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About the Author
Dr. Simon Monk (Preston, UK) has a degree in Cybernetics and Computer Science and a
PhD in Software Engineering. Monk spent several years as an academic before he returned
to industry, co-founding the mobile software company Momote Ltd. He has been an active
electronics hobbyist since his early teens and is a full-time writer on hobby electronics and
open-source hardware. Dr. Monk is the author of numerous electronics books, specializing in
open-source hardware platforms, especially Arduino and Raspberry Pi. He is also co-author
with Paul Scherz of Practical Electronics for Inventors, Fourth Edition. You can follow
Simon on Twitter, where he is @simonmonk2.
Hacking Electronics
Learning Electronics with
Arduino® and Raspberry Pi

Second Edition

Simon Monk

New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon

London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi
San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
Copyright © 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act
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To Roger, for making it possible for me to turn a hobby into an occupation.
This page intentionally left blank
 Contents at a Glance
1 Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3 Basic Hacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4 LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5 Batteries and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6 Hacking with Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7 Hacking with Raspberry Pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8 Hacking with Modules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
9 Hacking with Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
10 Audio Hacks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
11 Mending and Breaking Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
12 Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
A Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Index .................................................... 265

vii
This page intentionally left blank
 Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

CHAPTER 1 Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Getting Stuff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Buying Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Where to Buy Things to Hack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
A Basic Toolkit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Stripping Wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Joining Wires Together by Twisting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Joining Wires by Soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Joining Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Testing a Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Hacking a Computer Fan to Keep Soldering Fumes Away . . . . . . . . . . . 14
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

CHAPTER 2 Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
A Starter Kit of Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Identifying Electronic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Resistors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

ix
x Contents

LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Integrated Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Other Stuff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Surface Mount Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
What Are Current, Resistance, and Voltage? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Ohm’s Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
What Is Power? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Reading a Schematic Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
The First Rule of Schematics: Positive Voltages Are Uppermost . . 29
Second Rule of Schematics: Things Happen Left to Right . . . . . . 29
Names and Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Component Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

CHAPTER 3 Basic Hacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Making a Resistor Get Hot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
The Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Using Resistors to Divide a Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Converting a Resistance to a Voltage (and Make a Light Meter). . . . . . . 37
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Hacking a Push Light to Make It Light Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Breadboard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
MOSFET Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
PNP and P-Channel Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Common Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Using a Power MOSFET to Control a Motor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Breadboard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Selecting a Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Push-Button Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Microswitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Toggle Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
 Contents xi

CHAPTER 4 LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Preventing an LED from Burning Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Trying It Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Selecting the Right LED for the Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Brightness and Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Multicolor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
IR and UV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
LEDs for Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Experimenting with RGB LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Making a Constant Current Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Breadboard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Powering Large Numbers of LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Making LEDs Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Breadboard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
How to Use Protoboard (LED Flasher) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Using Stripboard (LED Flasher) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Designing the Stripboard Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Laser Diode Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Hacking a Slot Car Racer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Storing Charge in a Capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

CHAPTER 5 Batteries and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Selecting the Right Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Battery Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Maximum Discharge Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Single-Use Batteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Rechargeable Batteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
xii Contents

Charging Batteries (in General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Over-Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Over-Discharging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Battery Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Charging a NiMH Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Simple Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Fast Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Charging a Sealed Lead–Acid Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Charging with a Variable Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Charging a LiPo Battery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Hacking a Cell Phone Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Controlling the Voltage from a Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Breadboard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Boosting Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Calculating How Long a Battery Will Last . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Battery Backup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Trickle Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Using Solar Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Testing a Solar Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Trickle Charging with a Solar Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Minimizing Power Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

CHAPTER 6 Hacking with Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Blinking an LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Setting Up Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Modifying the Blink Sketch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Controlling a Relay Using an Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Relays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Arduino Outputs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Hacking a Toy for Arduino Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
The Serial Monitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
 Contents xiii

Measuring Voltage with an Arduino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Controlling an LED with an Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Software (Flashing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Software (Brightness) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Playing a Sound with an Arduino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Using Arduino Shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Controlling a Relay from a Web Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Switching with an Arduino and Transistor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Using an Alphanumeric LCD Shield with Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Controlling a Servo Motor with an Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Typing Passwords Automatically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

CHAPTER 7 Hacking with Raspberry Pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Setting Up a Raspberry Pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Fetching the Example Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Connecting to Your Pi from a Second Computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Blinking an LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
xiv Contents

Controlling a Relay with Raspberry Pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Controlling a Relay from a Web Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

