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Programming: Principles and
Practice Using C++
Second Edition

Bjarne Stroustrup

Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco

New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid
Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to
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capital letters or in all capitals.
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or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Stroustrup, Bjarne, author.
Programming : principles and practice using C++ / Bjarne
Stroustrup. — Second edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-321-99278-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. C++ (Computer program language) I. Title.
 QA76.73.C153S82 2014
005.13'3—dc23

2014004197
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This
publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be
obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction,
storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise.
To obtain permission to use material from this work, please submit a
written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department,
One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may
fax your request to (201) 236-3290.
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-99278-9
ISBN-10: 0-321-99278-4
Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at RR Donnelley
in Crawfordsville, Indiana.
First printing, May 2014
Contents

Preface
Chapter 0 Notes to the Reader
0.1 The structure of this book
0.1.1 General approach
0.1.2 Drills, exercises, etc.
0.1.3 What comes after this book?
0.2 A philosophy of teaching and learning
0.2.1 The order of topics
0.2.2 Programming and programming language
0.2.3 Portability
0.3 Programming and computer science
0.4 Creativity and problem solving
0.5 Request for feedback
0.6 References
0.7 Biographies
Bjarne Stroustrup
Lawrence “Pete” Petersen
Chapter 1 Computers, People, and Programming
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Software
1.3 People
1.4 Computer science
1.5 Computers are everywhere
1.5.1 Screens and no screens
1.5.2 Shipping
1.5.3 Telecommunications
 1.5.4 Medicine
1.5.5 Information
1.5.6 A vertical view
1.5.7 So what?
1.6 Ideals for programmers

Part I The Basics

Chapter 2 Hello, World!
2.1 Programs
2.2 The classic first program
2.3 Compilation
2.4 Linking
2.5 Programming environments
Chapter 3 Objects, Types, and Values
3.1 Input
3.2 Variables
3.3 Input and type
3.4 Operations and operators
3.5 Assignment and initialization
3.5.1 An example: detect repeated words
3.6 Composite assignment operators
3.6.1 An example: find repeated words
3.7 Names
3.8 Types and objects
3.9 Type safety
3.9.1 Safe conversions
3.9.2 Unsafe conversions
Chapter 4 Computation
 4.1 Computation
4.2 Objectives and tools
4.3 Expressions
4.3.1 Constant expressions
4.3.2 Operators
4.3.3 Conversions
4.4 Statements
4.4.1 Selection
4.4.2 Iteration
4.5 Functions
4.5.1 Why bother with functions?
4.5.2 Function declarations
4.6 vector
4.6.1 Traversing a vector
4.6.2 Growing a vector
4.6.3 A numeric example
4.6.4 A text example
4.7 Language features
Chapter 5 Errors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sources of errors
5.3 Compile-time errors
5.3.1 Syntax errors
5.3.2 Type errors
5.3.3 Non-errors
5.4 Link-time errors
5.5 Run-time errors
5.5.1 The caller deals with errors
 5.5.2 The callee deals with errors
5.5.3 Error reporting
5.6 Exceptions
5.6.1 Bad arguments
5.6.2 Range errors
5.6.3 Bad input
5.6.4 Narrowing errors
5.7 Logic errors
5.8 Estimation
5.9 Debugging
5.9.1 Practical debug advice
5.10 Pre- and post-conditions
5.10.1 Post-conditions
5.11 Testing
Chapter 6 Writing a Program
6.1 A problem
6.2 Thinking about the problem
6.2.1 Stages of development
6.2.2 Strategy
6.3 Back to the calculator!
6.3.1 First attempt
6.3.2 Tokens
6.3.3 Implementing tokens
6.3.4 Using tokens
6.3.5 Back to the drawing board
6.4 Grammars
6.4.1 A detour: English grammar
6.4.2 Writing a grammar
 6.5 Turning a grammar into code
6.5.1 Implementing grammar rules
6.5.2 Expressions
6.5.3 Terms
6.5.4 Primary expressions
6.6 Trying the first version
6.7 Trying the second version
6.8 Token streams
6.8.1 Implementing Token_stream
6.8.2 Reading tokens
6.8.3 Reading numbers
6.9 Program structure
Chapter 7 Completing a Program
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Input and output
7.3 Error handling
7.4 Negative numbers
7.5 Remainder: %
7.6 Cleaning up the code
7.6.1 Symbolic constants
7.6.2 Use of functions
7.6.3 Code layout
7.6.4 Commenting
7.7 Recovering from errors
7.8 Variables
7.8.1 Variables and definitions
7.8.2 Introducing names
7.8.3 Predefined names
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 7.8.4 Are we there yet?
Chapter 8 Technicalities: Functions, etc.
8.1 Technicalities
8.2 Declarations and definitions
8.2.1 Kinds of declarations
8.2.2 Variable and constant declarations
8.2.3 Default initialization
8.3 Header files
8.4 Scope
8.5 Function call and return
8.5.1 Declaring arguments and return type
8.5.2 Returning a value
8.5.3 Pass-by-value
8.5.4 Pass-by-const-reference
8.5.5 Pass-by-reference
8.5.6 Pass-by-value vs. pass-by-reference
8.5.7 Argument checking and conversion
8.5.8 Function call implementation
8.5.9 constexpr functions
8.6 Order of evaluation
8.6.1 Expression evaluation
8.6.2 Global initialization
8.7 Namespaces
8.7.1 using declarations and using directives
Chapter 9 Technicalities: Classes, etc.
9.1 User-defined types
9.2 Classes and members
9.3 Interface and implementation
 9.4 Evolving a class
9.4.1 struct and functions
9.4.2 Member functions and constructors
9.4.3 Keep details private
9.4.4 Defining member functions
9.4.5 Referring to the current object
9.4.6 Reporting errors
9.5 Enumerations
9.5.1 “Plain” enumerations
9.6 Operator overloading
9.7 Class interfaces
9.7.1 Argument types
9.7.2 Copying
9.7.3 Default constructors
9.7.4 const member functions
9.7.5 Members and “helper functions”
9.8 The Date class

