapter 7

called argument?

a) argument = System.getFirstArgument();
b) argument = System.getArgument[1];
c) argument = System.getArgument[0];
d) argument = args[0];
e) argument = args[1];

Answer: d
Explanation: Choice d is the correct answer. The System object does not have any methods called
getFirstArgument or getArgument, and the args array's index starts at 0. Therefore the other choices are incorrect.

9) Which of the following method declarations correctly defines a method with a variable length parameter list?

a) public int average(int[] list)

b) public int average(int ... list)
c) public int average(...)
d) public int average(int a, int b, int c, ...)
e) public int average(integers)

Answer: b
Explanation: The only choices with valid syntax are choice a and choice b. Choice a represents a method
declaration with a single parameter, which is a reference to an array. Choice b correctly represents a valid declaration for a
method with a variable length parameter list.

10) Which of the following is a valid declaration for a two-dimensional array?

a) int[][] matrix;
b) int[2] matrix;
c) int[]** matrix;
d) int[] matrix;
e) none of these are correct

Answer: a
Explanation: Choice a is the only valid declaration for a two-dimensional array. Choices b and c contain invalid
Java syntax, and choice d is a valid declaration for a single dimensional array.

11) Which of the following lines of code accesses the second element of the first array in a two-dimensional array of
integers, numbers, and stores the result in a variable called num?

a) num = numbers[1][2];
b) num = numbers[0][1];
c) num = numbers.getElement(1, 2);
d) num = numbers.getElement(0, 1);
e) none of the above are correct

Answer: b
Explanation: Choice b accesses the second element of the first array. Choice a accesses the third element of the

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Java Foundations: Introduction to Program Design & Data Structures, 3/e
John Lewis, Peter J. DePasquale, Joseph Chase
Test Bank: Chapter 7

second array. Choices c and d do not represent valid Java syntax.

12) Which of the following are true about two-dimensional arrays?

a) Two-dimensional integer arrays cannot be initialized via an initializer list.

b) Two-dimensional arrays can only store up to 10 elements per array (or per row).
c) Two-dimensional arrays are not accessible using for loops.
d) Two-dimensional arrays cannot hold objects.
e) None of the above are true.

Answer: e
Explanation: None of the statements about two-dimensional arrays are true.

13) What is the precedence of the index operator ( [ ] ) relative to other operators in Java?

a) It has the lowest precedence of all Java operators.

b) It has a higher precedence than addition, but a lower precedence than multiplication.
c) It has a higher precedence than multiplication, but a lower precedence than addition.
d) It has the highest precedence of all Java operators.
e) [ ] is not an operator.

Answer: d
Explanation: The index operator has the highest precedence of all Java operators.

14) Every Java array is a(n) _________________, so it is possible to use a foreach loop to process each element in the
array.

a) object
b) iterator
c) class
d) operator
e) none of the above

Answer: b
Explanation: Every Java array is an iterator, therefore a foreach loop can be used to process each element in the
array.

15) Multi-dimensional arrays that contain arrays of different lengths in any one dimension are called _________________.

a) ragged arrays
b) static arrays
c) two-dimensional arrays
d) constant arrays
e) overloaded arrays

Answer: a
Explanation: Ragged arrays are multi-dimensional arrays that contain arrays at the same dimension with differing
lengths.

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Java Foundations: Introduction to Program Design & Data Structures, 3/e
John Lewis, Peter J. DePasquale, Joseph Chase
Test Bank: Chapter 7

True/False Questions:

1) In Java, array indexes begin at 0 and end at one less than the length of the array.
Answer: True
Explanation: For an array of length n, the indexes begin at 0 and end at n – 1 in Java.

2) There is only one way to declare and initialized an array in Java.

Answer: False
Explanation: There are two different ways to declare an array in Java – the standard syntax and the alternate
syntax. Arrays can also be initialized in different ways. The first way is to use the new operator, which will create the
array, and then initialize each index individually. You can also initialize an array using an initializer list.

3) An array declared as an int[] can contain elements of different primitive types.

Answer: False
Explanation: An array that has been declared with a specific type may only contain elements of that type. In this
case the array can only contain integers.

4) The foreach loop can be used to process each element of an array.

Answer: True
Explanation: In Java, an array is an iterator and therefore it is possible to use the foreach loop to process individual
elements.

5) It is possible to store 11 elements in an array that is declared in the following way.

int[] array = new int[10];

Answer: False
Explanation: An array declared as above can only store 10 elements.

6) If a program attempts to access an element outside of the range of the array indexes, a run-time error will occur.
Answer: True
Explanation: If a program attempts to access an element outside of the range of the array indexes, an
ArrayOutOfBoundsException will be thrown at run-time.

7) An array cannot hold object types.

Answer: False
Explanation: An array can be declared to hold references to objects.

8) It is possible to send in data to a Java program via the command-line.

Answer: True
Explanation: Command-line arguments can be sent in to a Java program. They are sent into the program via the
args[] array.

9) It is possible for a method to have a variable length parameter list, meaning that the method can take in any number of
parameters of a specified data type.
Answer: True
Explanation: Java supports variable length parameter lists for methods.

10) In Java it is not possible to have arrays of more than two dimensions.
Answer: False

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Java Foundations: Introduction to Program Design & Data Structures, 3/e
John Lewis, Peter J. DePasquale, Joseph Chase
Test Bank: Chapter 7

Explanation: It is possible to have arrays of any dimension in Java. It is not common, however, for these types of
arrays to be used in object-oriented programs.

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Java Foundations: Introduction to Program Design & Data Structures, 3/e
John Lewis, Peter J. DePasquale, Joseph Chase
Test Bank: Chapter 7

Short Answer Questions:

1) Explain how arrays are passed to methods as parameters.

Answer: Arrays are passed to methods by reference. This means that a reference to the original array is sent into
the method. Therefore any changes that are made to the array in the method will be reflected in the original array in the
calling method.

2) Write the declaration for an array of doubles called averages that is initialized with an initializer list.

Answer:

double[] averages = { 25.2, 36.18, 42.1, 30.5 };

3) Write the declaration for a two-dimensional array of integers that can be thought of as a table with three rows and three
columns. Assign the value 3 to the cell that is in the second row and the third column.

Answer:

int[][] table = new int[3][3];

table[1][2] = 3;

4) Write a loop that cycles through an array of String objects called names and prints them out, one per line. Your loop
should not use a foreach loop.

Answer:

for(int i = 0; i < names.length; i++)

System.out.println(names[i]);

5) Write a loop that cycles through an array of String objects called names and prints out the ones that start with a vowel,
one per line. Your loop should use a foreach loop.

Answer:

for(String n : names)
if(n.charAt(0) == 'A' || n.charAt(0) == 'a' ||
n.charAt(0) == 'E' || n.charAt(0) == 'e' ||
n.charAt(0) == 'I' || n.charAt(0) == 'i' ||
n.charAt(0) == 'O' || n.charAt(0) == 'o' ||
n.charAt(0) == 'U' || n.charAt(0) == 'u')
System.out.println(n);

6) Write a method that accepts an array of integers as a parameter and returns the sum of all of the integers in the array.

