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New Perspectives on HTML5 CSS3 JavaScript
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Discover the thorough instruction you need to build dynamic, interactive Web sites from
scratch with NEW PERSPECTIVES ON HTML5, CSS3, AND JAVASCRIPT, 6E. This
user-friendly book provides comprehensive coverage of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
with an inviting approach that starts with the basics and does not require any prior
knowledge on the subject. Detailed explanations of key concepts and skills make even
the most challenging topics clear and accessible. Case scenarios and case problems
place the most complex concepts within an understandable and practical context. You
develop important problem solving skills as you work through realistic exercises. Proven
applications and an interesting approach help you retain the material and apply what
you’ve learned in a professional environment.

1. Preface
2. Brief Contents
3. Table of Contents
4. Tutorial 1: Getting Started with HTML5: Creating a Website for a Food Vendor
5. Session 1.1 Visual Overview: The Structure of an HTML Document
6. Exploring the World Wide Web
7. Introducing HTML
8. Tools for Working with HTML
9. Exploring an HTML Document
10. Creating the Document Head
11. Adding Comments to Your Document
12. Session 1.1 Quick Check
13. Session 1.2 Visual Overview: HTML Page Elements
14. Writing the Page Body
15. Linking an HTML Document to a Style Sheet
16. Working with Character Sets and Special Characters
17. Working with Inline Images
18. Working with Block Quotes and Other Elements
19. Session 1.2 Quick Check
20. Session 1.3 Visual Overview: Lists and Hypertext Links
21. Working with Lists
22. Working with Hypertext Links
23. Specifying the Folder Path
24. Linking to a Location within a Document
25. Linking to the Internet and Other Resources
26. Working with Hypertext Attributes
27. Session 1.3 Quick Check
28. Review Assignments
29. Case Problems
30. Tutorial 2: Getting Started with CSS: Designing a Website for a Fitness Club
31. Session 2.1 Visual Overview: CSS Styles and Colors
32. Introducing CSS
33. Exploring Style Rules
34. Creating a Style Sheet
35. Working with Color in CSS
36. Employing Progressive Enhancement
37. Session 2.1 Quick Check
38. Session 2.2 Visual Overview: CSS Typography
39. Exploring Selector Patterns
40. Working with Fonts
41. Setting the Font Size
42. Controlling Spacing and Indentation
43. Working with Font Styles
44. Session 2.2 Quick Check
45. Session 2.3 Visual Overview: Pseudo Elements and Classes
46. Formatting Lists
47. Working with Margins and Padding
48. Using Pseudo-Classes and Pseudo-Elements
49. Generating Content with CSS
50. Inserting Quotation Marks
51. Session 2.3 Quick Check
52. Review Assignments
53. Case Problems
54. Tutorial 3: Designing a Page Layout: Creating a Website for a Chocolatier
55. Session 3.1 Visual Overview: Page Layout with Floating Elements
56. Introducing the display Style
57. Creating a Reset Style Sheet
58. Exploring Page Layout Designs
59. Working with Width and Height
60. Floating Page Content
61. Session 3.1 Quick Check
62. Session 3.2 Visual Overview: Page Layout Grids
63. Introducing Grid Layouts
64. Setting up a Grid
65. Outlining a Grid
66. Introducing CSS Grids
67. Session 3.2 Quick Check
68. Session 3.3 Visual Overview: Layout with Positioning Styles
69. Positioning Objects
70. Handling Overflow
71. Clipping an Element
72. Stacking Elements
73. Session 3.3 Quick Check
74. Review Assignments
75. Case Problems
76. Tutorial 4: Graphic Design with CSS: Creating a Graphic Design for a Genealogy
Website
77. Session 4.1 Visual Overview: Backgrounds and Borders
78. Creating Figure Boxes
79. Exploring Background Styles
80. Working with Borders
81. Session 4.1 Quick Check
82. Session 4.2 Visual Overview: Shadows and Gradients
83. Creating Drop Shadows
84. Applying a Color Gradient
85. Creating Semi-Transparent Objects
86. Session 4.2 Quick Check
87. Session 4.3 Visual Overview: Transformations and Filters
88. Transforming Page Objects
89. Exploring CSS Filters
90. Working with Image Maps
91. Session 4.3 Quick Check
92. Review Assignments
93. Case Problems
94. Tutorial 5: Designing for the Mobile Web: Creating a Mobile Website for a Daycare
Center
95. Session 5.1 Visual Overview: Media Queries
96. Introducing Responsive Design
97. Introducing Media Queries
98. Exploring Viewports and Device Width
99. Creating a Mobile Design
100. Creating a Tablet Design
101. Creating a Desktop Design
102. Session 5.1 Quick Check
103. Session 5.2 Visual Overview: Flexbox Layouts
104. Introducing Flexible Boxes
105. Working with Flex Items
106. Reordering Page Content with Flexboxes
107. Exploring Flexbox Layouts
108. Creating a Navicon Menu
109. Session 5.2 Quick Check
110. Session 5.3 Visual Overview: Print Styles
111. Designing for Printed Media
112. Working with the @page Rule
113. Working with Page Breaks
114. Session 5.3 Quick Check
115. Review Assignments
116. Case Problems
117. Tutorial 6: Working with Tables and Columns: Creating a Program Schedule
for a Radio Station
118. Session 6.1 Visual Overview: Structure of a Web Table
119. Introducing Web Tables
120. Adding Table Borders with CSS
121. Spanning Rows and Columns
122. Creating a Table Caption
123. Session 6.1 Quick Check
124. Session 6.2 Visual Overview: Rows and Column Groups
125. Creating Row Groups
126. Creating Column Groups
127. Exploring CSS Styles and Web Tables
128. Tables and Responsive Design
129. Designing a Column Layout
130. Session 6.2 Quick Check
131. Review Assignments
132. Case Problems
133. Tutorial 7: Designing a Web Form: Creating a Survey Form
134. Session 7.1 Visual Overview: Structure of a Web Form
135. Introducing Web Forms
136. Starting a Web Form
137. Creating a Field Set
138. Creating Input Boxes
139. Adding Field Labels
140. Designing a Form Layout
141. Defining Default Values and Placeholders
142. Session 7.1 Quick Check
143. Session 7.2 Visual Overview: Web Form Widgets
144. Entering Date and Time Values
145. Creating a Selection List
146. Creating Option Buttons
147. Creating Check Boxes
148. Creating a Text Area Box
149. Session 7.2 Quick Check
150. Session 7.3 Visual Overview: Data Validation
151. Entering Numeric Data
152. Suggesting Options with Data Lists
