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Introduction to C# Programming
for the Microsoft .NET Platform ®

(Prerelease)
Workbook
Course Number: 2124A

This course is based on the prerelease Beta 1 version of Microsoft® Visual Studio .NET.
Content in the final release of the course may be different from the content included in this
prerelease version. All labs in the course are to be completed with the Beta 1 version of
Visual Studio .NET.

Part Number: X08-16666

Released: 03/2001
Information in this document is subject to change without notice. The names of companie s,
products, people, characters, and/or data mentioned herein are fictitious and are in no way intended
to represent any real individual, company, product, or event, unless otherwise noted. Complying
with all applicable copyright laws is the responsibility of the user. No part of this document may
be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any
purpose, without the express written permission of Microsoft Corporation. If, however, your only
means of access is elect ronic, permission to print one copy is hereby granted.

Microsoft may have patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual
property rights covering subject matter in this document. Except as expressly provided in any
written license agreement from Microsoft, the furnishing of this document does not give you any
license to these patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property.

 2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Microsoft, ActiveX, BackOffice, BizTalk, IntelliSense, JScript, MSDN, MS-DOS, PowerPoint,

Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual C#, Visual Studio, Windows, Windows NT, and Windows
Media are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A.
and/or other countries.

Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective
owners.

Course Number: 2124A

Part Number: X08-16666
Released: 03/2001
 Introduction to C# Programming for the Microsoft® .NET Platform (Prerelease) iii

Contents
Introduction
Course Materials.......................................................................................... 2
Prerequisites................................................................................................ 3
Course Outline ................................ ................................ ............................ 4
Course Outline (continued) ........................................................................... 5
Course Outline (continued) ........................................................................... 6
Microsoft Certified Professional Program ....................................................... 7
Facilities..................................................................................................... 9
Module 1: Overview of the Microsoft .NET Platform
Overview................................ ................................ ................................ .... 1
Introduction to the .NET Platform.................................................................. 2
Overview of the .NET Framework ................................................................. 4
Benefits of the .NET Framework ................................................................... 5
The .NET Framework Components ................................................................ 7
Languages in the .NET Framework.............................................................. 13
Review ..................................................................................................... 14
Module 2: Overview of C#
Overview................................ ................................ ................................ .... 1
Structure of a C# Program............................................................................. 2
Basic Input/Output Operations....................................................................... 9
Recommended Practices ............................................................................. 15
Compiling, Running, and Debugging............................................................ 22
Lab 2: Creating a Simple C# Program........................................................... 36
Review ..................................................................................................... 45
Module 3: Using Value-Type Variables
Overview................................ ................................ ................................ .... 1
Common Type System ................................................................................. 2
Naming Variables ........................................................................................ 9
Using Built- in Data Types........................................................................... 15
Compound Assignment .............................................................................. 18
Increment and Decrement........................................................................... 20
Creating User-Defined Data Types............................................................... 24
Converting Data Types ............................................................................... 28
Lab 3: Creating and Using Types ................................................................. 32
Review ..................................................................................................... 36
Module 4: Statements and Exceptions
Overview................................ ................................ ................................ .... 1
Introduction to Statements................................ ................................ ............ 2
Using Selection Statements ........................................................................... 6
Using Iteration Statements ................................ ................................ .......... 17
Using Jump Statements............................................................................... 29
Lab 4.1: Using Statements ................................ ................................ .......... 32
Handling Basic Exceptions ......................................................................... 41
Raising Exceptions .................................................................................... 51
iv Introduction to C# Programming for the Microsoft® .NET Platform (Prerelease)

Lab 4.2: Using Exceptions ................................ ................................ .......... 62

Review ..................................................................................................... 72
Module 5: Methods and Parameters
Overview................................ ................................ ................................ .... 1
Using Methods ................................ ................................ ............................ 2
Using Parameters....................................................................................... 16
Using Overloaded Methods ......................................................................... 30
Lab 5: Creating and Using Methods ............................................................. 38
Review ..................................................................................................... 50
Module 6: Arrays
Overview................................ ................................ ................................ .... 1
Overview of Arrays...................................................................................... 2
Creating Arrays ......................................................................................... 11
Using Arrays ............................................................................................. 18
Lab 6: Creating and Using Arrays ................................................................ 31
Review ..................................................................................................... 42
Module 7: Essentials of Object-Oriented Programming
Overview................................ ................................ ................................ .... 1
Classes and Objects...................................................................................... 2
Using Encapsulation................................................................................... 10
C# and Object Orientation........................................................................... 21
Lab 7: Creating and Using Classes ............................................................... 39
Defining Object-Oriented Systems............................................................... 53
Review ..................................................................................................... 62
Module 8: Using Reference-Type Variables
Overview................................ ................................ ................................ .... 1
Using Reference-Type Variables................................ ................................ .... 2
Using Common Reference Types ................................................................. 15
The Object Hierarchy ................................................................................. 23
Namespaces in the .NET Framework............................................................ 29
Lab 8.1: Defining And Using Reference-Type Variables ................................. 35
Data Conversions....................................................................................... 43
Multimedia: Type-Safe Casting ................................................................... 56
Lab 8.2 Converting Data............................................................................. 57
Review ..................................................................................................... 63
Module 9: Creating and Destroying Objects
Overview................................ ................................ ................................ .... 1
Using Constructors ...................................................................................... 2
Initializing Data ......................................................................................... 13
Lab 9.1: Creating Objects ........................................................................... 31
Objects and Memory................................ ................................ .................. 39
Using Destructors...................................................................................... 45
Lab 9.2: Destroying Objects........................................................................ 60
Review ..................................................................................................... 65
Module 10: Inheritance in C#
Overview................................ ................................ ................................ .... 1
Deriving Classes.......................................................................................... 2
Implementing Methods ............................................................................... 10
 Introduction to C# Programming for the Microsoft® .NET Platform (Prerelease) v

Using Sealed Classes................................ ................................ .................. 26

Using Interfaces......................................................................................... 28
Using Abstract Classes ............................................................................... 42
Lab 10: Using Inheritance to Implement an Interface...................................... 53
Review ..................................................................................................... 71
Module 11: Aggregation, Namespaces, and Advanced Scope
Overview................................ ................................ ................................ .... 1
Using Internal Classes, Methods, and Data...................................................... 2
Using Aggregation ..................................................................................... 11
Lab 11.1: Specifying Internal Access............................................................ 22
Using Namespaces ..................................................................................... 28
Using Modules and Assemblies ................................................................... 49
Lab 11.2: Using Namespaces and Assemblies................................................ 63
Review ..................................................................................................... 69
Module 12: Operators, Delegates, and Events
Overview................................ ................................ ................................ .... 1
Introduction to Operators .............................................................................. 2
Operator Overloading ................................................................................... 8
Lab 12.1: Defining Operators ...................................................................... 21
Creating and Using Delegates ...................................................................... 40
Defining and Using Events................................ ................................ .......... 50
Demonstration: Handling Events................................ ................................ .. 56
Lab 12.2: Defining and Using Events ........................................................... 57
Module 13: Properties and Indexers
Overview................................ ................................ ................................ .... 1
Using Properties .......................................................................................... 2
Using Indexers ................................ ................................ .......................... 17
Lab 13: Using Properties and Indexers................................ .......................... 33
Review ..................................................................................................... 42
Module 14: Attributes
Overview................................ ................................ ................................ .... 1
Overview of Attributes ................................................................................. 2
Defining Custom Attributes ......................................................................... 13
Retrieving Attribute Values ......................................................................... 22
Lab 14: Defining and Using Attributes ......................................................... 26
Review ..................................................................................................... 34
Appendix A: Resources for Further Study
Resources for C# ......................................................................................... 1
 Introduction to C# Programming for the Microsoft® .NET Platform (Prerelease) vii

About This Course

This section provides you with a brief description of the course, audience,
suggested prerequisites, and course objectives.