Answer:

public int arraySum(int[] array) {

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Java Foundations: Introduction to Program Design & Data Structures, 3/e
John Lewis, Peter J. DePasquale, Joseph Chase
Test Bank: Chapter 7

int sum = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
sum += array[i];

return sum;
}

7) Write a method called doubleSize that accepts an integer array as a parameter and returns a reference to a new integer
array that is twice as long and contains all of the elements of the first array in the same positions.

Answer:

public int[] doubleSize(int[] originalArray) {

int[] newArray = int[originalArray.length*2];

for(int i = 0; i < originalArray.length; i++)

newArray[i] = originalArray[i];

return newArray;
}

8) Write a method called average that accepts an array of floating point numbers and returns their average.

Answer:

public double average(float[] array) {

double sum = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
sum += array[i];

return (double) sum/array.length;

}

9) Write a method called containsPair that accepts an array of integers as a parameter and returns true if it contains two
integers that are equal.

Answer:

public boolean containsPair(int[] values) {

for(int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
for(int j = i+1; j < values.length; j++)
if(values[i] == values[j])
return true;
}

return false;
}

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Java Foundations: Introduction to Program Design & Data Structures, 3/e
John Lewis, Peter J. DePasquale, Joseph Chase
Test Bank: Chapter 7

10) Write a method that takes in an arbitrary number of String objects, and then prints out all of them that have over 10
characters.

Answer:

public void printLongStrings(String ... words) {

for(String w : words)
if(w.length() > 10)
System.out.println(w);
}

11) Write a method that takes in at least one integer and returns the largest of all integer parameters sent in.

Answer:

public void largest(int first, int ... numbers) {

int currentLargest = first;

for(int num : numbers)

if(num > currentLargest)
currentLargest = num;

return currentLargest;
}

12) Write a method that accepts an array of integers as a parameter and returns a reference to an array that contains the
even numbers in the array original array. The returned array should have a size equal to the number of even numbers in the
original array.

Answer:

public int[] getEvenArray(int[] numbers) {

int size = 0;

for(int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++)

if(numbers[i]%2 == 0)
size++;

int[] evenArray = new int[size];

int evenArrayIndex = 0;

for(int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {

if(numbers[i]%2 == 0) {
evenArray[evenArrayIndex] = numbers[i];

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Java Foundations: Introduction to Program Design & Data Structures, 3/e
John Lewis, Peter J. DePasquale, Joseph Chase
Test Bank: Chapter 7

evenArrayIndex++;
}//end if
}//end for
}

13) Write a short program that accepts an arbitrary number of command line arguments, and prints out those containing the
character 'z'.

Answer:

public class PrintZArgs {

public static void main(String[] args) {
for(String s : args) {
for(int i = 0; i < s.length; i++)
if(s.charAt(i) == 'z')
System.out.println(s);
}//end foreach
}//end main
}//end class

14) Write a line of code that initializes a two-dimensional array of integers using an initializer list.

Answer:

int[][] numbers = { {2,3},{4,5} };

15) Write a method that accepts an array of integers and returns the smallest value in the list.

Answer:

public int smallest(int[] list) {

int currentSmallest = list[0];

for(int i = 0; i < list.length; i++)

if(list[i] < currentSmallest)
currentSmallest = list[i];