Part II Input and Output

Chapter 10 Input and Output Streams
10.1 Input and output
10.2 The I/O stream model
10.3 Files
10.4 Opening a file
10.5 Reading and writing a file
10.6 I/O error handling
10.7 Reading a single value
10.7.1 Breaking the problem into manageable parts
10.7.2 Separating dialog from function
 10.8 User-defined output operators
10.9 User-defined input operators
10.10 A standard input loop
10.11 Reading a structured file
10.11.1 In-memory representation
10.11.2 Reading structured values
10.11.3 Changing representations
Chapter 11 Customizing Input and Output
11.1 Regularity and irregularity
11.2 Output formatting
11.2.1 Integer output
11.2.2 Integer input
11.2.3 Floating-point output
11.2.4 Precision
11.2.5 Fields
11.3 File opening and positioning
11.3.1 File open modes
11.3.2 Binary files
11.3.3 Positioning in files
11.4 String streams
11.5 Line-oriented input
11.6 Character classification
11.7 Using nonstandard separators
11.8 And there is so much more
Chapter 12 A Display Model
12.1 Why graphics?
12.2 A display model
12.3 A first example
 12.4 Using a GUI library
12.5 Coordinates
12.6 Shapes
12.7 Using Shape primitives
12.7.1 Graphics headers and main
12.7.2 An almost blank window
12.7.3 Axis
12.7.4 Graphing a function
12.7.5 Polygons
12.7.6 Rectangles
12.7.7 Fill
12.7.8 Text
12.7.9 Images
12.7.10 And much more
12.8 Getting this to run
12.8.1 Source files
Chapter 13 Graphics Classes
13.1 Overview of graphics classes
13.2 Point and Line
13.3 Lines
13.4 Color
13.5 Line_style
13.6 Open_polyline
13.7 Closed_polyline
13.8 Polygon
13.9 Rectangle
13.10 Managing unnamed objects
13.11 Text
 13.12 Circle
13.13 Ellipse
13.14 Marked_polyline
13.15 Marks
13.16 Mark
13.17 Images
Chapter 14 Graphics Class Design
14.1 Design principles
14.1.1 Types
14.1.2 Operations
14.1.3 Naming
14.1.4 Mutability
14.2 Shape
14.2.1 An abstract class
14.2.2 Access control
14.2.3 Drawing shapes
14.2.4 Copying and mutability
14.3 Base and derived classes
14.3.1 Object layout
14.3.2 Deriving classes and defining virtual functions
14.3.3 Overriding
14.3.4 Access
14.3.5 Pure virtual functions
14.4 Benefits of object-oriented programming
Chapter 15 Graphing Functions and Data
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Graphing simple functions
15.3 Function
 15.3.1 Default Arguments
15.3.2 More examples
15.3.3 Lambda expressions
15.4 Axis
15.5 Approximation
15.6 Graphing data
15.6.1 Reading a file
15.6.2 General layout
15.6.3 Scaling data
15.6.4 Building the graph
Chapter 16 Graphical User Interfaces
16.1 User interface alternatives
16.2 The “Next” button
16.3 A simple window
16.3.1 A callback function
16.3.2 A wait loop
16.3.3 A lambda expression as a callback
16.4 Button and other Widgets
16.4.1 Widgets
16.4.2 Buttons
16.4.3 In_box and Out_box
16.4.4 Menus
16.5 An example
16.6 Control inversion
16.7 Adding a menu
16.8 Debugging GUI code