153. Working with Form Buttons
154. Validating a Web Form
155. Applying Inline Validation
156. Session 7.3 Quick Check
157. Review Assignments
158. Case Problems
159. Tutorial 8: Enhancing a Website with Multimedia: Working with Sound, Video,
and Animation
160. Session 8.1 Visual Overview: Playing Web Audio
161. Introducing Multimedia on the Web
162. Working with the audio Element
163. Exploring Embedded Objects
164. Session 8.1 Quick Check
165. Session 8.2 Visual Overview: Playing Web Video
166. Exploring Digital Video
167. Using the HTML5 video Element
168. Adding a Text Track to Video
169. Using Third-Party Video Players
170. Session 8.2 Quick Check
171. Session 8.3 Visual Overview: Transitions and Animations
172. Creating Transitions with CSS
173. Animating Objects with CSS
174. Session 8.3 Quick Check
175. Review Assignments
176. Case Problems
177. Tutorial 9: Getting Started with JavaScript: Creating a Countdown Clock
178. Session 9.1 Visual Overview: Creating a JavaScript File
179. Introducing JavaScript
180. Working with the script Element
181. Creating a JavaScript Program
182. Debugging Your Code
183. Session 9.1 Quick Check
184. Session 9.2 Visual Overview: JavaScript Variables and Dates
185. Introducing Objects
186. Changing Properties and Applying Methods
187. Writing HTML Code
188. Working with Variables
189. Working with Date Objects
190. Session 9.2 Quick Check
191. Session 9.3 Visual Overview: JavaScript Functions and Expressions
192. Working with Operators and Operands
193. Working with the Math Object
194. Working with JavaScript Functions
195. Running Timed Commands
196. Controlling How JavaScript Works with Numeric Values
197. Session 9.3 Quick Check
198. Review Assignments
199. Case Problems
200. Tutorial 10: Exploring Arrays, Loops, and Conditional Statements: Creating a
Monthly Calendar
201. Session 10.1 Visual Overview: Creating and Using Arrays
202. Introducing the Monthly Calendar
203. Introducing Arrays
204. Session 10.1 Quick Check
205. Session 10.2 Visual Overview: Applying a Program Loop
206. Working with Program Loops
207. Comparison and Logical Operators
208. Program Loops and Arrays
209. Session 10.2 Quick Check
210. Session 10.3 Visual Overview: Conditional Statements
211. Introducing Conditional Statements
212. Completing the Calendar App
213. Managing Program Loops and Conditional Statements
214. Session 10.3 Quick Check
215. Review Assignments
216. Case Problems
217. Tutorial 11: Working with Events and Styles: Designing an Interactive Puzzle
218. Session 11.1 Visual Overview: Event Handlers and Event Objects
219. Introducing JavaScript Events
220. Creating an Event Handler
221. Using the Event Object
222. Exploring Object Properties
223. Session 11.1 Quick Check
224. Session 11.2 Visual Overview: Event Listeners and Cursors
225. Working with Mouse Events
226. Introducing the Event Model
227. Exploring Keyboard Events
228. Changing the Cursor Style
229. Session 11.2 Quick Check
230. Session 11.3 Visual Overview: Anonymous Functions and Dialog Boxes
231. Working with Functions as Objects
232. Displaying Dialog Boxes
233. Session 11.3 Quick Check
234. Review Assignments
235. Case Problems
236. Tutorial 12: Working with Document Nodes and Style Sheets: Creating a
Dynamic Document Outline
237. Session 12.1 Visual Overview: Exploring the Node Tree
238. Introducing Nodes
239. Creating and Appending Nodes
240. Working with Node Types, Names, and Values
241. Session 12.1 Quick Check
242. Session 12.2 Visual Overview: Exploring Attribute Nodes
243. Creating a Nested List
244. Working with Attribute Nodes
245. Session 12.2 Quick Check
246. Session 12.3 Visual Overview: Style Sheets and Style Rules
247. Working with Style Sheets
248. Working with Style Sheet Rules
249. Session 12.3 Quick Check
250. Review Assignments
251. Case Problems
252. Tutorial 13: Programming for Web Forms: Creatings Forms for Orders and
Payments
253. Session 13.1 Visual Overview: Forms and Elements
254. Exploring the Forms Object
255. Working with Form Elements
256. Working with Input Fields
257. Working with Selection Lists
258. Working with Options Buttons and Check Boxes
259. Formatting Numeric Values
260. Applying Form Events
261. Working with Hidden Fields
262. Session 13.1 Quick Check
263. Session 13.2 Visual Overview: Passing Data between Forms
264. Sharing Data between Forms
265. Working with Text Strings
266. Introducing Regular Expressions
267. Programming with Regular Expressions
268. Session 13.2 Quick Check
269. Session 13.3 Visual Overview: Validating Form Data
270. Validating Data with JavaScript
271. Testing a Form Field against a Regular Expression
272. Testing for Legitimate Card Numbers
273. Session 13.3 Quick Check
274. Review Assignments
275. Case Problems
276. Tutorial 14: Exploring Object-Based Programming: Designing an Online Poker
Game
277. Session 14.1 Visual Overview: Custom Objects, Properties, and Methods
278. Working with Nested Functions
279. Introducing Custom Objects
280. Session 14.1 Quick Check
281. Session 14.2 Visual Overview: Object Classes and Prototypes
282. Defining an Object Type
283. Working with Object Prototypes
284. Session 14.2 Quick Check
285. Session 14.3 Visual Overview: Objects and Arrays
286. Combining Objects
287. Combining Objects and Arrays
288. Session 14.3 Quick Check
289. Review Assignments
290. Case Problems
291. Appendix A: Color Names with Color Values, and HTML Character Entities
292. Appendix B: HTML Elements and Attributes
293. Appendix C: Cascading Styles and Selectors
294. Appendix D: Making the Web More Accessible
295. Appendix E: Designing for the Web
296. Appendix F: Page Validation with XHTML
297. Glossary
298. Index
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 MARCELLO, BENEDETTO (1686-1739), Italian musical
composer, was born in 1686, either on the 31st of July or on the 1st
of August. He was of noble family (in his compositions he is
frequently described as “Patrizio Veneto”), and although a pupil of
Lotti and Gasparini, was intended by his father to devote himself to
the law. In 1711 he was a member of the Council of Forty, and in
1730 went to Pola as Provveditore. His health having been impaired
by the climate of Istria, he retired after eight years to Brescia in the
capacity of Camerlengo, and died there on the 24th of July 1739.