CHAPTER 8 Hacking with Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Detecting Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
You Will Need (PIR and LED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Breadboard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
You Will Need (PIR and Arduino) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
PIR and Raspberry Pi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Using Ultrasonic Rangefinder Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
The HC-SR04 Rangefinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Using a Wireless Remote Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Breadboard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Using a Wireless Remote Module with Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Using a Motor Control Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Breadboard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Using the Control Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Making a Robot Rover with Raspberry Pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Using a Seven-Segment Display with Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Using a Seven-Segment Display with Raspberry Pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Using RFID Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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 Such was the prosperity attendant on the efforts of Messrs.
Whitefield, Madan, Romaine, Berridge, Venn, and Fletcher, at
Brighton, that Lady Huntingdon felt it her duty to erect a church
edifice there, and being unable to do it in any other way, sold her
jewels to the amount of nearly three thousand five hundred dollars.
The cause still flourishes there, and very many have been turned to
righteousness.
While Whitefield's ministry at the Tabernacle was at its height of
popularity, Foote, a comedian of eminent talent for mimicry, who
was frequently in difficulties on account of his love of ridicule, by
which indeed his life was shortened, employed his wit to bring the
distinguished preacher into contempt. One of his biographers says,
that "very pressing embarrassments in his affairs compelled him to
bring out his comedy of 'The Minor,' in 1760, to ridicule Methodism,
which, though successful, gave great offence, and was at last
suppressed." Of this miserable piece of buffoonery, it may be enough
to say, that Foote, and the agents employed at the Tabernacle and
Tottenham Court-road chapel to collect materials from Whitefield for
the accomplishment of their object, were so disgracefully ignorant of
the inspired writings, as not to know that what they took for Mr.
Whitefield's peculiar language was that of the word of God.
Lady Huntingdon interposed in the matter, first with the Lord
Chamberlain, by whose license alone any play could then be
performed in London, and then with Mr. Garrick, the latter of whom
assured her that he would use his influence to exclude it, and added,
that had he been aware of the offence it was adapted to give, it
should never have appeared with his concurrence. The
representation of this piece of mummery, as might have been
expected, considerably increased Whitefield's popularity, and
brought thousands of new persons to hear the gospel: thus
Providence gave him the victory over his opposers.
To report the sicknesses, the labors, and the successes of
Whitefield from this time to that of his sixth embarkation for
America, would be little more than a repetition of the past. Suffice it
to say, that in England, and in Scotland, he labored amid much ill-
health, and surrounded with many dangers; but at length, having
found an Episcopal clergyman, the Rev. John Berridge, a man of
somewhat eccentric manners, but of great learning, of eminent
piety, and of burning zeal, who was willing to labor for a time in
London, Whitefield set sail in the ship Fanny, Captain Archibald
Galbraith, bound from Greenock to Virginia, June 1, 1763, and
arrived at Rappahannock, after a tedious, but otherwise pleasant
voyage of about twelve weeks, in the last week of August.
 CHAPTER XIV.
SIXTH VISIT AND LABORS IN AMERICA—
RENEWED LABORS IN GREAT BRITAIN.
1763-1767.
Whitefield was now for the sixth time in America. He was twelve
weeks on the voyage; but though tedious, it had done him good. "I
enjoyed," he says, "that quietness which I have in vain sought after
for some years on shore." Owing to the violence of his asthma, he
had set sail "with but little hopes of farther public usefulness;" but
after being six weeks at sea, he wrote to a friend, "Who knows but
our latter end may yet increase? If not in public usefulness, Lord
Jesus, let it be in heart-holiness. I know who says Amen. I add,
Amen and amen."
On his arrival in Virginia, Whitefield was surrounded by many
Christian friends, the fruits of his former labors in that colony, but
whom he had not hitherto known. It was with great difficulty,
however, that he preached to them; for though his general health
was better, his breathing was very bad. The months of September,
October, and November, he spent in Philadelphia. He says, "Here are
some young bright witnesses rising up in the church. Perhaps I have
already conversed with forty new creature ministers of various
denominations. Sixteen popular students, I am credibly informed,
were converted in New Jersey college last year. What an open door
if I had strength! Last Tuesday we had a remarkable season among
the Lutherans; children and grown people were much impressed." Ill
as he was, he preached twice a week, and with his usual success.
He intensely desired at this time to visit Georgia, but was
absolutely prohibited by his physicians, till he had recovered his
strength. In the end of November, therefore, he passed over into
New Jersey, visiting the college, and Elizabethtown. He tells us that
at the college he had "four sweet seasons." His spirits rose at the
sight of the young soldiers who were to fight when he had fallen. It
was now winter, and "cold weather and a warm heart" put him in
good spirits, so that he was able to preach three times a week.
A young man, a member of the college, hearing that Whitefield
was to preach in the neighborhood, and being more than a little
anxious to ascertain whether he really deserved all the celebrity he
enjoyed, went to hear him. The day was very rainy, and the
audience was small; the preacher, accustomed to address
thousands, did not feel his powers called forth as at other times.
After having heard about one-third part of the sermon, the young
man said to himself, "The man is not so great a wonder after all—
quite commonplace and superficial—nothing but show, and not a
great deal of that;" and looking round upon the audience, he saw
that they appeared about as uninterested as usual, and that old
father ——, who sat directly in front of the pulpit, and who always
went to sleep after hearing the text and plan of the sermon, was
enjoying his accustomed nap. About this time, Whitefield stopped.
His face went rapidly through many changes, till it looked more like
a rising thunder-cloud than any thing else; and beginning very
deliberately, he said, "If I had come to speak to you in my own
name, you might rest your elbows upon your knees, and your heads
upon your hands, and sleep; and once in a while look up and say,
'What does the babbler talk of?' But I have not come to you in my
own name. No; I have come to you in the name of the Lord God of
hosts, and"—here he brought down his hand and foot at once, so as
to make the whole house ring—"and I must, and will be heard."
Every one in the house started, and old father —— among the rest.
"Aye, aye," continued the preacher, looking at him, "I have waked
you up, have I? I meant to do it. I am not come here to preach to
stocks and stones; I have come to you in the name of the Lord God
of hosts, and I must, and I will have an audience." The congregation
was fully aroused, and the remaining part of the sermon produced a
considerable effect.
From New Jersey, Whitefield passed on to New York, where he
says, "Such a flocking of all ranks I never saw before at New York....
Prejudices have most strangely subsided. The better sort flock as
eagerly as the common people, and are fond of coming for private
gospel conversation. Congregations continue very large, and I trust
saving impressions are made upon many." Such also was his
influence as a philanthropist, that though prejudices ran high against
the Indians, on account of a threatened insurrection in the south, he
collected about six hundred dollars for Dr. Wheelock's Indian school
at Lebanon, Conn., which he soon after visited with much pleasure.
An extract of a letter from New York, dated Jan. 23, 1754, which
appeared in the Boston Gazette, may show the esteem in which he
was held: "The Rev. George Whitefield has spent seven weeks with
us, preaching twice a week, with more general approbation than
ever; and has been treated with great respect by many of the
gentlemen and merchants of this place. During his stay he preached
two charity sermons, the one on the occasion of the annual
collection for the poor, in which double the sum was collected that
ever was upon the like occasion; the other was for the benefit of Mr.
Wheelock's Indian school at Lebanon, for which he collected,
notwithstanding the present prejudices of many people against the
Indians, the sum of one hundred and twenty pounds. In his last
sermon, he took a very affectionate leave of the people of this city,
who expressed great concern at his departure. May God restore this
great and good man, in whom the gentleman, the Christian, and
accomplished orator shine forth with such peculiar lustre, to a
perfect state of health, and continue him long a blessing to the
world and the church of Christ."
Leaving New York, he visited and preached, as far as his strength
would allow, at Easthampton Bridge, Hampton, and Southhold, on
Long Island; at Shelter Island, and at New London, Norwich, and
Providence.
 Whitefield arrived at Boston in the end of February, 1764, and was
welcomed by multitudes with cordial affection; and again he saw
"the Redeemer's stately steps in the great congregation." Boston at
that time was visited with small-pox, and Whitefield therefore
devoted much of his labor to the adjacent towns. Writing from
Concord, he says, "How would you have been delighted to have
seen Mr. Wheelock's Indians. Such a promising nursery of future
missionaries, I believe, was never seen in New England before. Pray
encourage it with all your might." About two months after his arrival
in Boston, his illness returned, but did not long prevent him from
preaching, and the people still flocked in crowds to hear him. He left
Boston for the south; but messengers were sent to entreat his
return, and especially urged him to renew his six o'clock morning
lecture. He did return, but was now unable to preach at the early
hour they desired; he appeared, however, in the pulpit for some time
on three occasions in the week, and such was the number of
converts discovered, that after he had left it was proposed to send
him a book filled with their names, as desiring his return.
We ought to have said, that according to the Boston Gazette,
about the time of the arrival of Whitefield, "at a meeting of the
freeholders and other inhabitants of the town of Boston, it was
unanimously voted that the thanks of the town be given to the Rev.
George Whitefield, for his charitable care and pains in collecting a
considerable sum of money in Great Britain for the distressed
sufferers by the great fire in Boston, 1760. A respectable committee
was appointed to wait on Mr. Whitefield, to inform him of the vote,