Part III Data and Algorithms

Chapter 17 Vector and Free Store
17.1 Introduction
17.2 vector basics
17.3 Memory, addresses, and pointers
17.3.1 The sizeof operator
17.4 Free store and pointers
17.4.1 Free-store allocation
17.4.2 Access through pointers
17.4.3 Ranges
17.4.4 Initialization
17.4.5 The null pointer
17.4.6 Free-store deallocation
17.5 Destructors
17.5.1 Generated destructors
17.5.2 Destructors and free store
17.6 Access to elements
17.7 Pointers to class objects
17.8 Messing with types: void* and casts
17.9 Pointers and references
17.9.1 Pointer and reference parameters
17.9.2 Pointers, references, and inheritance
17.9.3 An example: lists
17.9.4 List operations
17.9.5 List use
17.10 The this pointer
17.10.1 More link use
Chapter 18 Vectors and Arrays
18.1 Introduction
 18.2 Initialization
18.3 Copying
18.3.1 Copy constructors
18.3.2 Copy assignments
18.3.3 Copy terminology
18.3.4 Moving
18.4 Essential operations
18.4.1 Explicit constructors
18.4.2 Debugging constructors and destructors
18.5 Access to vector elements
18.5.1 Overloading on const
18.6 Arrays
18.6.1 Pointers to array elements
18.6.2 Pointers and arrays
18.6.3 Array initialization
18.6.4 Pointer problems
18.7 Examples: palindrome
18.7.1 Palindromes using string
18.7.2 Palindromes using arrays
18.7.3 Palindromes using pointers
Chapter 19 Vector, Templates, and Exceptions
19.1 The problems
19.2 Changing size
19.2.1 Representation
19.2.2 reserve and capacity
19.2.3 resize
19.2.4 push_back
19.2.5 Assignment
19.2.6 Our vector so far
 19.3 Templates
19.3.1 Types as template parameters
19.3.2 Generic programming
19.3.3 Concepts
19.3.4 Containers and inheritance
19.3.5 Integers as template parameters
19.3.6 Template argument deduction
19.3.7 Generalizing vector
19.4 Range checking and exceptions
19.4.1 An aside: design considerations
19.4.2 A confession: macros
19.5 Resources and exceptions
19.5.1 Potential resource management problems
19.5.2 Resource acquisition is initialization
19.5.3 Guarantees
19.5.4 unique_ptr
19.5.5 Return by moving
19.5.6 RAII for vector
Chapter 20 Containers and Iterators
20.1 Storing and processing data
20.1.1 Working with data
20.1.2 Generalizing code
20.2 STL ideals
20.3 Sequences and iterators
20.3.1 Back to the example
20.4 Linked lists
20.4.1 List operations
20.4.2 Iteration
20.5 Generalizing vector yet again
 20.5.1 Container traversal
20.5.2 auto
20.6 An example: a simple text editor
20.6.1 Lines
20.6.2 Iteration
20.7 vector, list, and string
20.7.1 insert and erase
20.8 Adapting our vector to the STL
20.9 Adapting built-in arrays to the STL
20.10 Container overview
20.10.1 Iterator categories
Chapter 21 Algorithms and Maps
21.1 Standard library algorithms
21.2 The simplest algorithm: find()
21.2.1 Some generic uses
21.3 The general search: find_if()
21.4 Function objects
21.4.1 An abstract view of function objects
21.4.2 Predicates on class members
21.4.3 Lambda expressions
21.5 Numerical algorithms
21.5.1 Accumulate
21.5.2 Generalizing accumulate()
21.5.3 Inner product
21.5.4 Generalizing inner_product()
21.6 Associative containers
21.6.1 map
21.6.2 map overview