return currentSmallest;
}

10
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Other documents randomly have
different content
418. We had no special opportunities for watching the
natives at work netting, as but few nets happened to be
made at the village during our stay. It was, however,
observed that the mesh stick was taken out every time a
knot was tied. Since my return, after a careful study of the
different mesh sticks in our collection, I have convinced
myself by experiment that the above method of using the
tool is the only one which will account for the shape of the
different parts.
419. See Parry, Second Voy., p. 537; Lyon, Journal, p. 93;
Kumlien, Contributions, p. 25.
420. Formerly they used the bones of fishes or the very fine
bones of birds instead of needles. Crantz, vol. 1, p. 136.
“Their own clumsy needles of bone,” Parry, Second Voy.,
p. 537 and pl. opposite p. 548, Fig. 11. Kumlien also speaks
of “steel needles or bone ones made after the same
pattern” at Cumberland Gulf (Contributions, p. 25).
421. Parry, Second Voy., pl. opposite p. 550, Fig. 25.
422. Boas, Central Eskimo, p. 524, Fig. 473 and Kumlien,
Contributions, p. 25.
423. Parry’s Second Voyage, pl. opposite p. 550, Fig. 25.
424. Ibid., p. 537.
425. Op. cit, p. 245.
426. Dall, American Association, Address, 1885, p. 13.
427. P. 172.
428. Op. cit. p. 264.
429. Lyon, Journal, p. 233. See also Capt. Lyon’s figure in
Parry’s 2d Voy., pl. opposite p. 274.
430. It is a curious fact, however, that the narrowest kaiak
paddles I have ever seen belonged to some Eskimo that I
saw in 1876, at Rigolette, Labrador, who lived in a region
sufficiently well wooded to furnish them with lumber for a
small schooner, which they had built.
431. For information concerning the last two regions I am
indebted to Mr. L. M. Turner; for the others to the standard
authorities.
432. Rink, Tales and Traditions, p. 47. See also p. 374 for a
story of the meeting of a Greenlander with one of these
beings.
433. Journal, p. 233.
434. Second voyage, p. 506, and pls. opposite pp. 274 and
508.
435. There is quite a discrepancy in regard to this between
Capt. Lyon’s description referred to above and the two
plates drawn by him in Parry’s second voyage. In his
journal he speaks of the coaming of the cockpit being
about 9 inches higher forward than it is aft, while from his
figures the difference does not appear to be more than 3 or
4 inches.
436. Vega, vol. 2, p. 228.
437. I have confined myself in the above comparison simply
to the kaiaks used by undoubted Eskimo. I find merely
casual references to the kaiaks used on the Siberian coast
by the Asiatic Eskimo and their companions the Sedentary
Chuckchis, while a discussion of the canoes of the Aleuts
would carry me beyond the limits of the present work.
438. Since the above was written Boas has published a
detailed description of the central kaiaks, in which he says
there are only four streaks besides the keel (Central
Eskimo, p. 486).
439. Dr. Kane’s description, though the best that we have of
the flat-bottomed Greenland kaiak and accompanied by
diagrams, is unfortunately vague in some important
respects. It is in brief as follows: “The skeleton consists of
three longitudinal strips of wood on each side * * *
stretching from end to end. * * * The upper of these, the
gunwale * * * is somewhat stouter than the others. The
bottom is framed by three similar longitudinal strips. These
are crossed by other strips or hoops, which perform the
office of knees and ribs. They are placed at a distance of
not more than 8 to 10 inches from one another. Wherever
the parts of this framework meet or cross they are bound
together with reindeer tendon very artistically. * * * The
pah or manhole * * * has a rim or lip secured upon the
gunwale and rising a couple of inches above the deck.”
(First Grinnell Exp., p. 477.) It will be seen that he does not
mention any deck beams, which would be very necessary
to keep the gunwales spread apart. They are shown,
however, on Crantz’s crude section of a kaiak frame.
(History of Greenland, vol. 1, pl. vii), and are evidently
mortised into the gunwale, as at Point Barrow. Crantz also
(op. cit., p. 150) speaks of the use of whalebone for
fastening the frame together.
Capt. Lyon’s description of the round-bottomed kaiak
used at Fury and Hecla Straits (Journal, p. 233) is much
more explicit. He describes the frame as consisting of a
gunwale on each side 4 or 5 inches wide in the middle and
three-fourths inch thick, tapering at each end, sixty-four
hoop-shaped ribs (on a canoe 25 feet long), seven slight
rods outside of the ribs, twenty-two deck-beams, and a
batten running fore and aft, and a hoop round the cockpit.
These large kaiaks weigh 50 or 60 pounds. There is a very
good figure of the Point Barrow kaiak, paddled with a single
paddle, in Smyth’s view of Nuwŭk (Beechey’s Voyage, pl.
opposite p. 307).
440. Wrangell, Narrative of an Expedition, etc., p. 161,
footnote.
441. For example: “For they think it unbecoming a man to
row such a boat, unless great necessity requires it.” Egede,
Greenland, p. 111. “It would be a scandal for a man to
meddle, except the greatest necessity compels him to lend
a hand.” Crantz, vol. 1, p. 149.
442. Part of the description of the umiak frame is taken
from the model (No. 56563 [225]), as the writer not only
had few opportunities for careful examination of these
canoes, but unfortunately did not realize at the time the
importance of detail.
443. History of Greenland, vol. 1, p. 148, and pl. vi.
444. Vol. 1, p. 167.
445. See Kotzebue’s Voyage, etc., vol. 1, p. 216.
446. This is also the custom among the Central Eskimo.
(See Boas “Central Eskimo,” p. 528, Fig. 481.)
447. Narrative, p. 148.
448. Journal, p. 30. Compare also Chappell, “Hudson Bay,”
p. 57.
449. See Egedo, Greenland, p. 111.
450. These passages being, as far as I know, the earliest
description of the umiak and kaiak are worth quotation:
“Their boats are made all of Seale skins, with a keel of
wood within the skinne; the proportion of them is like a
Spanish shallop, saue only they be flat in the bottome, and
sharp at both endes” (p. 621, 1576). Again: “They haue
two sorts of boats made of leather, set out on the inner
side with quarters of wood, artificially tyed with thongs of
the same; the greater sort are not much unlike our
wherries, wherein sixteene or twenty men may sitte; they
have for a sayle, drest the guttes of such beasts as they
kill, very fine and thinne, which they sewe together; the
other boate is but for one man to sitte and rowe in, with
one oare” (p. 628, 1577).
451. Compare for instance Kane’s figure 1st Grinnell Exp.
p. 422, and Lyon, Journal, p. 30.
452. See Beechey Voyage, p. 252. In describing the umiaks
at Hotham Inlet he says: “The model differs from that of
the umiak of the Hudson Bay in being sharp at both ends.”
Smyth gives a good figure of the Hotham Inlet craft in the
plate opposite p. 250.
453. Greenland, p. 111.
454. Vol. 1, p. 148.
455. Contributions, p. 43. Boas, however, says three to five
skins. (Central Eskimo, p. 528.)
456. 2d Voy., p. 507.
457. Alaska, p. 15.
458. Twisted sinew is sometimes used. A pair of snowshoes
from Point Barrow, owned by the writer, are netted with this
material.
459. Op. cit., p. 243.
460. Op. cit., p. 244.
461. 2d Exped., p. 142.
462. Vega, vol. 2, p. 102 a.
463. Op. cit., p. 243.
464. Alaska, p. 190, Fig. A.
465. See, also, Dall, Alaska, p. 190, and Figs. A and C.
