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 Programming Arduino®
Getting Started with Sketches

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 Programming Arduino®
Getting Started with Sketches

THIRD EDITION

Simon Monk

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00_Monk_FM.indd 3 22/09/22 12:07 PM

Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2012 by McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the
United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed
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 To my boys, Stephen and Matthew,
from a very proud Dad.

00_Monk_FM.indd 5 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 About the Author
Simon Monk has a bachelor’s degree in cybernetics and computer science and a
doctorate in software engineering. He has been an active electronics hobbyist since
his school days and is an occasional author in hobby electronics magazines.
Dr. Monk is also author of some 20 books on Maker and electronics topics, especially
Arduino and Raspberry Pi. Simon also designs products for MonkMakes Ltd.
https://monkmakes.com
You can find out more about his books at http://simonmonk.org. You can also
follow him on Twitter, where he is @simonmonk2.

00_Monk_FM.indd 6 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 CONTENTS

Preface ..................................................................................................... xi
Acknowledgments ................................................................................. xiii
Introduction ........................................................................................... xv

1 Getting Started ....................................................................... 1

Microcontrollers ........................................................................ 1
Development Boards ............................................................ 2
A Tour of an Arduino Uno Board ............................................ 3
Power Supply ........................................................................ 4
Power Connections .............................................................. 4
Analog Inputs ........................................................................ 4
Digital Connections .............................................................. 4
Microcontroller .................................................................... 5
Other Components .............................................................. 5
A Tour of a WiFi-Capable Arduino-Compatible ........... 6
The Origins of Arduino ............................................................ 7
Powering Up ................................................................................ 8
Installing the Software .............................................................. 8
Uploading Your First Sketch .............................................................. 10
The Arduino Application .................................................................... 14
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 16

2 C Language Basics .......................................................................... 17

Programming ......................................................................................... 17
What Is a Programming Language? .................................................. 19
Blink—Again! ......................................................................................... 24
Variables ................................................................................................. 26
Experiments in C ................................................................................... 27
Numeric Variables and Arithmetic .............................................. 29
Commands .............................................. 31
if 31
for 33
while 36

vii

00_Monk_FM.indd 7 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 viii Contents

Constants ............................................................................................... 37
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 37

3 Functions .......................................................................................... 39
What Is a Function? ............................................................................. 39
Parameters ............................................................................................. 40
Global, Local, and Static Variables .................................................... 41
Return Values ......................................................................................... 44
Other Variable Types .......................................................................... 45
Floats ................................................................................................. 45
Boolean ............................................................................................. 46
Other Data Types ............................................................................. 47
Coding Style ........................................................................................... 49
Indentation ........................................... 49
Opening Braces 50
Whitespace 50
Comments 51
Conclusion 52

4 Arrays and Strings

53
Arrays 53
Morse Code SOS Using Arrays 56
String Arrays 57
String Literals 57
String Variables 59
A Morse Code Translator 59
Data 60
Globals and Setup 61
The loop Function 62
The flashSequence Function ............................ 64
The flashDotOrDash Function 65
Putting It All Together 66
The String Class 67
Conclusion 67

5 Input and Output

69
Digital Outputs ..................................................................................... 69
5 V or 3.3 V? ..................................................................................... 72

00_Monk_FM.indd 8 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 Contents ix

Digital Inputs ......................................................................................... 73

Pull-Up Resistors ............................................................................. 73
Internal Pull-Up Resistors ............................................................ 76
Debouncing ....................................................................................... 77
Analog Outputs ..................................................................................... 82
Analog Input ........................................................................................... 84
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 86

6 Boards .............................................................................................. 87
Arduino Nano ....................................................................................... 87
Arduino Pro Mini ................................................................................. 89
Breadboard ............................................................................................. 90
The Boards Manager ............................................................................. 91
ESP32 Boards ......................................................................................... 92
Raspberry Pi Pico ................................................................................... 95
BBC micro:bit ......................................................................................... 96
Adafruit Feather System ...................................................................... 98
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 99

7 Advanced Arduino ........................................................................ 101

Random Numbers ................................................................................. 101
Math Functions ..................................................................................... 104
Bit Manipulation ................................................................................... 104
Advanced I/O ......................................................................................... 106
Generating Tones ............................................................................. 106
Feeding Shift Registers .................................................................. 108
Interrupts ............................................................................................... 108
Compile-Time Constants .............................................................. 110
The Arduino Web Editor .............................................................. 111
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 112

8 Data Storage .................................................................................... 113

Large Data Structures .......................................................................... 113
Storing Data in Flash Memory .......................................................... 114
EEPROM ................................................................................................. 116
Storing an int in EEPROM ............................................................ 117
Writing Anything to EEPROM .................................................... 119
Storing a float in EEPROM .......................................................... 120

