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Chapter 08 - Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa

Chapter 08
Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Ancient members of the group __________ were the first living organisms on earth.
A. Archaea
B. Protists
C. Fungi
D. Plantae
E. Animalia

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

2. Because protists groups cannot be drawn back to a single common ancestor the group is
considered to be
A. polygynous.
B. polyphyletic.
C. holophytic.
D. autotrophic.
E. monophyletic.

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

8-1
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Chapter 08 - Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa

3. Protists are believed to have arisen about __________ years ago.

A. 100 billion
B. 10 billion
C. 1.5 billion
D. 100 million
E. 10 million

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

4. The most recent classification scheme put forth by the International Society of
Protistologists places protists into six
A. phyla
B. classes
C. kingdoms
D. super groups
E. genera

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

5. In a protist, the portion of the cytoplasm that lies just beneath the plasma membrane
(pellicle) is called the
A. cell wall.
B. cell membrane.
C. hypoplasm.
D. endoplasm.
E. ectoplasm.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

8-2
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Chapter 08 - Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa

6. Contractile vacuoles in freshwater protozoans function to

A. remove excess water.
B. remove the nitrogenous by-products of metabolism.
C. capture prey.
D. increase the efficiency of movement.
E. destroy infectious bacteria.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

7. In some protists, food may be ingested in a special region, the

A. cytopyge.
B. oral hood.
C. cytopharynx.
D. oral aperture.
E. cytosome.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

8. In heterotrophic protists, digestion and transport of food occurs in

A. ingestion vacuoles.
B. contractile vacuoles.
C. egestion vacuoles.
D. food vacuoles.
E. cytopygial vacuoles.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

8-3
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Chapter 08 - Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa

9. Egestion vacuoles release their contents by

A. simple diffusion.
B. osmosis.
C. active transport.
D. facilitated diffusion.
E. exocytosis.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

10. Egestion vacuoles release their contents through the

A. cytopyge.
B. oral pore.
C. anus.
D. cytopharynx.
E. mouth.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

11. The principal nitrogenous waste of protozoans is

A. guanine.
B. ammonia.
C. urea.
D. uric acid.
E. urine.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

8-4
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Chapter 08 - Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa

12. In protists, both gas exchange and excretion occur by __________ across the plasma
membrane.
A. endocytosis
B. active transport
C. diffusion
D. exocytosis
E. facilitated diffusion

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

13. The common means of sexual reproduction among ciliated protists is

A. budding.
B. fragmentation.
C. schizogony.
D. conjugation.
E. multiple fission.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

14. __________ occurs in protists when a large number of daughter cells are formed from a
single parent cell.
A. Multiple mitosis
B. Fragmentation
C. Budding
D. Binary fission
E. Schizogeny

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

8-5
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Chapter 08 - Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa

15. Protists in this super group are amoeboid in morphology and have very fine pseudopodia
called filopodia.
A. Excavata
B. Amoebozoa
C. Rhizaria
D. Chromalveolata
E. Actinopoda

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

16. "Red-tides" are caused by

A. radiolarians.
B. foraminiferans.
C. sporooans.
D. volvicines.
E. dinoflagellates.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

17. The protozoan Trypanosoma brucei is the causal organism of the disease
A. African sleeping sickness.
B. malaria.
C. leishmaniasis.
D. trichina.
E. balantidiasis.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

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Chapter 08 - Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa

18. The vectors of Trypanosoma are

A. Aedes mosquitoes.
B. all species of flies.
C. tsetse flies.
D. all species of mosquitoes.
E. all species of ticks and mites.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

19. __________ is one of the opportunistic diseases affecting AIDS patients in the United
States.
A. Trypanosoma
B. Nosema
C. Entamoeba
D. Toxoplasma
E. Plasmodium

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

20. Toxoplasmosis is primarily carried to humans by

A. the tsetse fly.
B. the mosquito.
C. chickens.
D. consumption of contaminated water.
E. cats.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

8-7
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Chapter 08 - Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa

21. Pseudopodia that are broad and are used for locomotion and engulfing food are called
A. lobopodia.
B. filipodia.
C. reticulopodia.
D. axopodia.
E. amphipodia.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

22. Members of the genus Amoeba ingest food by

A. absorption.
B. active transport.
C. phagocytosis.
D. exocytosis.
E. facilitated diffusion.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

23. A(n) ________ protozoan would possess a lobopodium.

A. Euglena
B. Dinoflagellate
C. Sporozoan
D. Amoeba
E. Ciliated

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

8-8
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Chapter 08 - Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa

24. The pathogenic amoeba that causes dysentery in humans is

A. Entamoeba gingivalis.
B. Amoeba proteus.
C. Entamoeba coli.
D. Amoeba difflugia.
E. Entamoeba histolytica.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

25. The white cliffs of Dover are an example of a/an __________ chalk deposit.
A. foraminiferan
B. radiolarian
C. heliozoan
D. difflugian
E. arcellian

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

26. Some of the oldest eukaryotic fossils are

A. difflugians.
B. radiolarians.
C. arcellians.
D. heliozoans.
E. bacteria.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

8-9
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Chapter 08 - Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa

27. A process known as __________ begins the sexual phase of the coccidean life cycle.
A. exogeny
B. schizogeny
C. endogeny
D. gametogeny
E. sporogeny

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

28. Ancient Egyptian records indicate humans were infected with which parasite?
A. Toxoplasma.
B. Isospora.
C. Trypanosoma.
D. Eimeria.
E. Plasmodium.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

29. All ciliates have a large __________ nucleus that controls normal functions.
A. diploid
B. polyploid
C. haploid
D. monoploid
E. heteroploid

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

8-10
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Chapter 08 - Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa

30. Of the protozoans listed below, which one is capable of photosynthesis?

A. Giardia
B. Toxoplasma
C. Euglena
D. Trypanosoma
E. Plasmodium

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

31. Many __________ are symbiotic in the digestive tracts of ruminate ungulates (hoofed
mammals), and aid in digestion for their hosts.
A. englenoids
B. trypanosomes
C. amoebae
D. sporozoeans
E. ciliates

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

32. In the ciliates, one or more __________ serve as the genetic reserve of the cell.
A. macronuclei
B. polyploid nuclei
C. triploid nuclei
D. heteroploid nuclei
E. micronuclei