and present him with a copy thereof."
Notwithstanding the earnest entreaties of his friends, he left
Boston in the early part of June. On the first of that month he wrote,
"Friends have even constrained me to stay here, for fear of running
into the summer's heat. Hitherto I find the benefit of it. Whatever it
is owing to, through mercy, I am much better in health than I was
this time twelve months, and can preach thrice a week to very large
auditories without hurt; and every day I hear of some brought under
concern. This is all of grace."
 Sorrowfully parting from his friends at Boston, Whitefield left them
for New York by way of New Haven. Here he preached to the
students, and had taken his leave of them; but such was the
impression he had made on their minds, that they requested the
president to go after him, to entreat for another "quarter of an
hour's exhortation." He complied with the request, and the effect
was what he called "the crown of the expedition." He continued at
New York till the end of August. While there he writes, "At present
my health is better than usual, and as yet I have felt no
inconvenience from the summer's heat. I have preached twice lately
in the fields, and we sat under the blessed Redeemer's shadow with
great delight. My late excursions upon Long Island, I trust, have
been blessed. It would surprise you to see above one hundred
carriages at every sermon in the new world."
On his way to Philadelphia, in September, Whitefield preached at
the New Jersey college commencement; for which, and for the
influence he had exerted in favor of the institution, the trustees sent
him a vote of thanks. His reception at the college was all he could
desire. The governor and the ex-governor of the state, with many
other gentlemen, attended, and every other mark of respect was
shown him. At Philadelphia, he describes the effect of his labors as
"great indeed," and as usual, he was compelled to exclaim, "Grace,
grace!"
Leaving Pennsylvania, he went on through Virginia; here he tells
us, in places as "unlikely as Rome itself," he found societies of
Christians, formed and led on by a wealthy planter of that colony;
they met him in a body, wishing publicly to identify themselves with
him. "Surely the Londoners," he writes, "who are fed to the full, will
not envy the poor souls in these parts. I almost determine to come
back in the spring" from Georgia to them.
On one occasion, while he was preaching in this colony, a Mr.
Allen, afterwards a member of the eminent Mr. Davies' church at
Hanover, and who, with his family, "addicted himself to the ministry
of the saints," fell on the ground at full length, suddenly, as if shot
through the heart, and lay for the remainder of the evening as one
who was dead. His descendants are now very numerous, and many
of them are among the most zealous Christians in that state.
From Virginia, Whitefield proceeded to South Carolina, and, Nov.
22, wrote, "At Newbern, last Sunday, good impressions were made. I
have met with what they call 'New Lights' in almost every place, and
have the names of several of their preachers." Having preached at
Charleston, he passed on to Bethesda, and had the happiness to find
the whole colony in a prosperous condition. Here he spent the
winter, and writes, "Peace and plenty reign at Bethesda. All things go
on successfully. God hath given me great favor in the sight of the
governor, council, and assembly. A memorial was presented for an
additional grant of lands, consisting of two thousand acres. It was
immediately complied with. Both houses addressed the governor on
behalf of the intended college. A warm answer was given; and I am
now putting every thing in repair, and getting every thing ready for
that purpose. Every heart seems to leap for joy at the prospect of its
future usefulness to this and the neighboring colonies. He who
holdeth the stars in his right hand will direct, in due time, whether I
shall directly embark for England, or take one tour more to the
northward. I am in delightful winter quarters for once. His excellency
dined with me yesterday, and expressed his satisfaction in the
warmest terms. Who knows how many youths may be trained up for
the service of the ever-loving and altogether lovely Jesus. Thus far,
however, we may set up our Ebenezer. Hitherto the bush hath been
burning, but is not consumed." To this statement he adds, "Mr.
Wright hath done much in a little time; but he hath worked night
and day, and not stirred a mile for many weeks. Thanks be to God,
all outward things are settled on this side the water. The auditing the
accounts, and laying the foundation for a college, hath silenced
enemies and comforted friends. The finishing of this affair confirms
my call to England at this time."
But the intense anxiety of multitudes to hear his preaching,
prevented Whitefield from leaving America for several months
longer. He had, indeed, as early as the middle of February,
determined not to visit New England till his return from Europe; but
arriving at Charleston, he was compelled to devote to labors there
the whole month of March, and then set out for Philadelphia,
preaching at many places on his way. He says, "All the way from
Charleston to this place the cry is, 'For Christ's sake, stay and preach
to us.' Oh for a thousand lives to spend for Jesus."
The heat of the weather made it indispensable for his health that
he should go to sea, and July 5th he once more arrived in England,
on his last return voyage from America. He says, "We have had but a
twenty-eight days' passage. The transition has been so sudden, that
I can scarcely believe that I am in England. I hope, ere long, to have
a more sudden transition into a better country." When he arrived in
his native land, he was ill of a nervous fever, which left him
extremely weak in body, and unable to exert himself as formerly.
Yet, still intent on his work, he did what he could, in expectation of
soon entering into his eternal rest. "Oh, to end life well!" he writes;
"methinks I have now but one river to pass over. And we know of
One who can carry us over without being ankle deep."
On Whitefield's arrival in England, he found that his excellent
friend the Countess of Huntingdon was erecting a large and beautiful
church edifice in the fashionable city of Bath, and to that place he at
once repaired. There he found several of his clerical brethren
preaching in the private chapel at Bretby Hall, belonging to the Earl
of Chesterfield, who had placed it for the time being at the disposal
of Lady Huntingdon. On Whitefield's arrival, this place was of
necessity exchanged for the Park, where the concourse of people
was as vast as ever.
October 6, he preached the dedicatory sermon of Lady
Huntingdon's church at Bath, to an immense crowd. To his friend
Robert Keen, Esq., one of the managers of his London houses, he
wrote, "Could you have come, and have been present at the opening
of the chapel, you would have been much pleased. The building is
extremely plain, and yet equally grand. A most beautiful original! All
was conducted with great solemnity. Though a wet day, the place
was very full, and assuredly the great Shepherd and Bishop of souls
consecrated and made it holy ground by his presence."
He made but a short stay at Bath, and returned to London, still
feeble and tottering, but still compelled to labor. He had an interview
with his old friend John Wesley, who says of him, "He seemed to be
an old man, being fairly worn out in his Master's service, though he
has hardly seen fifty years; and yet it pleases God that I, who am
now in my sixty-third year, find no disorder, no weakness, no decay,
no difference from what I was at five and twenty, only that I have
fewer teeth, and more gray hairs." Writing to a friend at Sheerness,
in Kent, Jan. 18, 1766, Whitefield says, "I am sorry to acquaint you
that it is not in my power to comply with your request, for want of
more assistance. I am confined in town with the care of two
important posts, when I am only fit to be put into some garrison
among invalids." By some means, however, he obtained a release,
for in March we find him at Bath and Bristol. Writing, March 17, he
says, "The uncertainty of my motions has made me slow in writing;
and a desire to be a while free from London cares, has made me
indifferent about frequent hearing from thence. Last Friday evening,
and twice yesterday, I preached at Bath, to very thronged and
brilliant auditories."
Whitefield's interest in America was not lessened by his absence
from it. He ardently loved it, and wished for the return of its peace
and prosperity. He hoped, with many others, that the repeal of the
Stamp Act would lead to this result; hence, we find in his Letter-
book this entry: "March 16, 1766, Stamp Act repealed. Gloria Deo."
Among the remarkable men of his day was Samson Occam. He
was descended, on his mother's side, from Uncas, chief of the
Mohegans. He was born in 1723, of parents who led a wandering
life, depending on hunting and fishing for subsistence. None
cultivated their lands, all dwelt in wigwams, and Samson was one of
the very first of the tribe who learned to read. About the year 1740,
at the age of seventeen, he was converted by the labors of
Whitefield, Gilbert Tennent, and their companions. In a year or two
he had learned to read his Bible with ease, and to his great
advantage. He was a pupil at the school originally founded by Dr.
Wheelock, at Lebanon, Conn., for the benefit exclusively of Indians,
four years, and was then a teacher for eleven years. In 1759, he was
ordained by the Suffolk Presbytery, and became an eminently
zealous preacher to the scattered Mohegans. In 1766, in company
with the Rev. Mr. Whitaker of Norwich, he went to England to
advocate the cause of Dr. Wheelock's Indian school, which school
was afterwards merged in Dartmouth college, of which Mr. Wheelock
was also founder and first president. Occum preached in the
churches of Whitefield and Lady Huntingdon, as well as in some
others of different denominations. We remember half a century ago
hearing an old lady at Kidderminster, the town of Richard Baxter,
describe a scene which occurred in Fawcett's church in that town.
Occum had preached, and a handsome collection had been taken for
his object; with tears of gratitude and joy the good man thanked
them, and in tones which neither the weeping nor the mimetic talent
of the old lady would allow her fully to imitate, assured them that
the blessing of many ready to perish would come upon them. The
place was a Bochim, and nothing could prevent the people from
having the plates again carried round, that they might add to the
liberal contributions they had already made.
Occum preached in Great Britain from three to four hundred
sermons; and as no North American Indian had ever preached in
England before, public curiosity was great, and his pecuniary success
considerable. He brought to this country, with his companion, as the
produce of their labors, more than forty-five thousand dollars. In
1772 he published an interesting sermon which he preached to an
Indian at his execution. An excellent portrait of him was published in
England.
Dr. Timothy Dwight writes, "I heard Mr. Occum twice. His
discourses, though not proofs of superior talents, were decent; and
his utterance in some degree eloquent. His character at one time
labored under some imputations; yet there is good reason to believe
that most, if not all of them were unfounded; and there is
satisfactory evidence that he was a man of piety." An account of the
Montauk Indians, written by Occum, is preserved in the "Historical
Collections." He died at New Stockbridge, N. Y., July, 1792. It has
been said that the first Sunday-school in these United States was