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 x Contents

Storing a String in EEPROM ........................................................ 121

Clearing the Contents of EEPROM ............................................ 122
Compression ......................................................................................... 123
Range Compression ........................................................................ 123
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 124

9 Displays ............................................................................................ 125

Alphanumeric LCD Displays .............................................................. 126
A USB Message Board ........................................................................ 127
Using the Display ................................................................................... 129
Other LCD Library Functions ............................................................ 130
OLED Graphic Displays ...................................................................... 130
Connecting an OLED Display ............................................................ 131
Software ................................................................................................. 132
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 134

10 Arduino Internet of Things Programming ............................... 135

Boards for IoT ....................................................................................... 135
Installing ESP32 into the Arduino IDE ............................................ 136
Connecting to WiFi ............................................................................... 137
Running a Web Server ........................................................................ 139
Serving Sensor Readings .................................................................... 141
Serving Sensor Readings—Improved .............................................. 142
Turning the Built-in LED On and Off from a Web Page .............. 146
Connecting to a Web Service ............................................................ 147
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 153

Index ....................................................................................................... 155

00_Monk_FM.indd 10 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 PREFACE

The first edition of this book was published in November 2011 and has been
Amazon’s highest ranking book on Arduino.
The Arduino Uno is still considered to be the standard Arduino board. However,
many other boards, including both official Arduino boards (like the Leonardo,
Nano, and Pro Mini) and other Arduino-compatible devices like the Raspberry Pi
Pico, ESP32-based boards, and numerous Feather boards from Adafruit have also
appeared.
The Arduino software is available for so many families of microcontroller, that
it has become the environment of choice for many embedded programmers.
This edition also addresses the use of Arduino in Internet of Things (IoT)
projects and the use of various types of display including OLED and LCD.

Simon Monk

xi

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00_Monk_FM.indd 12 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank Linda for giving me the time, space, and support to write this book and
for putting up with the various messes my projects create around the house.
Finally, I would like to thank Lara Zoble and everyone involved in the produc-
tion of this book. It’s a pleasure to work with such a great team.

xiii

00_Monk_FM.indd 13 22/09/22 12:07 PM

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00_Monk_FM.indd 14 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 INTRODUCTION

Arduino interface boards provide a low-cost, easy-to-use technology to cre-

ate microcontroller-based projects. With a little electronics, you can make your
Arduino do all sorts of things, from controlling lights in an art installation to
managing the power on a solar energy system.
There are many project-based books that show you how to connect things to
your Arduino, including 30 Arduino Projects for the Evil Genius by this author.
However, the focus of this book is on programming the Arduino and Arduino-
compatible boards using the Arduino IDE.
This book will explain how to make programming the Arduino simple and
enjoyable, avoiding the difficulties of uncooperative code that so often afflict a
project. You will be taken through the process of programming the Arduino
step by step, starting with the basics of the C programming language that
Arduinos use.

So, What Is Arduino?

The word “Arduino” has come to mean both the hardware and a software environ-
ment for programming microcontroller boards. Because microcontroller boards
come in all shapes and sizes, our standard board will be the most popular official
Arduino board, the Arduino Uno.
The Arduino Uno is a small microcontroller board with a universal serial bus
(USB) plug to connect to your computer and a number of connection sockets that
can be wired to external electronics such as motors, relays, light sensors, laser
diodes, loudspeakers, microphones, and more. They can be powered either
through a USB connection from the computer, a battery, or from a power supply.
They can be controlled from the computer or programmed by the computer and
then disconnected and allowed to work independently.
The board design of official Arduino boards and many Arduino-compatible
boards is open source. This means that anyone is allowed to make Arduino-com-
patible boards. This competition has led to low costs for the boards and all sorts
of variations on the “standard” boards.

xv

00_Monk_FM.indd 15 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 xvi Introduction

The basic boards are supplemented by accessory shield boards that can be
plugged on top of the Arduino board.
The software for programming your Arduino is easy to use and also freely
available for Windows, Mac, and Linux computers. There is also a browser-based
version of the software.

What Will I Need?

This is a book intended for beginners, but it is also intended to be useful to those
who have used Arduino for a while and want to learn more about programming
the Arduino or gain a better understanding of the fundamentals. As such, this
book concentrates on the use of the Arduino Uno board, apart from Chapter 10
that uses an ESP32 Arduino-compatible board; however, almost all of the code
will work unmodified on all the Arduino models and various Arduino-compatible
microcontroller boards.
You do not need to have any programming experience or a technical back-
ground, and the book’s exercises do not require any soldering. All you need is the
desire to make something.
If you want to make the most of the book and try out some of the experiments,
then it is useful to have the following on hand:
• A few lengths of solid core wire
• A cheap digital multimeter
Both are readily available for a few dollars from a hobby electronics store or online
retailer such as Adafruit or Sparkfun. You will of course also need an Arduino, ide-
ally an Arduino Uno and for Chapter 10, a low-cost ESP32 Arduino-compatible
such as the Lolin32 Lite.
If you want to go a step further and experiment with displays, then you will
need to buy those too. See Chapters 9 and 10 for details.

