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 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

Chapter 6

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. One or more objects may be created from a(n):

a. field
b. class
c. method
d. instance

ANS: B

2. Class objects normally have __________ that perform useful operations on their data, but primitive variables do
not.
a. fields
b. instances
c. methods
d. relationships

ANS: C

3. In the cookie cutter metaphor, think of the ________ as a cookie cutter and ________ as the cookies.
a. object; classes
b. class; objects
c. class; fields
d. attribute; methods

ANS: B

4. Which of the following are classes from the Java API?

a. Scanner
b. Random
c. PrintWriter
d. All of the above

ANS: D

5. When you are working with a ____________, you are using a storage location that holds a piece of data.
a. primitive variable
b. reference variable
c. numeric literal
d. binary number

ANS: A

6. What is stored by a reference variable?

a. A binary encoded decimal
b. A memory address
c. An object
d. A string
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

ANS: B

7. Most programming languages that are in use today are:

a. procedural
b. logic
c. object-oriented
d. functional

ANS: C

8. Java allows you to create objects of this class in the same way you would create primitive variables.
a. Random
b. String
c. PrintWriter
d. Scanner

ANS: B

9. A UML diagram does not contain:

a. the class name.
b. the method names.
c. the field names.
d. object names

ANS: D

10. Data hiding, which means that critical data stored inside the object is protected from code outside the object, is
accomplished in Java by:
a. using the public access specifier on the class methods
b. using the private access specifier on the class methods
c. using the private access specifier on the class definition
d. using the private access specifier on the class fields

ANS: D

11. For the following code, which statement is not true?

public class Sphere

{
private double radius;
public double x;
private double y;
private double z;
}

a. x is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.

b. radius is not available to code written outside the Circle class.
c. radius, x, y, and z are called members of the Circle class.
d. z is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

ANS: D

12. You should not define a class field that is dependent upon the values of other class fields:
a. in order to avoid having stale data
b. because it is redundant
c. because it should be defined in another class
d. in order to keep it current

ANS: A

13. What does the following UML diagram entry mean?

+ setHeight(h : double) : void

a. this is a public attribute named Height and is a double data type

b. this is a private method with no parameters and returns a double data type
c. this is a private attribute named Height and is a double data type
d. this is a public method with a parameter of data type double and does not return a value

ANS: D

14. Methods that operate on an object's fields are called:

a. instance variables
b. instance methods
c. public methods
d. private methods

ANS: B

15. The scope of a private instance field is:

a. the instance methods of the same class
b. inside the class, but not inside any method
c. inside the parentheses of a method header
d. the method in which they are defined

ANS: A

16. A constructor:
a. always accepts two arguments
b. has return type of void
c. has the same name as the class
d. always has an access specifier of private

ANS: C

17. Which of the following statements will create a reference, str, to the String, “Hello, World”?
a. String str = "Hello, World";
b. string str = "Hello, World";
c. String str = new "Hello, World";
d. str = "Hello, World";
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

ANS: A

18. Two or more methods in a class may have the same name as long as:
a. they have different return types
b. they have different parameter lists
c. they have different return types, but the same parameter list
d. you cannot have two methods with the same name

ANS: B

19. Given the following code, what will be the value of finalAmount when it is displayed?

public class Order

{
private int orderNum;
private double orderAmount;
private double orderDiscount;

public Order(int orderNumber, double orderAmt,

double orderDisc)
{
orderNum = orderNumber;
orderAmount = orderAmt;
orderDiscount = orderDisc;
}
public int getOrderAmount()
{
return orderAmount;
}
public int getOrderDisc()
{
return orderDisc;
}
}

public class CustomerOrder

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int ordNum = 1234;
double ordAmount = 580.00;
double discountPer = .1;
Order order;
double finalAmount = order.getOrderAmount() –
order.getOrderAmount() * order.getOrderDisc();
System.out.println("Final order amount = $" +
finalAmount);
}
}
a. 528.00
b. 580.00
c. There is no value because the constructor has an error.
d. There is no value because the object order has not been created.
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

ANS: D

20. A class specifies the ________ and ________ that a particular type of object has.
a. relationships; methods
b. fields; object names
c. fields; methods
d. relationships; object names

ANS: C

21. This refers to the combining of data and code into a single object.
a. Data hiding
b. Abstraction
c. Object
d. Encapsulation

ANS: D

22. Another term for an object of a class is

a. access specifier
b. instance
c. member
d. method

ANS: B

23. In your textbook the general layout of a UML diagram is a box that is divided into three sections. The top
section has the _______; the middle section holds _______; the bottom section holds _______.
a. class name; attributes or fields; methods
b. class name; object name; methods
c. object name; attributes or fields; methods
d. object name; methods; attributes or fields

ANS: A

24. For the following code, which statement is not true?

public class Circle

{
private double radius;
public double x;
private double y;
}

a. x is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.

b. radius is not available to code written outside the Circle class.
c. radius, x, and y are called members of the Circle class.
d. y is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.

ANS: D

25. It is common practice in object-oriented programming to make all of a class's

 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

a. methods private
b. fields private
c. fields public
d. fields and methods public

ANS: B

26. After the header, the body of the method appears inside a set of:
a. brackets, []
b. parentheses, ()
c. braces, {}
d. double quotes, ""

ANS: C

27. In UML diagrams, this symbol indicates that a member is private:

a. *
b. #
c. -
d. +

ANS: C

28. In UML diagrams, this symbol indicates that a member is public.

a. /
b. @
c. -
d. +

ANS: D

29. In a UML diagram to indicate the data type of a variable enter:

a. the variable name followed by the data type
b. the variable name followed by a colon and the data type
c. the class name followed by the variable name followed by the data type
d. the data type followed by the variable name

ANS: B

30. When an object is created, the attributes associated with the object are called:
a. instance fields
b. instance methods
c. fixed attributes
d. class instances

ANS: A

31. When an object is passed as an argument to a method, what is passed into the method’s parameter variable?
a. the class name
b. the object’s memory address
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

c. the values for each field

d. the method names

ANS: B

32. A constructor is a method that:

a. returns an object of the class.
b. never receives any arguments.
c. with the name ClassName.constructor.
d. performs initialization or setup operations.