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

8-11
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Chapter 08 - Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa

33. Protozoans in this group are nearly all parasites of humans.

A. Apicomplexans
B. Dinoflagellates
C. Ciliophorans
D. Formaniferans
E. Tubulineans

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

34. Ciliates have a distinct "cell mouth" called a

A. protostome.
B. cytostome.
C. picnostome.
D. phagostome.
E. cytopore.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

35. An economically important disease of poultry is

A. trypanosomiasis.
B. pebrine.
C. foul brood.
D. coccidiosis.
E. sarcocystitis.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

8-12
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Chapter 08 - Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa

36. Sexual reproduction of ciliates involves a process called

A. conjugation.
B. gametogony.
C. sporogony.
D. cohabitation.
E. copulation.

Blooms Level: 01. Remember

Blooms Level: 02. Understand

37. An important parasitic ciliate that lives in the large intestines of humans, pigs, and other
mammals is
A. Entamoeba gingivalis.
B. Trypanosoma brucei.
C. Balantidium coli.
D. Plasmodium falciparum.
E. Entamoeba histolytica.

8-13
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this portal is located the scene of St. Paul’s escape, where, in his
own words, “Through a window in a basket was I let down by the
wall and escaped.”693 In the lapse of time and through the
devastations of war the window is gone, but on the east wall of the
city are several buildings, with projecting windows, from which many
persons were let down during the recent massacre; and to the east
of the wall is the traditional site of Naaman’s palace, on which has
been erected a leper’s hospital, probably for his descendants.

Though Damascus has survived the mightiest cities of the past,

the vast cemeteries in the environs of the town, crowded with the
dead, are a mournful proof that the countless generations, which
from the most remote ages have dwelt within her gates and reclined
in her fragrant gardens, have gone down to their graves. Wandering
among the monuments of those venerable grave-yards, I saw the
tombs of three of Mohammed’s wives; of Fatima, his granddaughter,
the unfortunate child of Aly; of Moawyeh, the founder of the dynasty
of the Ommiades; and of Saladîn, the victor of Hattîn.

Damascus is built on both banks of the Abana, a mile and a half

from the base of the lowest ridge of anti-Lebanon. It is
encompassed with a wall, exhibiting specimens of the masonry of
every age from the Roman to the present time, and which is
penetrated by seven gates occupying their ancient sites. Of an
irregular oval shape, the old city, the nucleus of the present town, is
on the south bank of the river. Here stands the massive castle, a
large quadrangular building 840 feet long by 600 broad, the
foundations of which were laid by the Romans and the
superstructure reared by the Saracens. Through this portion of the
city runs the “street called Straight,” and on its northern side are the
principal buildings—the churches of the Christians, the Khan As’ad
Pasha, and the Great Mosque. The latter structure is the most
imposing and magnificent edifice in Damascus. Built in the form of a
quadrangle, it is 489 feet long by 324 wide. On its northern side is a
spacious court 431 feet long and 125 broad, surrounded by cloisters,
with arches springing from granite and marble columns. The interior
is divided into a nave and aisles, formed by two rows of Corinthian
columns. The floor is of tesselated marble, covered with Persian
carpets, and the walls are incased with mosaics and various colored
marbles. Beneath the transept is a cave, said to contain, in a gold
casket, the head of John the Baptist. From the centre of the transept
rises a noble dome, 50 feet in diameter and 120 high, resting on
four massive piers. The exterior is adorned with three minarets, the
loftiest of which is 250 feet high. It is generally supposed that this
grand mosque stands on the site of the temple of the god Rimmon,
and that here Naaman deposited the “two mules’ burden of earth”
which he had brought from the Plains of Jericho;694 and here
probably stood that beautiful altar which excited the admiration of
King Ahaz, and which served as the model for the altar he caused to
be constructed in Jerusalem.695

On the opposite bank of the river is a large suburb, the Turkish

quarter of the city, containing the residences of the chief officers of
the government and of the army. To the west are the barracks, and
to the southward is the Meidân, through which runs a broad avenue,
the ordinary route taken by the pilgrim caravan on its way to Mecca.

The chief resorts of the Damascenes for pleasure are the

numerous and elegant cafés, several of which are on the banks of
the Abana. Here platforms are erected over the foaming waters,
shaded by willows, poplars, palms, and cypresses. At night a
thousand miniature lamps of varied forms and colors glimmer among
the branches of the trees and are reflected in the river below, while
turbaned Turks while away the hours sipping delicious Mocha coffee
from thimble-sized cups, whiffing the best Stamboul tobacco-smoke
through ornamented chibouks, humming some monotone chant, or
listening to the recital of some Oriental tale of love, prodigality, or
war. Damascus is at once a commercial and manufacturing city. The
principal articles manufactured are silks, woolen and cotton cloths,
gold and silver ornaments, confections, nargilies, boots, shoes,
slippers, and pattens worn by the belles of the town. The bazars are
usually filled with articles of home manufacture, and those imported
from Manchester, Birmingham, Lyons, Paris, Constantinople,
Cashmere, and Bagdad. Arranged in open stalls, the bazars are
among the most interesting objects to be seen by the Occidental.
Here he witnesses the activity and trade of the city, and beholds
scenes unlike any thing of the kind to be seen in the West. He is
soothed by the odor of perfumes and spices; his appetite is tempted
by preserved fruits and confectioneries; he is delighted or offended
by the scent of various kinds of tobacco; he is bewildered by the
sound of the hammers of the silversmiths; his curiosity is awakened
by the odd-shaped boots and slippers; and his admiration is excited
by costly diamonds, emeralds, rubies, robes, antique armors,
Damascus blades, and jeweled daggers.