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Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
The sellers in Sweden, by the bye have arranged to sell f.o.b.
Swedish ports, and have avoided thereby the risk of increase in
freight and insurance. In the first half of last year, the prices could
be raised on a few qualities. But only in the latter half of the year
came a systematic co-operation among the Swedish producers for a
regulation of prices, and this price regulating was done in
concurrence with the Norwegian paper producers.
The foreign demand for paper has increased latterly, and now very
high prices are offered for some qualities. The demand for paper
suitable for the producing of yarn especially has been very great and
of these kinds of paper Sweden has sold quite a good deal. There
has been a demand for paper yarns and textiles made therefrom;
but the production thereof is very limited in Sweden. The production
and the exports of some other paper goods has increased during
1915. But the increase has not always, to cite the report mentioned,
been as great as might have been desired in order to get a firm hold
on the world markets for the Swedish paper industry, for which the
present time is most favorable.
 THE GOVERNMENT’S PAPER BILL.
The high cost of paper is hampering the work of the United States
government seriously. Publications are being cut down and plans are
under way to discontinue those of minor importance. Officials in all
departments put into effect today orders to conserve paper. A
principal step is use of smaller type in printing.
The United States government annually places the largest
individual contract made in this country for paper. When paper
required for present fiscal year is ready for delivery, general
purchasing agents have been warned that mills will not be able to
meet a demand equally as great next year, even at enormous
increase in price.
Dr. O. H. Briggs, head of government general supply division says:
“Latest reports show a crisis in the paper industry, and retrenchment
all along the line will be enforced. Government contract price for fine
grades of typewriting paper last year was 12 cents a pound. Today
we should have to pay 20 cents. We are using 100 different kinds of
paper. Since the war the price has jumped about 100% and will
continue to soar.”
Government printing demands about 15 carloads daily and paper
for its use alone has amounted to more than $1,000,000 a year.
Printing paper for this year’s work costs 4½ cents, but contracts for
future supplies will show 100% increase or more in price.
 CHANGES AT FOREST PRODUCTS
LABORATORY
Dr. J. S. Bates, Superintendent of the Forest Products
Laboratories, has left for Shawinigan Falls to assist the Imperial
Government in the production of chemical products needed in
munitions manufacture. Dr. Bates is “loaned” to the Imperial
Government by the Dominion Government for the period of the war.
W. Boyd Campbell B.Sc., Assistant Superintendent, who has been
to the front for the past twelve months, has returned to take up the
duties of Dr. Bates until his return.

