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Introduction to Elementary Computational Modeling
Essential Concepts Principles and Problem Solving 1st
Edition Jose Garrido (Author) Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Jose Garrido (Author)
ISBN(s): 9781466538641, 1439867399
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.13 MB
Year: 2011
Language: english
 Mathematical Modeling

Chapman & Hall/CRC Chapman & Hall/CRC

Introduction to Elementary Computational Modeling

Computational Science Series Computational Science Series

With an emphasis on problem solving, this book introduces the basic principles
and fundamental concepts of computational modeling. It emphasizes reasoning
and conceptualizing problems, elementary mathematical modeling, and the
implementation using computing concepts and principles. Examples are included
that demonstrate the computation and visualization of the implemented models.

Features
• Emphasizes analytical skill development and problem solving rather than
programming language syntax
• Discusses the design of algorithmic solutions to problems using standard
flowcharts and pseudo-code
• Provides the foundations of computational modeling and programming
concepts that will facilitate a smooth transition to object-oriented modeling
and programming
• Includes summaries, examples, and problems in every chapter
• Explains modularity and abstraction to help deal with large and complex
models

The author provides case studies, along with an overview of computational models
and their development. The first part of the text presents the basic concepts of
models and techniques for designing and implementing problem solutions. It
applies standard pseudo-code constructs and flowcharts for designing models.
The second part covers model implementation with basic programming constructs
using MATLAB®, Octave, and FreeMat.

Aimed at beginning students in computer science, mathematics, statistics, and

engineering, Introduction to Elementary Computational Modeling: Essential
Concepts, Principles, and Problem Solving focuses on fundamentals, helping
the next generation of scientists and engineers hone their problem-solving skills.
Garrido

K13027

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 Introduction to Elementary
Computational Modeling
Essential Concepts, Principles,
and Problem Solving

K13027_FM.indd 1 9/26/11 12:58 PM

 Chapman & Hall/CRC
Computational Science Series

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INTRODUCTION TO ELEMENTARY COMPUTATIONAL MODELING: ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS,

PRINCIPLES, AND PROBLEM SOLVING
José M. Garrido

K13027_FM.indd 2 9/26/11 12:58 PM

 Introduction to Elementary
Computational Modeling
Essential Concepts, Principles,
and Problem Solving

José M. Garrido
Kennesaw State University
Georgia, USA

K13027_FM.indd 3 9/26/11 12:58 PM

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Contents

List of Figures xv

List of Tables xix

Preface xxi

About the Author xxv

I Understanding Problem Solving 1

1 Understanding Word Problems 3
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Nouns and Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Problem Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 The Language of Computational Problems . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.1 Terms for Computed Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.2 Implied Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.3 Units of Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.4 Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4.5 Repetition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5 Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.6 Problems with Many Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.6.1 Working with Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2 Problem Solving and Computing 21

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Data Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.1 Name of Data Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.2 Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3.3 Data Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4 Programming Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

v
vi

2.4.1 High-Level Programming Languages . . . . . . . . . 24

2.4.2 Interpreters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.3 Compilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.4 Compiling and Execution of Java Programs . . . . . . 25
2.4.5 Compiling and Executing C++ Programs . . . . . . . 26
R
2.5 Interpretation of Commands with MATLAB and Octave . . 27
2.6 Computer Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3 MATLAB and Octave Programming 33

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2 The MATLAB and Octave Prompt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.3 Variables and Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4 Assignment Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.5 Simple Mathematical Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.6 Scientific Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.7 Built-In Mathematical Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.8 Internal Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

II Computational Models 41
4 Introduction to Computational Models 43
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2 Preliminary Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3 A Simple Problem: Temperature Conversion . . . . . . . . . 46
4.3.1 Initial Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.3.2 Analysis and Conceptual Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.3.3 The Mathematical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.4 Using MATLAB and Octave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.4.1 Basic MATLAB and Octave Commands . . . . . . . . 48
4.4.2 The Computational Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.4.3 Using Data Lists with MATLAB and Octave . . . . . 50
4.4.4 Implementation of Model with Data Lists . . . . . . . 53
4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
 vii