Marcello is best remembered by his Estro poetico-armonico

(Venice, 1724-1727), a musical setting for voices and strings of the
first fifty Psalms, as paraphrased in Italian by G. Giustiniani. They
were much admired by Charles Avison, who with John Garth brought
out an edition with English words (London, 1757). Some extracts are
to be found in Hawkins’s History of Music. His other works are chiefly
cantatas, either for one voice or several; the library of the Brussels
conservatoire possesses some interesting volumes of chamber-
cantatas composed for his mistress. Although he produced an opera,
La Fede riconosciuta, at Vicenza in 1702, he had little sympathy with
this form of composition, and vented his opinions on the state of
musical drama at the time in the satirical pamphlet Il Teatro alla
moda, published anonymously in Venice in 1720. This little work,
which was frequently reprinted, is not only extremely amusing, but is
also most valuable as a contribution to the history of opera.

A catalogue of his works is given in Monatshefte für

Musikgeschichte, vol. xxiii. (1891).
 MARCELLUS, the name of two popes.
Marcellus I. succeeded Marcellinus, after a considerable interval,
most probably in May 308, under Maxentius. He was banished from
Rome in 309 on account of the tumult caused by the severity of the
penances he had imposed on Christians who had lapsed under the
recent persecution. He died the same year, being succeeded by
Eusebius. He is commemorated on the 16th of January.

Marcellus II. (Marcello Cervini), the successor of Julius III., was

born on the 6th of May 1501, and was elected pope on the 9th of
April 1555. He had long been identified with the rigorist party in the
church, and as president of the Council of Trent had incurred the
anger of the emperor by his jealous defence of papal prerogative.
His motives were lofty, his life blameless, his plans for reform nobly
conceived. But death removed him (April 30, 1555) before he could
do more than give an earnest of his intentions. He was followed by
Paul IV.

Contemporary lives are to be found in Panvinio, continuator of

Platina, De vitis pontiff, rom.; and Ciaconius, Vitae et res gestae
summorum pontiff. rom. (Rome, 1601-1602). P. Polidoro, De
gestis, vita et moribus Marcelli II. (Rome, 1744), makes use of
an unpublished biography of the pope by his brother, Alessandro
Cervini. See also Brilli, Intorno alla vita e alle azioni di Marcello
 II. (Montepulciano, 1846); Ranke, Popes (Eng. trans., Austin), i.
284 seq.; A. von Reumont, Gesch. der Stadt Rom, iii. 2, 512,
seq. (T. F. C.)