ANS: D

33. The scope of a public instance field is:

a. only the class in which it is defined
b. inside the class, but not inside any method
c. inside the parentheses of a method header
d. the instance methods and methods outside the class

ANS: D

34. Which of the following statements will create a reference, str, to the string, “Hello, world”?

(1) String str = new String("Hello, world");

(2) String str = "Hello, world";

a. 1
b. 2
c. 1 and 2
d. Neither 1 or 2

ANS: C

35. Overloading means multiple methods in the same class

a. have the same name, but different return types
b. have different names, but the same parameter list
c. have the same name, but different parameter lists
d. perform the same function

ANS: C

36. Given the following code, what will be the value of finalAmount when it is displayed?

public class Order

{
private int orderNum;
private double orderAmount;
private double orderDiscount;

public Order(int orderNumber, double orderAmt,

double orderDisc)
{
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

orderNum = orderNumber;
orderAmount = orderAmt;
orderDiscount = orderDisc;
}

public double finalOrderTotal()

{
return orderAmount - orderAmount *
orderDiscount;
}
}

public class CustomerOrder

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Order order;
int orderNumber = 1234;
double orderAmt = 580.00;
double orderDisc = .1;
order = new Order(orderNumber, orderAmt, orderDisc);
double finalAmount = order.finalOrderTotal();
System.out.println("Final order amount = $" +
finalAmount);
}
}
a. 528.00
b. 580.00
c. 522.00
d. There is no value because the object order has not been created.

ANS: C

37. A class’s responsibilities include:

a. the things a class is responsible for doing c. both A and B

b. the things a class is responsible for knowing d. neither A or B

ANS: C

38. Instance methods do not have this key word in their headers:
a. public
b. static
c. private
d. protected

ANS: B

39. Which of the following is not involved in finding the classes when developing an object-oriented application?

a. Describe the problem domain. c. Write the code.

b. Identify all the nouns. d. Refine the list of nouns to include only those
that are relevant to the problem.
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

ANS: C

40. This is a group of related classes.

a. archive c. collection
b. package d. attachment

ANS: B

41. Quite often you have to use this statement to make a group of classes available to a program.

a. import c. link
b. use d. assume

ANS: A

42. Look at the following statement.

import java.util.Scanner;

This is an example of

a. a wildcard import c. unconditional import

b. an explicit import d. conditional import

ANS: B

43. Look at the following statement.

import java.util.*;

This is an example of:

a. a wildcard import c. unconditional import

b. an explicit import d. conditional import

ANS: A

44. The following package is automatically imported into all Java programs.

a. java.java c. java.util
b. java.default d. java.lang

ANS: D

TRUE/FALSE

1. An object can store data.

ANS: T
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

2. A class in not an object, but a description of an object.

ANS: T

3. An access specifier indicates how the class may be accessed.

ANS: T

4. A method that stores a value in a class's field or in some other way changes the value of a field is known as a
mutator method.

ANS: T

5. Instance methods should be declared static.

ANS: F

6. A constructor is a method that is automatically called when an object is created.

ANS: T

7. Shadowing is the term used to describe where the field name is hidden by the name of a local or parameter
variable.

ANS: T

8. The public access specifier for a field indicates that the attribute may not be accessed by statements outside
the class.

ANS: F

9. A method that gets a value from a class's field but does not change it is known as a mutator method.

ANS: F

10. Instance methods do not have the key word static in their headers.

ANS: T

11. The term "default constructor" is applied to the first constructor written by the author of a class.

ANS: F

12. When a local variable in an instance method has the same name as an instance field, the instance field hides the
local variable.

ANS: F

13. The term "no-arg constructor" is applied to any constructor that does not accept arguments.

ANS: T

14. The java.lang package is automatically imported into all Java programs.

ANS: T
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 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
The total estimated Jewish population of Austria-Hungary is about
2,250,000, of which nearly one million were, at the beginning of the
war, in the border province of Galicia, in the immediate area of
hostilities.
Here, as elsewhere, the Jews manifested their keen loyalty by
trooping to the colors even when they were normally exempt, as in
the case of the students of the Budapest Rabbinical Seminary, many
of whom volunteered, although not required to do so. The
Government recognized this loyalty in many ways, particularly in the
granting of special privileges with respect to the observances
required by the Jewish religious ritual. Thus the Emperor, in his own
name, sent 20,000 Tallithim (prayer shawls) for the soldiers in the
field during the holidays. When, at Passover, it was discovered that
the matzoths for the Jewish troops had been improperly prepared,
the Government, at the instance of the Chief Rabbi of Vienna,
authorized the wholesale distribution of potatoes to Orthodox Jews.
Hundreds of Jewish soldiers have been decorated on the field of
battle, and many were given officers’ commissions.