5 Computational Models and Simulation 57

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.2 Categories of Computational Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.3 Development of Computational Models . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.4 Simulation: Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.4.1 Simulation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.4.2 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.5 Modular Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.6 Average and Instantaneous Rate of Change . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.7 Area under a Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.8 The Free-Falling Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.8.1 Initial Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.8.2 Analysis and Conceptual Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.8.2.1 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.8.2.2 Basic Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.8.3 The Mathematical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.8.4 The Computational Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.8.4.1 Simple Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.8.4.2 Implementation with Arrays . . . . . . . . . 75
5.8.4.3 Computing the Rates of Change . . . . . . . 78
5.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

6 Algorithms and Design Structures 83

6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.2 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.3 Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.4 Describing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.5 Notations for Describing Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.5.1 Flowcharts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.5.2 Pseudo-Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.6 Algorithmic Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.6.1 Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.6.2 Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.6.3 Repetition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.7 Implementation of Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.7.1 Programming Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.7.2 Assignment and Arithmetic Expressions . . . . . . . . 92
6.7.3 Simple Numeric Computations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.7.4 Simple Input/Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.8 Computing Area and Circumference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.8.1 Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
viii

6.8.2 Algorithm with the Mathematical Model . . . . . . . 95

6.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

7 Selection 99
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.2 Selection Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.2.1 General Concepts of the Selection Structure . . . . . 99
7.2.2 Selection with Pseudo-Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
7.2.3 Selection with MATLAB and Octave . . . . . . . . . 101
7.2.4 Conditional Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.2.5 Example with Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7.3 Complex Numbers with MATLAB and Octave . . . . . . . . 104
7.4 A Computational Model with Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.4.1 Analysis and Mathematical Model . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.4.2 Algorithm for General Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.4.3 Detailed Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.5 Multilevel Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.5.1 General Multipath Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.5.2 The Case Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7.6 Complex Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

8 Repetition 117
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
8.2 Repetition with While Construct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
8.2.1 While-Loop Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
8.2.2 The While Structure in Pseudo-Code . . . . . . . . . 118
8.2.3 While-Loop with MATLAB and Octave . . . . . . . . 119
8.2.4 Loop Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
8.2.5 Accumulator Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
8.2.6 Summation of Input Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
8.3 Repeat-Until Construct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
8.4 For Loop Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
8.4.1 The Summation Problem with a For Loop . . . . . . . 125
8.4.2 The Factorial Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
8.4.2.1 Mathematical Specification of Factorial . . . 126
8.4.2.2 Computing Factorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
8.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
 ix

Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

9 Data Lists 131

9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
9.2 Creating an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
9.2.1 Creating Arrays in Pseudo-Code . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
9.2.2 Creating Arrays in MATLAB and Octave . . . . . . . 133
9.3 Operations on Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
9.3.1 Array Elements in Pseudo-Code . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
9.3.2 Using Array Elements with MATLAB and Octave . . 136
9.3.3 Arithmetic Operations on Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . 137
9.4 Multidimensional Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
9.4.1 Multidimensional Arrays with Pseudo-Code . . . . . . 138
9.4.2 Multidimensional Arrays with MATLAB and Octave . 139
9.5 Applications Using Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
9.5.1 Problems with Simple Array Manipulation . . . . . . 141
9.5.1.1 The Average Value in an Array . . . . . . . 141
9.5.1.2 Maximum Value in an Array . . . . . . . . 143
9.5.2 Searching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
9.5.2.1 Linear Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
9.5.2.2 Binary Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
9.6 Average and Instantaneous Rate of Change . . . . . . . . . . 150
9.6.1 Average Rate of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
9.6.2 Instantaneous Rate of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
9.6.3 Computing the Rates of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
9.7 Area under a Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
9.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

10 Modules 163
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
10.2 Modular Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
10.3 MATLAB and Octave Script Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
10.4 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
10.4.1 Function Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
10.4.2 Function Definition in MATLAB and Octave . . . . . 167
10.4.3 Simple Function Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
10.4.4 Functions with Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
10.4.5 Function Calls with Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
10.4.6 Functions with Return Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
10.5 Documenting MATLAB and Octave Functions . . . . . . . . 172
10.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
x

Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

11 Mathematical Models: Basic Concepts 175

11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
11.2 From the Real-World to the Abstract World . . . . . . . . . . 175
11.3 Discrete and Continuous Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
11.4 Difference Equations and Data Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
11.5 Functional Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
11.6 Validating a Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
11.7 Models with Arithmetic Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
11.8 Using MATLAB and Octave to Implement the Model . . . . . 182
11.8.1 MATLAB and Octave Implementation . . . . . . . . . 182
11.8.2 Producing the Charts of the Model . . . . . . . . . . . 183
11.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

12 Models with Quadratic Growth 187

12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
12.2 Quadratic Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
12.3 Differences of the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
12.4 Difference Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
12.5 Functional Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
12.6 Models with Quadratic Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
12.6.1 Simple Quadratic Growth Models . . . . . . . . . . . 193
12.6.2 Models with Sums of Arithmetic Growth . . . . . . . 194
12.7 Solution and Graphs of Quadratic Equations . . . . . . . . . 196
12.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

13 Models with Polynomial Functions 201

13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
13.2 General Forms of Polynomial Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
13.3 Evaluation and Graphs of Polynomial Functions . . . . . . . 202
13.3.1 Evaluating Polynomial Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 202
13.3.2 Generating Graphs of Polynomial Functions . . . . . . 205
13.4 Solution to Polynomial Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
13.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
 xi

14 Data Estimation and Empirical Modeling 211

14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
14.2 Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
14.2.1 Linear Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
14.2.2 Nonlinear Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
14.3 Curve Fitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
14.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

15 Models with Geometric Growth 225

15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
15.2 Basic Concepts of Geometric Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
15.2.1 Geometric Growth with Increasing Data . . . . . . . . 226
15.2.2 Geometric Growth with Decreasing Data . . . . . . . 226
15.2.3 Geometric Growth: Case Study 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 227
15.2.4 Geometric Growth: Case Study 2 . . . . . . . . . . . 230
15.3 Functional Equations in Geometric Growth . . . . . . . . . . 232
15.4 Properties of Exponential Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
15.4.1 Exponentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
15.4.2 Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
15.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

16 Vectors and Matrices 239

16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
16.2 Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
16.3 Simple Vector Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
16.3.1 Arithmetic Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
16.3.2 Applying Vector Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
16.4 Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
16.4.1 Arithmetic Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
16.4.2 Function Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
16.5 Array Indexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
16.6 Plotting Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
16.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
xii

17 Text Data 253

17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
17.2 String Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
17.2.1 String Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
17.2.2 String Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
17.3 String Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
17.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

18 Advanced Data Structures 259

18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
18.2 Cell Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
18.3 Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
18.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Appendix A MATLAB and GNU Octave Software 271

A.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
A.2 The MATLAB Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
A.3 The Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
A.4 Starting MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
A.5 Exiting MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
A.6 The Command Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
A.7 Current User Folder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
A.8 The Startup Folder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
A.9 Using Command Files (Scripts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
A.10 MATLAB Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
A.11 GNU Octave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Appendix B Computer Systems 289

B.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
B.2 Computer Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
B.2.1 Hardware Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
B.2.1.1 Processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
B.2.1.2 Main Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
B.2.1.3 Storage Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
B.2.1.4 Input Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
B.2.1.5 Output Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
B.2.1.6 Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
B.2.2 Computer Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
B.2.3 Software Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
 xiii

B.3 Operating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

B.3.1 Operating System User Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . 294
B.3.2 Contemporary Operating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 295
B.3.2.1 Unix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
B.3.2.2 Microsoft Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
B.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Bibliography 297

Index 299
This page intentionally left blank
List of Figures

1.1 Identifying nouns and verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.2 Area of rectangle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Formula from nouns and verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Heating water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Multiple steps problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 Diagram of counting example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7 Diagram with average. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.8 Validating conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.9 Simple data validation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.10 Multiple conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.11 OR used with one value. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.12 OR used with multiple values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.1 General structure of a program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.2 Compiling a Java source program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3 Executing a Java program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4 Compiling a C++ program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.5 Linking a C++ program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.6 MATLAB/Octave interpreter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.7 The waterfall model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3.1 MATLAB/Octave interpreter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3.2 Simple commands in an Octave window. . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