founded in the house of his sister, a few months after his death.
Occum was somewhat of a wit, and could well apply his talent in
his conflict with the enemies of divine truth. He once ended a long
controversial conversation with a Universalist, by saying, "Well, well,
remember, if you are correct, I am safe; if you are not correct, I am
safe. I have two strings to my bow; you have but one."
In June, 1766, we again find Whitefield in the neighborhood of
Bristol, whence he writes, "As my feverish heat continues, and the
weather is too wet to travel, I have complied with the advice of
friends, and have commenced a Hot-wells water drinker twice a day.
However, twice this week, at six o'clock in the morning, I have been
enabled to call thirsty souls to come and 'drink of the water of life
freely.' Tomorrow evening, God willing, the call is to be repeated,
and again on Sunday." On his return to London, he writes, under
date of September 25, "Many in this metropolis seem to be on the
wing for God; the shout of a king is yet heard in the Methodist
camp. Had I wings, I would gladly fly from pole to pole; but they are
clipped by thirty years' feeble labors. Twice or thrice a week I am
permitted to ascend my gospel throne. The love of Christ, I am
persuaded, will constrain you to pray that the last glimmering of an
expiring taper may be blessed to the guiding of many, wandering
souls to the Lamb of God."
The good providence of God now gave Whitefield a colleague in
the ministry at the Tabernacle and Tottenham Court-road chapel, the
Rev. Torial Joss. This gentleman had spent many years as captain at
sea; converted by divine grace, and filled with holy zeal, he devoted
his popular talents to the welfare of his fellow-men, preaching both
on sea and land. In a remarkable manner, Mr. Whitefield became
acquainted with him, and, without his knowledge, published that he
would preach in his houses of worship, which, though with extreme
reluctance, Joss did. These services were often renewed, and
Whitefield gave him no rest till he abandoned the sea, and devoted
himself to the ministry. Everywhere he was popular, and everywhere
useful. He continued minister of the two places in London—spending
four or five months in each year travelling and preaching—for
twenty-seven years after the death of his friend, and then departed
from earth, in 1797, in holy triumph, in the 66th year of his age.
One of the most extraordinary men in modern times was the late
Rev. Rowland Hill, who erected Surrey chapel, London, and
continued to preach in it till his death, in his eighty-ninth year, in
1833. He was eminently dignified in person, possessed extraordinary
zeal, and was honored by his great Master with probably more
success in the direct work of saving souls than any other minister of
his day. He was a man of considerable rank, his father being a
gentleman of title, one of his brothers a member of Parliament for
many years, representing his native county, and the late eminent
statesman and soldier Lord Hill was his nephew. Mr. Hill himself in
early life became a Christian, and was educated for the ministry in
the established church, but violated its rules, and preached wherever
he could; for many years he was greatly persecuted by his own
family, some of whom, however, in the end sustained the yoke of
Christ. When Rowland began his somewhat erratic career, the
opposition from his father was so great, that he was reduced
sometimes to extreme poverty; and he was exactly the man to be
encouraged by such men as Whitefield and Berridge. We give a few
extracts from letters addressed to him by Whitefield, which certainly
show no small degree of ardor, though we cannot see in them what
Hill's clerical biographer, Mr. Sidney, professed to find, "an aspiration
after the honors, when he had no prospect of the sufferings of
martyrdom." The fact was, that Mr. Sidney was offended with
Whitefield, as he was with his venerable uncle, Mr. Hill, for having
deviated from the rigid laws of the establishment. It is only needful
to introduce the first letter by saying that it was dated, London,
December 27, 1766, and was sent in answer to one in which Mr. Hill
had asked his counsel.
 "About thirty-four years ago, the master of Pembroke college,
where I was educated, took me to task for visiting the sick and
going to the prisons. In my haste I said, 'Sir, if it displeaseth you I
will go no more.' My heart smote me immediately; I repented, and
went again; he heard of it—threatened—but for fear he should be
looked on as a persecutor, let me alone. The hearts of all are in the
Redeemer's hands. I would not have you give way; no, not for a
moment. The storm is too great to hold long. Visiting the sick and
imprisoned, and instructing the ignorant, are the very vitals of true
and undefiled religion. If threatened, denied degree, or expelled for
this, it will be the best degree you can take—a glorious preparative
for, and a blessed presage of future usefulness. I have seen the
dreadful consequences of giving way and looking back. How many
by this wretched cowardice, and fear of the cross, have been turned
into pillars, not of useful, but of useless salt. Now is your time to
prove the strength of Jesus yours. If opposition did not so much
abound, your consolations would not so abound. Blind as he is,
Satan sees some great good coming on. We never prospered so
much at Oxford as when we were hissed at and reproached as we
walked along the streets, as being counted the dung and offscouring
of all things. That is a poor building which a little stinking breath of
Satan's vassals can throw down. Your house, I trust, is better
founded. Is it not built upon a rock? Is not that rock the blessed
Jesus? The gates of hell, therefore, shall not be able to prevail
against it. Go on, therefore, my dear man, go on. Old Berridge, I
believe, would give you the same advice; you are honored in sharing
his reproach and name. God be praised that you are enabled to
bless when others blaspheme. God bless and direct and support you.
He will, he will. Good Lady Huntingdon is in town; she will rejoice to
hear that you are under the cross. You will not want her prayers, or
the poor prayers of, my dear honest young friend, yours, in an all-
conquering Jesus."
The opposition Mr. Hill met with from his parents increased, and
the threat of his degree being withheld, was, on the part of the
university authorities, more determined; still, however, he
persevered in his preaching and his visits, in violation of the laws of
discipline. In June, 1767, Mr. Whitefield wrote him: "I wish you joy of
the late high dignity conferred upon you—higher than if you were
made the greatest professor in the university of Cambridge. The
honorable degrees you intend giving to your promising candidates,
[allowing some of his fellow-students to preach in the various places
which he had visited,] I trust will excite a holy ambition, and a holy
emulation; let me know who is first honored. As I have been
admitted to the degree of doctor for near these thirty years, I assure
you I like my field preferment, my airy pluralities, exceedingly well.
For these three weeks last past I have been beating up for fresh
recruits in Gloucestershire and South Wales. Thousands and
thousands attended, and good Lady Huntingdon was present at one
of our reviews. Her ladyship's aid-de-camp preached in Brecknock-
street, and Captain Scott, that glorious field-officer, lately fixed up
his standard upon dear Mr. Fletcher's horseblock at Madeley. Being
invited thither, I have a great inclination to lift up the Redeemer's
ensign next week in the same place; with what success, you and
your dearly beloved candidates for good old methodistical contempt
shall know hereafter. God willing, I intend fighting my way up to
town. Soon after my arrival there, I hope thousands and thousands
of volleys of prayers, energetic, effectual, fervent, heaven-besieging,
heaven-opening, heaven-taking prayers, shall be poured forth for
you all. Oh, my dearly beloved and longed-for in the Lord, my
bowels yearn towards you. Fear not to go without the camp; keep
open the correspondence between the two universities. Remember
the praying legions—they were never known to yield. God bless
those that are gone to their respective cures—I say not livings, a
term of too modern date. Christ is our life; Christ is the Levite's
inheritance, and Christ will be the true disinterested Levite's lot and
portion and all. Greet your dear young companions whom I saw;
they are welcome to write when they please. God be your physician
under your bodily malady. A thorn, a thorn! but Christ's grace will be
sufficient for you. To his tender, never-failing mercy I commit you."
 A few weeks after this, Mr. Hill was much depressed in spirits,
partly from bodily illness, partly because he was about to leave
Cambridge and its surrounding villages, where he had latterly so
frequently preached, but chiefly from the fact that he was going
home, where he would again meet the frowns of his honored
parents, for what they deemed his overrighteousness. In the midst
of all this, however, he knew that he would meet at Hawkstone, his
father's residence, the cordial welcome of his sister and elder
brother, Richard Hill, afterwards a baronet. This gentleman had lately
become a village preacher and a visitor of prisons, like his brother.
Under these circumstances he was addressed by Whitefield, in his
own peculiar and energetic style: "What said our Lord to Martha?
'Did I not say unto thee, If thou wouldest believe, thou shouldst see
the glory of God?' Blessed, for ever blessed be the God and Father of
our Lord Jesus Christ, for what he hath done for your dear brother. A
preaching, prison-preaching, field-preaching esquire, strikes more
than all the black gowns and lawn sleeves in the world. And if I am
not mistaken, the great Shepherd and Bishop of souls will let the
world, and his own children too, know that he will not be prescribed
to in respect to men, or garbs, or places; much less will he be
confined to any order or set of men under heaven. I wish you both
much, very much prosperity. You will have it—you will have it. This is
the way, walk ye in it. Both Tabernacle and [Tottenham Court-road]
chapel pulpits shall be open to a captain or an esquire sent of God.
The good news from Oxford is encouraging. Say what they will,
preaching should be one part of the education of a student in
divinity. I pray for you night and day."
On the arrival of Mr. Hill at his father's beautiful seat, it was his
happiness to find that his brother Brian, afterwards useful as a
clergyman, was added to the number of believers in Christ; he
learned also, that one of his college friends had been threatened to
have an exhibition, or yearly gift towards his university expenses,
withdrawn, unless he renounced his evangelical doctrines and
practices. The reader will now understand Mr. Whitefield's letter: "I
have been sadly hindered from answering your last letter, delivered
to me by your brother. I gave it him to read, and we had, I trust, a
profitable conference. God be praised if another of your brothers is
gained. What grace is this! Four or five out of one family—it is
scarcely to be paralleled. Who knows but the root, as well as the
branches, may be taken by and by? Abba, Father, all things are
possible with thee! Steadiness and perseverance in the children will
be one of the best means, under God, of convincing the parents.
This present opposition I think cannot last very long; if it does, to
obey God rather than man, when forbidden to do what is undoubted
duty, is the invariable rule. Our dear Penty [afterwards the Rev.
Thomas Pentycross] is under the cross at Cambridge. But