GALICIA
It was the million Jews of Galicia who were made to feel the full
burden of the war. Although their economic condition before the war
was greatly inferior to that of the general population, their political
condition was one of equality. But the Russian invasion of Galicia, in
September, 1914, changed their status overnight. The Russian
Governor-General, Count Bobrinski, a notorious anti-Semite, found
the political status of the Jews in Galicia most abhorrent to him. He
at once proceeded to degrade them to the status of the Russian
Jews, and, if possible, still lower. He proposed to his home
Government that all Jewish landed property in Galicia be confiscated
and the Jews be forbidden to own, lease or rent land; and this, he
added, was an immediately imperative step, to be carried out even
before the formal annexation of Galicia was announced!
On February 13, 1915, the Grand Duke Nicholas issued an order
declaring that “in view of the increase of spying on the part of the
Jews, it is decreed that:
1. No person of Jewish nationality may enter Galicia.
2. No persons of Jewish nationality may pass from one
district of Galicia into another.
3. Infractions of this decree will be punished by a fine of
three thousand roubles ($1,500) or by three months’
imprison­ment.”[52]
The spirit of these documents, communicated to the troops,
produced a series of outrages against the Jewish population more
horrible even than any perpetrated in Russia. As each town was
invaded by the Russians the troops first sought the Jewish quarters,
and here they let themselves loose in an orgy of pillage, sack and
rapine.
In the town of Bohorodczany there appeared, in January, 1915, a
detachment of Austro-Polish troops. They demanded food and
quarters and were, of course, supplied. After a brief stay they
departed. But the act of the Jews was reported to the Russian
commander in Stanislau. He immediately sent a “punitive” expedition
of four hundred Cossacks to the town. They set the town on fire,
routed out the Jewish women and girls from their places of
concealment, assembled them in the square and there held an orgy
under the open sky. After their lusts were satisfied they drove the
victims under the crack of the whip, half naked and starving, along
the roads to Stanislau. One woman, who had risen from childbirth
only a few days before, died on the way. One of the physicians of
Stanislau, Dr. B., testifies that he alone treated ten cases of women
and girls who had been violated.[53]
 In Szczerzec, Galicia, the Russian soldiers caught one Jacob
Mischel, a town councillor, poured oil over him and burned him alive.
[54]