Description
This five-day instructor-led course provides students with the knowledge and
skills needed to develop C# applications for the Microsoft® .NET platform. The
course focuses on C# program structure, language syntax, and implementation
details.

Audience
This course is intended for experienced developers who already have
programming experience in C, C++, Microsoft Visual Basic ®, or Java. These
developers will be likely to develop enterprise business solutions.

Student Prerequisites
This course requires that students meet the following prerequisites:
n Experience programming in C, C++, Visual Basic, Java, or another
programming language
n Familiarity with Microsoft’s .NET strategy as described on
Microsoft’s .NET Web site: http://www.microsoft.com/net/
n Familiarity with the .NET Framework as described in Microsoft MSDN®
Magazine:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/0900/Framework/
Framework. asp
and
http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/1000/Framework2/
Framework2.asp
viii Introduction to C# Programming for the Microsoft® .NET Platform (Prerelease)

Course Objectives
After completing this course, the student will be able to:
n List the major elements of the .NET Framew ork and explain how C# fits
into the .NET platform.
n Analyze the basic structure of a C# application and be able to debug,
compile, and run a simple application.
n Create, name, and assign values to variables.
n Use common statements to implement flow control, looping, and exception
handling.
n Create methods (functions and subroutines) that can return values and take
parameters.
n Create, initialize, and use arrays.
n Explain the basic concepts and terminology of object-oriented programming.
n Use common objects and references types.
n Create, initialize, and destroy objects in a C# application.
n Build new C# classes from existing classes.
n Create self-contained classes and frameworks in a C# application.
n Define operators and add event specifications.
n Implement properties and indexers.
n Use predefined and custom attributes.
 Introduction to C# Programming for the Microsoft® .NET Platform (Prerelease) ix

Student Materials Compact Disc Contents

The Student Materials compact disc contains the following files and folders:
n Autorun.exe. When the CD is inserted into the CD-ROM drive, or when you
double -click the autorun.exe file, this file opens the CD and allows you to
browse the Student Materials CD or install Internet Explorer.
n Default.htm. This file opens the Student Materials Web page. It provides
you with resources pertaining to this course, including add itional reading,
review and lab answers, lab files, multimedia presentations, and course-
related Web sites.
n Readme.txt. This file contains a description of the compact disc contents and
setup instructions in ASCII format (non-Microsoft Word document).
n 2124a_sg.doc. This file is the Classroom Setup Guide. It contains a
description of classroom requirements, classroom setup instructions, and the
classroom configuration.
n AddRead. This folder contains additional reading pertaining to this course.
If there are no additional reading files, this folder does not appear.
n Appendix. This folder contains appendix files for this course. If there are no
appendix files, this folder does not appear.
n Democode. This folder contains demonstration code. If there is no
demonstration code, the Democode folder does not appear.
n Fonts. This folder contains fonts that are required to view the PowerPoint
presentation and Web-based materials.
n Ie5. This folder contains Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5.
n Labs. This folder contains files that are used in the hands-on labs. These
files may be used to prepare the student computers for the hands-on labs.
n Media. This folder contains files that are used in multimedia presentations
for this course. If this course does not include any multimedia presentations,
this folder does not appear.
n Menu. This folder contains elements for autorun.exe.
n Mplayer. This folder contains files that are required to install Windows
Media Player.
n Practices. This folder contains files that are used in the hands-on practices.
If there are no practices, the Practices folder does not appear.
n Sampapps. This folder contains the sample applications associated with this
course. If there are no associated sample applications, the Sampapps folder
does not appear.
n Sampcode. This folder contains sample code that is accessible through the
Web pages on the Student Materials CD. If there is no sample code, the
Sampcode folder does not appear.
n Sampsite. This folder contains files that create the sample site associated
with this course. I f there is no sample site, the Sampsite folder does not
appear.
n Setup. This folder contains additional files that may be required for lab setup.
If no additional files are required, the Setup folder does not appear.
x Introduction to C# Programming for the Microsoft® .NET Platform (Prerelease)

n Webfiles. This folder contains the files that are required to view the course
Web page. To open the Web page, open Windows Explorer, and in the root
directory of the compact disc, double-click Default.htm or Autorun.exe.
n Wordview. This folder contains the Word Viewer that is used to view any
Word document (.doc) files that are included on the compact disc. If no
Word documents are included, this folder does not appear.
 Introduction to C# Programming for the Microsoft® .NET Platform (Prerelease) xi

Document Conventions
The following conventions are used in course materials to distinguish elements
of the text.
Convention Use
u Indicates an introductory page. This symbol appears next
to a topic heading when additional information on the topic
is covered on the page or pages that follow it.
bold Represents commands, command options, and syntax that
must be typed exactly as shown. It also indicates
commands on menus and buttons, dialog box titles and
options, and icon and menu names.
italic In syntax statements or descriptive text, indicates argument
names or placeholders for variable information.
Title Capitals Indicate d omain names, user names, computer names,
directory names, and folder and file names, except when
specifically referring to case-sensitive names. Unless
otherwise indicated, you can use lowercase letters when
you type a directory name or file name in a dialog box or
at a command prompt.
ALL CAPITALS Indicate the names of keys, key sequences, and key
combinations — for example, ALT+SPACEBAR.
monospace Represents code samples or examples of screen text.
[] In syntax statements, enclose optional items. For example,
[filename] in command syntax indicates that you can
choose to type a file name with the command. Type only
the information within the brackets, not the brackets
themselves.
{} In syntax statements, enclose required items. Type only the
information within the braces, not the braces themselves.
| In syntax statements, separates an either/or choice.
å Indicates a procedure with sequential steps.
... In syntax statements, specifies that the preceding item may
be repeated.
. Represents an omitted portion of a code sample.
.
.
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
 Introduction

Contents

Introduction 1
Course Materials 2
Prerequisites 3
Course Outline 4
Microsoft Certified Professional Program 7
Facilities 9

This course is based on the prerelease Beta 1 version of Microsoft® Visual Studio .NET.
Content in the final release of the course may be different from the content included in
this prerelease version. All labs in the course are to be completed with the Beta 1
version of Visual Studio .NET.
Information in this document is subject to change without notice. The names of companies,
products, people, characters, and/or data mentioned herein are fictitious and are in no way intended
to represent any real individual, company, product, or event, unless otherwise noted. Complying
with all applicable copyright laws is the responsibility of the user. No part of this document may
be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any
purpose, without the express written permission of Microsoft Corporation. If, however, your only
means of access is electronic, permission to print one copy is hereby granted.

Microsoft may have patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual
property rights covering subject matter in this document. Except as expressly provided in any
written license agreement from Microsoft, the furnishing of this document does not give you any
license to these patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property.

 2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Microsoft, ActiveX, BizTalk, IntelliSense, JScript, Microsoft Press, MSDN, PowerPoint, Visual
Basic, Visual C++, Visual #, Visual Studio, Windows, and Windows Media are either registered
trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and/or other countries.

Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective
owners.
 Introduction 1

Introduction

n Name
n Company Affiliation
n Title/Function
n Job Responsibility
n Programming Experience
n C, C++, Visual Basic, or Java Experience
n Expectations for the Course
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two killed and sixteen wounded during this night. On the 29th the
position was further improved, the front cleared, and arrangements
made for lighting up the ground over which the tribesmen must
advance.
Chakdara signalled that it was successfully holding out, and the
reinforcements ordered by the military authorities were beginning to
arrive. A squadron 11th Bengal Lancers came in escorting
ammunition, and in the evening the 35th Sikhs and 38th Dogras
reached Dargai, the first-named regiment having lost twenty-one
men from heat apoplexy on its march from Nowshera.
Again, on the night of the 29th–30th, was the attack renewed,
chiefly against the flanks, but was everywhere repulsed with great
loss, and the same may be said of the following night, when the
attack, though repeated, seemed to have lost something of its energy
and fire. On these two nights our losses were one man killed and
nineteen wounded. On the 31st reinforcements, amounting to over
700, reached the Malakand position, and that night the usual attack
was not delivered.
Relief of Chakdara On the 1st August Colonel Meiklejohn
made an attempt at the relief of Chakdara,
but the start was rather delayed, and the enemy showed themselves
in such strength that the orders had to be cancelled. On this date
Major-General Sir Bindon Blood, having been appointed to
command a newly organised Malakand Field Force, arrived in the
position, and approved of a strong force moving out at daybreak on
the 2nd to effect the relief of Chakdara. The relieving force, under
Colonel Meiklejohn, was stoutly opposed all the way, but the
determination of the enemy only made their losses the heavier, the
cavalry getting among them with their lances and the Sikhs with the
bayonet. As the force drew near, the enemy surrounding the fort
began to withdraw, their retirement being hastened by a vigorous
sortie by the garrison. The relieving column had five men killed and
twenty-eight wounded, while the casualties of the Chakdara garrison
only amounted to three killed and nine wounded during their six
days’ close investment, standing continually to their posts by day and
night.
That day the villages of Aladand and Thana were visited, no
opposition being met with, and Colonel Meiklejohn’s column
marched to and remained in camp at Amandara in preparation for
the reconstitution of the field force.
Operations of the Malakand Field Force, 1897.—To punish all the
attacks above described, the Government of India sanctioned the
despatch of a force, to be known as the Malakand Field Force, to
concentrate, the First Brigade at Amandara, the Second at Khar and
Malakand, the Reserve at Rawal Pindi and Mardan.

FIRST BRIGADE.

Brigadier-General Meiklejohn, C.B., C.M.G.

1st Battalion Royal West Kent Regiment.

24th Punjab Infantry.
31st Punjab Infantry.
45th Sikhs.

SECOND BRIGADE.

Brigadier-General P. D. Jeffreys, C.B.

1st Battalion the Buffs.

35th Sikhs.
38th Dogras.
Guides Infantry.

DIVISIONAL TROOPS.

One squadron 10th Bengal Lancers.

11th Bengal Lancers.
Guides Cavalry.
No. 1 M.B.R.A.
 No. 7 M.B.R.A.
No. 8 Bengal Mountain Battery.
22nd Punjab Infantry.
Two companies 21st Punjab Infantry.
No. 4 Company Bengal Sappers and Miners.
No. 5 Company Madras Sappers and Miners.

THIRD (RESERVE) BRIGADE.

Brigadier-General J. H. Wodehouse, C.B., C.M.G.

1st Battalion Royal West Surrey Regiment.

2nd Battalion Highland Light Infantry.
6 companies 21st Punjab Infantry.
39th Garhwal Rifles.
No. 10 F.B.R.A.
No. 3 Company Bombay Sappers and Miners.
Extent of the Rising By this time some idea could be formed of
the extent of the rising and how far the
neighbouring tribes were infected by the spirit of unrest which had
been aroused. It was known that a division of the Bunerwals, the
Utman Khels, the inhabitants of Lower Swat, and certain numbers of
Upper Swatis had taken part in the attacks upon the Malakand
position; not to mention the Dusha Khels, certain divisions of the
Khwazozais, and other sub-divisions, whose names would only be
worth repeating as showing how general was the rising among the
local clans. But the tribes further north did not seem to have been
infected with any excitement or restlessness; communication
between Gilgit and Chitral was still open. The Indus-Kohistan, the
Mohmand country, the Khyber, Kohat and Kurram, all then
appeared to be undisturbed; the Nawab of Dir reported that the
Bajauris had remained tranquil, as had also the tribes on the
Peshawar border. The only disquieting frontier news to hand at this
time was to the effect that a number of mullahs, with a following of
fanatical tribesmen, had left Ningrahar and the neighbourhood of
Jalalabad to join either the Hadda Mullah or the Mad Fakir. The bulk
of the attacking force had been furnished by the men of Lower Swat,
hitherto, and with some reason, despised as fighting men. Thus the
Khan of Aladand, whose conduct had been exemplary since the
Chitral Campaign, whose people were largely employed as levies, and
who himself drew a subsidy from Government, was among those
killed in one of the attacks. Thana lost nearly all its young men, and
men of other villages, who for the last two years had regularly
furnished supplies, turned out for this “Holy War” in obedience to
the exhortations of the Mad Fakir.
The concentration of the troops composing the Malakand Field
Force was completed on the 8th August; and already on the next day
and on the 12th certain Ranizai and Khwazozai jirgahs came in to sue
for peace, their submission being accepted on payment of heavy
fines, surrender of arms, and promise of future good behaviour and
non-molestation of the troops.
Action at Landakai On the 16th Sir Bindon Blood, leaving his
Reserve Brigade at Mardan and Rustam to
observe the Buner passes, advanced by the left bank of the river
towards Upper Swat, bivouacking at Thana, and sending forward to
Landakai his cavalry, who reported that the enemy were holding the
hills above the village in strength. The position at Landakai was
naturally a very strong one, and was occupied by some 3000
tribesmen behind sangars on a steep rocky spur running down to the
water’s edge from the mountains on the south. This spur
commanded the approach by a gorge, the road through which only
permitted of an advance in single file; but further to the west another
ridge came down from a height overlooking the Landakai spur and
ended at the village of Jalala. The few tribesmen holding Jalala were
early dispossessed, and the ridge being then seized by the West Kent
Regiment, it was occupied as an artillery position by a field and
mountain battery, and a heavy fire was opened from here upon the
Landakai spur.
The rest of the infantry, with another mountain battery, moved to
the right along the rear of this position, and occupied a spur
commanding the enemy’s left flank. The tribesmen, prevented from
reinforcing this flank by the heavy infantry and gun fire from the
Jalala spur, began to waver and then to fall back. Many escaped by
the Morah Pass, and those who held on to the position were driven
from their sangars by the advance of the whole of the infantry, who
pursued them to Kota, the cavalry following as far up the valley as
Abuwa, on the Barikot road, and doing considerable execution. Our
losses this day were light—two killed and nine wounded. On the two
following days the force moved on by Ghalegai to Mingaora,
encountering no opposition, and finding the inhabitants ready
enough to tender their submission and furnish supplies. From
Mingaora, where the force remained some days, reconnaissances
were sent out in all directions, the country was as far as possible
disarmed, and the terms of submission were enforced. By the 22nd
August jirgahs, representing all the Upper Swat clans, had agreed to
unconditional surrender, and the force then commenced to
withdraw, reaching Khar and the Malakand on the 27th.
While the Headquarters and the First Brigade had been operating
in Upper Swat, the Second Brigade had remained at Khar to overawe
the people of Lower Swat, pushing reconnaissances in all directions,
the inhabitants remaining perfectly submissive. There had been
some idea of employing this Brigade for the punishment of the
Bunerwals and Utman Khels, implicated in the recent rising, but by
this time the frontier generally was in a blaze, and it was decided that
two of Sir Bindon’s brigades should be sent through Dir and Bajaur
in order to co-operate with the Mohmand Field Force from Nawagai:
these operations, in which the Second and Reserve (Third) Brigade
were employed—the First Brigade remaining in occupation of Swat—
will be found described in Chapter VII.
Since this year there has been no further outbreak of fanaticism
and no other trouble in Swat, and the prosperity of the country has
made very real progress.
 CHAPTER VI
[65]
UTMAN KHELS.