There arrived 10,368,000,000 matches in New York a few days

ago from Sweden on SS. Stockholm to relieve shortage in United
States. Steamer also brought 7,500 bales of wood pulp.
 INSURANCE OF STANDING TIMBER
REGARDED AS FEASIBLE.
Standing timber is one fire risk that hitherto has not been
regarded with favor by the fire insurance companies. Some
insurance of this sort has been written in Canada by the London
Lloyds on separate limited tracts and an excess loss only, the insured
bearing all losses below this limit. The Phoenix Insurance Co., of
London, is, however, this year writing some insurance upon green
standing timber in Oregon and Washington, with certain restrictions,
and at rates varying from 1 and 1½ per cent. The timber must be
accessible to markets, not unduly exposed to fire hazard, and only
one risk is taken in each fire zone or area indicated by the Company.
No risk is written greater than $17,500 in any one such area.
W. R. Brown in an article on this subject in “American Forestry”
goes in to some detail in discussing the possibilities of this subject.
He summarizes the fire experiences within the territory of various
fire prevention associations, and his figures include the 22,000,000
acres under the supervision of E. C. Allen in the twelve western
private fire prevention associations which he supervises; the New
Hampshire Timberland Owners’ Association with 1,000,000 acres;
the Northern Fire Protective Association of Michigan with 2,000,000
acres; the St. Maurice Valley Fire Protective Association of Quebec
with an area of 8,000,000 acres—the total of the four associations
being 33,000,000 acres. The expenditure for forest ranging and fire
prevention is approximately 1 cent an acre for the first three and ¼
cent an acre for the Canadian organization. In the western
associations the fire loss for the year 1910 was one-half of 1 per
cent. In each association since that time it has been much less than
that figure, except for 1914 in the Canadian association, when one
fire got away and the fire loss of the year was three-fourths of 1 per
cent. upon the timber valuation. Taking all four areas together and
summarizing the figures for each which Mr. Allen gives, the average
yearly losses respectively were as follows:
1910, .005; 1911, .000171; 1912, .0002328; 1913, .0012636;
1914, .00253; 1915, .00427.
The writer concludes from these figures that in such protective
areas fire insurance should cost for the loss ratio not over one-half
per cent. annually, with another one-half per cent. added for
administration cost of the insurance plan. He gives some further
experience upon which to base this conclusion. In Minnesota during
the last ten years, with its forest wealth of $280,000,000, the
average fire loss has been about $100,000 or one-thirty-fourth of 1
per cent. annually.—American Lumberman.
 PAPER CLOTHES.
A new German textile in which paper is spun with about 20 per
cent. of cotton is being exhibited in Copenhagen.
Unspun cotton in the form of down is glued to one side of endless
rolls of paper and the paper is then shorn into narrow bands, which
are spun with the cotton side outwards.
Danish experts were shown “paper” underclothing, jerseys,
sheets, bandages, and horse blankets, but the cost of production of
the cloth is said to be too high to allow its competing with cotton
and woolen cloth under normal conditions.
 MUNICIPAL FORESTRY.
Forestry can never appeal to individual enterprise on a large scale.
Returns are too slow. As a national enterprise of the highest
importance it is gaining recognition, and there is a tendency among
some American cities to take advantage of its many possibilities.
With the exception of the vicinity of the Great Lakes, the world’s
largest reservoir of pure fresh water, cities must have water supplies
from available drainage or watershed areas. These can be devoted
to forestry with advantage from a sanitary point of view, and also
with profit when the trees begin to mature. Where convenient, the
forested area can also be made to serve as public parks. The city of
Fall River, Mass., began in 1909 to plant trees in Watuppa Pond
Reservation. There are 3,232 acres of land belonging to the
municipality in a natural forest condition and 1,552 acres suitable for
reforesting. The trees are supplied by the State Forestry Bureau. The
Metropolitan Water Board, which represents Boston and other cities
in this matter, has planted, chiefly in the Wachusetts Reservation,
about 1,800 acres with forest trees. In six years the State forestry
service has furnished to the cities of the State a sufficient number of
trees to cover 1,481 acres, and it is estimated that 15,000 acres in
city reservoir tracts have been put under some kind of forest
treatment. Massachusetts has gone beyond the use of the
watershed reservations for this purpose. An act was passed by the
Legislature three years ago permitting cities to buy land to be kept
distinctly as forests, quite aside from water purposes. There are now
several of these city forests in existence.
Elsewhere in the United States the same tendency exists. In ten
large and middling-sized cities forest domains aggregating over
150,000 acres are maintained, and it is probable that municipal
forests comprise 250,000 acres. Newark, N.J., has a forest of 22,000
acres, and in time the whole of it may be scientifically forested.
Hartford, Conn., has a forest property of 4,000 acres, which is being
developed for timber production. Here are examples for Canadian
cities. Winnipeg’s water development may be made to serve a
double purpose. Even Toronto’s suburban ravines, though unsuited
and unnecessary for water supply, might serve the dual purpose of
timber production and park systems. Municipal trading has many
critics, often unreasonable, but municipal reforesting should be
made a possibility where Provincial authority is neglecting its duty in
that regard and falling behind in the march of progress.—Toronto
Globe.
 PUBLISHERS TO MAKE PAPER.
Fifty newspaper publishers of Florida are considering
establishment of a plant to manufacture paper from pulp of fibrous
trees and bushes in that state, particularly palmetto. Investigations
have shown fibrous material is of better quality than spruce pulp
which is used in manufacture of newsprint.