In Dembica, Cossacks raided a synagogue to which the Jews had

fled for refuge and prayer, robbed and imprisoned the men, and
outraged the women. Those who escaped through the windows
were caught by the guards below and men and women were
knouted to death. Then the troops set fire to the synagogue.[55]
These are typical cases of outrages perpetrated against the Jewish
population of Galicia. Scarcely a town in the line of invasion escaped.
The Jewish population fled before the invaders in vast numbers.
There are about 175,000 Jewish refugees in Vienna; 70,000 of
these are destitute. There are about 70,000 living in barracks in
Bohemia; 8,000 of these are in Prague. There were about 52,000 in
Budapest. All fugitives who have settled in Hungary, however, have
been removed to Austria proper. Dr. J. Bloch of Vienna, estimates
that the total number of Jewish refugees from Galicia is about half a
million. The situation of these refugees is somewhat better than that
of the Jewish refugees in Russia, inasmuch as the Government has
placed them in concentration camps, attends to their minimum
wants and gives each one an allowance of 70 heller (14 cents) daily.
With the rise in the prices of food, the daily allowance has risen to
about 90 heller (18 cents) per capita. They are treated well by the
population, and in many cases are provided with some work.
 ROUMANIA
The future of Roumania is of interest to the Jews for two especial
reasons: first, because the Jews of Roumania are deprived of their
rights as citizens in contravention of a solemn promise made by
Roumania to the Great Powers at the Berlin Congress in 1878;
secondly, because it will no doubt be Roumania’s aim to win back
from Austria-Hungary certain large territories, including Transylvania
and Bukowina, in which the bulk of the population is of Roumanian
descent, thus, if successful, incidentally, increasing the number of
Jews under Roumanian rule from about 250,000 to more than one
million.
During the present war Roumania has given evidence of its hostile
attitude towards the Jews. Thousands of Jewish refugees who fled
before the savagery of the Russian army which invaded Bukowina,
sought refuge in Roumania. These were treated with great brutality
by Roumanian officials in the border towns. At the beginning of July,
1915, the Government issued an order to the administrative
authorities of all the districts bordering on Austria-Hungary to expel
all the Jews from the localities near the frontier, and to send them to
the interior of the country. The officials took advantage of this edict
to expel not only the refugees, but also hundreds of Jewish citizens
of Roumania who had been living in the border towns for
generations. The order of expulsion was executed summarily, and
the Jews were forced to leave within forty-eight and in some cases
with all their goods in twenty-four hours. As a rule, they were not
permitted to take their belongings with them, and even under the
most favorable circumstances they had perforce to leave them
behind because they knew neither their destination nor their fate.
This action of the Government caused a great deal of adverse
comment in the press. “Vitorul” the official organ of the Liberal Party,
now in power, met these attacks, in its issue of July 12, 1915, as
follows:
“Some of the newspapers pretend that the Ministry of Internal Affairs has given
orders that the native-born Jews established in the towns bordering upon the
northern frontier of Moldavia be sent into the interior of the country. This news is
inexact. The Minister of Internal Affairs was not aiming at the Jews established in
the towns near the frontier or in any other place when he issued his order of
expulsion. The order given by the Minister of Internal Affairs concerns only the
alien subjects of a foreign country, and the native-born Jews who, though not
living in frontier towns go there on business, acting as cereal brokers. And the
purpose of the order is to prevent such people from committing acts dangerous to
the interests of the population of the state. The peaceful Jewish population living
near the frontier is not the object of any hounding, as the irresponsible
newspapers would have it.”
The Bucharest “Adeverul” (Truth), an independent organ, and one
of the two newspapers in Bucharest which sympathize with the
Jews, replied:
“In answer to the attacks of the Government organ upon the ‘irresponsible’
newspapers, we are in a position to publish a list of the ‘peaceful Jewish
population’ which has been the subject of the most terrible persecutions by the
authorities. We can give the names of the reserves, mobilized at the very
moment, whose children have been driven from their homes. It is possible
that the Minister of Internal Affairs did not mean to ‘aim,’ as the official organ
says, at the Jews. If the Minister is innocent of the charge, we would like to know
what punishment to inflict upon his subordinates who wilfully misrepresented his
order.
“But it is not we who are irresponsible. It is the Government that tries to
mislead the public with ambiguous statements. It says that the order referred only
to the brokers, who may commit dangerous acts. We know that the law punishes
crimes and delinquencies which have been committed, but does not anticipate
crimes that may be committed. Then again, the law provides strict punishment for
each delinquency and not a general and preventive punishment, such as
deportation. Why is it that those who have committed the infraction have not been
arrested and peaceful people are being punished instead?
“Even the Government recognizes that this preventive punishment is applied to
the alien and such Jews as are only doing business though not living in those
places. It means that the suspicion rests equally upon the alien and the
Roumanian Jew, because the Jew, although not an alien, is of another religion.
The suspicion then falls upon all the native-born Jews. Thus we see, that even if
the official organ’s public interpretation of the law be correct, it is still the Jews
who will suffer. But we cannot accept the explanation. It is false.
“It is an absolute fact that not transient traders but people who are innocent,
who are paying taxes in those localities have been expelled.”
It is idle to speculate as to what Roumania may do if she becomes
involved in the war. But it is well to consider whether, if she does not
become involved, it will be possible to bring to the attention of the
belligerent powers at a future peace conference the question of the
status of the Jews of Roumania. These are in the anomolous position
of people virtually without a country. They are subjects of Roumania,
pay taxes and support the Government. But even the native-born
and those whose parents and grandparents were native-born
subjects of Roumania, cannot become citizens, and are also
discriminated against by the Government. In this respect, Roumania
may be called “Little Russia.”
The situation of Roumania as a nation is exceptional. She was
made an independent country by the European Powers, meeting at
the Congress of Berlin, after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–8. In a
treaty which was then signed by all the great Powers of Europe, the
following articles were inserted:
XLIII. The High contracting parties recognize the independence of Roumania,
subject to the conditions set forth in the two following articles.
XLIV. In Roumania the difference of religious creeds and confessions shall not be
alleged against any person as a ground for exclusion or incapacity in matters
relating to the enjoyment of civil and political rights, admission to public
employments, functions and honors, or the exercise of the various professions and
industries in any locality whatsoever.
“The freedom and outward exercise of all forms of worship shall be assured to
all persons belonging to the Roumanian State, as well as to foreigners, and no
hindrance shall be offered either to the hierarchical organizations of the different
communions, or to their relations with their spiritual chiefs. The subjects and
citizens of all the Powers, traders or others, shall be treated in Roumania, without
distinction of creed, on a footing of perfect equality.”
Roumania having become an independent nation upon its
recognition by these Powers, and upon the conditions set forth in
the treaty of Berlin, it may be possible at the conclusion of the war
that the violations of this treaty on the part of the Roumanian
Government may be considered by the Powers whose honor is thus
flaunted by an open violation of a treaty to which they solemnly
became parties.
 PALESTINE
The Jews of Palestine were among the earliest victims of the war.
The greater part of them are dependent, wholly or in part, upon
their co-religionists in Europe and America. With the outbreak of the
war all the normal channels of communication were temporarily
interrupted. Even had this not occurred the complete stagnation of
trade in Europe would have made it impossible for the Jews, who
were themselves in difficulties, to continue to afford material
assistance.
The difficulties of the situation before Turkey became a belligerent
are briefly set forth in the following extracts from a report, dated
October 21, 1914, made by Mr. Maurice Wertheim, who was
entrusted by Ambassador Morgenthau with the distribution of a fund
of $50,000 contributed by American Jews.