The trans-frontier portion of this tribe occupies the country

between the Rud River on the north, the Panjkora and Swat Rivers
on the east and south-east, and the Ambahar River on the south and
south-west: their neighbours being the Bajauris on the north, the
Akozai Yusafzais or Swatis on the east, and the Mohmands on the
west; while the Peshawar district is the southern boundary. The
country is a network of low hills and nullahs, and is generally
unfertile and unproductive. The cis-frontier people of the tribe own
certain lands in the northern portion of the Yusafzai Plain, originally
bestowed upon them by the Baizais, when these, some time in the
sixteenth century, were being pressed by the Ranizais. In the course
of time the Baizais have practically been pushed from their own
country by the Utman Khels. The Utman Khels hold the villages
situated on the spur running down from the Pajja and Morah
Ranges, and also the villages of Shamozai and Matta, on the north-
west slopes of the Ganga Ghar Mountain.
The Utman Khel are said to be Sarbani Pathans of the Kodai
Karlanri branch, who moved eastwards with the Yusafzais when
these migrated from their earlier homes north-west of the Suleiman
range, occupying their present territory simultaneously with the
Yusafzai conquest of Swat. They are a hardy set of mountaineers, of
good physique, hardworking, many of them eking out a scanty
livelihood as labourers about Peshawar; “often,” so Oliver tells us,
“naked from the waist up—a custom opposed to Pathan ideas—but
not very civilised. They live in small groups of houses, rather than
villages, stuck on the mountain side, secure in their inaccessibility.”
There are no chiefs of any importance among them, and they are a
very democratic people. They are estimated to number some 9,000
fighting men, poorly armed. The trans-frontier Utman Khels have
always held themselves rather aloof, and few of them enlist with us;
but the cis-frontier men have lately taken more freely to service in
the levies, and even in the Indian army, and are said to make
excellent soldiers.
Their country lies on both banks of the Swat River until the limits
of the Mohmand territory are reached, and here the river bends to
the south and forms the boundary between the two tribes. The
country is throughout very difficult, there are few roads passable by
any but a pedestrian, and the only means of crossing the Swat—here
rushing a deep swift torrent between steep cliff-like banks—is
afforded by a few rope bridges. To the north of the river are a
number of valleys between spurs running out from the Koh-i-Mohr.
To the south and south-east of this mountain are the important
divisions of Barang and Ambahar; to the north-east lies Arang; and
south of the Swat River, and between it and British territory, is the
narrow hilly tract of Laman or Daman, traversed by the Sulala
Range.
Utman Khel Clans The tribe is divided into eight main clans
as under:

1. Ismailzai.
2. Mandal.
3. Alizai.
4. Matakai.
5. Gurai.
6. Peghozai.
7. Bimarai.
8. Sinazai.
The Ismailzai is by far the largest and most important clan, and
occupies the right bank of the Swat River and the northern slopes of
the Koh-i-Mohr. The three last-named clans of the tribe live in Totai
on the left bank of the Swat below its junction with the Panjkora,
within Sam Ranizai limits, and separated from the Laman by the
Jhindai Valley. The Laman accommodates a number of other tribes
besides the Utman Khel.
The roads leading from our territory into the Utman Khel country
are all difficult, but there is a good road from Matta, on the
Mohmand border, through Pandiali to Ambahar. The dwellers in
Laman can be easily coerced, but in their time, and particularly
during the first years of British occupation of the frontier country,
they have given a great deal of trouble, raiding the border and
sheltering outlaws.
The Utman Khels are quite a distinct people, being unconnected
with any of the Pathan races which surround them—whether
Mohmands, Bajauris, or Yusafzais; they have more than once waged
war with the Mohmands, but consider themselves to be on specially
friendly terms with the Shinwaris.
 OPERATIONS.
In the middle of the last century the favourite raiding ground of
the restless spirits of the Utman Khels was the Hastnagar division.
Early in 1852, they permitted one Ajun Khan, a notoriously
disaffected man, to take up his residence in Utman Khel villages to
the north of the district, and here he gathered together a band of
adventurers like himself to raid upon our border. Finally in April,
Ajun Khan collected some 200 mounted men, attacked Charsada, the
headquarters of the division, plundered the treasury and slew some
of our officials. On the following day he occupied Abazai, and then
visited Pranghar and Nawedand, where he took up his quarters.
Within a week, however, Sir Colin Campbell was moving troops out
against him from Peshawar.
Expedition against the Independent Utman Khels, 1852.—Sir
Colin Campbell established his headquarters at Abazai and there
concentrated the following force:

First Troop, 1st Brigade Horse Artillery.