466. Contributions, p. 42.
467. 1st Exp., vol. 2, p. 180.
468. For example, Lyon says that at Fury and Hecla Straits
the runners are coated with ice by mixing snow and fresh
water (Journal, p. 235); (See also Parry, 2d Voyage,
p. 515). At Cumberland Gulf “they pour warmed blood on
the under surface of the bone shoeing; some use water, but
this does not last nearly so long as the blood and is more
apt to chip off.” Kumlien, Contributions, p. 42; (See also
Hall, Arctic Researches, p. 582). Around Repulse Bay they
ice the runners by squirting over them water which has
been warmed in the mouth, putting on successive layers till
they get a smooth surface. This is renewed the first thing
every morning. Gilder, Schwatka’s Search, p. 66. A native of
the eastern shore of Labrador, according to Sir John
Richardson (Searching Expedition, vol. 2, p. 82), applied to
the runners coat after coat of earth or clay tempered with
hot water, and then washed the runners with water,
polishing the ice with his naked hand. MacFarlane in his MS.
notes speaks of covering the sled runners with “earth,
water, and ice” in the Mackenzie region. Petitot
(Monographie, etc., p. xvii) says the runners in the
Mackenzie and Anderson district are shod with “un
bourrelet de limon et de glace,” which has to be often
renewed. Nordenskiöld says that at Pitlekaj “the runners,
before the start, are carefully covered with a layer of ice
from two to three millimeters in thickness by repeatedly
pouring water over them,” (Vega, vol. 2, p. 94), and
according to Wrangell (Narrative, etc., p. 101, footnote) it is
the common custom in northern Siberia to pour water over
the runners every evening to produce a thin crust of ice.
469. Rep. Point Barrow Exp., p. 27.
470. Schwatka, in “Nimrod in the North,” (p. 159) describes
a practice among the “Netschillik,” of King William’s Land,
which appears very much like this, though his description is
somewhat obscure in details. It is as follows: “We found the
runners shod with pure ice. Trenches the length of the
sledge are dug in the ice, and into these the runners are
lowered some two or three inches, yet not touching the
bottom of the trench by fully the same distance. Water is
then poured in and allowed to freeze, and when the sledge
is lifted out it is shod with shoes of perfectly pure and
transparent ice.” Strangely enough, these curious ice shoes
are not mentioned by Schwatka’s companions, Gilder and
Klutschak, nor by Schwatka himself in his paper on the
“Netschillik” in Science, although Klutschak describes and
figures a sledge made wholly of ice among the
Netsillingmiut. (“Als Eskimo, etc.” p. 76). Also referred to by
Boas (“Central Eskimo,” p. 533).
471. The word used was “kau-kau.” Perhaps it referred to a
seal for food, as the sledge appears very like one described
by Hooper (Corwin Report, p. 105) as used on the “Arctic
Coast.” “When sealing on solid ice a small sled is sometimes
used, the runners of which are made of walrus tusks. It is
perhaps 16 inches long by 14 inches wide and 3 inches
high. It is used in dragging the carcass of the seal over the
ice.”
We, however, never saw such sleds used for dragging
seals. This one may have been imported from farther
south. See also, Beechey, Voyage, etc., p. 251, where he
speaks of seeing at Kotzebue Sound, a drawing on ivory of
“a seal dragged home on a small sledge.”
472. See Dall’s figure, Alaska, p. 165.
473. Vega, vol. 1, p. 498.
474. Compare also the various illustrations in Hooper’s
“Tents of the Tuski.”·
475. I failed to get the translation of this word, but it seems
to be connected with the Greenlandic mâlavok, he howls
(a dog—).
476. Contributions, p. 51.
477. Compare Dall, Alaska, p. 25.
478. See Hooper, Tents, etc., p. 195, and Nordenskiöld,
Vega, vol. 2, p. 96, where one of these shoes is figured.
479. See Kumlien, Contributions, p. 42.
480. Vega, vol. 2; p. 95.
481. See Dall, Alaska, pp. 163 and 166.
482. Vega, vol. 2, p. 95, foot note.
483. For descriptions of the sledges and methods of
harnessing used by the eastern Eskimo, see Bessel’s
Naturalist, vol. 18, pt. 9, p. 868, figs. 4 and 5 (Smith
Sound); Kane, 2d Grinnell Exp., vol. 1, p. 205 (Smith
Sound) and first Grinnell Exp., p. 443 (Greenland); Kumlien,
Contributions, p. 42, and Boas, “Central Eskimo,” pp. 529-
538 (Cumberland Gulf); Parry, 2d voyage, p. 514, and Lyon,
Journal, p. 235 (Iglulik); Gilder, Schwatka’s Search, pp. 50,
52, and 66, and Schwatka’s “Nimrod in the North,” pp. 152,
153 (NW. shore of Hudson Bay and King Williams Land).
484. This game is briefly referred to by Hall, Arctic
Researches, p. 570.
485. See Dall, Alaska, p. 389, and contributions to N. A.
Ethn., vol. 1, p. 90.
486. See Kumlien, Contributions, p. 43. Kumlien says
merely “a mask of skins.” Dr. Boas is my authority for the
statement that the skin of the bearded seal is used.
487. Vega, vol. 2, p. 21.
488. See also Dall’s paper in the Third Annual Report of the
Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 67-203, where the subject of
mask-wearing is very thoroughly discussed in its most
important relations.
489. Cf. Crantz, vol. 1, p. 206.
490. This very interesting specimen was unfortunately
destroyed by moths at the National Museum after the
description was written, but before it could be figured.
491. Report, p. 135.
492. Alaska, p. 156.
493. See Dall, Alaska, p. 151.
494. Ibid, p. 154.
495. Compare the wand “curiously ornamented and carved”
carried by the messenger who was sent out to invite the
guests to the festival at Norton Sound, Alaska, p. 154.
496. Greenland, p. 139.
497. Contributions, p. 43.
498. Descriptions of Eskimo festivals are to be found in
Egede’s Greenland, p. 152, and Crantz, History of
Greenland, vol. 1, p. 175, where he mentions the sun feast
held at the winter solstice. This very likely corresponds to
the December festival at Point Barrow. If the latter be really
a rite instituted by the ancestors of the present Eskimo
when they lived in lower latitudes to celebrate the winter
solstice, it is easy to understand why it should be held at
about the same time by the people of Kotzebue Sound, as
stated by Dr. Simpson, op. cit., p. 262, where, as he says,
the reindeer might be successfully pursued throughout the
winter. It is much more likely, considering the custom in
Greenland, that this is the reason for having the festival at
this season than that the time should be selected by the
people at Point Barrow as a season when “hunting or
fishing can not well be attended to,” as Simpson thinks. We
should remember that this is the very time of the year that
the seal netting is at its height at Point Barrow. See also
Parry, Second Voyage, p. 538; Kumlien, Contributions,
p. 43; Gilder, Schwatka’s Search, p. 43; Beechey, Voyage,
p. 288 (Kotzebue Sound); Dall, Alaska, p. 149 (very full and
detailed); Petroff, Report, etc., pp. 125, 126, 129, 131
(quoted from Zagoskin), 135, 137 (quoted from Shelikhof),
and 144 (quoted from Davidof); Hooper, Tents, etc., pp. 85,
136; and Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, pp. 22, 131.
499. Greenland, p. 162.
500. Vol. 1, p. 177.
501. Science, vol. 4, No. 98, p. 545.
502. Hall (Arctic Researches, p. 129) says the “cat’s cradle”
is a favorite amusement in Baffin Land, where they make
many figures, including representations of the deer, whale,
seal, and walrus.
503. See Egede, p. 161, and Crantz, vol. 1, p. 177.
504. Compare Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 541.