MARCELLUS, a Roman plebeian family belonging to the

Claudian gens. Its most distinguished members were the following:
—

1. Marcus Claudius Marcellus (c. 268-208 b.c.), one of the Roman

generals during the Second Punic War and conqueror of Syracuse.
He first served against Hamilcar in Sicily. In his first consulship (222)
he was engaged, with Cn. Cornelius Scipio as colleague, in war
against the Insubrian Gauls, and won the spolia opima for the third
and last time in Roman history by slaying their chief Viridomarus or
Virdumarus (Polybius ii. 34; Propertius v. 10, 39). In 216, after the
defeat at Cannae, he took command of the remnant of the army at
Canusium, and although he was unable to prevent Capua going over
to Hannibal, he saved Nola and southern Campania. In 214 he was
in Sicily as consul at the time of the revolt of Syracuse; he stormed
Leontini and besieged Syracuse, but the skill of Archimedes repelled
his attacks. After a two years’ siege he gradually forced his way into
the city and took it in the face of strong Punic reinforcements. He
spared the lives of the inhabitants, but carried off their art treasures
to Rome, the first instance of a practice afterwards common. Consul
again in 210, he took Salapia in Apulia, which had revolted to
Hannibal, by help of the Roman party there, and put to death the
Numidian garrison. Proconsul in 209, he attacked Hannibal near
Venusia, and after a desperate battle retired to that town; he was
accused of bad generalship, and had to leave the army to defend
himself in Rome. In his last consulship (208), he and his colleague,
while reconnoitring near Venusia, were unexpectedly attacked, and
Marcellus was killed. His successes have been exaggerated by Livy,
but the name often given to him, the “sword of Rome,” was well
deserved.

Livy xxiii. 14-17, 41-46; xxiv. 27-32, 35-39; xxv. 5-7, 23-31;
xxvi. 26, 29-32; xxvii. 1-5, 21-28; Polybius viii. 5-9, x. 32;
Appian, Hannib. 50; Florus ii. 6.

2. M. Claudius Marcellus, an inveterate opponent of Julius Caesar.

During his consulship (51 b.c.) he proposed to remove Caesar from
his army in March 49, but this decision was delayed by Pompey’s
irresolution and the skilful opposition of the tribune C. Curio (see
Caesar, Julius). In January 49 he tried to put off declaring war
against Caesar till an army could be got ready, but his advice was
not taken. When Pompey left Italy, Marcus and his brother Gaius
followed, while his cousin withdrew to Liternum. After Pharsalus M.
Marcellus retired to Mytilene, where he practised rhetoric and
studied philosophy. In 46 his cousin and the senate successfully
appealed to Caesar to pardon him, and Marcellus reluctantly
consented to return. On this occasion Cicero’s1 speech Pro Marcello
was delivered. Marcellus left for Italy, but was murdered in May by
one of his own attendants, P. Magius Chilo, in the Peiraeus. Marcellus
was a thorough aristocrat. He was an eloquent speaker (Cicero,
Brutus, 71), and a man of firm character, although not free from
avarice.
 See Cicero, Ad fam. iv. 4, 7, 10, and Ad Att. v. 11 (ed. Tyrrell
and Purser); Caesar, B. C. i. 2; Suetonius, Caesar, 29; G.
Boissier, Cicero and his Friends (Eng. trans., 1897).

3. M. Claudius Marcellus (c. 43-23 b.c.), son of C. Marcellus and

Octavia, sister of Augustus. In 25 he was adopted by the emperor
and married to his daughter Julia. This seemed to mark him out as
the heir to the throne, but Augustus, when attacked by a serious
illness, gave his signet to M. Vipsanius Agrippa. In 23 Marcellus, then
curule aedile, died at Baiae. Livia was suspected of having poisoned
him to get the empire for her son Tiberius. Great hopes had been
built on the youth, and he was celebrated by many writers,
especially by Virgil in a famous passage (Aeneid, vi. 860). He was
buried in the Campus Martius, and Augustus himself pronounced the
funeral oration. The Theatrum Marcelli (remains of which can still be
seen) was afterwards dedicated in his honour.

Horace, Odes, i. 12; Propertius iii. 18; Dio Cassius liii. 28, 30;
Tacitus, Annals, ii. 41; Suetonius, Augustus, 63; Vell. Pat. ii. 93.

1 The authorship of this speech has been disputed.

MARCESCENT (Lat. marcescens, withering), a botanical term

for withering without falling off.
 MARCH, EARLS OF, title derived from the “marches” or
boundaries (1) between England and Wales, and (2) England and
Scotland, and held severally by great feudal families possessed of
lands in those border districts. The earls of March on the Welsh
borders were descended from Roger de Mortemer (so called from his
castle of Mortemer in Normandy), who was connected by marriage
with the dukes of Normandy. His son Ralph (d. c. 1104) figures in
Domesday as the holder of vast estates in Shropshire, Herefordshire
and other parts of England, especially in the west; and his grandson
Hugh de Mortimer, founder of the priory of Wigmore in
Herefordshire, was one of the most powerful of the barons reduced
to submission by Henry II., who compelled him to surrender his
castles of Cleobury and Wigmore. The Mortimers, however,
continued to exercise almost undisputed sway, as lords of Wigmore,
over the western counties and the Welsh marches.