"'Satan thwarts, and men object,

Yet the thing they thwart effect.'

I should be glad if any one's exhibition was taken from him for
visiting the sick, etc. It would vastly tend to the furtherance of the
gospel; but Satan sees too far, I imagine, to play such a game now.
Let him do his work; he is only a mastiff chained. Continue to inform
me how he barks, and how far he is permitted to go in your parts;
and God's people shall be more stirred up to pray for you all."
The close of Mr. Hill's life was truly interesting and instructive. As
has been intimated, he preached with scarcely diminished power
until within a few weeks of his death. During the last two or three
years of his life he very frequently repeated the following lines of an
old poet:
"And when I'm to die,
Receive me, I'll cry,
For Jesus has loved me, I cannot tell why;
But this I can find,
We two are so joined,
That he'll not be in glory, and leave me behind."
"The last time he occupied my pulpit," writes his neighbor, the
Rev. George Clayton, "when he preached excellently for an hour, in
behalf of a charitable institution, he retired to the vestry after service
under feelings of great and manifest exhaustion. Here he remained
until every individual except the pew-openers, his servant, and
myself had left the place. At length he seemed with some reluctance
to summon energy enough to take his departure, intimating that it
was in all probability the last time he should preach in Walworth. His
servant went before to open the carriage-door, the pew-openers
remaining in the vestry. I offered my arm, which he declined, and
then followed him as he passed down the aisle of the chapel. The
lights were nearly extinguished, the silence was profound, nothing
indeed was heard but the slow majestic tread of his own footsteps,
when, in an undertone, he thus soliloquized:
"'And when I'm to die,' etc.
To my heart this was a scene of unequalled solemnity, nor can I
ever recur to it without a revival of that hallowed, sacred,
shuddering sympathy which it originally awakened."
When the good old saint lay literally dying, and when apparently
unconscious, a friend put his mouth close to his ear, and repeated
slowly his favorite lines:
"And when I'm to die," etc.
The light came back to his fast-fading eye, a smile overspread his
face, and his lips moved in the ineffectual attempt to articulate the
words. This was the last sign of consciousness which he gave.
We could almost wish that every disciple of Christ would commit
these lines, quaint as they are, to memory, and weave them into the
web of his Christian experience. Confidence in Christ, and
undeviating adherence to him, can alone enable us to triumph in life
and death.
In November, 1766, Whitefield again visited Bath and Bristol, and
then passed on to Gloucestershire and Oxford. Never did so many of
the nobility attend his ministry as he now saw at Bath, and the
results of his whole journey were such as to fill him with the most
devout gratitude. He saw too the number of his clerical friends
largely increasing, and especially rejoiced in the fact that the
excellent Fletcher, of Madeley, preached in his pulpits in London. He
writes of this event, "Dear Mr. Fletcher has become a scandalous
Tottenham Court preacher.... Were we more scandalous, more good
would be done.... Still, 'the shout of a king is yet heard' in the
Methodist camp."
In January, 1767, Whitefield wrote a recommendatory preface to
the works of John Bunyan, whom he pleasantly designated, "Bishop
Bunyan;" and as soon as the weather would permit, we find him at
Norwich, and then at Rodborough, Woodstock, Gloucester, and
Haverfordwest, from which last place he wrote, "Thousands and
thousands attend by eight in the morning. Life and light seem to fly
all around." On a second visit to Gloucester on this tour, he wrote,
"Blessed be God, I have got on this side the Welsh mountains.
Blessed be God, I have been on the other side. What a scene last
Sunday! What a cry for more of the bread of life! But I was quite
worn down."
In September following, he again visited the north of England,
writing from day to day in high spirits. September 28, he says, "My
body feels much fatigued in travelling; comforts in the soul
overbalance;" and from Leeds, October 3, he writes, "Field and
street preaching have rather bettered than hurt my bodily health."
Whitefield now returned to London, to sustain a heavy
disappointment. The negotiations relative to the college at Bethesda
were this winter brought to an issue. A memorial addressed to his
Majesty was put into the hands of the clerk of the Privy Council,
setting forth the great utility of a college in that place to the
southern provinces; and praying that a charter might be granted
upon the plan of the college in New Jersey. This memorial was
transmitted by the clerk of the Privy Council to the lord president,
and by his lordship referred to the Archbishop of Canterbury, to
whom also a draft of an intended charter was presented by the Earl
of Dartmouth. A correspondence followed all this between the
archbishop and Whitefield; the consequence of which was, that his
grace gave the draft of the college to the lord president, who
promised he would consider of it; and gave it as his opinion that
"the head of the college ought to be a member of the church of
England; that this was a qualification not to be dispensed with; and
also, that the public prayers should not be extempore ones, but the
liturgy of the church, or some other settled and established form."
Whitefield replied that these restrictions he could by no means agree
to, because the greatest part of the contributions for the orphan-
house came from Protestant dissenters; and because he had
constantly declared that the intended college should be founded
upon a broad foundation, and no other.
"This," said he, "I judged I was sufficiently warranted to do, from
the known, long-established, mild, and uncoercive genius of the
British government; also from your grace's moderation towards
Protestant dissenters; from the unconquerable attachment of the
Americans to toleration principles, as well as from the avowed
habitual feelings of my own heart. This being the case, and as your
grace, by your silence, seems to be like-minded with the lord
president; and as your grace's and his lordship's influence will
undoubtedly extend itself to others, I would beg leave, after
returning all due acknowledgments, to inform your grace that I
intend troubling your grace and his lordship no more about this so
long depending concern. As it hath pleased the great Head of the
church in some degree to renew my bodily strength, I propose now
to renew my feeble efforts, and to turn the charity into a more
generous, and consequently into a more useful channel. I have no
ambition to be looked upon as the founder of a college; but I would
fain act the part of an honest man, a disinterested minister of Jesus
Christ, and a true, catholic, moderate presbyter of the church of
England."
Thus ended Whitefield's labors to establish a college at Bethesda.
Berridge, and not a few others of his friends rather rejoiced in his
disappointment, as they thought there was some fear, uncontrolled
as the institution might hereafter be by men of established principles
of piety, that an unconverted ministry might be increased by its
means.
 CHAPTER XV.
HIS LAST LABORS IN GREAT BRITAIN—
COLLEGE AT TREVECCA—EARL OF BUCHAN
—TUNBRIDGE WELLS.
1767-1769.
Whitefield had abandoned the idea of a charter for a college at
present, but he was yet ardently desirous of a public academy being
added to his orphan-house, similar to what existed at Philadelphia
before a college charter was granted. He thought that if this could
be done, a better day might arrive, when a charter on broad
principles might be obtained. He developed his whole plan in a letter
to Governor Wright. Feeling too the uncertainty of life, he wrote to
his friend Mr. Keen, "None but God knows what a concern is upon
me now, in respect of Bethesda. As another voyage, perhaps, may
be the issue and the result of all at last, I would beg you and my
dear Mr. H—— to let me have all my papers and letters, that I may
revise and dispose of them in a proper manner. This can do no hurt,
come life or come death."
October 28th, 1767, Whitefield preached at the London Tabernacle
before the society for promoting religious knowledge among the
poor, usually called, The Book Society. This society had been
organized seventeen years before this period, and included in it such
men as Watts, Doddridge, and Gifford. He gave way to all the zeal of
his heart while he discussed the petition, "Thy kingdom come." Luke
11:2. The congregation was immense, many had to go away unable
to obtain admittance. It was believed that a larger number of
dissenting ministers were present than ever before heard a sermon
from an Episcopal minister, and the collection reached more than five
hundred dollars, or above four times the usual amount, besides
eighty new annual subscribers. After the service, he dined with a
very large party, including the ministers, where harmony reigned,
and much respect was shown him.
It may be readily supposed, that with advancing years and
increasing experience, some changes might have taken place both in
the style and manner of Whitefield's preaching. The Rev. Cornelius
Winter, who had become somewhat closely associated with him,
says, "He dealt more in the explanatory and doctrinal mode on the
Sabbath morning than at any other time, and sometimes made a