Two 8–inch howitzers, 4th Battalion Artillery.
300 bayonets, 32nd Foot.
One squadron 2nd Irregular Cavalry.
One squadron Guides Cavalry.
2nd Company Sappers and Miners.
300 bayonets, 28th Native Infantry.
300 bayonets, 66th Gurkhas.
Guides Infantry.
Expedition of 1852 On the 11th May the force moved out and
destroyed Nawedand, experiencing some
slight opposition, and while the operations were in progress Sir Colin
was joined by the 1st Punjab Infantry under Captain Coke, and by
two squadrons of the 1st Punjab Cavalry under Lieutenant Hughes.
These regiments had left Kohat at 2 a.m. on the 8th and reached
Peshawar, forty miles distant, the same day; there was a delay in
crossing the Kabul River owing to the bridge of boats having been
swept away, but by the evening of the 10th Coke’s party was across,
arriving at Abazai at daybreak with a two hours’ halt en route.
Finding at Abazai that Sir Colin had left to attack Nawedand, Coke
again pushed on, took part in the attack, and returned with the force
to Abazai, having thus covered another forty miles, or a total of
eighty since 2 a.m. on the 8th.
On the 12th General Campbell moved about seven miles to
Gandera, and on the 13th he attacked, carried and destroyed
Pranghar, the stronghold of the Utman Khels, who were in
considerable strength and held out gallantly against the fire of our
ten guns. The force then withdrew.
At the end of this year the fort of Abazai was erected for the better
security of this part of the border.
After this expedition, the conduct of the Independent Utman Khels
—as distinguished from the Utman Khels of Sam Baizai—was
uniformly good, and for more than twenty years the Indian
Government had no grounds for any complaint against them. On the
9th December, 1876, however, an offence of the very gravest
description was committed by this tribe, chiefly by men from
Ambahar and the Laman; a number of them, instigated by persons of
influence in British territory, attacking a body of unarmed coolies
engaged in the preliminary operations connected with the canal
about to be taken from the Swat River near Abazai. It appears that
the party, consisting of a hundred men, surrounded the tents in
which the coolies were sleeping about 2 a.m.; then, at a given signal,
having cut through the ropes of the tents, threw them down and
butchered the helpless, struggling inmates through the tent-cloth.
The camp was then robbed of almost everything it contained, some
of the dead and wounded being stripped of the very clothes on their
backs. Of the sixty-five coolies, six were killed and twenty-seven
wounded, some dangerously. Having plundered the camp, the
raiders effected their escape to the hills before any assistance could
reach the spot from Fort Abazai; but all the neighbouring headmen,
suspected of complicity, were apprehended and sent into Peshawar.
 It seems probable that this raid would never have taken place if
proper steps had been taken for the protection of the men employed
on the canal works—a project, and the taking up land for which,
known to have aroused suspicion and dislike; and it cannot be
denied that sufficient precautions were not taken by the responsible
officers to prevent an attack of this kind, when the work was being
carried on so near the border. It could not, however, have well been
anticipated that a Muhammadan tribe would, without provocation
and with no quarrel with the British Government, attack and kill an
unarmed body of their co-religionists—a dastardly outrage, which
brought down upon the perpetrators the virtual excommunication of
the aged Akhund of Swat.
Expedition of 1878 Operations against the Independent
Utman Khels, 1878.—In consequence of this
affair, the Utman Khels were, as a tribe, excluded from British
territory, but at the time it was not possible to take more active
measures against them. At the beginning of 1878, however, it was
proposed to Government that an attempt should be made to surprise
the village of Sapri, where dwelt the man who had been the leader of
the party concerned in the attack on the coolie camp; for it was felt
that while he was at large and unpunished, any really satisfactory
settlement with the tribe would be practically impossible; his village,
moreover, was close to our border. The proposal was sanctioned, and
at 7 p.m. on the 14th February, 1878, Captain Wigram Battye,[66]
accompanied by Captain Cavagnari,[67] marched from Mardan with
264 sabres and twelve bayonets of the Guides, the infantry mounted
on mules.
The party moved by the main Tangi-Abazai road for some
distance, but on arrival near Tangi, the column turned off to the
north, crossed the line of the Swat Canal, and arriving within two
miles of Abazai, left the horses there under a small escort. The troops
had marched thirty-two miles, making a long detour so as to avoid
villages whence news of the movement might have been conveyed
across the border. Moving on, the Swat River was struck, and its left
bank ascended for about four miles to Mada Baba Ziarat, where a
mountain torrent joins the river; and climbing a rough path by the
side of this torrent, the kotal leading to the village of Sapri was soon
reached. It was still dark, but from here Captain Battye sent a small
party on to a spur commanding the village, and especially the towers
of the man particularly wanted for the outrage near Abazai. With
daylight the village was rushed, the tribesmen being taken
completely by surprise, and Mian Rakan-ud-din, the leader, was shot
down. Some of his immediate attendants surrendered, and others
bolted to the hills above the village, whence they kept up a desultory
fire on the troops. But Captain Battye was able to withdraw his party
to Fort Abazai without further molestation. Our casualties were eight
wounded.
As a result of this measure some of the Utman Khel villages
showed themselves most anxious to effect a satisfactory settlement
with Government; others, however—those of Zirak and Pakhai—
remained recusant, and consequently, while the submission of the
repentant villages was accepted, it was decided to coerce the
remainder. On the 20th March, therefore, Lieutenant-Colonel
Jenkins left Mardan for the Utman Khel border with a force
composed of four guns of the Hazara Mountain Battery, 245 sabres
and 453 bayonets of the Guides. The Zirak villages were first dealt
with. The force entered the hills as day was breaking, and
experienced no opposition at the first village, Tarakai, but moving on
from here entered a valley formed by the Sulala range of hills and
divided into two parts by the Tor Tam hill; on the near side of this
hill were the remaining Zirak villages, and on the other were those of
Pakhai. The first village was found to be deserted, but our troops
were fired on from the others; the enemy were, however, easily
dispersed and the remaining Zirak villages cleared. Leaving now the
Guides cavalry in occupation, Colonel Jenkins secured possession of
the Tor Tam hill with the infantry and guns without any serious
opposition, and thence had the Pakhai villages at his mercy. The
Zirak and Pakhai headmen were now called upon to submit, which
they did after the usual hesitation, and agreed to pay the fines
demanded of them. The force then withdrew from the valley
unmolested, and bivouacked that night at the Jhinda outpost of the
Swat canal works, having marched over forty miles since noon of the
previous day. Mardan was again reached on the 22nd.
Punitive Measures During 1882 there was a slight revival of
trouble in connection with the canal works,
but thenceforward the Utman Khels gave us no cause for complaint
until 1895, when some divisions opposed General Low’s advance[68]
at the passage of the Swat River; they also shared in other attacks
upon us during the operations of that spring, but no punitive
measures were taken against them for these signs of hostility. In
1897 again large numbers of Utman Khels took part in the attacks on
the Malakand; some assisted their old enemies the Mohmands in the
fighting about Shabkadar; and others again of the divisions which
live on the further bank of the Swat River helped in the assaults on
Chakdara, and later tried to seize the bridge over the Panjkora, but
were forestalled by General Meiklejohn.
The trans-frontier Utman Khels thereafter only broke out once,
joining the Mamunds in the attack on General Jeffreys’ camp
described in Chapter VII., but, on the whole, they remained quiet
while our troops were in Bajaur, and even helped to keep open the
lines of communications where these passed near their border.
Expedition against the Utman Khels, 1897.—As stated in Chapter
V., General Blood had intended sending a brigade from Lower Swat
into the Utman Khel country, but at the moment the services of the
troops were required elsewhere, and operations against the Utman
Khels had to be postponed. For the time, therefore, Government
contented itself with imposing terms upon such clans as had shown
themselves hostile, and demanding the submission of the whole
tribe. By the close of the year, however, the Utman Khel generally
had evinced no inclination to comply with our terms, and on the
22nd November, therefore, a small force was collected to compel
submission. It was concentrated near Dargai, at the southern foot of
the Malakand Pass, and was placed under the command of Colonel
A. J. F. Reid; it was composed as under:

One squadron, 10th Bengal Lancers.

No. 8 Bengal Mountain Battery.
No. 5 Company Madras Sappers and Miners.
1st Battalion The Buffs.
21st Punjab Infantry.
35th Sikhs.
Expedition of 1897
 In addition to the above, the 16th Bengal Infantry was sent to
Abazai to protect the head of the Swat River canal, and to help the
local political officers in dealing with the Utman Khels of the Laman.
The initial destination of the force was the Totai Valley, and on the
23rd Colonel Reid marched to Hariankot at the foot of the pass
leading to Kot, which was reached next day. The road over the pass,
although it had been improved by working parties, was found very
difficult for laden camels. On the west side of the pass the valley
widens considerably, and is highly cultivated. The villagers of Lower
Totai showed every sign of wishing to be friendly, and many jirgahs
came in asking for terms. All the clans accepted our terms without
hesitation, except the Agra jirgah, and the force accordingly arranged
to march into that valley. Two routes were reconnoitred from Kot,
but that via Silai Patai was eventually adopted, although it required
much work to make it passable. The villagers along the route proved
very submissive, bringing in supplies, and the Agra jirgah met
Colonel Reid on their boundary to tender submission. On the 27th
the troops marched to Bargholai along a very difficult track through a
narrow gorge. The Agra Valley was thoroughly explored,
reconnaissances were pushed forward to the passes, and much useful
survey work was done. All the representatives of the Utman Khel had
now submitted except the Kanauri Ismailzai, so a small column was
detailed to visit the Kanauri villages, which lay high up in the hills
above Kot, to the west of Colonel Reid’s camp. The road was very bad
and steep, but halfway there the jirgah was met hurrying down to
submit.
By the 4th December all the clans had complied with our terms,
and the troops were withdrawn to Hariankot and the column broken
up.
Since that date this tribe has given no serious trouble to the British
Government.
 CHAPTER VII.
[69]
THE CLANS OF BAJAUR AND DIR.