4.1 Computational science as an integration of several disciplines. 45

4.2 Simple commands in an Octave window. . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.3 Plot of the temperature conversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

5.1 Discrete changes of number of cars in the queue. . . . . . . . 58

5.2 Development of computational models. . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.3 Model development and abstract levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.4 High-level view of a simulation model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.5 The slope of a line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.6 The slope of a secant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

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xvi

5.7 The slope of a tangent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

5.8 The area under a curve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.9 Computing the height of the falling object in Octave. . . . . . 73
5.10 Plot of the values of height with time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.11 Plot of the values of velocity with time. . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

6.1 Transformation applied to the input data. . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

6.2 Simple flowchart symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.3 A simple flowchart example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.4 A flowchart with a sequence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.5 Selection structure in flowchart form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.6 An example of the selection structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.7 While loop of the repetition structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.8 Repeat-until loop of the repetition structure. . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.9 Flowchart data input/output symbol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

7.1 Flowchart of the selection structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

7.2 Example of selection structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7.3 Complex number P in the complex plane. . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.4 High-level flowchart for the quadratic equation. . . . . . . . . 107
7.5 Solving the quadratic equation in Octave. . . . . . . . . . . . 109

8.1 A flowchart with a while-loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

8.2 A flowchart with a repeat-until structure . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

9.1 A simple array. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

9.2 A simple two-dimensional array. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
9.3 The slope of a line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
9.4 The slope of a secant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
9.5 The slope of a tangent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
9.6 The velocity of the free-falling object. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
9.7 Bar chart of the velocity of the free-falling object. . . . . . . . 155
9.8 The area under a curve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

10.1 Modular structure of a computational model. . . . . . . . . . . 164

10.2 Module communication and interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
10.3 A simple function call. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

11.1 Real-world to abstract-world mapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

11.2 Discrete model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
11.3 Continuous model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
11.4 Monthly price of electric energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
11.5 Monthly price given and calculated of electric energy. . . . . . 185
 xvii

12.1 Number of patients for 1995–2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

12.2 Original data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
12.3 Original data and differences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
12.4 Number of links to connect n computers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
12.5 Graph of a quadratic equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

13.1 Graph of the equation y = 2x3 − 3x2 − 36x + 14. . . . . . . . . 205

13.2 Graph of the equation y = 3x5 − 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
13.3 Graph of equation y = 23x4 − 17x3 − 14x2 + 3x + 3. . . . . . . 207

14.1 Graph of linear interpolation of an intermediate data point. . . 212

14.2 Graph of linear interpolation of multiple intermediate data
points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
14.3 Graph of given data points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
14.4 Graph of given and estimated data points. . . . . . . . . . . . 217
14.5 Graph of fitted linear polynomial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
14.6 Regression of linear polynomial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
14.7 Regression of a polynomial of degree 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

15.1 Data with geometric growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

15.2 Data decreasing with geometric growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
15.3 Population of a small town for 1995–2003. . . . . . . . . . . . 229
15.4 Impurities in water (parts/gallon). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
15.5 A typical exponential function, 95.25 · 1.6 t . . . . . . . . . . . 234
15.6 Natural logarithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

16.1 A simple plot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

18.1 A simple cell array. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

A.1 MATLAB desktop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

A.2 MATLAB Command Window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
A.3 MATLAB Current Folder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
A.4 MATLAB Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
A.5 MATLAB Current Folder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
A.6 The Octave window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
A.7 Octave help documentation on plot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
A.8 Octave documentation manual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

B.1 Basic hardware structure of a computer system. . . . . . . . . 291

B.2 Basic structure of a network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
This page intentionally left blank
List of Tables

4.1 Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

5.1 Values of height and vertical velocity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

5.2 Values of the rates of change of height and vertical velocity of
the free-falling object. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

11.1 Average price of electricity (cents per kW-h) in 2010. . . . . . 180

12.1 Number of patients for years 1995–2002. . . . . . . . . . . . 187

12.2 Number of cable installations for years 1995–2002. . . . . . . 195

15.1 Population of a small town during 1995–2003 (in thousands). . 227

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 ERRATA.
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