Previous to the fearful massacre of 1860 the population of

Damascus numbered 150,000 souls. Of these, 129,000 were
Moslems, 6000 Jews, and 15,000 Christians; but the murders,
captivities, and dispersions incident to that dreadful tragedy have
reduced the Christian population to less than two thirds its original
number. The Christians were among the most wealthy and intelligent
citizens; their dwellings and churches were of the most splendid
order, and by their thrift and industry they had added largely to the
revenues of the city. But the fanaticism of the Moslems culminated in
a murderous assault, the results of which are too well known to the
world. The cause was deep-seated and inveterate, the occasion
puerile and trifling. Several Mohammedan and Christian boys were at
play in one of the streets, and the former, evincing the spirit of
persecution, drew the figure of a cross upon the sand, and then
attempted to compel the latter to trample upon it; but, equally and
strongly attached to the religion of their fathers, they resisted, and a
scuffle followed. Learning the cause of the trouble, the parents of
the Christian boys caused the Mohammedan lads to be arrested and
brought before the city judge. It was the torch applied to the
magazine. Indignant and infuriated, the Moslem parents collected
their friends, who proceeded to the Christian Quarter and
commenced the terrible assault. The fathers, sons, and husbands of
the Christian families were absent from their residences, absorbed in
the business of their several callings. The attack was made in mid-
afternoon, and in an hour the whole Moslem population was
engaged in the work of death and destruction. Their religious hatred
had been long suppressed, but their pent-up fury now burst forth
like the sudden and violent irruption of a volcano. The tocsin was
sounded, and the followers of the Crescent hastened to exterminate
the adherents of the Cross. Entering their dwellings, Christian
mothers, wives, and daughters were surprised by their ravishers and
murderers, while their husbands, fathers, and sons were slain in the
streets by hundreds while hastening to rescue their beloved ones.
Escaping through windows, and leaping from the roofs of their
dwellings, the Christian women sought refuge in their churches and
monasteries; but, forgetful of the reverence due the sacred
sanctuaries, the Moslems applied the torch, consuming the edifices
and the helpless refugees within them. The flames continued to
spread till a third of the city, and by far the most elegant portion,
had been reduced to ashes. Where the house of a Christian adjoined
that of a Mohammedan, it was torn down rather than fired, lest the
ungovernable flames might consume what had not been doomed to
destruction. In a covered alley not far from “Straight” street, 300
women, the accomplished wives and daughters of merchant princes,
took refuge; but their merciless persecutors added death to insult,
and sabred them on the spot. The wild Bedouins who chanced to be
in the city dispatched couriers to their companions, who, mounted
on their fleet horses, came as on the wings of the wind to abuse and
murder the helpless.

The third point of attack on that memorably sad day was the
residence of the American Vice-Consul, Dr. Mashaka, one of the most
eminent of Arabic scholars. His ample fortune allowed him to live in
princely style, and his family is the most accomplished I saw in the
East. His daughter was wounded, his son was missing for three
days, and the person of his beautiful and excellent wife was barely
rescued from the licentious and murderous Moslems by the timely
interposition of a female friend. He himself was wounded, and only
escaped death by the heroic behavior of his Mohammedan cawass,
and by flight to the residence of Abd-el-Kader.

Day after day the work of death and conflagration went on.
Magnificent cathedrals, stately monasteries, and splendid private
residences were reduced to heaps of shapeless ruins. Every where
were to be seen broken fountains, shattered vases, fragments of
mosaic pavements, tesselated marble walls, and arabesque ceilings,
with costly furniture strewn about in utter confusion. Even the small
stone house which tradition had consecrated as the home of the
good Ananias suffered from the torch of persecution. The fine
residences of the American missionaries were consumed, and their
large and valuable libraries scattered among the débris of their
homes. In addition to the slain, 500 of the fair sisters and daughters
of those who survived the massacre were carried to the mountains
by the wild Bedouins of the Hauran. Thousands of Christian families
became fugitives, their homes, fortunes, and hopes forever ruined.
The Christian Mission was broken up, and their church, in which 400
worshipers assembled on the Sabbath in the enjoyment of a pure
faith, was consumed. Bishops, priests, and monks fled, and
Damascus was given over to Mohammed and the Devil. The
authorities of the city connived with the mob, and the government
troops joined in the acts of violence. But there was one humane
Mohammedan who attempted to stay the massacre, and whose
home afforded shelter to the defenseless. Abd-el-Kader, with 300
Algerian soldiers, who had followed their celebrated chief into exile,
stood as a wall of brass against the fanaticism and fury of the
murderers. At the head of his little band, he drove the mob from
places which they had attacked, he pursued those who were bearing
off helpless women, and swore the death of any who should invade
his home to dispatch those who had taken refuge beneath his roof.
Inflexible in purpose as he was invincible in courage, he himself
became the object of their revenge. Undaunted by their threats and
repelling their attacks, he became the enemy of the Moslem, but the
friend and benefactor of the Christian. Great as he is humane, he
will long be remembered with delight by the civilized world.
 It was in the afternoon of the last day I spent in Damascus that
I enjoyed an interview with this distinguished man. After waiting in
the reception-room, which was plainly furnished, while the servant
announced our names, the Emir appeared at the fountain in a
spacious court-yard, and invited us to seats in an elegant apartment,
on divans of embroidered satin. Small cups of Mocha coffee were
passed, according to the invariable etiquette of a Mohammedan
house. The conversation, which had been general, now turned upon
the recent massacre, and the noble part he had acted in the sad
drama. His modesty, however, allowed him to say but little, but he
kindly showed us the several national presents he had received as
testimonials of his generous deeds. Greece had sent him two gold
stars, on one of which was a medallion likeness of King Otho, and on
the other were the words, “Thy right hand, O Lord, is glorified;”
Turkey had presented him with two massive silver stars, bearing the
appropriate inscription, “Protection, Zeal, and Fidelity;” France had
conferred on him the “Cross of the Legion of Honor,” encircled with
emeralds and diamonds, and surmounted with a gold crown; the
“Free and Accepted Masons” had bestowed upon him the symbols of
their Order; Sardinia, and Russia, and Austria, and Prussia had
honored him with gold stars set with jewels; and from the United
States he had received a magnificent brace of revolvers, of which he
seemed justly proud. Though thus honored by all these great
powers, he had received no gift of remembrance from England; and
when assured by an English gentleman present that much had been
said in his country about a gift, the Emir quietly replied, “I prefer
works to words.” This failure on the part of England to recognize the
magnanimity of this extraordinary man is inexplicable. By the Turks it
is regarded as an acquiescence in the fearful slaughter. This is
unjust; the cause, however, is to be found in her truckling policy
toward the Turkish empire, and in her unwillingness to offend the
religious sensibilities of the inhuman Moslem. Abd-el-Kader is now in
the prime of life, of full habit, above the medium height, with a full
face, large head, high, rounded brow, eyes large, black, and
lustrous, beard slight and dark, and the expression of his
countenance, when in repose, is that of benevolence and kindliness;
but the peculiar shape of his mouth, together with his general air,
indicate decision, courage, and the capacity of being, when
circumstances demand, impetuous and even desperate. He is
celebrated for the terrible battles he fought with the French in
Algiers, and at present is confined within the limits of Damascus as
their prisoner of war. The protection he extended to the Christians
has rendered him unpopular with the Moslems of the city of his
exile, and he desires another more congenial with his tastes and
sentiments. He is a devout Mohammedan, but, were he a Christian,
what a splendid leader he would make to unite and lead the Syrian
Christians to victory!
 CONCLUSION.
Some master-mind is yet to write the political history of the Holy
Land from the conquest of Titus to the death of the late Sultan Abd-
ul-Medjid. Such a history would bring to light crusades the most
chivalrous and ruinous, political schemes the most ambitious and
degrading, and religious systems the most fanatical and corrupting
the world has ever known. Such a work would advance the science
of government and the higher purposes of Christianity; it would be
the echo of the prophetic voice uttered centuries ago, and furnish an
unanswerable argument that the present physical and moral
condition of the Land of Promise is the result of misrule, and of a
stupendous system of oppression, extortion, and fanaticism. It would
especially prove the undeniable fact that the Turk is the enemy of
good government, of national greatness, of social and intellectual
refinement, of domestic and individual purity, and demonstrate
beyond dispute that the reign of the Turk is the reign of ruin. Suited
best to the excitement of battle, and to the plunder and murder of
the vanquished, in times of peace the unrestrained passions of the
Turk drive him to vices no less destructive of himself than they are
blighting to civilized society. In the camp and on the field he has
always prospered; but when unimpelled by the excitement of war,
his vigor has disappeared, and he has been a leech on the body
politic, and a drone in community. Whether in Europe, Asia, or
Africa, he has run a regular course of rapid attainment of power by
bloody and devastating wars, and then as regularly declined from
the moment when, as conqueror, he sat down to reap the fruits of
victory. The Turk and Islam are identical; the former is the
embodiment of the latter, and the latter is exterminating to all who
refuse submission to the sway of the False Prophet, and annihilating
to every thing which does not subserve the ends of his religion. No
country has risen to greatness under his power; and those which
were great in national resources, in splendor of architecture, in the
wealth of agriculture, and in the superiority of art and science, have
dwindled into insignificance, or utterly perished under his
deteriorating influence.