505. Nordenskiöld calls this “the drum, or more correctly,
tambourine, so common among most of the Polar peoples,
European, Asiatic, and American; among the Lapps, the
Samoyeds, the Tunguses, and the Eskimo.” (Vega, vol. 2,
p. 128).
506. See, for example, Bessell’s Naturalist, vol. 18, pt. 9,
p. 881. (The people of Smith Sound use the femur of a
walrus or seal. Cf. Capt. Lyon’s picture, Parry’s 2d Voyage,
pl. opposite p. 530, and Gilder, Schwatka’s Search, p. 43,
where the people of the west shore of Hudson Bay are
described as using a “wooden drumstick shaped like a
potato-masher.”)
507. See Hooper, Tents, etc., p. 51, and Nordenskiöld, Vega,
vol. 2, pp. 23 and 128; figure on p. 24.
508. Compare Crantz, vol. 1, p. 176.
509. 2d Voyage, p. 541.
510. See also the passage from Crantz, quoted above; Dall,
Alaska, p. 16; and Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, pp. 23 and
130.
511. See the various accounts of the eastern Eskimo
already referred to.
512. Contributions to N. A. Ethn., vol. 1, p. 86.
513. Vega, vol. 2, p. 135.
514. Compare Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, p. 126 and Rink,
Tales, etc., p. 52.
515. Compare Bessels, Naturalist, vol. 18, No. 9, p. 880,
where he speaks of finding among the people of Smith
Sound ivory carvings representing animals and human
figures “exceedingly characteristic.” (See also Fig. 21 of the
same paper.)
516. Vega, vol. 2, p. 127.
517. Vega, vol. 2, p. 142.
518. Rink, Tales, etc., p. 48. See also same work, passim,
among the stories.
519. Compare these with Nordenskiöld’s figures of “Chukch”
drawings, Vega, vol. 2, pp. 132, 133. The latter are
completely Eskimo in character.
520. Compare Crantz, vol. 1, p. 159 (Greenland); Kumlien,
Contributions, p. 164 (Cumberland Gulf); Hall, Arctic
Researches, p. 567 (Baffin Land); Parry, 2nd Voyage, p. 528
(Fury and Hecla Straits); Schwatka, Science, vol. 4, No. 98,
p. 544 (King William’s Land); Gilder, Schwatka’s Search,
p. 250 (Hudson’s Bay); Franklin, First Exp., vol. 2, p. 41
(Chesterfield Inlet); Hooper, Tents, etc., p. 209 (Plover
Bay); Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, p. 26 (Pitlekaj).
521. Op. cit., p. 252.
522. Naturalist, vol. 18, pt. 9, p. 877.
523. Contributions, p. 16.
524. Compare Holm’s observations in East Greenland—“idet
et ganske ungt Menneske kan være gift med en Kone, som
kunde være hans Moder.” Geografisk Tidskrift, vol. 8, p. 91.
525. Op. cit., p. 253.
526. Vol. 1, p. 160.
527. “They often repudiate and put away their wives, if
either they do not suit their humors, or else if they are
barren, * * * and marry others.” Egede, Greenland, p. 143.
Compare also Crantz, vol. 1, p. 160; Parry, Second Voyage,
p. 528 (Fury and Hecla Straits); Kumlien, Contributions,
p. 17 (Cumberland Gulf); and Hooper, Tents, etc., p. 100
—“repudiation is perfectly recognized, and in instances of
misconduct and sometimes of dislike, put in force without
scruple or censure. * * * The rejected wife * * * does not
generally wait long for another husband;” (Plover Bay.)
Compare also Holm, Geografisk Tidskrift, vol. 8, pp. 91-92,
where he gives an account of marriage and divorce in east
Greenland, remarkably like what we observed at Point
Barrow.
528. Parry, 2nd Voyage, p. 528.
529. Kumlien, Contributions, p. 16.
530. Schwatka’s Search, p. 197.
531. Greenland, p. 139.
532. Geogr., Tids., vol. 8, p. 92.
533. Compare Parry, 2d Voyage, pp. 526-528, Nordenskiöld
(Vega, vol. 1, p. 449): The women are “treated as the
equals of the men, and the wife was always consulted by
the husband when a more important bargain than usual
was to be made.” (Pitlekaj.) This statement is applicable,
word for word, to the women of Point Barrow.
534. Op. cit., p 252.
535. See Egede, p. 144, “for according to them it signifies
nothing that a man beats his wife.”
536. Op. cit., p. 253.
537. Vol. 1, p. 165.
538. Second Voyage, p. 522.
539. Contributions, p. 28, and “Central Eskimo,” p. 610.
540. Egede, p. 192; Crantz, vol. 1, p. 215, and Rink, Tales,
etc., p. 54.
541. Voyage, p. 200.
542. “Als Eskimo, etc.,” p. 199.
543. Egede, p. 192; Crantz, vol. 1, p. 215, “no one else
must drink out of their cup;” and Rink, Tales and Traditions,
p. 54.
544. Crantz, vol. 1, p. 138. See also Egede, p. 131, and the
picture in Rink’s Tales, etc., opposite p. 8.
545. Geografisk Tidskrift, vol. 8, p. 91.
546. Monographie, etc., p. xv.
547. Second Voyage, p. 495.
548. Kumlien, Contributions, p. 24.
549. See Ellis, Voyage, etc., p. 136, and plate opposite
p. 132.
550. Second Ex., p. 226.
551. Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, p. 101.
552. Op. cit., p. 250.
553. Naturalist, vol. 18, pt. 9, p. 874.
554. Science, vol. 4, p. 544.
555. Greenland, p. 146.
556. Geografisk Tidskrift, vol 8, p. 91.
557. Second Voyage, p. 529.
558. Vega, vol. 2, p. 140.
559. Vega, vol. 1, p. 449.
560. Naturalist, vol. 18, pt. 9, p. 874.
561. History of Greenland, vol. 1, p. 162.
562. Science, vol. 4, No. 98, p. 544.
563. Schwatka’s Search, p. 287.
564. Op. cit., p. 250.
565. Tents, etc., pp. 24, 201.
566. Accounts of this custom of adoption are to be found in
Crantz, vol. 1, p. 165; Parry, Second Voyage, p. 531;
Kumlien, Contributions, p. 17; Gilder, Schwatka’s Search,
p. 247, and the passage concerning children quoted above,
from Dr. Simpson.
567. Op. cit., p. 252.
568. Second Voyage, p. 529.
569. Compare Nordenskiöld’s account of the comparative
cleanliness of the Chukch dwellings at Pitlekaj: “On the
other hand it may be stated that in order not to make a
stay in the confined tent chamber too uncomfortable
certain rules are strictly observed. Thus, for instance, it is
not permitted in the interior of the tent to spit on the floor,
but this must be done into a vessel which, in case of
necessity, is used as a night utensil. In every outer tent
there lies a specially curved reindeer horn, with which snow
is removed from the clothes; the outer pesk is usually put
off before one goes into the inner tent, and the shoes are
carefully freed from snow. The carpet of walrus skins which
covers the floor of the inner tent is accordingly dry and
clean. Even the outer tent is swept clean and free from
loose snow, and the snow is daily shoveled away from the
tent doors with a spade of whalebone. Every article, both in
the outer and inner tent, is laid in its proper place, and so
on.” (Vega, vol. 2, p. 104.)
570. Compare Dall, Alaska, p. 20.
571. See Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, p. 104.
572. Greenland, p. 127.
573. Narrative, p. 155.
574. Beechy’s Voyage p. 312.
575. N. W. Passage, p. 385.
576. Dr. Simpson says (op. cit., p. 275): “Diseases are also
considered to be turn´gaks.”
577. Tents, etc., p. 185.
578. Vol. 1, p. 235.
579. Alaska, p. 146.
580. Egede, Greenland, p. 150.
581. Compare Lyon, Journal, p. 269.
582. Tents, etc., p. 88.
583. Alaska, p. 382.
584. Compare Samoyed grave described and figured by
Nordenskiöld (Vega, vol. 1, p. 98), where a broken sledge
was laid upside down by the grave.
585. Compare Holm, Geografisk Tidskrift, vol. 8, p. 98: “kun
Kostbarheder, saasom Knive eller lignende Jærnsager
beholde den afdødes efterladte.”—East Greenland.
586. Naturalist, vol. 18, pt. 9, p. 877.
587. See the passage quoted from Bessels, for Smith
Sound; Egede, Greenland, p. 148; Crantz’s History of
Greenland, vol. 1, p. 237; East Greenland, Holm, Geografisk
Tidskrift, vol. 8, p. 98, and Scoresby, Voyage to Northern
Whalefishery, p. 213 (where he speaks of finding on the