little, but by no means an improper show of learning. His afternoon
sermon was more general and exhortatory. In the evening, he drew
his bow at a venture; vindicated the doctrines of grace, fenced them
with articles and homilies, referred to the martyr's seal, and
exemplified the power of divine grace by quotations from the
venerable Foxe. Sinners were then closely plied, numbers of whom,
from curiosity, coming to hear for a minute or two, were often
compelled to hear the whole sermon. How many in the judgment-
day will rise to prove that they heard to the salvation of the soul.
Upon the members of society, the practice of Christianity was then
usually inculcated, not without some pertinent anecdote of a
character worthy to be held up for an example, and in whose
conduct the hints recommended were exemplified. On Mondays,
Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays, he preached at six in the
morning; and never, perhaps, did he preach greater sermons than at
this hour." This, with the frequent administration of the Lord's supper
to hundreds of communicants, was his usual plan for several years;
but now he became more colloquial in his style, with but little action;
he gave pertinent expositions of the Scriptures, with striking
remarks, all comprehended within an hour. Winter adds, "The
peculiar talents he possessed, subservient to great usefulness, can
be but faintly conceived from his sermons in print; though, as
formerly, God has made the reading of them useful, and I have no
doubt that in future they will have their use."
 But even yet our evangelist had to engage in war. The opposition
of the universities in Oxford and Cambridge to the principles and
practices introduced by Whitefield, Wesley, and their companions,
grew and strengthened, till an event occurred at Oxford singularly
remarkable in its history for opposition to evangelical religion, which
for many years continued to excite very extraordinary interest. The
London "St. James' Chronicle," of Thursday, March 17, 1763,
contained the following "extract of a letter from Oxford:" "On Friday
last, six students, belonging to Edmund Hall, were expelled the
university, after a hearing of several hours before Mr. Vice-Chancellor
and some of the heads of houses, for holding methodistical tenets,
and taking upon them to pray, read, and expound the Scriptures,
and singing hymns in a private house. The —— of the —— [The
Principal of the Edmund Hall, Rev. Dr. Dixon] defended their
doctrines from the Thirty-nine Articles of the established church, and
spoke in the highest terms of the piety and exemplariness of their
lives; but his motion was overruled, and sentence pronounced
against them. Dr. ——, [Dixon,] one of the heads of houses present,
observed, that as these six gentlemen were expelled for having too
much religion, it would be very proper to inquire into the conduct of
some who had too little; and Mr. —— [Dr. Nowell] was heard to tell
their chief accuser, that the university was much obliged to him for
his good work."
To detail the events which followed this extraordinary act, and to
describe the excitement thus created, form no part of the design of
our volume. We have referred to the fact because Mr. Whitefield and
his friend Sir Richard Hill took part in the controversy. Referring to
Dr. Nowell's assertion to Mr. Higson, their "chief accuser," and who
was also their tutor, that the university was obliged to him,
Whitefield says to the Vice-Chancellor, "What thanks, reverend sir, he
may meet with from the whole university I know not; but one thing I
know, namely, that he will receive no thanks for that day's work
from the innumerable company of angels, the general assembly of
the first-born which are written in heaven, or from God the Judge of
all, in that day when Jesus the Mediator of the new covenant shall
come in his own glory, in the glory of the Father and his holy angels,
and gather his elect from all the four corners of the world.
"It is true, indeed, one article of impeachment was, that 'some of
them were of trades before they entered into the university.' But
what evil or crime worthy of expulsion can there be in that? To be
called from any, though the meanest mechanical employment, to the
study of the liberal arts, where a natural genius hath been given,
was never yet looked upon as a reproach to, or diminution of any
great and public character whatsoever. Profane history affords us a
variety of examples of the greatest heroes, who have been fetched
even from the plough to command armies, and who performed the
greatest exploits for their country's good. And if we examine sacred
history, we shall find that even David, after he was anointed king,
looked back with sweet complacency to the rock from whence he
was hewn, and is not ashamed to leave it upon record, that God
took him away from the sheepfolds, as he was following the ewes
great with young; and, as though he loved to repeat it, he took him,
he says, 'that he might feed Jacob his people, and Israel his
inheritance.'
"But why speak I of David, when Jesus of Nazareth, David's Lord
and David's King, had for his reputed father a carpenter? and in all
probability, as it was a common proverb among the Jews, that 'he
who did not teach his son a trade, taught him to be a thief,' he
worked at the trade of a carpenter himself. For this, indeed, he was
reproached and maligned: 'Is not this,' said they, 'the carpenter's
son?' Nay, 'Is not this the carpenter?' But who were these maligners?
The greatest enemies to the power of godliness which the world
ever saw, the scribes and Pharisees, that 'generation of vipers,' as
John the Baptist calls them, who, upon every occasion, were spitting
out their venom, and shooting their arrows, even bitter words,
against that Son of man, even that Son of God who, to display his
sovereignty, and confound the wisdom of the worldly wise, chose
poor fishermen to be his apostles; and whose chief of the apostles,
though brought up at the feet of Gamaliel, both before and after his
call to the apostleship, labored with his own hands, and worked at
the trade of a tent-maker."
It is pleasant to know that the young men thus expelled became
useful in the church of Christ. One of them, indeed, Erasmus
Middleton, who had been sustained at Oxford by Mr. Fuller, a
dissenter and banker in London, was ordained in Ireland by the
bishop of Down, and having married a lady of the ducal family of
Gordon, in Scotland, was curate successively to the Rev. Messrs.
Romaine and Cadogan in London, and finally rector of Turvey, in
Bedfordshire, where he was the immediate predecessor of the
sainted Legh Richmond.
Many delightful evidences yet exist that as Whitefield drew nearer
the end of his career on earth, his holy zeal increased, rather than
lessened. We have lying before us three of his letters, not included
either in the collection of his printed correspondence, or in the lives
which have been published. The first was addressed to a gentleman
at Wisbeach, and appears to have been written from London. It is
dated Sept. 25, 1766.
"Dear Sir—As your letter breathes the spirit of a sincere follower of
the Lamb of God, I am sorry that it hath lain by so long unanswered;
but bodily weakness, and a multiplicity of correspondents, both from
abroad and at home, must be pleaded as excuses. 'Blessed be God,
our salvation is nearer than when we believed.' It should seem that
you have now served three apprenticeships in Christ's school, and
yet I suppose the language of your heart is, 'I love my Master, and
will not go from him;' and Oh, what a mercy, that whom Jesus loves,
he loves to the end! Do you not begin to long to see him more than
ever? Do you not groan in this tabernacle, being burdened?
Courage, courage; he that cometh will come, and will not tarry. Oh
that patience may have its perfect work! Many in this metropolis
seem to be on the wing for God; the shout of a king is yet heard in
the Methodist camp. Had I wings, I would gladly fly from pole to
pole; but they are clipped by thirty years' feeble labors. Twice or
thrice a week I am permitted to ascend my gospel throne. The love
of Christ, I am persuaded, will constrain you to pray that the last
glimmering of an expiring taper may be blessed to the guiding of
many wandering souls to the Lamb of God."
The second letter was written from the same city, February 12, in
the following year, and was addressed to Captain Scott, a military
officer then "quartered at Leicester." This gentleman, in early life,
had been much devoted to the gayeties of fashionable society; long
after he had entered the army, he was converted to God, under the
ministry of the Rev. W. Romaine; and a few weeks before Mr.
Whitefield addressed to him this letter, he had begun to preach the
grand message of reconciliation. He afterwards left the army, was
ordained as a Congregational minister, and labored for many years in
almost innumerable places in city and country, with abundant
success.
"What, not answer so modest a request, namely, to snatch a few
moments to send dear Captain Scott a few lines? God forbid. I must
again welcome him into the field of battle. I must again entreat him
to keep his rank as captain, and not suffer any persuasions to
influence him to descend to the low degree of a common soldier. If
God will choose a red-coat preacher, who shall say unto him, 'What
doest thou?'
 "Prevent thy foes, nor wait their charge;
But call the lingering battle on;
But strongly grasp thy seven-fold targe,
And bear the world and Satan down.