Palestine is a deplorable instance of national wretchedness, to

which one of the fairest lands upon the face of the globe has been
reduced since the reign of the Islamitic Turk. From the Arab invasion
in 633 A.D., headed by the famous generals Khâled and Abu
Obeidah, to the present time, the cultivation of the soil has been
neglected, commerce diminishing, and government perverted to the
worst of purposes. Sixteen years subsequent to that invasion the
Crescent was the ensign of dominion from the shores of the Atlantic
to the confines of India. Of the then nine flourishing cities in Syria,
Damascus alone retains its earlier grandeur, and this only in part, as
in the conflagration and massacre of 1860 a third of its most
magnificent edifices were destroyed, and 15,000 of its noblest
citizens slain, captured, or dispersed. Led by the heroic Godfrey, the
Crusaders in 1099 A.D. recovered the much-abused land from the
neglect and cruelty of the Turk, and for three quarters of a century
the Land of Promise was restored to comparative prosperity. Under
those Christian rulers the resources of the country were developed
to an astonishing degree; the fleets of Pisa, Genoa, and Venice
traded along its shores, and populous cities sprung up as if by
magic. But in 1187 the battle of Kurûm Hattîn decided the fate of the
Crusaders. Jerusalem was retaken by Saladîn; the Franks were
expelled from Palestine; and four years thereafter the celebrated
Melek-ed-Dhâher replaced all Syria under the domination of the
Turks, and thenceforward to the present time the Holy Land has
been the prey of Mohammedan adventurers, and is now a
dependency to the Porte, divided into three pashalics.
 Six centuries prove that the Moslem is neither the fosterer of the
fine arts nor the promoter of agriculture, commerce, manufactures,
or public works of any kind. When, in the 12th century, the
Christians were expelled, the large and fertile plains of Sharon,
Phœnicia, Esdraelon, and Mukhnah were fruitful fields yielding
golden harvests, the reward of honest husbandry; but now those
plains are the camping-grounds of the wandering Arab, where he
feeds his flocks ad libitum, and then, mounting his fleet horse,
scours the adjoining country in search of plunder. The Crusaders left
to their conquerors large and flourishing maritime cities, with a
lucrative commerce with Europe and the Levant; but, under the
dominion of the Turks, those commercial towns are poor and filthy,
without harbors, without vessels, without mariners, without trade.
The Koran, forbidding the “making of any thing like unto that which
is in heaven above or in the earth beneath,” has not only left Syria
without a picture and without a statue, but has also led to the
wanton destruction of the splendid edifices of mediæval times. The
knights of that period rivaled the Romans, and even Herod the
Great, in the erection of costly temples, palaces, and churches. In
Jerusalem, Ramleh, Ludd, Beeroth, Bethel, Samaria, ’Akka, Tyre,
Sidon, and especially in Athlît—the Castellum Peregrinorum of the
defenders of the Cross, were structures worthy to adorn any age;
but, content with a shade-tree under which to whiff his nargily, and
an ill-formed hovel for the accommodation of his many wives, the
Moslem has allowed those magnificent buildings to crumble to ruins,
or has ruthlessly destroyed them. With one or two exceptions, the
celebrated edifices which remain are the work of other hands. The
great mosque in Damascus was originally a Christian church, erected
by Arcadius, the son of Theodosius, and dedicated to John the
Baptist; the Mosque of El-Aksa, in Jerusalem, was once a church,
built by order of the Emperor Justinian, and dedicated to “My Lady,”
the Virgin Mary; and the mosque covering the cave of Machpelah
was also a Christian temple. Excepting the Mosque of Omar, the
Mohammedans have scarcely a structure of any importance of their
own erection in the Holy Land, and, unlike the descendants of the
Greeks and Romans, the posterity of the Turks will never sit amid
the splendid ruins of ancestral greatness.