east coast of Greenland graves dug and covered with slabs
of stone. Digging graves is very unusual among the Eskimo,
as the nature of the ground on which they live usually
forbids it. Parry mentions something similar at Iglulik: “The
body was laid in a regular, but shallow grave, * * * covered
with flat pieces of limestone” (Second Voyage, p. 551);
Lyon, Journal, p. 268 (Iglulik); Kumlien, Contribution, p. 44
(Cumberland Gulf); Hall, Arctic Researches, p. 124 (Baffin
Land); Rae Narrative, pp. 22 and 187 (northwest shore of
Hudson Bay), and Ellis, Voyage to Hudson’s Bay, p. 148
(Marble Island). I myself have noticed the same custom at
the old Eskimo cemetery near the Hudson Bay post of
Rigolette, Hamilton Inlet, on the Labrador coast. Chappel,
however, saw a body “closely wrapt in skins and laid in a
sort of a gully,” Hudson’s Bay, p. 113 (north shore Hudson
Strait), and Davis’s account of what he saw in Greenland is
as follows: “We found on shore three dead people, and two
of them had their staues lying by them and their olde skins
wrapped about them.” Hakluyt, Voyages, 1589, p. 788.
588. Franklin, Second Expedition, p. 192.
589. Voyage, pl. opposite p. 332.
590. Vega, vol. 2, p. 238, and figure of grave on p. 239.
591. See Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, p. 88, and Dall, Alaska,
p. 382.
592. See Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, pp. 88-9 (Pitlekaj), and
225 (St. Lawrence Bay); Krause Bros., Geographische
Blätter, vol. 5, p. 18 (St. Lawrence Bay, East Cape, Indian
Point, and Plover Bay) and Dall, Alaska, p. 382.
593. Greenland, p. 151. See also Crantz, vol. 1, p. 237.
594. Egede, Greenland, p. 149, and Crantz, vol. 1, p. 287.
595. Dall, Alaska, pp. 19, 145, and 227.
596. Petroff, Report, p. 127.
597. Alaska, p. 403, and Voyage, p. 200.
598. Compare, among other instances, Capt. Holm’s
observations in East Greenland: “Som Overhoved i Huset
[which is the village] fungerer den ældeste Mand, naar han
er en god Fanger, etc.” (Geogr. Tids., vol. 8, p. 90.)
599. Rink, Tales and Traditions, p. 28. Compare also Crantz,
vol. 1, p. 181.
600. Bessels, Naturalist, vol. 23, pt. p. 873.
601. Compare Rink, Tales, etc., p. 29: “But if an animal of
the largest size, more especially a whale, was captured, it
was considered common property, and as indiscriminately
belonging to every one who might come and assist in
flensing it, whatever place he belonged to and whether he
had any share in capturing the animal or not.” (Greenland).
Gilder (Schwatka’s Search, p. 190) says that on the
northwest shore of Hudson Bay all who arrive while a
walrus is being cut up are entitled to a share of it, though
the man who struck it has the first choice of pieces. At East
Cape, Siberia, the Krause Brothers learned: “Wird nämlich
ein Walfisch gefangen, so hat jeder Ortsbewohner das
Recht, so viel Fleisch zu nehmen, als er abzuschneiden
vermag.” (Geographische Blätter, vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 120).
602. Tales, etc., p. 29.
603. Op. cit., p. 272.
604. Tales, etc., p. 25.
605. Op. cit.
606. Compare what the Krause Brothers say of the “chiefs”
on the Siberian coast (Geographische Blätter, vol. 5, pt. 1,
p. 29): “Die Autorität, welche die obenerwähnten Männer
augenscheinlich ausüben, ist wohl auf Rechnung ihres
grösseren Besitzes zu setzen. Der “Chief” is jedes Mal der
reichste Mann, ein ‘big man.’”
607. See, also, Dr. Simpson, op. cit., p. 273.
608. Report, etc., p. 125.
609. Compare the case of the alleged “chiefs” of the
Chukches, in Nordenskiöld’s Vega, vol. 1, pp. 449 and 495.
610. Op. cit., p. 273 et seq.
611. Compare Graah’s account of the ceremony of
summoning a torngak in East Greenland (Narrative, p. 123).
“Come he did, however, at last, and his approach was
announced by a strange rushing sound, very like the sound
of a large bird flying beneath the roof.” (The italics are my
own.) The angekut evidently have some juggling
contrivance, carefully concealed from laymen, perhaps of
the nature of a “whizzing-stick.”
612. Compare Rink’s description of the ceremony of
summoning a tornak to ask his advice, in Greenland (Tales,
etc., p. 60). This was performed before a company in a
darkened house. The angekok lay on the floor, beside a
suspended skin and drum, with his hands tied behind his
back and his head between his legs. A song was sung by
the audience, and the angekok invoked his tornak, beating
on the skin and the drum. The spirit announced his arrival
by a peculiar sound and the appearance of a light or fire.
613. Tales, etc., p. 14.
614. Compare Rink (Tales, etc. p. 56): “Several fetid and
stinking matters, such as old urine, are excellent means for
keeping away all kinds of evil-intentioned spirits and
ghosts.”
615. Rink, Tales, etc., p. 56.
616. “When an Innuit passes the place where a relative has
died, he pauses and deposits a piece of meat near by.”
Baffin Land, Hall, Artic Researches, p. 574.
617. Report Point Barrow Expedition, p. 46.
618. Compare Rink, Tales, etc., p. 64; Crantz, vol. 1, p. 215,
and Parry, 2d voyage, p. 548: “Seal’s flesh is forbidden, for
instance, in one disease, that of the walrus in the other; the
heart is denied to some, and the liver to others.”
619. Vol. 1, p. 216.
620. Beechey saw the skulls of seals and other animals
kept in piles round the houses at Hotham Inlet (Voyage,
p. 259).
621. Second Voyage, p. 510.
622. Vega, vol. 1, p. 435.
623. Vega, vol. 2, p. 137.
624. John Davis describes the Greenlanders in 1586 as
follows: “They are idolaters, and have images great store,
which they wore about them, and in their boats, which we
suppose they worship.” (Hakluyt, Voyages, etc., 1589,
p. 782.)
625. Rink, Tales, etc., p. 52.
626. Parry mentions bones of the wolverine worn as
amulets at Fury and Hecla’s Strait (second voyage, p. 497).
627. Compare the Greenland story told by Rink (Tales, etc.,
p. 195), when the man who has a gull for his amulet is able
to fly home from sea because the gull seeks his prey far out
at sea, while the one whose amulet is a raven can not,
because this bird seeks his prey landward. Such an amulet
as the latter would probably be chosen with a view to
making a man a successful deer hunter.
628. Compare the Greenland story, where a salmon amulet
makes a man too slippery to be caught by his pursuers.
(Rink Tales, etc., p. 182.)
629. Compare Kumlien, Contributions, p. 45. “Another
charm of great value to the mother who has a young babe
is the canine tooth of the polar bear. This is used as a kind
of clasp to a seal-skin string, which passes round the body
and keeps the breasts up. Her milk supply cannot fail while
she wears this.” (Cumberland Gulf.)
630. Compare the story in Rink’s Tales and Traditions
(p. 445), where the kaiak, which had a piece of sheldrake
fastened into the bow for an amulet, went faster than the
sheldrake flies.
631. Compare Crantz, vol. 1, p. 216. “The boat [for
whaling] must have a fox’s head in front, and the harpoon
be furnished with an eagle’s beak.” The latter statement is
interesting in connection with the tern’s bill on the seal
harpoon, from Point Barrow, already referred to.
632. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 1.
633. Greenland, p. 194.
634. History of Greenland, vol. I, p. 216.
635. Second voyage, p. 497.
636. Contributions, p. 45.
637. Voyage, p. 333.
638. Monographie, etc., p. xv.
639. Nordenskiöld, Vega, vol. 2, p. 126.
640. Vega, vol. 1, p. 503.
641. Geografisk Tidskrift, vol. 8, p. 94.