I. Welsh Marches.—Roger de Mortimer (c. 1286-1330), 8th baron of

Wigmore and 1st earl of March, being an infant at the death of his
father, Edmund, was placed by Edward I. under the guardianship of
Piers Gaveston, and was knighted by Edward in 1306; Mortimer’s
mother being a relative of Edward’s consort, Eleanor of Castile.
Through his marriage with Joan de Joinville, or Genevill, Roger not
only acquired increased possessions on the Welsh marches, including
the important castle of Ludlow, which became the chief stronghold
of the Mortimers, but also extensive estates and influence in Ireland,
whither he went in 1308 to enforce his authority. This brought him
into conflict with the De Lacys, who turned for support to Edward
Bruce, brother of Robert Bruce, king of Scotland. Mortimer was
appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland by Edward II. in 1316, and at
the head of a large army drove Bruce to Carrickfergus, and the De
Lacys into Connaught, wreaking vengeance on their adherents
whenever they were to be found. He was then occupied for some
years with baronial disputes on the Welsh border until about 1318,
when he began to interest himself in the growing opposition to
Edward II. and his favourites, the Despensers; and he supported
Humphrey de Bohun, earl of Hereford, in refusing to obey the king’s
summons to appear before him in 1321. Forced to surrender to the
king at Shrewsbury in January 1322, Mortimer was consigned to the
Tower of London, whence he escaped to France in August 1324. In
the following year Isabella, wife of Edward II., anxious to escape
from her husband, obtained his consent to her going to France to
use her influence with her brother, Charles IV., in favour of peace. At
the French court the queen found Roger Mortimer; she became his
mistress soon afterwards, and at his instigation refused to return to
England so long as the Despensers retained power as the king’s
favourites. The scandal of Isabella’s relations with Mortimer
compelled them both to withdraw from the French court to Flanders,
where they obtained assistance for an invasion of England. Landing
in England in September 1326, they were joined by Henry, earl of
Lancaster; London rose in support of the queen; and Edward took
flight to the west, whither he was pursued by Mortimer and Isabella.
After wandering helplessly for some weeks in Wales, the king was
taken on the 16th of November, and was compelled to abdicate in
favour of his son. But though the latter was crowned as Edward III.
in January 1327, the country was ruled by Mortimer and Isabella,
who procured the murder of Edward II. in the following September.
Rich estates and offices of profit and power were now heaped on
Mortimer, and in September 1328 he was created earl of March.
Greedy and grasping, he was no more competent than the
Despensers to conduct the government of the country. The jealousy
and anger of Lancaster having been excited by March’s arrogance,
Lancaster prevailed upon the young king, Edward III., to throw off
the yoke of his mother’s paramour. At a parliament held at
Nottingham in October 1330 a plot was successfully carried out by
which March was arrested in the castle, and, in spite of Isabella’s
entreaty to her son to “have pity on the gentle Mortimer,” was
conveyed to the Tower. Accused of assuming royal power and of
various other high misdemeanours, he was condemned without trial
and hanged at Tyburn on the 29th of November 1330, his vast
estates being forfeited to the crown. March’s wife, by whom he had
four sons and eleven daughters, survived till 1356. The daughters all
married into powerful families, chiefly of Marcher houses. His eldest
son, Edmund, was father of Roger Mortimer (c. 1328-1360), who
was knighted by Edward III. in 1346, and restored to his
grandfather’s title as 2nd earl of March.

Edmund de Mortimer (1351-1381), 3rd earl of March, was son of

Roger, 2nd earl of March, by his wife Philippa, daughter of William
Montacute, 1st earl of Salisbury. Being an infant at the death of his
father, Edmund, as a ward of the crown, was placed by Edward III.
under the care of William of Wykeham and Richard Fitzalan, earl of
Arundel. The position of the young earl, powerful on account of his
possessions and hereditary influence in the Welsh marches, was
rendered still more important by his marriage in 1368 to Philippa,
only daughter of Lionel, duke of Clarence, third son of Edward III.
Lionel’s wife was Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of William de
Burgh, 6th Lord of Connaught and 3rd earl of Ulster, and Lionel had
himself been created earl of Ulster before his marriage. The earl of
March, therefore, not only became the representative of one of the
chief Anglo-Norman lordships in Ireland in right of his wife Philippa,
but the latter, on the death of her father shortly after her marriage,
stood next in succession to the crown after the Black Prince and his
sickly son Richard, afterwards king Richard II. This marriage had,
therefore, far-reaching consequences in the history of England,
giving rise to the claim of the house of York to the crown of England,
contested in the War of the Roses; Edward IV. being descended from
the third son of Edward III. as great-great-grandson of Philippa,
countess of March, and in the male line from Edmund, duke of York,
fifth son of Edward III.

Mortimer, now styled earl of March and Ulster, became marshal of

England in 1369, and was employed in various diplomatic missions
during the next following years. He was a member of the committee
appointed by the Peers to confer with the Commons in 1373—the
first instance of such a joint conference since the institution of
representative parliaments—on the question of granting supplies for
John of Gaunt’s war in France; and in the opposition to Edward III.
and the court party, which grew in strength towards the end of the
reign, March took the popular side, being prominent in the Good
Parliament of 1376 among the lords who, encouraged by the Prince
of Wales, concerted an attack upon the court party led by John of
Gaunt. The Speaker of the Commons in this parliament was March’s
steward, Peter de la Mare; he firmly withstood John of Gaunt in
stating the grievances of the Commons, in supporting the
impeachment of several high court officials, and in procuring the
banishment of the king’s mistress, Alice Perrers. March was a
member of the administrative council appointed by the same
parliament after the death of the Black Prince to attend the king and
advise him in all public affairs. On the accession of Richard II., a
minor, in 1377, the earl became a member of the standing council of
government; though as father of the heir-presumptive to the crown
he wisely abstained from claiming any actually administrative office.
The most powerful person in the realm was, however, John of
Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, whose jealousy of March led to the
acceptance by the latter of the lieutenancy of Ireland in 1379. March
succeeded in asserting his authority in eastern Ulster, but failed to
subdue the O’Neills farther west. Proceeding to Munster to put down
the turbulency of the chieftains of the south, March died at Cork on
the 27th of December 1381. He was buried in Wigmore Abbey, of
which he had been a benefactor, and where his wife Philippa who
died about the same time was also interred. The earl had two sons
and two daughters, the elder of whom, Elizabeth, married Henry
Percy (Hotspur), son of the earl of Northumberland. His eldest son
Roger succeeded him as 4th earl of March and Ulster. His second son
Edmund (1376-1409) played an important part in conjunction with
his brother-in-law Hotspur against Owen Glendower; but afterwards
joined the latter, whose daughter he married about 1402.