The colonists themselves did not stand in actual need of assistance, as they are
largely men of certain means and can help themselves. Furthermore, they are able
to obtain their bank deposits in the following manner: the Anglo-Palestine Bank,
with which most of the Jews in Palestine do business through their various
branches in Jaffa, Jerusalem, Haifa, Safed, and Tiberias, etc., are registering or
certifying for their depositors checks down to the smallest denominations. These
checks are made payable to the drawer, endorsed by him, and the registration
stamp of the bank is equivalent to a notice that the check will be cashed by the
bank after the moratorium. With these checks the colonists are able to supply their
immediate needs and harvest their crops.
The only pressing requirement of the colonists was to exchange some of these
checks for gold in order to pay Government taxes and military exoneration fees,
and this was arranged.
Further than this, the two great needs of the Jewish colonies, generally
speaking, were: (a) to take care of Jewish laborers thrown out of employment by
existing conditions, and (b) to secure new markets for their products to take the
place of those that had been affected by the war.
There are about 2,500 Jewish laborers in the colonies. It is impossible to
determine the exact percentage of unemployed amongst them, but even if we
assume that only half of them are out of employment, it is easily seen that the
amount of money we were able to divert to this purpose will not go very far. I
might say here that in dividing the fund amongst the various districts in Palestine,
we allotted to the colonies a somewhat larger proportion than their population
justified.
The opening up of new markets for Palestinian agricultural products (oranges,
wine and almonds, are the chief articles of export), is probably the most pressing
need of the colonist movement in Palestine. Colonists feel that the chief market for
the oranges which in the past has been England, will be greatly interfered with,
and if they are not able to dispose successfully of their products, their entire future
and very existence will be threatened.
The situation in the larger centers of population is very bad. Almost no currency
enters the country and foreign checks that do find their way there are not
realizable. This naturally places in great want those who depend on the “Chaluka”
contributions and also the large class who depend on money sent by relatives.
Furthermore, the industries of manufacture of antiques and souvenirs are
completely stopped, owing to want of customers, and there is no money to
conduct industries such as building, carpentering, tailoring and shoemaking, in
which large numbers of Jews are employed. I found that the better class of Jews
had themselves organized temporary relief, but their possibilities of assistance are
rapidly drawing to a close. People who had, a few weeks before my visit,
contributed to the maintenance of soup kitchens, stood in need themselves upon
my arrival. One Jewish hospital had already closed.
The food situation in Palestine was precarious, for while prices had not risen to
any large extent, yet the source of supply was limited. The introduction of wheat
from the East of the Jordan had been prohibited by the Government (which
restriction through the efforts of the Ambassador we have endeavored to have
lifted). In order to guard against possible shortage of food and also to offer food
at the cheapest possible price, our Committee will purchase from time to time as
large quantities of food as it can, have bread baked itself, and will sell same at
cost, or possibly a little less.
When Turkey entered the war as an ally of Germany and Austria-
Hungary the situation of the 50,000 Russian Jews, who constituted
half of the Jewish population of Palestine, became precarious. As
nationals of an enemy country, they became liable to any restrictions
or deprivation of rights which military necessity or international
animosity might dictate. Thus these thousands of Jews were to
suffer because they technically bore the nationality of a country
which had virtually exiled them.
 Upon the intervention of the German and American Embassies,
however, the Ottoman Government made special concessions to
these Jews. Several weeks’ time was allowed for those who so
desired to become Turkish subjects by naturalization. Upon the
expiration of this period, those who had not availed themselves of
this offer were ordered to leave. About 600 were forcibly expelled
and about 7,000 others left voluntarily. Most of the fugitives took
refuge in Egypt, whence a number emigrated to the United States.
In the spring of 1915, however, the Council of Ministers decided that
the deportations be discontinued.
The difficulties of the economic situation of the Jewish population
were further increased by Turkey’s entrance in the war. The
Government confiscated most of the crops, and a great many of the
settlers were either drafted into the army or compelled to buy
immunity.
In March, 1915, the American Jewish Relief Committee and the
Provisional Zionist Committee were enabled, through the courtesy of
the United States Government, to send a food ship to Palestine.
Although considerable portions of these supplies were diverted by
the Turkish Government into non-Jewish channels, the food question
was to a great extent solved, and conditions have been steadily
improving. The present situation is briefly described in the following
extracts from a report of the Provisional Executive Committee for
General Zionist Affairs, dated August 10, 1915:
The economic situation has also shown some improvement. The arrival of the
relief food ship “Vulcan” has been partly responsible for this result. After
considerable discussion with the government authorities, the following ratio of
distribution has been agreed upon; 55 per cent. for the Jews, 26 per cent. for the
Mohammedans, and 19 per cent. for the Christians.
The sending of the relief ship has had the important effect of lowering
considerably the prices of food. The gathering of the harvest is now in full swing.
The crops are satisfactory, especially in Galilee, which is principally a corn growing
country. Our farms, in particular, have proved an important factor in the present
crisis by supplying the colonies and cities with grain at reasonable prices. There is
reason to believe that Palestine will now be able to hold its own in the matter of
food, without depending on further shipments from America. There is still some
shortage felt in sugar and in some less important groceries, of which small
quantities may still be procured from Egypt.
The economic prospects would be considerably brighter were it not for the
locust which has swept over Palestine in large numbers. In corn-growing Galilee
the danger is less palpable than elsewhere where plantations are the principal
feature of agriculture. The fight against the plague has been taken up
energetically and systematically.
The danger of a shortage in grain was another problem that needed careful
consideration. While in normal times Palestine is in a position to export grain
abroad, the outbreak of the war, owing to the heavy requisitions of the
Government and the difficult communications with the North of Palestine and the
Hauran, the granaries of the country, brought an alarming situation. To deal with
it, a special committee was organized. A number of well-to-do Jews bought up
quantities of grain and had them milled, offering the flour to the public at cheap
prices. In this way the danger threatening the population from unscrupulous
speculators was averted and the prices were kept down. Thus, when, shortly
before Passover, the price of flour had soared up as high as 65 francs, the action
of the committee had the effect of reducing it to 48. The committee also supplied
public institutions with cheap flour.
As another means of relief, public stores were opened by the committee for the
sale of provisions. In spite of the fact that some of the goods were requisitioned
by the government, the stores served a good purpose, helping, among other
things, to circulate the checks of the Anglo-Palestine Company.
From the very beginning of the crisis, the Palestina Amt made it a rule that no
workingmen were to be dismissed, as such action might subject them to the
danger of starvation. To supply all the workingmen with employment, public works
were undertaken, such as road building, canalization and water supply. Several
builders who had been forced to discontinue their building operations were
assisted with loans to resume them.
Finally, a Public Loan Association was organized to meet the needs of those who
had formerly received remittances from abroad, and, owing to the discontinuation
of these remittances consequent upon the outbreak of the war, found themselves
in pitiable circumstances. Some 900 persons took advantage of the facilities
offered by the Association.
According to the statistics compiled by the Palestina Amt and embodied in a
separate report, some 8,000 Jews left the country during the crisis. Of these,
4,000 were from Jaffa, 2,000 from Jerusalem, 1,500 from the Judean colonies and
500 from the colonies in Galilee. The estimated number of Jews at present in
Palestine is 88,100, of whom 13,500 are to be found in the colonies.
The requisitions and the war contributions levied upon the Jews during the war,
amount to 152,805 francs.
 APPENDIX