The inhabitants of both these countries are mainly Yusafzais—

Tarkanri or Tarklanri Yusafzais in Bajaur, and Akozai Yusafzais in
Dir.
Bajaur is bounded on the north by Dir, and on the east by Dir and
Swat, on the south-east and south by the Utman Khel country, on the
south again for a short distance by the Mohmands, and on the west
by Afghanistan. It is an extremely mountainous country, watered by
the Rud River, and including within its area the valleys of the Rud, of
Babukarra, Watelai and Chaharmung.
The Bajauris or Tarkanris are Sarbani Pathans of the Khakhai Khel
branch and representatives of the ancient Gandhari, with whom they
returned from Kabul in the fifteenth century to the Peshawar Valley,
and a hundred years later subjugated and dispossessed the Gujars,
then in occupation of Bajaur. “In 1504,” we are reminded by Oliver,
“the Emperor Baber acquired the sovereignty of Kabul and Ghazni,
and in the following year made an extensive frontier tour, coming by
the Khyber Pass to Peshawar, going along the whole border, and
returning by the Sakhi Sarwar Pass and the Bori Valley to Ghazni. At
this period the Pathan settlers are described as pretty well
established in Laghman, Peshawar, Swat and Bajaur; though some of
the original occupants still struggled for independence under their
hereditary chiefs. During the next twenty-five years the Mogul Baber
undertook many forays—for most of them could not be called
anything else—to punish the hill Pathans, or to protect his own
subjects, dispersing the men, carrying off the women and cattle; but,
as a rule, the tribes were even then fully able to hold their own.
Guided by the Dilazaks, he marched against Bajaur, carried the
fortress of the original Sultan by escalade, using the new matchlocks,
which greatly astonished the enemy, the net result being to extend
the power of the Tarklanris.”
The Tarkanris have three main divisions:

1. Ismailzai.
2. Isozai.
3. Mamunds,
and of the different valleys into which Bajaur is split up, the Maidan
Valley is occupied by the Ismailzai, the Baraul and Jandol Valleys by
the Isozai, and the valleys of Babukarra, Chaharmung and Watelai by
the Mamunds, who also own a good deal of land across the border in
Afghanistan. Some six or seven alien tribes also live among the
Bajauris—chiefly in the Jandol and Maidan Valleys. Originally
Jandol belonged to Bajaur, but it has within recent years come under
the political control of Dir, whose ruler, however, has little or no
authority over the people of the Jandol Valley.
The Valleys of The Maidan Valley is about ten miles
Bajaur long, rich and fertile and well cultivated,
watered by the Maidan or Kunai River. The Jandol Valley, whose
northern and southern boundaries are the Janbatai Range and the
Rud River, has a total area of some 144 square miles, being about
fourteen miles long, with a breadth ranging from six to ten miles,
and is also rich and well cultivated. The Baraul Valley is divided into
an upper and a lower, the upper including the Janbatai district, and
good crops are raised here, and iron of excellent quality is exported.
The Babukarra Valley is about fifteen miles long, with an average
width of five or six miles; the range of the Hindu Raj divides it from
Asmar on the north, on the east the Takwara spur separates it from
Jandol, on the west is the Mamund or Watelai Valley, while to the
south, on the right bank of the Bajaur River, is the country of the
Utman Khel. The Chaharmung Valley lies between the Mamund
country on the north-east and the Kamangara Valley on the south-
west. The Watelai Valley, occupied by the Mamunds, the most
important section of the Tarkanris or Bajauris, lies between the
valleys of Chaharmung and Babukarra; it is about thirteen miles in
length, with a maximum breadth of ten miles, and is well cultivated,
but has no main river of any importance running through it, and the
bed of the valley is much cut up by deep nullahs. The Mamunds are
probably the most warlike of the Tarkanris, and can put 12,000 men
in the field, all well armed as frontier tribesmen go.
The position of the Khan of Nawagai requires some explanation.
He is the hereditary chief of a branch of the Salarzai sub-division of
the Mamunds, and also of all the Tarkanris, but his authority has of
late years very greatly diminished, although he is still by no means
without influence, even far beyond the borders of his own Khanate.
His actual territory is an irregular tract of country on the left bank of
the Rud River, together with the district of Surkamar; part of his
country was encroached upon some years ago by the Mohmands, and
he has never been sufficiently powerful to regain permanent
possession of it.
The country known as Dir comprises roughly the whole area
drained by the Panjkora River and its affluents, as far south as its
junction with the Rud River of Bajaur. The Upper Panjkora Valley is
known as the Panjkora Kohistan, and is divided into two parts called
Bashkar and Sheringal. The principal subsidiary valleys of Dir are the
Kashkar or Dir, the Baraul and the Maidan on the west, and the
Ushiri and Talash Valleys on the east. The northern limit of Dir is the
crest of the mountain range which divides it from Chitral and Yasin;
the Durand line is the boundary on the west; on the east it is
bounded by Kohistan, and on the south by the valley of Upper Swat
and by Bajaur. From the mass of mountains to the north three giant
spurs or ranges run down towards the south. The easternmost of
these, forming the watershed between the Swat and the Indus Rivers,
runs first due south and then west to the Malakand. The central
forms the watershed between the Panjkora and Swat. The
westernmost range is a continuation of the Hindu Raj, runs south-
westerly, and forms the watershed between the Panjkora and Rud
Rivers on the one side and the Kunar on the other. The most
important pass which crosses it is the Lowari or Laorai (10,250 feet),
open for convoys from April to November; it carries the main road
from India to Chitral.
Description of Dir The four sections of the Malizai sub-
division of the Khwazozai-Akozais resident
in Dir are:
 1. Painda Khel.
2. Sultan Khel.
3. Nusrudin Khel.
4. Ausa Khel.
On the Panjkora River, commencing from the north, in the
Kashkar Valley, in which the village of Dir is situated, is the Akhund
Khel sub-section of the Painda Khel Malizais, to which the Khan of
Dir belongs. Below these again, on the left bank of the river, are more
of the Painda Khel, and on the right bank the Sultan Khel; and, still
further down, the Sultan Khel, Nusrudin Khel and Ausa Khel on both
banks of the river.
The route to Chitral from the Swat Valley leads through this
country. Leaving the Swat River at Chakdara, the road turns abruptly
to the west and enters the Uch Valley, passing by the Katgola Pass
(3000 feet) into the Talash Valley, where, as Bellew tells us and as
later travellers have confirmed, there are extensive ruins of massive
fortifications on the south side of the valley and nine or ten miles
from the Panjkora, covering the hills for a distance of several miles.
From here the ascent is very steep to the summit of the Kamrani
Pass, to the north-east of which, in a valley, lies Mundah, the
stronghold of Mian Gul Jan, the quarrelsome younger brother of the
Khan of Dir. The descent from the kotal to Sado or Khungai is very
steep. Turning to the right from Sado, the road passes up the
Panjkora Valley, the river being crossed on the fourth march from
Sado at Chutiatun, whence, a few miles further along the right bank
of the Dir stream, Dir itself is reached. “Here,” writes Enriquez,
“situated on a low hill is the stronghold of the Khan. The fort has
three towers, each surmounted with a loop-holed fighting top.... The
vale of Dir is well cultivated and numbers of chenars are scattered
about it, so that its greenness is refreshing after the wearying aridity
of the Panjkora. The little town of Dir occupies a steep khud abreast
of the fort. Its crazy huts are built one above the other, so that the
roof of one forms the promenade or front garden of the one above.”
Then on up the Dir Valley, via Mirga, to the Lowari Pass and Chitral.
An alternative route, branching off from Sado, runs westward for
some way and then, turning northward again, ascends the bed of the
Jandol River to the Janbatai Pass (7212 feet); after crossing this the
road leads along the Baraul Valley to Chutiatun and Dir, where it
joins the first mentioned road.
The people of Dir and Bajaur are all Sunni Muhammadans,
intensely bigoted, but superstitious rather than religious. Their
country is very much priest-ridden, and the people are unusually
susceptible to the influence of the mullahs, who are able to excite
them to fanaticism more easily and to a greater degree than among
other Pathans. The fighting men in Dir and Bajaur number probably
not less than 80,000; they, and more particularly the men of Dir,
have a very strong sense of discipline; and in the event of a general
fanatical rising the combination of tribes which could be formed
would be by no means one to be despised, since they would probably
receive material assistance, if not indeed open and active help, from
Swat, from the Utman Khels, and very possibly from the men of
Buner.
 OPERATIONS.
Umra Khan of It will be convenient here to give some
Jandol account of Umra Khan of Jandol, whose
usurpations were responsible for the formation of the Chitral Relief
Expedition, the operations of which, in the countries of Dir and
Bajaur, are about to be described.
Umra Khan was a younger son of the Khan of Jandol, and a
grandson of the Chief of Bajaur who took up arms against us during
the Ambela campaign. He quarrelled with his father and was
expelled from the country; but returning in 1878 he killed his elder
brother, and later, as the result of a year’s successful fighting, he
made himself master of Jandol, and eventually brought under his
control a tract of country extending from the Dir-Chitral border in
the north to the Swat River in the south, and including the whole of
Dir, the greater part of Bajaur and a portion of Swat. In 1891 and
1892 the Kabul Government undertook certain operations, which
were not particularly successful, to check Umra Khan’s aggressions,
and up to the latter year he seems to have been friendly inclined
towards the British. In 1892, however, when he was being somewhat
pressed, both by the Afghans from without and by rebels within his
kingdom, an appeal which he made to the Government of India for
assistance in the form of arms and ammunition was refused; and in
1893, as a result of the Durand Mission to Kabul, the territory of
Asmar, which he had coveted and seized, and whence he had been
driven, was handed over to Afghanistan. All this gave great offence to
Umra Khan, and it was shortly after these events that he mixed
himself in Chitral affairs—described in their proper place—leading to
the despatch of the Chitral Relief Force in 1895 and the resultant
operations in Dir and Bajaur.
Detail of the Force Chitral Relief Expedition, 1895.—It had
been intended to mobilise the First Division
as being nearest to the scene of operations; but some of the units of
which it was composed were then on service in Waziristan, while the
nature of the country to be operated in precluded the employment of
others. The force was ultimately composed as hereunder detailed,
was placed under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir R. Low,
K.C.B., and its base was fixed at Nowshera.