In connection with the advance in paper issues, timber limits,

which normally have a value of about $1,000 a square mile, have
risen to $2,000 a square mile.

A prominent dealer who returned a few days ago from the Quebec
woodlands reports that the supply of pulpwood this year is but 50
per cent. of what it was a year ago because of the inability to get
labor.
 SCARCITY OF PAPER IN FOREIGN
COUNTRIES.
The following information furnished by United States consuls and
published in the United States Commerce Reports, will be of interest
to the Canadian paper trade:—

Government May Take Action to Relieve

Brazilian Situation.
The scarcity of paper, and particularly of news-print paper, in Rio
de Janeiro is still a serious matter. While stocks have been
replenished, there are signs that another crisis is approaching. The
“Jornal do Commercio”, the leading daily paper of the city, in an
editorial on July 7, seriously proposed that unless the Brazilian
Congress saw fit to reduce the import duties on news-print paper for
a time, all the newspapers of the country should begin to eliminate
news that was superfluous and print smaller daily editions so as to
save paper.
The matter has attracted widespread attention, perhaps on
account of the impressions that importers usually profit by a scarcity
on the local market to make exorbitant demands for what stocks
they may have on hand. Although the serious situation now
confronting the country has been looming up threateningly for a
long time past, no effort seems to have been made to save paper or
to collect waste paper and rags.
Senhor Dunshee de Abrantee, of the Brazilian Chamber of
Deputies, himself a man familiar with journalism and the needs of
the paper trade, has already presented to Congress a proposed
amendment to the forthcoming budget law, providing that imported
paper shall pay no duty and only the expediente tax on entering the
country.

Spanish Government Asked To Seek Remedy.

The scarcity of paper in Spain has caused some anxiety, and
representatives of Spanish publishers, printers, and manufacturers of
paper and cardboard have informed the Government of their
willingness to postpone filling export orders until after the domestic
demand for their products has been fully met. They also expressed a
desire that the Government fix prices and conditions to control the
export of raw materials used in paper manufacture. Accordingly, a
royal order, published June 15, 1916, appointed a commission, a
representative of the Government presiding, formed of three
delegates chosen from each interested group, namely, paper
manufacturers, newspaper publishers, and those engaged in
bookmaking arts.
This commission is to pass on all complaints formulated,
proposing, if necessary, such methods as it judges opportune with
respect to the export of paper and un-manufactured cardboard. The
custom house authorities must submit to this commission a sample
of every class of paper or cardboard exported, its origin, and the
name of the exporter.
The paper-making interests in Spain employs chiefly wood-pulp,
and its price has increased about 85 per cent since the war began.
Imports of wood-pulp in 1913 amounted to 61,000 metric tons of
2,204.6 pounds each; in 1914 to 40,000 tons, and in 1915 to 50,000
tons. More than half of this supply comes from Sweden; other
sources are Germany and Norway.
Wood-pulp and logs for making pulp coming from foreign
countries were exempted from the transport tax in March last, and
an export duty of 18 pesetas gold per 100 kilograms ($1.58 per 100
pounds) levied on endless paper weighing from 41 to 50 grams per
square metre and containing mechanical pulp.
 SUPPLY AND DEMAND LAW
CONTROLS PAPER PRICES.
In his address before the New York Business Publishers’
Association, formerly the New York Trade Press Association, at the
Advertising Club of New York on Oct. 2, Judge C. F. Moore, secretary
of the Bureau of Statistics of the Book Paper Manufacturers’
Association, declared that there was a real paper famine in the
United States, and that the law of supply and demand was solely
responsible for the present high prices of book paper.
He went on to say that the people in the United States were
enormously busy and that they were using more paper than ever
before; that there was a more acute paper famine abroad than in
America, that the mills in the United States were all working day and
night six days a week, and that because of discouraging legislation
passed by Congress in the past the paper manufacturers had not
been keen on building new plants and installing new machinery
when there was such a chance for keen competition from abroad.
He asserted that there had been no agreement by paper makers to
boost the price or to regulate it.
 LOCKWOOD’S DIRECTORY.
Lockwood’s Directory of the Paper & Stationery Allied Trades for
1917, has just been received by the Pulp and Paper Magazines. The
work has come to be regarded as a standard publication, and is
eagerly looked for by those engaged in the pulp and paper industry.
The Directory this year contains 768 pages as compared with 742
pages for the previous year. It contains a vast amount of information
relating to paper dealers, rag and paper stock dealers, paper box
manufacturers, twine manufacturers, wall paper makers, envelope
manufacturers, paper bag producers, trade associations, the
stationary trade, water marks and brands, etc.
The Trade Statistics contained in the Paper are brought right up to
date, which in view of the changed conditions brought about by the
European war, make it of particular value. The price to anyone
engaged in the trade is $3.00. It is published by the Lockwood
Journal Company, 10 East 39th St., New York.
 THE WOOD DISTILLATION
INDUSTRY.
It is estimated by the New York State College of Forestry that 640
cords of beech, birch and maple wood are used every day in the
wood distillation industry in New York State. The industry has been
greatly stimulated by the European war inasmuch as acetate of lime,
of one the principal products of the industry, is used in the
manufacture of high explosives.
 THREE IDLE MILLS.
At the present time there are but three idle pulp and paper mills in
Canada, two of which are located in British Columbia, and the third
in Nova Scotia. These are all small mills, and in contrast to that, it is
only necessary to point out that all the other mills in Canada are
working to capacity.