I.

REPORT OF THE RUSSIAN-JEWISH RELIEF

COMMITTEE
NOTE.—The following report was issued by the (Russian) Jewish Committee
for the Relief of Sufferers from the War, to its members in Russia, in May,
1915, since when conditions in Russia and Poland have steadily grown worse.
The authoritativeness of the report is guaranteed by the personnel of the
committee, numbering among its membership the foremost Jews of Russia,
among whom may be named: Baron A. de Gunzberg, H. Sliosberg, M.
Ginsburg and B. Kamenka, chairman of the Executive Committee; M. A.
Warschavsky, chairman of the Organizing Committee; and D. Feinberg, L.
Bramson and M. Kreinin, Secretaries.
Terrible disaster has befallen the Jewish population of the
Pale of Settlement and of Poland. Hunger and thirst and
disease and death, and moral sufferings beyond the power
of human pen to describe are the lot of hundred thousands
of Jewish men, women and children whom the war has
driven from their homes, whose houses and hearths have
been plundered and destroyed. Hundreds of thousands of
our unfortunate brethren are staring in hopeless despair
into a future that seems to spell nothing but new tears and
sufferings....
According to the data collected by the General Polish Relief
Committee, in Poland, alone there are at least 200 towns and
about 9,000 townlets and villages that have suffered from
the war, the material damage amounting to the gigantic
figure of over a milliard roubles ($500,000,000). Besides the
terrible losses sustained by the rural population, the whole industrial
production, amounting to nearly 800 million roubles a year, has been
ruined. About three million townspeople are destitute, and of these
three million at least half, i. e., 1,500,000, are Jews. To this number
of unfortunate victims we have to add the population of the
provinces of Kovno and Grodno in the northwestern region of the
Pale, the provinces of Bessarabia, Podolia and Volynia in the
southern and southwestern regions. These provinces, bordering
upon Germany and Austria, have a Jewish population of at least
500,000 people. Thus the total number of Jews that have, in
one way or another, suffered immediately from the
conditions of warfare equals over two million people,
representing one-third, of the total Jewish population of
Russia.
Besides, there are hundred thousands of destitute Jews in Galicia
(within Russian occupation) looking forward to relief from this
country.
To the utter ruin of their material welfare there are added the
unspeakable sufferings that the population of the war area has to
endure. In the most favorable of cases the inhabitants of the border
places escape from the zone of fire, taking refuge in the inner parts
of the country; while a large proportion of those unfortunate Jewish
families have remained in the ruined places, facing the phantoms of
starvation and disease that gather a rich harvest among them.
Such is the devotion and love of the Jews to their native places, to
their own corner, that they prefer to stay in the devastated towns
and townlets and villages, if only permitted to do so. And those who
have fled from their homes take the first opportunity of returning,
heedless of the terrible disasters lying in store for them. A vivid
example, typical of many other instances, is given by the Jews in the
villages of Vissiltsy, District Busak, province Kielce. Our delegate
found the place razed by hostile shells. The population—mostly Jews
—for over three months had been huddling together in cellars,
where they had taken refuge. They were not to leave their shelter by
day; no food was to be cooked, no fire lighted at night—such were
the stringent orders from military quarters. A humane military chief
permitted them to crawl out of their dingy holes by night and feed
out of the soldiers’ cauldron. But soon another chief took his place
and the unfortunate Jews were left to starve in their cellars. Those
that succumbed were buried in holes that the survivors dug
for them in the very same cellars....
Infinitely tragic too is the fate of those Jews who, by rigorous
orders of the military authorities at a notice of from three to twenty-
four hours are expelled from whole provinces of Poland, their
presence near the area of hostilities being considered “a danger to
the safety of the Russian arms.” Leaving their homes and
belongings, the fruit of years of hard toil, an open prey, the
unfortunate exiles by the thousands wend their weary way to towns
and villages, thirty or more miles distant, that have not yet come
within the decrees of the military authorities. Old men, sick women,
clasping little children in their arms, carrying bundles with some
scanty belongings that they had snatched up in haste, fill the silent
roads with the sound of their moans and sobs. Here an old man
breaks down, breathing his last sigh in the middle of the road. There
a woman kneels by the roadside staring in despair too deep for
tears, at the child that lies dead in her arms.... Many are those who
succumb on their way; indescribable are the sufferings of those who
survive. Scarcely have they found shelter in a hospitable town or
townlet when—alas! too frequently—the prohibition of the
authorities is a few days later extended also to these places, and
again the Jewish population must start upon its weary pilgrimage....
The total number of refugees from the war zone and of exiles can
scarcely be calculated with precision because large numbers have
made their way to numerous small townlets throughout the Pale,
thus frustrating systematic registration, while, at the same time, the
progress of the war tends to swell the host of refugees daily.
Some idea of their number is given by the following approximate
figures:
Warsaw 75,000 people Radom 2,000 people
 Vilna 12,000 people Gussiatin 1,000 people
Kielce 3,000 people Shakvi (Suvalki) [56]1,500people
Konsk 4,000 people Lomzha 5,000 people
Minsk 2,000 people Khmelnik
Prassnysh 1,500 people (Prov. Kielce) 1,500 people