Using This Book

This book is structured to get you started in a really simple way and gradually build
on what you have learned. You may, however, find yourself skipping or skimming
some of the early chapters as you find the right level to enter the book.

00_Monk_FM.indd 16 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 Introduction xvii

The book is organized into the following chapters:

• Chapter 1: Getting Started Here you conduct your first experiments
with your Arduino board: installing the software, powering it up, and
uploading your first sketch.
• Chapter 2: C Language Basics This chapter covers the basics of the
C language; for complete programming beginners, the chapter also serves
as an introduction to programming in general.
• Chapter 3: Functions This chapter explains the key concept of using and
writing functions in Arduino sketches. These sketches are demonstrated
throughout with runnable code examples.
• Chapter 4: Arrays and Strings Here you learn how to make and use
data structures that are more advanced than simple integer variables.
A Morse code example project is slowly developed to illustrate the
concepts being explained.
• Chapter 5: Input and Output You learn how to use the digital
and analog inputs and outputs on the Arduino in your programs.
A multimeter will be useful to show you what is happening on the
Arduino’s input/output connections.
• Chapter 6: Boards In this chapter we will look at the wide range of
Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards to help you choose the right
board for your project.
• Chapter 7: Advanced Arduino This chapter explains how to make use
of the Arduino functions that come in the Arduino’s standard library and
some other more advanced features of Arduino programming.
• Chapter 8: Data Storage Here you learn how to write sketches that can
save data in electrically erasable programmable read-only memory
(EEPROM) and make use of the Arduino’s built-in flash memory.
• Chapter 9: Displays In this chapter, you learn how to interface an Arduino
with displays and to make a simple USB message board.
• Chapter 10: Arduino Internet of Things Programming You learn how
to make the Arduino behave like a web server and communicate with the
Internet using services.

00_Monk_FM.indd 17 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 xviii Introduction

Resources
This book is supported by an accompanying web page.

www.arduinobook.com

There you will find all the source code used in this book as well as other resources,
such as errata.

00_Monk_FM.indd 18 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 1
Getting Started

Arduino is a microcontroller platform that has captured the imagination of

electronics enthusiasts. Its ease of use and open source nature make it a great
choice for anyone wanting to build electronic projects.
Ultimately, it allows you to connect electronics through its pins so that it can
control things—for instance, turn lights or motors on and off or sense things such
as light and temperature. This is why Arduino is sometimes given the description
physical computing. Because Arduinos can be connected to your computer by a
universal serial bus (USB) lead, this also means that you can use the Arduino as an
interface board to control those same electronics from your computer.
This chapter is an introduction to the Arduino system including the history
and background of the Arduino, as well as an overview of the Arduino Uno and
Lolin32 Lite, the two Arduino boards that we will use in this book.

Microcontrollers
The heart of your Arduino is a microcontroller. Pretty much everything else on
the board is concerned with providing the board with power and allowing it to
communicate with your desktop computer.
A microcontroller really is a little computer on a chip. It has everything and
more than the first home computers had. It has a processor, a small amount of
random access memory (RAM) for holding data, some erasable programmable
read-only memory (EPROM) or flash memory for holding your programs and it
has input and output pins. These input/output (I/O) pins link the microcontroller
to the rest of your electronics.

01_Monk_ch01.indd 1 03/08/22 2:32 PM

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Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 removal of older rocks by erosion before those of a later sequence
were laid down.

Weathering—any natural process, mechanical or chemical, whereby

rocks are disintegrated or decomposed into smaller particles and
ultimately into clay and soil.

50
 Index

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
W X Y Z

A
abrasion: 30
Adair, John: 6
“Age of Mammals”: 27
alabaster: 17
ancient man in Palo Duro Canyon: 3
anhydrite: 18
anticlines: 18
Apaches: 1, 3
aquifer: 26
Arapahos: 3
Archeozoic rocks: 13