FIRST BRIGADE.

Brigadier-General Kinloch, C.B.

1st Battalion Bedfordshire Regiment.

1st Battalion King’s Royal Rifles.
15th Sikhs.
37th Dogras.

SECOND BRIGADE.

Brigadier-General Waterfield.

2nd Battalion K.O.S. Borderers.

1st Battalion Gordon Highlanders.
4th Sikhs.
Guides Infantry.

THIRD BRIGADE.

Brigadier-General Gatacre, D.S.O.

1st Battalion The Buffs.

2nd Battalion Seaforth Highlanders.
25th Punjab Infantry.[70]
2nd Battalion 4th Gurkhas.

DIVISIONAL TROOPS.
11th Bengal Lancers.
Guides Cavalry.
13th Bengal Infantry.[71]
23rd Pioneers.
15th Field Battery R.A.
No. 8 M.B. Royal Artillery.
4 guns, No. 2 Derajat Mountain Battery.
No. 1 Company Bengal Sappers and Miners.
No. 4 Company Bengal Sappers and Miners.
No. 6 Company Bengal Sappers and Miners.

RESERVE BRIGADE.

Major-General Channer, V.C., C.B.

No. 7 Bengal Mountain Battery.[72]

3rd Battalion Rifle Brigade.
26th Punjab Infantry.[73]
2nd Battalion 1st Gurkhas.
2nd Battalion 3rd Gurkhas.

LINES OF COMMUNICATION TROOPS.

1st Battalion East Lancashire Regiment.

29th Punjab Infantry.[74]
30th Punjab Infantry.[75]
No. 4 Hazara Mountain Battery.

MOVEABLE COLUMN (ABBOTTABAD).