Palestine is now in a transition state, and there are indications that

great political and moral changes are at hand. Numbering in all more
than a million and a half, the present inhabitants are a mixed race,
the several portions of which are designated by their religion rather
than by their nationality. Their religious appellations are party
names, and are the symbols of power, fear, or reproach, according to
the comparative strength of the different parties. Three of the most
numerous of the sects represent three great powers—France,
Russia, and Turkey, and by intrigue, bribery, and fanaticism, will
inevitably involve those mighty nations in a bloody strife for the
possession of the Holy Land. Palestine seems destined to be again
contended for by the nations of Western Europe, and the Plain of
Esdraelon may once more become the battle-field of nations. At
present most of these powers have landed possessions there, and
are annually making new purchases. On Mount Akra, to the
southwest of the Holy City, the Russians have inclosed a large area
with high, strong walls; within is a monastery, which in time of war
will serve all the purposes of a fortress, and to the inclosure they
have given the name of “New Jerusalem.” Prussia has a large
hospice within the city, and also several flourishing religious and
literary institutions. The French hold possession of the ancient
Church of St. Anne, and have recently purchased the land adjoining
it; they own the large green plat of ground opposite the Church of
the Holy Sepulchre, which was once occupied by the Knights of
St. John; they have bought the old castle in Beirût, and have
constructed a noble Macadamized road from that city to Damascus,
and have the right of way for 49 years. And on Mount Zion England
has a consular building, and a church of which any nation might be
justly proud, and by her diplomacy controls the policy of the Sublime
Porte more than any other European power.

But, whatever may be the political relations of Palestine in the

future, the great and only hope of her regeneration and elevation is
to be found in her Christian missions. These are established in
Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Joppa, Nablous, Nazareth, Sidon, Beirût,
Damascus, and in several of the larger towns in the Lebanon
Mountains. In Jerusalem the mission is well and thoroughly
organized, and is attended by the happiest results; the numerous
schools are in a prosperous condition, and the places of worship
filled with sincere and attentive listeners. But the Beirût Mission is
really doing the greatest work in evangelizing the land. The Bible has
been translated into Arabic, and is now given to the millions who
speak that language. At Abuh, in the mountains, there is a seminary
for the training of native missionaries, and a college of a high order
will soon be opened in Beirût, liberally endowed by American
citizens.

Smitten with decay, and retiring before the advance of Western

civilization, Mohammedanism is yielding to the superior power of
Christianity. The Crescent, which for so many centuries was the
ensign of the conquering Turk, no longer excites alarm. It was once
the Crescent of the new moon, expanding and brightening till it
shone resplendent on the plains of Asia, the shores of Africa, and
the hills of Europe; but it is now the Crescent of the old moon,
contracting and dim, from the horns of which are slipping the
conquering sword of the Prophet and the diadem of Othman.
Demanded by the Christian powers of the earth, and protected by
their armies and navies, religious liberty in Palestine is offered to the
Christian and the Jew. The Land of Promise has a glorious past, and
an equally glorious future awaits to dawn upon it. Prophecy is big
with an exalted destiny, the unfoldings of which will turn all eyes to
the land of sacred song, the cradle of our religion, and the scene of
our Lord’s incarnation. Thrice happy will be that day when Jerusalem
shall be rebuilt and made holy; when the scattered tribes shall be
recalled, and go up to worship in a temple more magnificent than
that of Solomon; and when, from the Plains of Bethlehem to the
snow-capped summits of Mount Hermon, and from the coasts of
Tyre and Sidon to the Mountains of Gilead, light shall arise out of
darkness, and the voice of Christian praise, mingling with the song
of angels, shall be as sincere as it shall be universal.

THE END.
 Footnotes.

1 – Num., xxxiv., 2‒12; Ezek., xlvii., 15‒20.