Roger de Mortimer, 4th earl of March and Ulster (1374-1398), son

of the 3rd earl, succeeded to the titles and estates of his family
when a child of seven, and a month afterwards he was appointed
lord-lieutenant of Ireland, his uncle Sir Thomas Mortimer acting as
his deputy. Being a ward of the Crown, his guardian was the earl of
Kent, half-brother to Richard II.; and in 1388 he married Kent’s
daughter, Eleanor. The importance which he owed to his hereditary
influence and possessions, and especially to his descent from
Edward III., was immensely increased when Richard II. publicly
acknowledged him as heir-presumptive to the crown in 1385. In
1394 he accompanied Richard to Ireland, but notwithstanding a
commission from the king as lieutenant of the districts over which he
exercised nominal authority by hereditary right, he made little
headway against the native Irish chieftains. March enjoyed great
popularity in England though he took no active part in opposing the
despotic measures of the king; in Ireland he illegally assumed the
native Irish costume. In August 1398 he was killed in fight with an
Irish clan, and was buried in Wigmore Abbey. March’s daughter Anne
married Richard earl of Cambridge, son of Edmund duke of York,
fifth son of Edward III.; their son Richard, duke of York, was father
of King Edward IV., who thus derived his title to the crown and
acquired the estates of the house of Mortimer.

Edmund de Mortimer (1391-1425), 5th earl of March and Ulster, son

of the 4th earl, succeeded to his father’s claim to the crown as well
as to his title and estates on the death of the latter in Ireland in
1398. In the following year Richard II. was deposed and the crown
seized by Henry of Lancaster. The young earl of March and his
brother Roger were then kept in custody by Henry IV., who,
however, treated them honourably, until March 1405, when they
were carried off from Windsor Castle by the opponents of the
Lancastrian dynasty, of whom their uncle Sir Edmund Mortimer (see
above) and his brother-in-law Henry Percy (Hotspur) were leaders in
league with Owen Glendower. The boys were recaptured, and in
1409 were committed to the care of the prince of Wales. On the
accession of the latter as Henry V., in 1413, the earl of March was
set at liberty and restored to his estates, his brother Roger having
died some years previously; and he continued to enjoy the favour of
the king in spite of a conspiracy in 1415 to place him on the throne,
in which his brother-in-law, the earl of Cambridge, played the
leading part. March accompanied Henry V. throughout his wars in
France, and on the king’s death in 1422 became a member of the
council of regency. He died in Ireland in 1425, and as he left no
issue the earldom of March in the house of Mortimer became extinct,
the estates passing to the last earl’s nephew Richard, who in 1435
was officially styled duke of York, earl of March and Ulster, and baron
of Wigmore. Richard’s son Edward having ascended the throne in
1461 as Edward IV., the earldom of March became merged in the
crown.

See Thomas Rymer, Foedera, &c. (London, 1704-1732); T. F.

Tout, The Political History of England, vol. iii., ed. by William
Hunt and R. L. Poole (London, 1905); Sir William Dugdale,
Monasticon anglicanum (3 vols., London, 1655-1673); William
Stubbs, Constitutional History of England, vol. ii.

II. Scottish Marches.—The Scottish earls of March were descended

from Crinan, whose son Maldred married Algitha, daughter of
Ughtred, earl of Northumberland, by Elgiva, daughter of the Saxon
king Æthelred. Maldred’s son Cospatrick, or Gospatrick, was made
earl of Northumberland by William the Conqueror; but being soon
afterwards deprived of this position he fled to Scotland, where
Malcolm Canmore, king of Scotland, welcomed him and granted him
Dunbar and the adjoining lands. Two generations of Cospatricks
followed in lineal succession, bearing the title of earl, but without
territorial designation. Cospatrick II. witnessed the charter of
Alexander I. founding the abbey of Scone in 1115. The 3rd earl, also
named Cospatrick, a liberal benefactor of Melrose Abbey, died in
1166, leaving two sons, the younger of whom was the ancestor of
the earls of Home. The elder son, Waltheof, was the first of the
family to be styled “Comes de Dunbar,” about the year 1174. His
importance is proved by the fact that he was one of the hostages for
the performance of the Treaty of Falaise for the liberation of William
the Lion in 1175. Waltheof’s son Patrick Dunbar (the name Dunbar,
derived from the family estates, now becoming an hereditary
surname), styled 5th earl of Dunbar, although his father had been
the first to adopt the territorial designation, was keeper of Berwick
Castle, and married Ada, natural daughter of William the Lion. His
grandson Patrick, 7th earl, headed the party that liberated King
Alexander III. in 1255 from the Comyns, and in the same year was
nominated guardian of the king and queen by the Treaty of
Roxburgh. He signed the Treaty of Perth (July 6, 1266) by which
Magnus VI. of Norway ceded the Isle of Man and the Hebrides to
Scotland. His wife was Christian, daughter of Robert Bruce, the
competitor for the crown of Scotland.