The annual consumption of paper pulp wood in the United States

is 4,300,000 cords, representing an expenditure of $36,000,000 by
approximately 250 companies.
SHOES LIKE “THE WONDERFUL ONE
HORSE SHAY.”
When a man is “on his uppers” he is in a very serious condition for
then his shoe soles have worn out and he has no money to buy
more. This expression therefore carries with it the assumption that
the uppers of our shoes wear better than the soles. It is a slang
phrase of recent introduction: for can we not recall our boyhood
days, and see those gorgeous patches on our Sunday best wax calf
shoes, or our every day high boots—patches which were striking
emblems of the cobbler’s art? Yes, the soles outwore the uppers
then, but they had other less desirable qualities than durability. Hark
back, and you can hear again that vibrant reverberation echoing
upon the stillness of the Sabbath morn as the deacon, contribution
box in hand, tip-toed up and down the aisle; every squeak of those
blessed boots sounding like the droaning of a rusty saw in a hemlock
log.
Times have changed, however, since those happy days. The
Chemist has been busy, and his achievements in the leather industry
have been revolutionary. In 1884, Augustus Schultz of New York City,
who was not a tanner but a chemist, patented a process for tanning
with chromium salts. As a result of this discovery, over ninety per
cent. of the shoes worn throughout the world to-day are made with
chrome-tanned upper leather. This chrome-tanned leather, which, we
are proud to say was made commercially possible in America, is
cheaper, more durable, easier to manufacture, holds its shape better,
and, in every other respect, is superior to bark-tanned leather of
former years. This is the reason why we do not wear patches on our
shoe uppers to-day.
The sole leather of to-day, it is claimed, does not wear so well as
that of former years. Possibly this may be the case, but still the
statement is open to a question. Granted, however, that the sole
leather of fifty years ago did wear somewhat longer, there are
reasons why we should not care to return to its use. In place of the
old style leather, which was a hard and as hard and as slippery as
steel, we now have a leather which cuts well, looks well, and, above
all else, feels well on the foot. Therefore, looking to our comfort as
we do, we would never be satisfied with the shoes that grandpa
used to wear.
The meeting of the American Chemical Society, which was held in
New York City during the week of September 25 to 30, and the
Exposition of Chemical Industries meeting there at the same time,
makes us wonder if the chemist will soon be able to make the sole
of a shoe wear as long as the upper. Something along this line may
be forthcoming, as it is pretty well known in the trade that a sole
leather can be produced by means of a so-called chrome
combination tannage which will outwear bark-tanned leather three
to one. To prove this point, a recent series of tests were made on
twenty mail carriers and twenty policemen in New York City. On the
right shoe of each was a sole made from a chrome combination, and
on the left was the best oak sole obtainable. On the average, two
oak soles wore through and the men were on the third before the
chrome combination saw its finish.
With the price of leather constantly going up and the supply of
hides not sufficient to meet the demand, the time is soon coming
when we shall be forced to produce sole leather possessing a
greater degree of wearing quality. We shall then have shoes on our
feet which will be like the proverbial, “One Horse Shay”; for, when
they do go, even the cobbler will not be able to find the pieces.
 WORK OF THE BUREAU OF
STANDARDS.
Reference is made in a recent issue of the “Scientific American” to
the excellent work being done at the Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C. In relation to the pulp and paper laboratory
presided over by Frederick C. Clark, a prominent member of the
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, the “Scientific