Errors in this section:

BOW-AND-ARROW MAKING. / A complete set

printed as paragraph header:
Bow-and-arrow making.—A complete set ...
the narrowest being 0.3 and the widest 0.7 broad
width
perforated with two large transverse eyes
tranverse
into a groove in the top of the ivory edge
grove
Ice picks.—The ivory ice pick (tu´u) always attached
Ice picks—
most of the men and boys, especially the latter
epecially
Twisting and braiding.—We had no opportunity
Twisting and braiding—
is admirably adapted to give the blade
admirally
detailed information regarding the umiaks
informtion

a small share of meat from camp to camp.471

footnote anchor missing: best guess
Fig. 358.—Small sledge with ivory runners. 2/21
number unambiguous
with cries of “Añ! añ! tû´lla! tû´lla!” (Come! come on!)
close quote missing
cries of “Kŭ! kŭ!” (Get on! get on!)
close quote missing
bow and arrow toward a line of reindeer
text has “a a” at line break
brown deerskin with the flesh side out.
final . missing
these masks (ki´nau, from ki´na, face).
masks.
Another “commercial” mask (No. 89813 [1074] from
Utkiavwĭñ)
(No. 89813) with superfluous closing parenthesis
fourteen from Nuwŭk, twenty from Utkiavwĭñ, and sixteen
from Sidaru
fourteeen
of a sitting man holding up his hands
text has “hold / ing” without hyphen at line break
Fig. 400.—Bear flaked from flint.
flaker
On the throat is a conventional figure
text has “a a” at mid-line

for example at Smith Sound.600

Sound,
Footnote N600: Bessels, Naturalist, vol. 23, pt. p. 873.
missing number or superfluous pt.
Nordenskiöld was unable to purchase a pair of fresh
walrus heads
Nordenskjöld
No. 89699 [779] from Utkiavwĭñ
Utkavwĭñ
Her milk supply cannot fail while she wears this.”
(Cumberland Gulf.)
close quote missing
 INDEX.
All Index entries refer to items in separate files. Links lead to the top
of their respective pages. Note that within each entry, subheads are
generally listed in page order rather than alphabetical order.
A B C D E F G H I J K L
M N O P Q R S T U V W

A.

Adornment by Eskimo 138, 140-149

Adzes of the Eskimo, general description 165-172
of steel or iron 165-166, 168, 171
of jade 166-168, 170
of bone 168-172
Amulets of the Eskimo, how carried 434
whales of glass, wood, and stone 435-436
reindeer antler 436
parts of various animals 437-438, 441
ancient weapons and implements 438, 439
stones 437
of seal skin for catching fowls 439
of dried bees 440
Animals of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 55-59
Apúya. (See Snow-houses of Eskimo.)
Arm clothing of Eskimo 123-125
Arrows of the Eskimo 201-207
Art of the Eskimo, incised patterns 389-391
painting 390-392
 carving in various materials 392
carvings of human figures 373-398
carvings of quadrupeds 398-401, 406-407
carvings of walrus and seal 401-402
carvings of whales 402-406
carvings of various objects 406-409
pencil drawings 410
Automatons of the Eskimo 372-373
Awls of the Eskimo 181, 182

B.

Bags, for tobacco 68-69

for tools 187-190
Bailer for Eskimo umiak 340, 341
Baird, Spencer F., acknowledgments to 19, 20
Baskets of the Eskimo 326-327
Beads of the Eskimo 149
Bear, Eskimo lance for hunting 240
Bear arrows of the Eskimo 202
Beechey, Frederick W., work consulted 21
description of Eskimo bracer 210
description of Eskimo seal dart 218
cited on Eskimo seal nets 252
description of Eskimo umiak 343
cited on Eskimo superstitions 434
Beggary among Point Barrow Eskimo 42
Belt fasteners of Eskimo 138
Belts of Eskimo 135-138
Bessels, Emil, acknowledgments to 20
description of Eskimo lamp 108
cited on Eskimo bows 199
cited on fire-making by Eskimo 290
cited on Eskimo dog sledges 360
cited on Eskimo abduction 411
cited on infantcide among Eskimo 417
 cited on Eskimo children 419
cited on Eskimo mourning 425
Bird-darts of the Eskimo 210-214
Birds of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 56-58
Eskimo bolas for catching 244-246
Blubber-holder for Eskimo lamp 108-109
Blubber hooks for the Eskimo 310-311
Blubber rooms of Point Barrow Eskimo 76
Boas, Franz, acknowledgments to 20
work consulted 21
cited on Eskimo harpoons 221
cited on Eskimo kaiaks 331
cited on Eskimo umiaks 338
cited on Eskimo jackstones 365
cited on Eskimo customs concerning childbirth 415
Bolas of the Eskimo 244-246
Bone-crushers of the Eskimo 93-99
Boots of Eskimo 129-135
Borers of the Eskimo 175-182
Bow and arrow making by the Eskimo 291-294
Bow cases of the Eskimo 207-209
Bowls, for meat, of the Eskimo 89
Bows of the Eskimo 195-200
Boxes of the Eskimo, for tools 185-187
for harpoon heads 247-251
for trinkets 323-326
Bracelets of the Eskimo 148-149
Bracers for Eskimo bows 209-210
Braiding and twisting, Eskimo implements for 311-312
Breeches of Eskimo 125-129
Buckets of the Eskimo 86-88
Builders’ tools of the Eskimo 302-304
Burials, Eskimo, manner of preparing the corpse 424
implements of the deceased buried with him 424, 426
protection of corpse from animals 425
 disposal of the corpse 425-426
mourning for the dead 425
cremation of the dead 426
dog’s head placed near child’s grave 426

C.

Cache frames, for storage of property by Point Barrow Eskimo 75-76

sleds used for 82
Calls, for decoying seal 253-254
Canteens of the Eskimo 86
Carvings of the Eskimo 393-409
“Chiefs” of the Eskimo 429-430
Childbirth, Eskimo customs of 86, 414-415
Children, number of, among the Point Barrow Eskimo 38-39
Eskimo, number of births of 38-39, 414, 419
isolation of mother during birth of 86, 415
toys of 376-383
dolls of 380-381
sports of 383-385
term of nursing 415
method of carrying during infancy 415-416
infanticide 416-417
affection of parents for 417-419
rearing and education of 417-418
amusements of 417
adoption of 419
given away by parents 419
burial of 426-427
Chisels of the Eskimo 172-173
Climate of Point Barrow, Alaska 30-32
Clothing of Eskimo at Point Barrow, material of 109-110
style of 110-138
head clothing 112
frocks, description of 113-121
frocks, trimming of 114, 119
 mantles 121-122
rain frocks 122
mittens 123, 125
arm clothing 128-125
gloves 124
leg and foot clothing 128-135
breeches 125-129
pantaloons 126-129
stockings 129
boots 129-135
shoes 129-135
ice-creepers 135
belts 135-138
belt-fasteners 138
ornaments 138
Club, used as Eskimo weapon 191
Clubhouse, or kû´dyĭgi of Eskimo 79-80
Coal of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 61
Combs, Eskimo 149-150, 189
for dressing deerskins 300, 301
Communal house of east Greenlanders 76
Cook, James, works consulted 21
description of Eskimo houses by 78
Cooking among the Point Barrow Eskimo 63
Crantz, David, work consulted 21
cited on Eskimo saws 174
cited on Eskimo bows 199
cited on Eskimo harpoons 222, 243
cited on seal catching by Greenlanders 256
cited on whale catching by Greenlanders 275, 276
cited on Eskimo fishing 284
cited on fire-making by Eskimo 290
cited on Eskimo umiak 337, 338
cited on condition of Greenland widows 414
cited on mode of carrying Eskimo infants 416
 cited on Eskimo burials 426, 427
quoted on Eskimo amulets 437-440
Cremation of the dead by Eskimo 426
Crotches for harpoon in Eskimo umiak 341-343
Cups of Eskimo 101
Cups, scraper, for dressing skins 299-300

D.