And yet these figures only show the number of refugees who have
applied for assistance; hundreds of thousands of others are
meanwhile living upon their savings and do not come under the
registration. But they also will be at the end of their scant resources
one of these days and will join the ranks of the destitute.... Thus, for
the above-named places and for many other dozens of towns and
townlets the number of refugees within their walls may be doubled
without fear of exaggeration.
While numerous towns and townlets have, in generous hospitality,
opened their gates to the unfortunate refugees and exiles from the
war area, the native Jewish population of these places is itself
suffering a severe economic crisis, an acute attack of
unemployment, which as a matter of fact, is further intensified by
the influx of refugees eager to offer their services, for the smallest
remuneration. Thus poverty and misery are growing in these places
too, the burden of relief becoming too heavy for the local community
to bear.
We have already stated that the industrial life of Poland and in a
large part of the Pale has been laid waste as a consequence of the
war. Hundreds of factories have been destroyed, hundreds others
have had to stop work for want of capital, raw material, fuel and—
first and foremost—for want of a market for their articles of
production. Many thousands of workmen who were formerly
employed by these factories have remained without bread.
Whole branches of trade have been shattered, burying the welfare
of the artisans under their ruins. The tailors, weavers, bootmakers,
builders, trades, normally sustaining a large percentage of Jews in
Poland and in the Pale, are dead; the artisans are left to starve,
unless something can be done to save them.
 Commercial life also has been laid waste. The merchants—great
and small—are ruined; hundreds of merchant’s clerks are thrown out
of work and have to apply to public charity.
There is yet another class of sufferers whose wants and needs
have to be attended to. About 300,000 Jews are fighting in the ranks
of the Russian army. Their mothers, wives and children are receiving
but scanty support (about 2 roubles a head) from the Government.
About half of them, however, are not getting any Government aid at
all, their marriages, although legally solemnized, not having been
entered in the official marriage registers. (It is a well known fact that
the uneducated Jews of Poland and in the Pale frequently omit to
have their marriages registered, failing to realize the full importance
of this formality.) Rent and food having become considerably dearer
with the outbreak of the war, the soldiers’ families often suffer acute
want, which necessitates immediate help lest these people become
charges on their community. Many of the soldiers will never return
from the battlefields; others will come back as cripples, unfit to
support themselves or their families. They will all want support of
some kind or another....
It is a boundless sea of troubles that has to be coped with and the
full weight of the task is falling upon Jewish shoulders. The gulf
dividing the bulk of Russian society from Jewish life and needs and
sorrows has not been bridged over by the horrors of war. Though
now and again a voice of sympathy is heard from Russian quarters,
here and there a Russian hand is extended to feed a starving Jewish
child, both moral and material assistance offered by non-Jews to our
stricken people is but infinitesimal as compared with the magnitude
of the distress.
Nor do we now wish to dwell specifically on Polish-Jewish
relations, it being too well known to what extent they have become
pointed during the recent months, bearing in their train infinite, yea,
unbearable sufferings for our Jewish brethren.
In order to unite the efforts of Jewish society towards the relief of
the Jewish sufferers from the war, at the very outbreak of the
European conflagration there was formed at Petrograd a General
Jewish Relief Committee, with the sanction of the Russian
authorities, to act as a center for the collection and distribution of
funds to the destitute and needy Jews. At the very beginning of its
activity the General Committee issued an appeal to the Jewish public
calling it to its duty to the unfortunate sufferers, just as the Jewish
soldiers fighting and distinguishing themselves in the ranks of the
Russian army are doing their duty by their mother country.
Jewish society at large has shown its usual responsiveness and
material support has been forthcoming in as large a measure as
individual means and circumstances would permit.
Committees, similar to the General Committee, working on the
same lines and in close unity with it have since been organized in
prominent centers of the stricken area and outside of it—e. g., in
Warsaw, Moscow, Kiev, Odessa, Kharkov, and in addition the existing
Jewish organizations, such as the Central Committee of the Jewish
Colonization Association, the Society for the Promotion of Education
in Russia, the Jewish Health Society, the Society for the Promotion of
Trade and Industry among Russian Jews, etc., etc., are taking active
part in the relief work. Representatives of the various committees
and societies working in the war zone and outside it meet
periodically in order to discuss new measures and schemes for the
alleviation of the terrible distress.
The conditions and extent of distress in towns, townlets and
villages of Poland and of the Pale are being ascertained through
delegates of the General Relief Committee working actively and
energetically towards the organization of various forms of relief in
the several districts. In a number of places the local Jewish
community has readily joined in the relief work, doing its utmost to
meet the demand for food, shelter, clothing; the local philanthropic
and communal Jewish institutions thus becoming valuable agencies
of the General Relief Committee. On the whole, however—
particularly as far as Poland is concerned:—the organization of
assistance to the war sufferers is meeting with endless
difficulties, due largely to the fact that the suffering
population is in such a state of frantic terror, that many
Jews do not even dream of applying to anyone for
assistance. In many instances the first terror has given way
to complete apathy.
Often our representatives have to seek these people out in their
hiding places, to rouse them from their lethargy, to exercise moral
pressure on the more prominent members of the community, before
anything can be done for the sufferers. This attitude of the people
becomes intelligible when we consider the conditions that they live
in under ordinary circumstances—their poverty, their lack of
education, the contempt they are accustomed to meet with on the
part of the non-Jewish population.
Similar conditions prevail in the Galician Provinces within Russian
occupation:
“I found them huddling together in damp and dark cellars,
half-naked, sick and starving”—these are the words of one of
our representatives who visited some of the places that had
witnessed all the horrors of the war. “They showed complete
apathy, appeared to be in a trance of terror. Only a madman
—he had become insane because of superhuman suffering—
followed me into the street, shrieking for bread. I handed
him a coin, but he threw it down and clamored for bread....”
The ever changing conditions of war, that open up new regions for
relief work today, and close other districts tomorrow, that throw ever
new crowds of sufferers upon public charity—these, to a large extent
baffle all our efforts towards relief, destroying today what was
organized yesterday. Add to this the peculiar circumstances of
Jewish life in Russia, the unfavorable attitude of the authorities
towards the Jewish population in the war area—and the difficulties
that the organization of relief has to cope with will stand out in their
full significance.
 Owing to these and other conditions the General Relief Committee
up till now has had to concentrate largely on extending “first aid,”
this term being here used to comprise feeding and sheltering of the
sufferers. Distribution of food (at low rates or free of charge), of
fuel, clothes, foot-wear; organization of feeding centres, amelioration
of sheltering and housing conditions, of sanitation and hygiene
among the war sufferers—are the chief forms relief has taken so far.
At the present moment there are being equipped by the General
Relief Committee two so-called “sanitary and feeding expeditions”
whose object it will be to offer medical assistance and provide free
food to the sufferers in the war area of Poland, irrespective of
religious denomination. (The money for this purpose has been
received from London with the express condition that no distinction
be made between Jews and non-Jews).
Moreover, insofar as this has been possible, efforts have been
made to secure work for the refugees and for those who have lost
their employment as a result of the war. Thus in Warsaw there has
been opened a workshop where refugees are employed in
manufacturing various articles of underclothing for distribution
among the war sufferers. In Vilna there has been established a
workshop for bootmakers who are filling Government orders for
army boots. Similar workshops have been organized at Dvinsk,
Fastov, etc. Further, there has been opened at Warsaw a labor-
bureau which is obtaining work for a considerable number of
artisans.
A large number of small merchants and artisans being in urgent
need of credit to enable them to re-establish and operate their
business and to prevent them from lapsing into utter destitution,
credit is being afforded them through the medium of the Jewish
cooperative credit societies that are working throughout the Pale of
Settlement and Poland. So far, by way of experiment, about 23,000
roubles have been invested in this operation; however, should this
useful form of assistance be enlarged, considerable means will be
required for the purpose.
 At the present moment the General Relief Committee, working in
close cooperation with the committees in Moscow, Kiev and Odessa,
is extending relief to over 300 centres of population situated in the
following provinces:
Approximate Number
Poland— of Populated Centers
Province Warsaw (including city of
Warsaw where a large number of
refugees are concentrated) 46
Province Vilna 18
Province Kovno 40
Province Suvalki 20
Province Liublin (only part of it
being accessible to relief work) 25
Province Kielce (only part of it
being accessible to relief work) 12
Province Radom 15
Province Grodno (now included in
sphere of activity of Moscow
Committee) 5
Province Lomzha (now included in
sphere of activity of Moscow
Committee) 10
Province Plotsk (now included in
sphere of activity of Moscow
Committee) 8
Province Kholm (now within activity
of Kiev and Odessa Committee) 10