American” says:
“Some time ago, the Government, realizing that we were cut off
from supplies of rags and waste paper, which heretofore had been
imported in large quantities, appealed to the public to save such
refuse material and sell it to paper manufacturers. As a result of this
appeal, a manufacturer of waxed paper asked the Department of
Commerce whether any use could be made of clippings of his
product. In the production of waxed paper sheets, this company is
burdened with large quantities of clippings, which have been hauled
away by the carload and destroyed. Owing to the association of the
paraffin wax with the fiber of the paper, such clippings cannot be
introduced into ordinary paper pulp.”
 QUEBEC’S FOREST ECONOMY.
(Telegraph, St. John, N.B.).
Quebec, some years ago, established a provincial nursery, and this
year, in addition to the young trees planted on Crown lands, the
provincial nursery shipped 400,000 seedlings to pulp and paper
companies which are reafforesting the lands they have cut over. The
Laurentide company alone bought 250,000 of these young trees. A
large number were sold to other pulp and paper companies, and to
private individuals. The Perthius seignory alone bought 50,000
seedlings this year; and this is the sixth year in succession during
which trees have been bought from the province for use in this
seignory. With this example just over our provincial line fence, New
Brunswick continues a policy of waste and neglect.
 PAPER SHORTAGE SERIOUS IN
NEW ZEALAND.
New Zealand paper shortage is interfering greatly with printing
business and the government is limiting publications turned out by
it. Because of difficulty in getting paper, managers of a number of
publications talk of suspending.
Supplies of certain lines of paper, cardboards, pasteboards, etc.,
are almost impossible to obtain, and it seems unlikely that this
condition will improve much until some time after the war, unless
American or Canadian manufacturers are able to relieve the
situation. Scarcity of envelopes is very marked, and it is almost
impossible to obtain certain lines. One firm in Auckland took orders
for 25,000,000 envelopes, but has been able to get orders accepted
in the United States for only 15,000,000, and to date only 5,000,000
have been delivered.

The output of pulp and paper from British Columbia last year was
50,307 tons of manufactured paper and 13,000 tons of sulphite
pulp, valued at $3,200,000.

(Special to Pulp and Paper Magazine).

 October 14, 1916.
Considerable interest was manifest in the New York paper circle
during the past fortnight by the resignation from the International
Paper Company of Arthur E. Wright. Mr. Wright has been connected
with the International for many years. At one time he was Vice-
President and Sales Manager, but several years ago he relinquished
the former position to devote his entire time to the daily distribution
of the company’s 1,500 tons of paper. Mr. Wright has been appointed
Secretary of the Perkins-Goodwin Company at 33 West 42nd Street,
New York, and has already assumed his new duties.

Another addition to its mills is announced by the Union Bag &

Paper Company. At the offices of the big concern in the Woolworth
Building, New York, it was said last week it had been decided to
build a plant at Hudson Falls, N.Y., for the manufacture of paper
bags. The specifications call for a four story building, 100 by 400
feet. Work will be begun immediately and when completed it is
expected to increase the company’s pay roll by approximately 400
people.

Press dispatches from San Francisco, Cal., state that the

Northwestern Compo Board Company, which, by the way, is a branch
of the C. A. Smith Lumber Company, had negotiated with the Union
Lumber Company to utilize its redwood refuse at Fort Bragg, Cal., for
the manufacture of Compo board. It is also understood that work
will be started immediately upon the erection of a suitable mill at
that place.
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