2 – Num., xxxiv.
3 – 2 Sam., iii., 10.
4 – Gen., xv., 18; 2 Sam., viii., 3; 1 Kings, iv., 21‒25.
5 – Volney’s Travels.
6 – Ex., iii., 17.
7 – Ib.
8 – Levit., xxvi., 5.
9 – Deut., viii., 9.
10 – Ib., xi., 10‒12.
11 – Ps. lxv., 13; civ., 14, 15.
12 – Gibbon’s Rome, vol. i., p. 27.
13 – Stanley’s Palestine, p. 121.
14 – Olin’s Travels, ii., p. 429.
15 – Barclay’s C. G. K., p. 416.
16 – Jer., iii., 3, 4.
17 – Amos, iv., 7.
18 – Barclay, p. 53.
19 – See Milman’s note in Gibbon’s Rome, i., p. 27, 28.
20 – Josephus, Anti B., b. xv., c. iv.
21 – Milman’s note on Gibbon, i., p. 27, 28.
22 – Olin’s Travels.
23 – Volney’s Travels.
24 – Ps. civ., 24, 25.
25 – Ps. cvii., 23‒26.
26 – Ib., civ., 18.
27 – Ib., cxlvii., 16, 17.
28 – Ib., lxiii., 1.
29 – Isa., xxxii., 2.
30 – Gen., xx., 1.
31 – Ps. civ., 32.
32 – 1 Chron., v., 26.
33 – Gen., xlix., 3, 4.
34 – Ib., xlix., 19.
35 – Hibbard’s Palestine.
36 – Gen., xlviii., 19.
37 – Gen., xlix., 7; Deut., xxxiii.; Num., i., 23, and xxvi., 14.
38 – Gen., xlix., 16, 17.
39 – Deut., xxxiii., 22; Judges, xviii., and xvi., 31.
40 – Gen., xlix., 8‒12.
41 – Ib., xlix., 27.
42 – Josh., xviii., 16, 17; 2 Sam., v., 6‒9.
43 – Deut., xxxiii., 12.
44 – Judges, iii., 15.
45 – 1 Sam., ix., 21.
46 – 1 Sam., xiv., 1.
47 – Esther, ii., 5.
48 – Ib., ii., 7.
49 – Phil., iii., 5.
50 – Hibbard’s Palestine, p. 76, and Clark on Num., xxvi.
51 – Gen., xlix., 22.
52 – Deut., xxxiii., 17.
53 – Gen., xlix., 25.
54 – Deut., xxxiii., 13‒17.
55 – Gen., xlix., 14, 15.
56 – Judges, v., 15.
57 – Deut., xxxiii., 18.
58 – Gen., xlix., 13.
59 – Deut., xxxiii., 19.
60 – Napoleon.
61 – Gen., xlix., 20.
62 – Deut., xxxiii., 24.
63 – Hibbard’s Palestine, p. 97.
64 – 1 Chron., xii., 36.
65 – Deut., xxxiii., 25.
66 – Luke, ii., 36.
67 – Luke, iv., 26.
68 – Bochart’s translation.
69 – Deut., xxxiii., 23.
70 – Matt., iv., 13.
71 – Ps. cxxv., 2.
72 – Stanley’s Palestine, p. 174.
73 – Ps. xlviii., 12, 13.
74 – 1 Pet., ii., 6.
75 – Ps. cxliv., 12.
76 – Isa., xxviii., 16.
77 – Matt., iv., 5, 6.
78 – Anti B., xv., c. xi.; Robinson’s B. R., i., p. 290.
79 – Mark, xiii., 2.
80 – Robinson’s B. R., i., p. 287.
81 – Barclay’s C. G. K., p. 459.
82 – 1 Kings, vi., 7.
83 – Neh., ii., 13.
84 – Jer., xix., 2.
85 – 2 Kings, xi., 16‒19.
86 – Ib., xxv., 4.
87 – Jer., xxxviii., 7‒13.
88 – Luke, xxii., 55.
89 – Book v., chap. iv., p. 528.
90 – Jer., xxvi., 18.
91 – Josephus, B. J., b. v., c. iv., p. 3.
92 – Luke, xxii., 12.
93 – John, xiii., 12.
94 – Ib., xx., 19.
 95 – John, xx., 25.
96 – Acts, ii., 1.
97 – Acts, ii., 2‒39.
98 – Neh., ii., 3.
99 – Ib., iii., 16.
100 – Anti B., vii., c. xv., s. 3.
101 – Ib.
102 – Josephus, anti B., xvi., c. vii., s. 1.
103 – Acts, ii., 29.
104 – Barclay’s City of the Great King, p. 214, 215.
105 – 2 Kings, v., 12.
106 – Ib., v., 27.
107 – Ib., xv., 5.
108 – Anti B., xv., c. xi., s. 3.
109 – B. J., b. v., c. v., s. 8.
110 – Acts, iv., 6.
111 – Ib., v., 34.
112 – Isa., lxvi., 9‒12.
113 – Ps. lxxix., 1‒5.
114 – Anti B., xv., c. xv., s. 3.
115 – Luke, xix., 44.
116 – Wars of the Jews, b. vii., c. i.
117 – Wars of the Jews, b. vi., c. vi.
118 – Antiquities of the Jews, b. xiv., c. iv.
119 – 1 Kings, x., 5.
120 – Antiquities, b. xv., c. xi.
121 – John, xix., 5.
122 – 71,000 were slain.
123 – Robinson’s B. R., vol. i., p. 298‒300.
124 – Gen., xxii., 9.
125 – 1 Chron., xxi., 15‒20.
126 – Ib., xxi., 21‒27.
127 – 2 Chron., iv., 1.
128 – Robinson’s B. R., vol. i., p. 299.
129 – Josephus, anti B., xv., c. xv., s. 3.
130 – Barclay’s City of the Great King, p. 525.
131 – Josephus, W. J., b. vi., c. iii., s. 4; Robinson’s B. R., vol. i.,
p. 364‒405.
132 – Stanley.
133 – Gen., xxiii., 4.
134 – Matt., xxiii., 27.
135 – Dr. Barclay.
136 – Porter.
137 – 2 Sam., xviii., 18.
138 – 2 Chron., xxi., 1.
139 – Joel, iii., 2.
140 – 2 Chron., xxiv., 21.
141 – Matt., xxiii., 35.
142 – Matt., xxiii., 27.
143 – Ecc., xii., 5.
144 – Matt., ix., 23.
145 – Ps. lvi., 8.
146 – 1 Kings, xi., 4‒8.
147 – Neh., ii., 14.
148 – 2 Sam., xviii., 18.
149 – Ex., xv., 20, 21.
150 – Isa., viii., 6, 7.
151 – Neh., iii., 15.
152 – John, ix., 1‒7.
153 – Ib., v., 7.
154 – Josh., xv., 7.
155 – Maccabees, i., 19, 22.
156 – Josh., xv., 7.
157 – 2 Sam., xvii., 17.
158 – 1 Kings, i., 9.
159 – Josh., xv., 8.