B
“blow sand”: 28
bottom load: 29
Brazos River: 8
Buettneria: 22, 23, 24

C
calcite: 22
caliche: 26
camels: 27
camping and picnicking: 43
Canyon, Texas: 45
Capitol Peak: 1, 18, 19, 31, 40, 42
Carboniferous Period: 16
Catarina Cave: 19, 37, 38
chemical weathering: 30
chert: 26
Cheyennes: 3
Civilian Conservation Corps: 8
Colorado River: 8
comancheros: 6, 46
Comanches: 1, 3
concretions: 22
conglomerate: 24
coprolites: 22
Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de: 3
Coronado Lodge: 1, 21, 26, 33, 34
“Cow Cabins”: 41
cross-bedding: 19, 20
cross-stratification: 19

D
decomposition: 30
Devil’s Slide: 19, 40, 44
Devil’s Tombstone: 40
differential erosion: 31, 41
disintegration: 30
dugout, Col. Charles Goodnight’s: 39, 40

E
earth history: 10-12
Eastern Caprock Escarpment: 8
erosion, differential: 31, 41

F
flash floods: 29
fluorescence: 26
fluvial sediments: 24
Fortress Cliff: 1, 40, 42
fossils: 10
frost wedging: 30
 G
geodes: 22
geologic column: 12
geologic time scale: 11, 12
geomorphologist: 29
Goodnight, Colonel Charles: 1, 39, 40
gypsum: 17

H
Harper, Mrs. Ples: 35
hematite: 22
Hester, W. A.: 1
High Plains: 8
hiking: 43
history of park: 3-8
“hoodoos”: 23, 31
Horn, Ron: 35
horseback riding: 43
horses: 27
hydration: 18, 31
hydraulic action: 30

I
Ice Age: 3
igneous rocks: 10
Indian campground: 39
Indians of the Plains: 3

J
JA Ranch: 6

K
Kiowas: 1, 3

L
Lighthouse, The: 23, 25, 39, 41
Little Sunday Canyon: 39
Llano Estacado: 8

M
Mackenzie, Colonel Ranald: 3
mammals: 27
Marcy, Captain R. B.: 6
mass-wasting: 31
mastodon, shovel-jawed: 27
mechanical weathering: 30
metamorphic rocks: 10
mortar hole: 25

O
Observation Point: 33
Ogallala Formation: 21, 23-27, 42
opal: 26
oxidation: 31

P
Paleozoic Era: 13
Palo Duro Canyon State Park: 7, 14, 45
Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum: 2, 27, 45-46
Park Entrance: 33
park history: 3-8
Park Road 5: 33, 38, 50
Parker, Chief Quanah: 7
Pecos River: 8 51
pedestal rock: 25
petrified wood: 22
photography: 43
phytosaurs: 22
picnicking and camping: 43
Pioneer Amphitheatre: 33-34
Plains Indians: 3
Pleistocene rocks: 28
time: 3
Pliocene Epoch: 27
Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River: 1, 29, 39
Precambrian rocks: 13
principle of superposition: 13
Proterozoic rocks: 13
psilomelane: 22

Q
Quartermaster Formation: 12, 17-19, 20, 21, 31, 36, 37, 42, 44

R
Red River: 8, 29
reduction halos: 19, 20
ripple marks: 19
Rock Garden, The: 23, 40, 43
Rocky Mountains: 24

S
saber-tooth cat: 27
Sad Monkey, Texas: 36
Railroad: 6, 20, 23, 35
Santana’s Face: 23, 37, 38
satin spar: 17
Scenic Drive, The: 33
sedimentary rocks: 10
sediments: 10
selenite: 17
septaria: 22
septarian concretions: 22
shovel-jawed mastodon: 27
Sky Ride, The: 37
Sleeping Indian: 40, 42
sloths: 27
siliceous rocks: 27
solution: 29
Spanish Skirts: 19, 37
suffosian: 19
Sunday Canyon: 40
superposition, principle of: 13
suspension: 29
synclines: 18

T
talus: 31
talus slopes: 31
Tecovas Formation: 19-22, 36, 37, 42, 44
Texas Panhandle: 9
Texas Panhandle Heritage Foundation, Inc.: 35
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department: 2
Texas-Santa Fe Expedition: 6
Timber Mesa: 1, 23, 37, 38
time scale, geologic: 11, 12
tortoises: 27
Triassic Peak: 1, 35
Trujillo Formation: 20, 21, 22-23, 36, 38, 42, 43
Turnaround, The: 1, 41, 44

U
unconformities: 21

W
water crossings: 39
weathering: 30
West Texas State University: 45
Wolfin, Charles A.: 1
 Footnotes

[1]
Professor of Geology, Lamar State College of Technology,
Beaumont, Texas.

[2]
Entries marked with asterisk are published by the Bureau of
Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin. Those not
out of print are distributed at nominal sale price; list sent on
request.
 Transcriber’s Notes
This book, published without copyright notice, is in the public
domain.
Silently corrected a few palpable typos.
Added links to glossary entries.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GEOLOGIC
STORY OF PALO DURO CANYON ***

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