Patrick Dunbar, 8th earl of Dunbar and 1st earl of March, claimed
the crown of Scotland in 1291 as descendant of Ada, daughter of
William the Lion. He was one of the “seven earls of Scotland,” a
distinct body separate from the other estates of the realm, who
claimed the right to elect a king in cases of disputed succession, and
whose authority was, perhaps, to be traced to the seven provinces
of the Pictish kingdom. He was the first of the earls of Dunbar to
appear in the records as “comes de Marchia,” or earl of March. Like
most of his family in later times, he was favourable to the English
interest in Scottish affairs, and he did homage to Edward I. of
England. His wife Marjory, daughter of Alexander Comyn, earl of
Buchan, took the other side and held the castle of Dunbar for Baliol,
but was forced to surrender it to Edward in 1296. In 1298 he was
appointed the English king’s lieutenant in Scotland.
 Patrick Dunbar (1285-1369), 9th earl of Dunbar and 2nd earl of
March, son of the preceding, gave refuge to Edward II. of England
after Bannockburn, and contrived his escape by sea to England.
Later, he made peace with Robert Bruce, and by him was appointed
governor of Berwick Castle, which he held against Edward III. until
the defeat of the Scots at Halidon Hill (July 19, 1333) made it no
longer tenable. His countess, known in Scottish history and romance
as “Black Agnes,” daughter of Thomas Randolph, earl of Moray
(Murray), and grandniece of Robert Bruce, is famous for her defence
of Dunbar Castle against the English under the earl of Salisbury in
1338, Salisbury being forced to abandon the attempt after a fierce
siege lasting nineteen weeks. This lady succeeded to the estates and
titles of her brother, John Randolph, 3rd earl of Moray. The earldom
of Moray passed after her death to her second son, John Dunbar,
who married Marjory, daughter of King Robert II. Black Agnes also
bore to the earl of March two daughters, the elder of whom, Agnes,
after being the mistress of King David II., married Sir James
Douglas, lord of Dalkeith, from whom were descended the first three
earls of Morton; the younger, Elizabeth, married John Maitland of
Lethington, ancestor of the duke of Lauderdale, whose second title
was marquess of March.

George Dunbar (d. 1420), 10th earl of Dunbar and 3rd earl of
March, great-nephew of the 8th earl and warden of the marches,
accompanied Douglas in his foray into England in 1388, and
commanded the Scots after Otterburn. He afterwards quarrelled with
the Douglases, because his daughter was passed over in favour of a
daughter of Archibald, “the Grim Earl of Douglas,” as wife for David,
duke of Rothesay, son of Robert III. When Douglas seized March’s
lands the latter fled to England, where he was welcomed by Henry
IV., to whom he was related. He fought on the English side at
Homildon Hill; and, having revealed to Henry the defection of the
Percies, who were in league with Douglas and Owen Glendower, he
fought against those allies at the battle of Shrewsbury (July 23,
1403). Becoming reconciled with Douglas, he returned to Scotland in
1409, and was restored to his earldom by the regent Albany. He died
in 1420.

George Dunbar, 11th earl of Dunbar and 4th earl of March, was one
of the negotiators for the release of James I. of Scotland in 1423
from his captivity in England, and was knighted at that king’s
coronation. In 1434, however, on the ground that the regent had
had no power to reverse his father’s forfeiture for treason, March
was imprisoned and his castle of Dunbar seized by the king; and the
parliament at Perth declared his lands and titles forfeited to the
crown. The earl, being released, retired to England with his son
Patrick, whose daughter and heiress Margaret was ancestress of
Patrick, 5th earl of Dumfries, now represented by the marquess of
Bute.

The earldom of March in the house of Dunbar having thus been

forfeited to the crown, James II. in 1455 conferred the title, together
with that of warden of the marches, on his second son Alexander,
duke of Albany; but this prince entered into treasonable
correspondence with Edward IV. of England, and in 1487 the
earldom of March and the barony and castle of Dunbar were again
declared forfeited and annexed to the crown of Scotland.

The title of earl of March was next held by the house of Lennox.
In 1576 the earldom of Lennox became extinct on the death without
male issue of Charles (father of Lady Arabella Stuart), 5th earl of
Lennox; and it was then revived in favour of Robert Stuart, a grand-
uncle of King James VI., second son of John, 3rd earl of Lennox. But
in 1579 Esmé Stuart, a member of a collateral branch which in 1508
had inherited the lordship of Aubigny in France, came to Scotland
and obtained much favour with James VI. The earldom of Lennox
(soon afterwards raised to a dukedom) was taken from Robert and
conferred upon Esmé; and Robert was compensated by being
created earl of March and baron of Dunbar (1582). Robert died
without legitimate issue in 1586, when the earldom of March again
reverted to the crown. In 1619 Esmé, 3rd duke of Lennox, was
created earl of March; and his son James was created duke of
Richmond in 1641. On the death without issue of Charles, 6th duke
of Lennox and 3rd duke of Richmond, in 1672, his titles devolved
upon King Charles II. as nearest collateral heir-male. In 1675
Charles conferred the titles of duke of Richmond and Lennox and
earl of March on Charles Lennox, his natural son by Louise de
Keroualle, duchess of Portsmouth, from whom the earldom of March
has descended to its present holder the duke of Richmond and
Gordon. (See Richmond, Earls and Dukes of; and Lennox.)