Daggers of bone of the Eskimo 191-192

Dall, William H., acknowledgments to 20
works consulted 21
description of Eskimo houses by 76, 78
cited on Eskimo clothing 125
cited on Eskimo labrets 143, 144, 145, 146, 148
cited on Eskimo seal nets 252
cited on customs of Eskimo whale fishing 274
cited on Eskimo fishing 286
cited on fire-making by Eskimo 290
cited on Eskimo umiak 344
cited on Eskimo snowshoes 352
cited on Eskimo sledges 357
cited on Eskimo masks 370
cited on Eskimo dance 376
cited on Eskimo music 389
cited on personal habits of Eskimo 421
cited on mortuary customs of Eskimo 424, 425, 427
Davis, John, works consulted 21, 22
description of Eskimo house by 77
description of fire-making by Eskimo 290
quoted on Eskimo burials 426
quoted on Eskimo amulets 434
cited on Indian medicine-men 167
Deer, Eskimo lance for hunting 240-244
Demarcation Point (Alaska), called Herschel Island 26
Eskimo villages at 43
Demons, Eskimo belief concerning 431-434
Dippers of Eskimo, of horn 101, 102
of ivory 103
Diseases of the Point Barrow Eskimo 39-40
Divorce among the Eskimo 411-412
Doctors, Eskimo 422-423
Dogs of the Eskimo 357-360
Dolls of Eskimo children 380-381
Domestic life of the Eskimo 410-421
Drags for hauling seal 256-259
Drill bows of the Eskimo 176-182
Drills of the Eskimo 175-182, 189
Drinking vessels of Eskimo 101-105
Drinks of the Point Barrow Eskimo 64-65
Drums of the Eskimo 385
Drumsticks of the Eskimo 388

E.

Earrings of the Eskimo 142-143

Eating, time and frequency of, among Point Barrow Eskimo 63-64
Egede, Hans, work consulted 22
cited on Eskimo diet 64
cited on Eskimo drinks 65
description of Eskimo tents 85
cited on Eskimo saws 174
cited on Eskimo bows 199
cited on seal catching 256, 269
description of Eskimo deer hunt 265
cited on Eskimo whale hunting 272, 275
cited on Eskimo fishing 284, 286
cited on Eskimo fire making 290
cited on Eskimo umiak rowing 335
cited on Eskimo umiak oars 339, 343
quoted on Eskimo divorce 412
cited on exchange of wives by Eskimo 413
 quoted on treatment of Eskimo women 414
cited on Eskimo customs in childbirth 415
quoted on personal habits of Greenlanders 421
cited on Eskimo mortuary custom 424
quoted on burial of Eskimo children 426
cited on Eskimo burials 427
Ellis, H., work consulted 22
cited on Eskimo fire making 290
Elson, —, visited Refuge Inlet, Alaska 52
visited Point Barrow 65
cited on Eskimo salutations 422
Elson Bay, Alaska, location of 27
Eskimo of Point Barrow, isolation of 26
range of 26-27
Excavating tools of the Eskimo 302-304

F.

Feces and entrails of animals eaten by Point Barrow Eskimo 62

Feather-setter for making Eskimo arrows 294
Festivals of the Eskimo 365, 373-376
Fetus of reindeer eaten by Point Barrow Eskimo 61
Files of the Eskimo 182
Finger rings of the Eskimo 149
Firearms, introduction of and use by the Point Barrow Eskimo 53
Firearms of the Eskimo 193-195
Fire making by the Eskimo, with drill 289-291
with flint and steel 291
kindlings 291
Fishery season among the Eskimo 282-283
Fishes of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 58
Fishhooks of the Eskimo 279-284
Fishing, manner of, by the Eskimo 283
Fishing implements of the Eskimo 278-287
Fish lines of the Eskimo 278-284
Fish nets of the Eskimo 284-286
Fish scaler of the Eskimo 311
Flint flakers of the Eskimo 287-289
Flint working by the Eskimo 287-289
Flipper toggles for Eskimo harpoons 247
Floats for Eskimo seal darts 215
for Eskimo whale harpoons 236, 246-247
Food of the Point Barrow Eskimo 61-63
Food, preparation of, by Point Barrow Eskimo 63
Fox, Eskimo method of hunting 264
Franklin, Sir John, works consulted 22
cited on Eskimo deer-hunting 265
cited on Eskimo mode of carrying infants 416
cited on Eskimo snowshoes 352
Frobisher, works consulted 22
cited on Eskimo bows 200
cited on Eskimo arrows 205
description of Eskimo umiak 339
Frocks of Eskimo 113-121

G.

Gambling among the Eskimo 364-365

Games of the Eskimo 364
Ghosts, Eskimo belief concerning 431-434
Gilder, W. H., work consulted 22
cited on Eskimo wolf-killer 259
quoted on exchange of wives by Eskimo 413
cited on Eskimo children 419
Gloves of Eskimo 124
Goggles, snow, of the Eskimo 260-262
Gorgets of the Eskimo 370
Government among the Eskimo, in the family 437
in the village 427
influence of elders 427
public opinion 427-428
“chiefs” are simply wealthy men 429-430
 influence of property in 428-430
umialiks 429-430
Graah, W. A., works consulted 22
quoted on Eskimo ghosts or demons 431

H.

Hardisty, Wm. Lucas, letter of, regarding Rat Indians 50-51

Harness for Eskimo dogs 358-360
Harpoon boxes of the Eskimo 247-251
Harpoons of the Eskimo, for throwing 218-233
retrieving 230-231
for thrusting 233-240
Hazen, Wm. B., acknowledgments to 20
Habitations of Point Barrow Eskimo 72-86
Habits, personal, of the Point Barrow Eskimo 420-421
Hair, Eskimo, method of wearing 140-142
Hall, Charles Francis, works consulted 22
cited on Eskimo whale fishery 274
cited on Eskimo sledge shoes 353
Hammers of the Eskimo 182
Handles for Eskimo drill cords 180
for Eskimo tool bags 190
for Eskimo seal drags 237-239
for Eskimo drums 386-387
Head bands, use of, by the Eskimo 112
Head clothing of Eskimo 112
Healing among the Eskimo 422-423
Henshaw, W. H., cited on amulets of Eskimo 439
Herendeen, E. P., interpreter of Point Barrow expedition 19
cited on Eskimo reindeer-hunting 256
cited on float for whaling 247
cited on Eskimo whale-hunting 272
cited on Eskimo gambling 364
description of Eskimo dance 374-375
Holm, G., work consulted 22