"Strong in the Lord's almighty power,

And armed in panoply divine,
Firm mayest thou stand in danger's hour,
And prove the strength of Jesus thine.

"The helmet of salvation take,

The Lord the Spirit's conquering sword;
Speak from the word, in lightning speak;
Cry out, and thunder from the Lord.

"Through friends and foes pursue thy way,

Be mindful of a dying God;
Finish thy course, and win the day,
Though called to seal the truth with blood.

"Gladly would I come, and in my poor way endeavor to strengthen

your hands; but alas, I am fit for nothing, but, as an invalid, to be
put into some garrison, and now and then put my hand to some old
gun. Blessed be the Captain of our salvation for drafting out some
young champions to reconnoitre and attack the enemy. You will beat
the march in every letter, and bid the common soldiers not halt, but
go forwards. Good Lady Huntingdon wishes you much prosperity.
Pray write to her at Brighthelmstone, [now Brighton,] Sussex. She
will most gladly answer you; and I assure you, her Ladyship's letters
are always weighty. Hoping one day or another to see your face in
the flesh, and more than hoping to see you crowned with glory in
the kingdom of heaven, I must hasten to subscribe myself, my dear
captain, yours in our all-glorious Captain-general,
"G. WHITEFIELD."
 The last letter we shall introduce in this connection was addressed
by Whitefield to the Honorable and Rev. Walter Shirley, of Ireland, a
near relative of the Countess of Huntingdon, who breathed, as a
minister of Christ, much of the spirit of his great Master. It was
dated, Bath, Dec. 8, 1767:
"Rev. and very dear Sir—How glad was I to hear by the London
Shunamite, [Mrs. Herritage,] that you and your lady were well; that
God had given you a son; that you reflected on your preaching at
Tottenham Court chapel with pleasure; that you had gotten a curate;
and, to complete all, that you intended to visit England next spring.
This news rejoiced me before I left town, and was most grateful to
our good Lady Huntingdon, whom I have the honor of waiting upon
at this time in Bath. She hath been sick, nigh unto death, but
through mercy is now somewhat recovered, though as yet unable to
write much. This her ladyship much regrets on your account; and
therefore enjoins me to inform you, that your letter did not reach
her hands till many weeks after the proper time; that ever since she
has been visited with lingering sickness, but begs you will not linger
in coming over to our Macedonia to help us. The thought of it seems
to refresh her heaven-born soul. Blessed be God, her ladyship still
takes the lead.
"She is now doing honor to the remains of the Earl of Buchan,
who sweetly slept in Jesus last week. All hath been awful, and more
than awful. On Saturday evening, before the corpse was taken from
Buchan house, a word of exhortation was given, and a hymn sung in
the room where the corpse lay. The young Earl stood with his hands
on the head of the coffin, the Countess Dowager of Buchan on his
right hand, Lady Ann Agnes, and Lady Isabella Erskine on his left,
and their brother the Hon. Thomas Erskine next to their mother, with
Miss O——, Miss W——, Miss G——; on one side all the domestics,
with a few friends on the other. The word of exhortation was
received with great solemnity, and most wept under the parting
prayer. At ten, the corpse was removed to good Lady Huntingdon's
chapel, where it was deposited within a place railed in for that
purpose, covered with black baize, and the usual funeral
concomitants, except escutcheons.
"On Sunday morning, all attended in mourning at early sacrament.
They were seated by themselves, at the feet of the corpse, and with
their head servants, received first, and a particular address was
made to them. Immediately after receiving, these verses were sung
for them:

"'Our lives, our blood, we here present,

If for thy truth they may be spent:
Fulfil thy glorious counsel, Lord;
Thy will be done, thy name adored.

"'Give them thy strength, O God of power,

Then let men rave or devils roar,
Thy faithful witnesses they'll be;
'Tis fixed, they can do all through thee!'