The title of earl of March in the peerage of Scotland, by another

creation, was conferred in 1697 on William Douglas, second son of
William, 1st duke of Queensberry. His grandson William, 3rd earl of
March, became 4th duke of Queensberry on the death without
surviving male issue of his cousin Charles, 3rd duke of Queensberry,
in 1778. Dying unmarried in 1810, the several titles of the duke
passed to different branches of the house of Douglas. The earldom
of March is stated by Sir Bernard Burke and other authorities to have
devolved upon Francis, 8th earl of Wemyss, great-great-grandson of
David, 3rd earl of Wemyss, whose wife was Anne, daughter of the
1st duke of Queensberry and sister of the 1st earl of March; and the
title is now assumed by the earl of Wemyss. On the other hand,
Francis, 8th earl of Wemyss, not having been an heir of the body of
the 1st earl of March, Sir Robert Douglas says in The Peerage of
Scotland that on the death of the 4th duke of Queensberry in 1810
“the earldom of March, it is supposed, became extinct.”

See Andrew Lang, History of Scotland (4 vols., London, 1900-

1907); Sir Bernard Burke, A Genealogical History of Dormant
and Extinct Peerages (London, 1866); Sir Robert Douglas, The
Peerage of Scotland (2 vols., Edinburgh 1813); Lady Elizabeth
Cust, Some Account of the Stuarts of Aubigny in France
(London, 1891).
(R. J. M.)

MARCH, AUZIAS (c. 1395-1458), Catalan poet, was born at

Valencia towards the end of the 14th century. Little is known of his
career except that he was twice married—first to Na Ysabel
Martorell, and second to Na Johanna Scorna—that he died on the
4th of November 1458, and that he left several natural children.
Inheriting an easy fortune from his father, the treasurer to the duke
of Gandia, and enjoying the powerful patronage of Prince Carlos de
Viana of Aragon, March was enabled to devote himself to poetical
composition. He is an undisguised follower of Petrarch, carrying the
imitation to such a point that he addresses his Cants d’amor to a
lady whom he professes to have seen first in church on Good Friday;
so far as the difference of language allows, he reproduces the
rhythmical cadences of his model, and in the Cants de mort touches
a note of brooding sentiment peculiar to himself. Though his poems
are disfigured by obscurity and a monotonous morbidity, he was fully
entitled to the supremacy which he enjoyed among his
contemporaries, and the success of his innovation no doubt
encouraged Boscán to introduce the Italian metres into Castilian.

His verses were first printed in Catalan in 1543, but they had
already become known through the Castilian translation
published by Baltasar de Romani in 1539.

MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825- ), American

philologist and educationalist, was born on the 25th of October 1825
in Millbury, Massachusetts. He graduated in 1845 at Amherst, where
his attention was turned to the study of Anglo-Saxon by Noah
Webster. He was a teacher at Swanzey, New Hampshire, and at the
Leicester Academy, Massachusetts, in 1845-1847, and attempted the
philological method of teaching English “like Latin and Greek,” later
described in his Method of Philological Study of the English
Language (1865); at Amherst in 1847-1849; at Fredericksburg,
Virginia, in 1852-1855; and in 1855 became a tutor at Lafayette
College, where he became adjunct professor of belles-lettres and
English literature in 1856, and professor of English language and
comparative philology—the first chair of the kind established—in
1857. He lectured on constitutional and public law and Roman law in
1875-1877, and also taught subjects as diverse as botany and
political economy. In 1907 he became professor emeritus. At
Lafayette he introduced the first carefully scientific study of English
in any American college, and in 1870 published A Comparative
Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language, in which its Forms are
Illustrated by Those of the Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Gothic, Old Saxon,
Old Friesic, Old Norse and Old High German, and An Anglo-Saxon
Reader; he was editor of the “Douglass Series of Christian Greek and
Latin Classics,” to which he contributed Latin Hymns (1874); he was
chairman of the Commission of the State of Pennsylvania on
Amended Orthography; and was consulting editor of the Standard
Dictionary, and in 1879-1882 was director of the American readers
for the Philological Society’s (New Oxford) Dictionary. He was
president of the American Philological Association in 1873-1874 and
in 1895-1896, of the Spelling Reform Association after 1876, and of
the Modern Language Association in 1891-1893. Among American
linguistic scholars March ranks with Whitney, Child and Gildersleeve;
and his studies in English, though practically pioneer work in
America, are of undoubted value. His article “On Recent Discussions
of Grimm’s Law” in the Transactions and Proceedings of the
American Philological Association for 1873 in large part anticipated
Verner’s law. With his son, Francis Andrew March, jun. (b. 1863),
adjunct-professor of modern languages in 1884-1891 and
subsequently professor of English literature at Lafayette, he edited A
Thesaurus Dictionary of the English Language (1903).

See Addresses in Honor of Professor Francis A. March, LL.D.,

L.H.D., delivered at Easton, Pennsylvania, on the 24th of
October 1895.
 MARCH, a market town in the Wisbech parliamentary division
of Cambridgeshire, England, 30 m. N. by W. of Cambridge. Pop. of
urban district (1901), 7565. It lies in the midst of the flat fen
country, on the old course of the river Nene. It is an important
junction on the Great Eastern railway and the starting-point of a line
worked by that company jointly with the Great Northern to Lincoln
and Doncaster. The church of St Wendreda, in Early English and later
styles, is remarkable for a magnificent Perpendicular timber roof,
beautifully carved. There are agricultural implement and engineering
works, and corn mills.

MARCH, the third month of the modern calendar, containing

thirty-one days. It was the Romans’ first month until the adoption of
the Julian calendar, 46 b.c., and it continued to be the beginning of
the legal year in England until the 18th century. In France it was
reckoned the first month of the year until 1564, when, by an edict of
Charles IX., January was decreed to be thenceforth the first month.
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