160 – Jer., vii., 31.
161 – Ib., vii., 32.
162 – 2 Kings, xxiii., 10.
163 – Josephus, W. J., b. vi., c. viii., s. 5.
164 – Josephus, W. J., b. v., c. xiii., s. 7.
165 – Mark, ix., 44.
166 – Matt., xxvii., 4‒10.
167 – Ib., xxvii., 5.
168 – 1 Kings, i., 40.
169 – 2 Chron., xxxii., 30.
170 – Isa., vii., 3.
171 – Ib., xxxvi., 2‒10.
172 – 2 Kings, xx., 20.
173 – 2 Chron., xxxii., 30.
174 – 2 Chron., xxxii., 3‒4.
175 – Eccl., ii.
176 – Gen., xxi., 25.
177 – Num., xx., 19.
178 – 1 Sam., xxv., 11.
179 – Prov., v., 15.
180 – John, iv., 14.
181 – Study of Words, p. 13.
182 – Robinson.
183 – Lazarus.
184 – John, xi., 31.
185 – Luke, x., 38.
186 – John, xi., 7.
187 – Matt., xxvi., 6.
188 – John, xii., 3.
189 – Luke, x., 38‒42.
190 – John, xi.
191 – Mark, xiv., 9.
192 – Luke, xviii. and xix.
193 – John, xii., 1‒11.
194 – Zech., ix., 9.
195 – Matt., xxi., 9.
196 – Zech., xiv., 4.
197 – 2 Sam., xv. and xvi.
198 – Num., xix., 2‒10.
199 – Ezek., xi., 23.
200 – John, xviii., 2.
201 – Matt., xxiv., 3‒41.
202 – Ib., xxv.
203 – John, xviii.
204 – Luke, xxiv., 50.
205 – Acts, i., 12.
206 – 2 Samuel, v., 24.
207 – John, xii., 1‒12.
208 – Mark, xi., 12‒14.
209 – Mark, xi., 15‒17; John, ii., 13‒17.
210 – Matt., xxi., 15, 16.
211 – Matt., xxi.‒xxvi.
212 – Mark, xiv., 10, 11.
213 – Matt., xxvi., 20.
214 – Mark, xiv., 22‒25.
215 – See John, xiii.‒xvii.; Matt., xxvi., 30.
216 – Luke, xxiii., 1‒38.
217 – This bridge will probably last for 1000 years to come.
218 – John, xix., 20.
219 – Heb., xii., 12.
220 – Luke, xxiii., 26.
221 – John, xix., 20.
222 – Matt., xxvii., 55.
223 – Luke, xxiii., 27.
224 – Matt., xxvii., 41‒42.
225 – Ib., xxvii., 39‒40.
226 – Matt., xxvii., 51.
227 – Ib., xxvii., 52.
228 – John, xix., 41.
229 – Matt., xxvii., 31.
230 – Luke, xxiii., 33.
231 – John, xix., 20.
232 – Ib., xix., 41.
233 – Matt., xxviii., 6‒7.
234 – Acts, i., 9‒13.
235 – Ib., ii., 22.
236 – Ib., ii., 8‒11.
237 – Ib., ii., 44‒46.
238 – Ib., viii., 1.
239 – Josephus, B. J., b. vii., c. i.
240 – Robinson’s Biblical Researches, vol. i., p. 407‒418.
Barclay’s City of the Great King, p. 219‒238.
241 – See Lane’s Egypt.
242 – Ex., xii., 1‒20.
243 – Luke, xiii., 25.
244 – Ex., xii., 4.
245 – J. D. Phelps. Esq.
246 – Josh., xv., 7.
247 – Matt., iv., 1.
248 – Luke, x., 30‒37.
249 – 1 Kings, xvii., 3‒7.
250 – Josh., vii., 21‒26.
251 – Num., xxxiii., 47, 48.
252 – Josh., ii.
253 – Ib., vi., 1‒25.
254 – Ib., vi., 26; 1 Kings, xvi., 34.
255 – 2 Sam., x., 5.
256 – 2 Kings, ii., 5.
257 – Ib., ii., 6‒18.
258 – Ib., ii., 19‒24.
259 – Josephus, anti B., xiii., c. vii., s. 4; 1 Mac., xvi. 14, 15.
260 – Anti B., xv., c. iv.
261 – Ib., b. xvii., c. x.
262 – Luke, xix.; Mark, x., 46.
263 – Anti B., v., c. i., s. 4.
264 – Josh., iv., 1‒20.
265 – Ib., v., 9.
266 – Ib., v., 10.
267 – Ib., v., 13‒15.
268 – Ib., xviii., 1.
269 – 1 Sam., vii., 16; x., 8.
270 – Ib., xi., 15.
271 – Ib., xiii., 8‒14.
272 – 2 Sam., xix., 15.
273 – 2 Kings, iv., 38‒41.
274 – Ib., v.
275 – Deut., xxxiv., 3.
276 – 2 Kings, ii., 21.
277 – Robinson’s B. R., vol. i., p. 562.
278 – B. J., b. iv., c. x., s. 3.
279 – Josh., xi., 6‒10.
280 – Josh., xii., 2‒5.
281 – Gen., xxxii., xxxiii.
282 – Judges, vii., 24, 25.
283 – Ib., xii., 5, 6.
284 – Num., xxii., 41.
285 – Ib., xxiii., 14.
286 – Ib., xxiii., 28.
287 – Num., xxiii., 10.
288 – Ib., xxiii., 24.
289 – Ib., xxiv., 5.
290 – Deut., xxxiv., 1‒3.
291 – Ib., xxxiv., 5.
292 – Josh., iii., 16.
293 – Josh., iii., 16.
294 – Ib., iii., 15.
295 – 2 Kings, ii.
296 – 2 Kings, v., 12.
297 – Luke, iii., 3.
298 – John, i., 28.
299 – Ib., iii., 23.
300 – Clark’s Comment. on John, i., 28.
301 – Stanley’s Palestine, p. 304, 305.
302 – Matt., iii., 1.
303 – Ib., iii., 5.
304 – Gen., xiii., 10.
305 – Gen., xiii., 10.
306 – Josephus, b. xviii., c. v.
307 – Num., xxii., 36.
308 – Judges, xi., 19.
309 – Ib., xi., 13.
310 – Josh., xiii., 8.
311 – 2 Kings, iii., 37.
312 – Gen., xix., 17‒20.
313 – Ib., xix., 28.
314 – 2 Sam., viii., 13.
315 – 2 Kings, xiv., 7.
316 – Josephus, B. J., b. vii., c. viii.
317 – 1 Sam., xxiv., 1‒7.
318 – 2 Chron., xx., 1, 2.
319 – Species of fragrant grape.—Thompson.
320 – Cant., i., 14.
321 – 1 Sam., xxv., 1‒42.
322 – Judges, iv., 19.
323 – Josh., xix., 15.
324 – Matt., ii., 1.
325 – Micah, v., 2.