 No. 8 Bengal Mountain Battery.
2nd Battalion 2nd Gurkhas.
2nd Battalion 5th Gurkhas.
Railway concentration commenced on the 26th March, and in
seven days the force was concentrated at Hoti Mardan and
Nowshera. A proclamation was published to the tribes through
whose territory it would be necessary for the force to pass,
announcing that the quarrel of the British Government was only with
Umra Khan of Jandol, and stating that there was no intention of
permanently occupying the tribal country, or of interfering with the
independence of its inhabitants. In reply, the Sam Ranizais
consented to our passage through their territory, while some of the
headmen in Lower Swat tried to adopt an attitude of armed
neutrality, and the Upper Swatis failed to combine against us. The
Khan of Nawagai promised to do his best to keep Bajaur quiet, and
the maliks among the Bunerwals, Utman Khels and Mohmands
seemed anxious to keep their people out of the quarrel.
The Malakand Pass On the 1st April the First Brigade moved
to Lundkwar, the Second and Third to
Jalala, the General intending to advance into Swat by the Shakot and
Malakand Passes. During this day, however, the report of the friendly
or neutral intentions of the border tribes was seriously discounted by
the receipt of information that large bodies of tribesmen were
holding not only these two passes, but also the Morah, which, by
reason of its propinquity to Buner, there had been no intention of
using. It appearing that of the three the Malakand was the least
strongly occupied, Sir Robert Low decided to force the Malakand,
making a feint with his cavalry towards the Shakot. He therefore
concentrated all three brigades at Dargai, at the southern foot of the
Malakand, early on the morning of the 2nd April.
Leaving Dargai, the track took for some way a north-easterly
direction up the gradually narrowing valley; it then turned north-
west and, leaving the bed of the valley, zigzagged up to the crest,
whence two paths led into the Swat Valley. The kotal itself is some
2850 feet above sea-level, but on the left of the position precipitous
hills rise to a height of over 400 feet, while on the right the crest of
the range slopes steeply up to three tall peaks. The whole of the
ridge, with the heights on either flank, formed a position not less
than two miles long and was held in strength.
The Second Brigade was sent forward early on the 3rd to force the
pass, it being the intention of the general commanding that the
position once taken, the First Brigade, which alone was entirely
supplied with mule transport, should then be pushed on to the Swat
River. Of the Second Brigade, the 4th Sikhs and Guides Infantry
ascended parallel spurs on the west of the valley, intending to turn
the position from this flank; while the remaining battalions, covered
by the fire of three mountain batteries, advanced directly upon the
Pass. The infantry on the flank were, however, very stubbornly
opposed, while the actual ascent was most difficult, and the general
commanding the Second Brigade, seeing that the advance would be
greatly delayed, sent forward his remaining battalions to the frontal
attack, which the First Brigade was now called upon to support. The
infantry, during their advance, captured sangar after sangar, and
moving forward very steadily, the position was finally carried, after
some five hours’ fighting, at the point of the bayonet, the 4th Sikhs
and Guides running in on the enemy’s right at the same time. Two
regiments of the First Brigade pressed the pursuit of the retreating
enemy as far as Khar, where they bivouacked; the 4th Sikhs occupied
the vicinity of the crest; and the remainder of the Second Brigade
withdrew to Dargai.
It was estimated that we had been opposed by about 12,000 men,
of whom probably a third possessed firearms; their losses, mainly by
reason of their holding the position to the last, were heavy; our
casualties were 11 killed and 51 wounded.
During the advance, our troops fortunately came upon the remains
of an old disused Buddhist road, well built and skilfully aligned, and
which two days’ work rendered fit for camel transport, thus greatly
facilitating the passage of supplies.
Advance into Swat Early on the afternoon of the 4th, the
First Brigade advanced into the Swat Valley,
the Second Brigade taking its place on the Malakand, and the Third
remaining at Dargai. The leading brigade was opposed, and even
attacked, with great boldness, by large numbers of tribesmen falling
back from the Shakot and Morah Passes, but these lost severely from
the fire of our infantry and the sabres of the Guides Cavalry, who
made a fine charge over bad ground.
The First Brigade halted at Khar, where that of General Waterfield
joined it, and whence reconnaissances moved up the Swat Valley.
Opportunity was further taken of the halt to open communications
with the headmen of many of the neighbouring villages, and also
with the former Khan of Dir, whom Umra Khan had dispossessed of
his country; and by these measures our troops were assured an
unopposed passage through the Baraul and Dir Valleys, and of the
neutrality of some of the more powerful of the clans of Upper Swat
and Bajaur.
On the 6th, it being reported that a large body of Umra Khan’s
personal followers, under command of his brother, had occupied
Chakdara and the fort and village of Ramora, about two miles further
up the Swat River, five squadrons of cavalry, supported by other
arms from the Second Brigade, were ordered to cross the Swat River
early next morning and reconnoitre towards Uch, opportunity being
at the same time taken to destroy the fort at Ramora. These parties,
and another sent out to search for a suitable site for a bridge over the
Swat River, were opposed by some 4500 men who lost very severely,
especially at the hands of the cavalry, who pursued as far as the
Katgola Pass, about 7½ miles distant. Chakdara was then occupied
and a bridge constructed.
It was now determined that the First Brigade should remain in
occupation of the Swat Valley, and it accordingly handed over all its
mule transport to the two other brigades—the Second taking up the
lead and crossing the Swat River, while the Third advanced to Khar;
and on the same day, the 8th, the cavalry reconnoitred the Talash
Valley as far as Shamshikhan, and the Adinzai Valley up to the foot of
the Laram Pass, which was reported impracticable for transport. On
the 9th the cavalry reconnoitred up to Sado on the Panjkora River,
which can be approached by two roads, that to the west by the Shigu
Kas being just passable, while that by the Kamrani Pass (3300 feet)
was unfit for transport. Next day the advanced troops reached Sado,
and the cavalry reconnoitred for some distance up the Rud River,
being fired on near Kotkai by a small body of the enemy; the Second
Brigade marched to Gumbat and part of the Third closed up to Uch.
 At this period, in view of the possibility of trouble in the Buner and
Mohmand countries, the Reserve Brigade was moved up to Mardan
from Rawal Pindi, and a second reserve brigade was mobilised, but
the units composing it were not required to leave their garrisons;
they were No. 1 Mountain Battery R.A., 2nd Battalion Oxfordshire
Light Infantry, 28th Punjab Infantry, and 39th Garhwal Rifles.
Bridging the The Panjkora River had been rising every
Panjkora day, and by the 11th April had become quite
unfordable, and, while bridging materials were being collected, the
Second Brigade was closed up to Sado and Khungai, the Third being
distributed between Gumbat and Chakdara. By the night of the 12th
the bridge was ready for foot traffic, the river showed no signs of
further rising, and six companies of the Guides crossed to the right
bank, where they formed an entrenched position to serve as a bridge-
head, commanded at short range from the high ground of the left
bank. Here the Guides were conveniently placed to carry out the
orders they were to execute on the following morning, viz. to march
down the right bank of the river and destroy certain villages whence
the convoys had been persistently annoyed. It had been intended to
support the Guides by passing over other troops, and another
company of the Guides was later able to cross; but during the night
of the 12th–13th the river suddenly rose, bringing down large masses
of timber and practically breaking up the newly-completed bridge.
At 6 a.m. Lieutenant-Colonel Battye took five companies up the
Rud River, leaving two companies to hold the bridge-head, and
marched up the left bank to Subhan Killa, whence parties were
detached to the east to burn three villages. Re-concentrating then at
Subhan Killa, the Rud or Jandol River was crossed and the heights
on the right bank of the Panjkora were ascended, from whence other
villages were destroyed. About noon large parties of the enemy
appeared to be advancing, and on Colonel Battye signalling this
information to Headquarters at Sado, he was directed to fall back on
the bridge-head, where the high bank was lined by troops of the
Second Brigade to cover the retirement. As usual on the frontier, the
retirement had no sooner commenced than it was hotly pressed, and
it was perhaps not begun quite so soon as it might have been, or as
was under the circumstances advisable, owing to the fact that it was
impossible for the commander with the main body of the Guides
infantry to be certain whether the detached parties had, or had not,
complied with the order to fall back. The conduct of the retirement,
made practically under the eyes of the whole of the Second Brigade,
was, as recorded by General Low and as endorsed by all who saw it,
“a splendid performance.” Very deliberately the different companies
retired, fiercely assailed on all sides, yet coolly firing by word of
command, and relinquishing quietly and almost imperceptibly one
position only to take up another a few yards back. Twice did the
Guides fix bayonets to meet the onrush, expected but never actually
made. Shortly before recrossing the Jandol River near its junction
with the Panjkora, Colonel Battye fell mortally wounded, the
command devolving on Captain Campbell.
Across the River The bridge-head was reached just before
dark, and the enemy kept up a fire till
nearly 11 a.m. The Guides were reinforced by two Maxims and a
company of the 4th Sikhs sent across the river on rafts, while support
was also afforded by five companies of infantry on the left bank and a
mountain battery, whose firing of star shell probably prevented any
attempt to rush the post. By early morning of the 14th the tribal
gathering—chiefly Utman Khels and men from Mundah—had
dispersed, having experienced very heavy losses. On this day the
Third Brigade moved up to Sado, and six more companies of the 4th
Sikhs were sent over on rafts to the Guides entrenchment; but the
continued rapid rise of the river made bridge construction at this
spot impossible, and eventually a suspension bridge was thrown
across a gorge two miles lower down the river, being completed by
the evening of the 16th.
On this date the rain, which had been falling heavily for some days,
ceased, and the river began to subside. The Third Brigade was now
ordered to lead, and crossed to the right bank on the 17th, the Second
Brigade moving over next day. General Gatacre advanced up the
Jandol Valley, experiencing some opposition about Manugai, and
finally bivouacked at Ghobani, where early next morning the Second
Brigade joined him. An hour later the combined force advanced on
Mundah and Miankilai, which were found deserted, and the cavalry
pushed a reconnaissance to the foot of the Janbatai Pass, finding the
people generally friendly.
 From here it was decided to despatch a small flying column to
Chitral, and a mountain battery, with two infantry battalions and
half a company of Sappers from the Third Brigade, marched on that
afternoon to Barwa and on the 19th to the Janbatai Pass.
Bandai was reached by General Gatacre’s advance column on the
20th, and here he received news that the Chitral garrison was in
great straits, and therefore he proposed to General Low that he
should be permitted to push on with 500 men; this suggestion was
approved, and, pressing forward, General Gatacre was in Dir on the
22nd.
In the meantime the situation had undergone some change. Umra
Khan had fled to the Asmar border, and thence to Kabul, leaving the
resettlement of his territory to the British; the left flank of our line of
advance was in a measure menaced by the presence of the Utman
Khel, Nawagai and Mamund tribesmen; while intelligence, received
on the 21st, that the siege of Chitral had been abandoned, obviated
the need for any forced march to its relief such as had been arranged.
From Dir to Ashreth in Chitral territory via the Lowari Pass was
twenty-three miles, and the whole of General Gatacre’s column, in
spite of the extraordinary difficulties of the road, was concentrated at
Ashreth by the 30th April, and was ordered to halt there for the
present. On the 10th May the 1st Battalion the Buffs, the Derajat
Mountain Battery, and the 4th Company Bengal Sappers and Miners
were led by General Gatacre to Chitral, where the Gilgit Column had
arrived on the 20th April, and with this the object of the expedition
may be said to have been accomplished; Umra Khan, who had
actually originated all the trouble, had fled the country, while on the
27th April Sher Afzul, the late claimant to the Mehtarship of Chitral,
had been brought into our camp at Dir, having been captured in
Bashkar by some of the Khan of Dir’s levies.
Withdrawal of the On the 10th May the troops hitherto
Force serving on the lines of communication were
formed into a Fourth Brigade of the Chitral Relief Force, under
Brigadier-General Hammond, V.C., C.B., D.S.O., A.D.C., and it was
not until the middle of August that some of the troops—mostly of the
Fourth Brigade—commenced their return march to India. On the 4th
September the Third Brigade ceased to exist; on the 28th General
Low’s Headquarters demobilised at Nowshera; and about the same
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