Southwestern Province—
Province: Podolia, Bessarabia and
Volynia (Border districts) 10

Galicia—
Petrograd Committee (cooperating
with Kiev and Odessa Committee) 75

Outside War Area 10

—
Total 304
 Some idea of the expenditures of the General Relief Committee in
Petrograd is given by the following figures:

FOR GENERAL RELIEF

Poland— Roubles
Warsaw 350,000
Province Warsaw 10,000
Lodz 1,500
Province Lomsha 12,000
Province Suvalki 7,000
Province Liublin 75,000
Province Radom 45,000
Province Cholm 4,400
Province Kielce 40,000
——— 545,000
Southwestern Province—
(Border Places) 14,000
Radzivilov 14,000
Chtin 5,000
Volotchisk 5,000
Gorokov 1,000
Novosselitsy 500
Various small places 5,000
——— 31,000
Northwestern Province—
Province Kovno 55,000
Province Vilna 30,000
Province Bialystock, Minsk, etc. 10,000
——— 95,000

Galicia 112,000
Assistance to Jews in Palestine and Syria (through
representative in Alexandria) 10,000
Assistance to Russian-Jewish Refugees from
Abroad
(when passing Petrograd) 1,500
 Assistance to Wounded and Recovered Soldiers
returning
to the Front 15,000
Purchase of Matzoth for Soldiers at the Front
(subsidy
to the Rabbinical Committee) 15,000
Subsidy to Various Educational Institutions
(Yeshiboth,
Jewish teachers, etc.) 16,000
Organization of cheap credit to Jewish artisans,
workmen
and merchants (through Jewish Cooperative Credit
Societies) [57]22,000

Assistance to clerks of Jewish Cooperative

Societies
(affected by the war) 1,000
Organization and support of sanitary and feeding
expeditions (two expeditions) 50,000
———
Total 914,000

Expenditure of the Moscow, Odessa, Kiev Committees 350,000

—————
[58]1,204,000

According to approximate estimates within the next months the

General Jewish Relief Committee, working conjointly with the Jewish
Committees in Moscow, Kiev and Odessa, will require the
following sums to satisfy the most urgent needs of the
organizations now in full operation and yet to be started:

Poland and Northwestern Provinces— Roubles

Warsaw From 150,000 to 200,000
Province Warsaw From 15,000 to 20,000
Province Liublin From 20,000 to 25,000
Province Suvalki From 12,000 to 15,000
Province Radom From 20,000 to 25,000
Province Kielce From 20,000 to 25,000
Province Kovno From 25,000 to 30,000
Province Vilna From 10,000 to 15,000
 Province Grodno From 8,000 to 10,000
Province Lomzha From 15,000 to 20,000
Province Plotzk From 6,000 to 8,000
Province Cholm From 10,000 to 12,000

Southwestern Provinces—
Province Volynia From 20,000 to 25,000
Province Podolia ... ...
Province Bessarabia From 40,000 to 50,000

Galicia—
Outside war area From 10,000 to 15,000
Restoration of trade and industry
among war sufferers From 100,000 to 150,000
Extraordinary expenditure From 10,000 to 15,000
———————————
Thus From 484,000 to 650,000
[Expressed in United States currency, the sum of $242,000 to $325,000
per month will be required, according to this early estimate, to satisfy
the most urgent needs of the sufferers.]

As already pointed out, the sphere and extent of distress are ever
increasing with the progress of the war. The Jewish relief
organizations in Russia thus stand before the alarming problem:
whence to obtain adequate funds to satisfy the ever growing
demand. This problem becomes the more urgent as new forms of
relief must be devised as the time goes on. It will not do merely to
feed and shelter the stricken population. Many of the sufferers are
able and willing to work, if they but had the possibility of doing so.
The attention of the Jewish public will therefore have to be
concentrated on a new problem: to help the ruined artisans to
rehabilitate themselves, to rebuild their shattered homes and to
restore their ruined business by means of cheap credit provided for
them. The solution of this problem will, however, require infinitely
larger means, which Russian Jewry is unable to raise....
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