326 – Ib.
327 – Gen., xxxv., 18‒20.
328 – Ruth, iv., 13.
329 – Ib., iv., 17‒22.
330 – Luke, ii., 7.
331 – Matt., ii., 11.
332 – Luke, ii., 7.
333 – Anti B., b. xv., c. ix., s. iv.; B. J., b. i., c. xxi., s. x.; Ib.,
b. iv., c. ix., s. v.
334 – 2 Sam., xiv., 1‒20.
335 – Amos, i., 1.
336 – 1 Sam., xxii., 1‒3.
337 – 2 Sam., xxiii., 14‒17.
338 – Ib., xxii., 3, 4.
339 – 1 Sam., xxii., 1.
340 – Ib.
341 – 1 Chron., xi., 15.
342 – Gray.
343 – Num., xiii., 22.
344 – Gen., xiii., 18.
345 – Ib., xiv., 13.
346 – Gen., xiv., 14.
347 – Ib., xviii.
348 – Ib., xix., 28.
349 – Ib., xvi., xvii.
350 – Ib., xxiii.
351 – Ib., xxxv., 29.
352 – Ib., l., 13.
353 – Josh., xv., 13.
354 – 2 Sam., ii., 11.
355 – 2 Sam., iv., 12.
356 – See Stanley’s Account of the Visit of the Prince of Wales,
Appendix II. to his History of the Jewish Church.
357 – Gen., xxi., 33.
358 – Ib., xxii., 1‒19.
359 – Ib., xxv., 27‒34.
360 – Ib., xxviii.
361 – Ib., xlvi., 1.
362 – 1 Kings, xix., 1‒4.
363 – Gen., xviii., 2.
364 – Ib., xviii., 4.
365 – Ib., xxix., 6.
366 – Ib., xviii., 8.
367 – Ib., xviii., 9.
368 – Num., xiii., 16‒26.
369 – Micah, iv., 4.
370 – Num., xiii.
371 – Matt., xxi., 33.
372 – Josh., xv., 58.
373 – Gen., xxxv., 16‒20.
374 – 2 Sam., v., 24.
375 – Deut., ii., 23.
376 – Acts, viii., 27‒29.
377 – Luke, i., 39.
378 – 1 Sam., v. and vi.
379 – Judges, xiii., 2.
380 – Ib., xiv., 1.
381 – Judges, xiv., 5, 6.
382 – Ib., xiv., 14.
383 – Ib., xv., 4.
384 – Ib., xvi., 4.
385 – Ib., xvi., 5‒21.
386 – 1 Sam., xvii.
387 – 1 Sam., xxi., 10‒15.
388 – Robinson.
389 – Josh., x., 31, 32.
390 – 1 Chron., xi., 5‒12.
391 – Gen., x., 19.
392 – Josh., xiii., 3.
393 – Judges, xiii., 1.
394 – Judges, xvi., 2‒3.
395 – Ib., xvi., 21.
396 – Heb., xi., 32.
397 – Robinson.
398 – Zeph., ii., 4.
399 – Zech., ix., 5.
400 – 1 Sam., iv., v.
401 – 2 Chron., xxvi., 6.
402 – Neh., xiii., 23‒26.
403 – Acts, viii., 40.
404 – Zech., ix., 6.
405 – 2 Chron., xxvi., 6.
406 – 1 Sam., v., 10‒12.
407 – Josh., xix., 46.
408 – Acts, ix., 36.
409 – Josh., xix., 46.
410 – 2 Chr., ii., 16; Ezra, iii., 7.
411 – Jonah, i., 3.
412 – Acts, ix., 36.
413 – Ib., x., 6.
414 – Judge.
415 – Ruth, xiv., 11.
416 – Ex., vii., 12.
417 – 1 Chron., viii., 12.
418 – Acts, ix., 32.
419 – 2 Chron., xxviii., 18.
420 – Deut., xxii., 10.
421 – Josh., xxi., 22.
422 – Josh., x.
423 – Inn.
424 – Josh., xviii., 25.
425 – Ib., xxi., 17.
426 – 1 Chron., xvi., 39.
427 – 2 Sam., ii., 16.
428 – Ib., ii., 17.
429 – Ib., xx., 8‒10.
430 – 1 Kings, iii., 5‒12.
431 – Judges, xx.
432 – 1 Sam., vii., 6‒12.
433 – 1 Sam., x., 23, 24.
434 – 2 Kings, xxv., 25.
435 – 1 Sam., xi., 4.
436 – Judges, xix. and xx.
437 – 1 Sam., ix., 1, 2.
438 – Ib., x., 26.
439 – 1 Sam., xi.
440 – Ib., xiv.
441 – Ib., xvi.
442 – Ib., xviii.
443 – Ib., xix.
444 – Ib., xxv.
445 – Ib., xxxi.
446 – 2 Sam., xxi., 1.
447 – Ib., xxi., 8.
448 – 2 Sam., xxi.
449 – Matt., xii.
450 – 1 Sam., xxii.
451 – 1 Kings, ii.
452 – 1 Sam., xiii.
453 – Ib.
454 – Gen., xxv.
455 – Ezek., ix., 2.
456 – John, x., 3.
457 – Gen., xii., 8.
458 – Ib., xiii., 10‒14.
459 – Mark, ii., 9.
460 – Gen., xxviii.
461 – Ib., xxxv.
462 – 1 Sam., vii.
463 – 1 Kings, xiii.
464 – 2 Kings, ii.
465 – Ib., xxiii.
466 – Amos, v., 5.
467 – Dr. Robinson.
468 – Judges, xxi., 19.
469 – Josh., xviii.
470 – 1 Sam., i., 24; ii., 1‒18.
471 – Ib., iv.
472 – Judges, xxi.
473 – 1 Kings, xiv.
474 – Jer., vii., 12.
475 – Judges, xxi., 19.
476 – Gen., xlviii., 20.
477 – Gen., xii.
478 – Ib., xxxiii.
479 – Ib., xxxiv.
480 – Ib., xxxvii.
481 – Josh., viii.
482 – Judges, ix.
483 – 1 Kings, xii.
484 – 2 Kings, xvii.
485 – Deut., xxvii., 11‒26; Ib., xxviii.; Josh., viii., 30‒35.
486 – One hundred lambs, or coins with the image of a lamb
upon them. Gen., xxxiii., 19.
487 – John, iv., 1‒42.
488 – Gen., l., 25.
489 – Josh., xxiv., 32.
490 – Gen., xlix., 22.
491 – Cant., vi., 4.
492 – 1 Kings, xvi., 8.
493 – 2 Kings, v., 20‒27.
494 – Luke, xvii., 11‒13.
495 – Ex., xii., 11.
496 – Sixty piastres.
497 – 1 Kings, xvi., 23, 24.
498 – Cant., vi., 4.
499 – 1 Kings, xvi., 33.
500 – Ib., xx.
501 – 2 Kings, vi., 12‒22.
502 – 2 Kings, vi., 24‒33; Ib., vii., 1‒20.
503 – Acts. viii.
504 – Book xvi., p. 316.
505 – Micah, i., 6.
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