"Then they received this blessing: 'The Lord bless you, and keep
you; the Lord lift up the light of his countenance upon you; the Lord
cause his face to shine upon you, and give you peace;' and so
returned to their places.
"Sacrament ended, and a blessed sacrament it was, the noble
mourners returned to the good Countess of Huntingdon's house,
which was lent them for the day. At eleven, public worship began.
The bereaved relatives sat in order within, and the domestics round
the outside of the rail. The chapel was more than crowded. Near
three hundred tickets, signed by the present earl, were given out to
the nobility and gentry, to be admitted. All was hushed and solemn.
Proper hymns were sung, and I preached on the words, 'Blessed are
the dead that die in the Lord.' Attention sat on every countenance,
and deep and almost universal impressions were made. The like
scene, and if possible more solemn, was exhibited in the evening,
and I was enabled to preach a second time, and a like power
attended the word as in the morning. Ever since, there hath been
public service and preaching twice a day. This is to be continued till
Friday morning, then all is to be removed to Bristol, in order to be
shipped off to Scotland. The inscription on the coffin runs thus: 'His
life was honorable—his death blessed—he sought earnestly peace
with God—he found it, with unspeakable joy, alone in the merits of
Jesus Christ, witnessed by the Holy Spirit to his soul—he yet
speaketh. Go and do likewise.'
"I have often wished for you here. Congregations are very large,
attentive, and deeply impressed. Great numbers of all ranks crowd
to see and hear; and I trust many will also feel. Surely the death of
this noble earl, thus improved, will prove the life of many. He
behaved like the patriarch Jacob, when by faith, leaning upon his
staff, he blessed his children. The earl added, 'Yea, and they shall be
blessed.' He laid his hands on, and blessed his children, assuring
them of his personal interest in Jesus. He had great foretastes of
heaven. 'Had I strength of body,' cried he, 'I would not be ashamed,
before men and angels, to tell what the Lord Jesus hath done for my
soul. Come, Holy Ghost—come, Holy Ghost; happy, happy, happy!'
and then sweetly slept in Jesus. All surviving relatives still feel the
influence. They sit round the corpse, attended by their domestics
and supporters, twice a day. Good Lady S—— gets fresh spirits. The
present noble earl, I believe, hath got the blessing indeed, and
seems, upon the best evidence, to determine to know nothing but
Jesus Christ, and him crucified. He hath behaved in the most
delicate manner to the Countess, and other noble survivors."
The summer of 1768 brought to Whitefield a series of changes.
For the last time he now visited Edinburgh, where he found his
congregations as large, and his Christian friends as affectionate as
ever. Soon after his return to London, Mrs. Whitefield was seized
with inflammatory fever, and died, as we have already seen, on the
9th of August. His own health too was more than declining. He
writes, "I have been in hopes of my own departure. Through hard
writing, and frequent preaching, I have burst a vein. The flux is in a
great measure stopped; but rest and quietness are strictly enjoined."
 "Rest and quietness!" With Whitefield such things were impossible
as long as he could move or speak. His fire must burn till its whole
material was expended; his heart overflowed, and he must labor till
his body sank under exhaustion. No persecution could appall him, no
sickness could long keep him from his beloved engagements. He
would preach till he died, being fully assured that his "labor was not
in vain in the Lord."
Neither Whitefield nor any of his friends could ever be the
advocates of an unlearned ministry. Many of the men engaged under
his direction, and preaching in what was already called "Lady
Huntingdon's connection," needed, as they well knew, a better
education than they possessed. Hence her ladyship obtained a lease
of an old structure, supposed to have been part of an ancient castle
erected in the reign of Henry the Second. The date over the
entrance, now almost effaced, is 1176. It was called Trevecca House,
was situated in the parish of Talgarth, in South Wales, and was for
some time the residence of Howel Harris. This building was opened
as a college for religious and literary instruction, and the chapel
dedicated to the preaching of the everlasting gospel, Aug. 24, 1768,
the anniversary of the Bartholomew act, and of the birth of her
ladyship. Mr. Whitefield preached from Exod. 24:24: "In all places
where I record my name, I will come unto thee and bless thee;" and
on the following Sabbath he addressed a congregation of some
thousands, who assembled in the court before the college. His text
on that occasion was, "Other foundation can no man lay than that is
laid, which is Jesus Christ." When speaking of the dedication of the
college, Mr. Whitefield says, "What we have seen and felt at the
college is unspeakable."
After her ladyship's death the institution was removed to
Cheshunt, about thirteen miles north of London, where it still
flourishes under the presidency of the Rev. Dr. W. H. Stowell.
In the early part of 1769, Mr. Whitefield was for some weeks
seriously ill, but towards the close of March, he was able to write,
"Through infinite mercy I have been able to preach four days
successively." During his illness he received many offers of
assistance from his brethren in the ministry, but from none more
cordially than from the Honorable and Rev. Mr. Shirley. Writing to
him, April 1, Whitefield says:
"How much am I obliged to you for your two kind letters, and
more especially for the repeated offers of your ministerial assistance.
They will be most gratefully accepted, and, I humbly hope, be
remarkably succeeded by Him who hath promised to be with us
always, even unto the end of the world. Blessed be His name, we
have been favored with most delightful passover feasts. The shout of
the King of kings is still heard in the midst of our Methodist camps;
and the shout of, Grace, grace! resounds from many quarters. Our
almighty Jesus knows how to build his temple in troublous times. His
work prospers in the hands of the elect countess, who is gone to
Bath, much recovered from her late indisposition. Worthy Lady
Fanny Shirley proposes soon to follow, in order to reside there. Some
more coronets, I hear, are likely to be laid at the Redeemer's feet.
They glitter gloriously when set in and surrounded by a crown of
thorns.
"'Subjects of the Lord, be bold;
Jesus will his kingdom hold;
Wheels encircling wheels must run,
Each in course to bring it on.'"
That the friendship of Dr. Franklin towards Mr. Whitefield was
sincere, cannot be doubted; there is, however, somewhat painful in
the thought, that even in this connection Franklin could not conceal
his scepticism. In 1769 both these eminent men were in London,
and every one knows that the state of our country was very trying.
Franklin thus wrote to Whitefield: "I am under continued
apprehensions that we may have bad news from America. The
sending soldiers to Boston always appeared to me a dangerous step;
they could do no good, they might occasion mischief. When I
consider the warm resentment of a people who think themselves
injured and oppressed, and the common insolence of the soldiery,
who are taught to consider that people as in rebellion, I cannot but
fear the consequences of bringing them together. It seems like
setting up a smith's forge in a magazine of gunpowder. I see with
you that our affairs are not well managed by our rulers here below; I
wish I could believe with you, that they are well attended to by
those above: I rather suspect, from certain circumstances, that
though the general government of the universe is well administered,
our particular little affairs are perhaps below notice, and left to take
the chance of human prudence or imprudence, as either may
happen to be uppermost. It is, however, an uncomfortable thought,
and I leave it."
It would have been strange indeed if Whitefield had allowed a
letter closing in this manner to pass without a remark; hence we are
prepared to find that, in his own handwriting, at the foot of the
autograph letter, he wrote, "Uncomfortable indeed! and, blessed be
God, unscriptural; for we are fully assured that 'the Lord reigneth,'
and are directed to cast all our own care on him, because he careth
for us." Could Dr. Franklin have seen the splendid results of that
management which he thought indicated the absence of a particular
providence—could he have beheld the vast Republic, the abode of
liberty, commerce, literature, and religion, which in less than a
century has grown out of the insurgent colonies—he would surely
have exclaimed, in the language of the prophet, "Verily there is a
God in the earth!"
In July, Whitefield was called by Lady Huntingdon to visit
Tunbridge Wells, a popular watering place in Kent, some twenty or
thirty miles from London, to dedicate a new and beautiful house to
the service of God. The congregation was far too large to be
accommodated within the walls; he therefore preached out of doors
from a mount in the court before the house. His text was, "This is
none other but the house of God, and this is the gate of heaven."
Gen. 28:17. This sermon is said to have been one of his most
eloquent and thrilling efforts; the lofty energy of his tones, the utter
forgetfulness of himself in the all-absorbing interest of his subject,
the very impersonation of the truths which he uttered as he
stretched forth his hand, "Look yonder; what is that I see? It is my
agonizing Lord! Hark, hark! do you not hear? O earth, earth, earth,
hear the word of the Lord!" thrilled the vast congregation, riveting
the eye, piercing the conscience, and holding strong men breathless
before the resistless might of his inspired eloquence. After the
service he delivered an exhortation, and on the next day again
preached and administered the Lord's supper.
He now began to prepare for his seventh, and as it proved, his last
voyage to America, especially to visit his beloved orphans and
friends in Georgia. The only thing which seems to have grieved him,
was the pain of parting for a time from his London friends. This was
nothing new, but his feelings were even less reconciled to the event
than formerly. "Oh," he says, "these partings! without a divine
support they would be intolerable. Talk not of taking personal leave;
you know my make. Paul could stand a whipping, but not a weeping
farewell."
The text of his last sermon was John 10:27, 28: "My sheep hear
my voice, and I know them, and they follow me: and I give unto
them eternal life; and they shall never perish, neither shall any man
pluck them out of my hand." The sermon was printed, and that very
incorrectly; but a few sentences will show that it was strikingly
characteristic: "These words, it will be recollected, were uttered by
Christ at the feast of dedication. This festival was of bare human
invention, and yet I do not find that our Lord preached against it.
And I believe that when we see things as we ought, we shall not
entertain our auditories about rites and ceremonies, but about the
grand thing. It is the glory of Methodists, that while they have been
preaching forty years, there has not been, that I know of, one single
pamphlet published by them about the non-essentials of religion....
The Lord divides the world into sheep and goats. O sinners, you are
come to hear a poor creature take his last farewell; but I want you
to forget the creature and his preaching. I want to lead you further
than the Tabernacle—even to mount Calvary, to see with what
expense of blood Jesus Christ purchased 'his own.' Now, before I go
any further, will you be so good, before the world gets into your
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