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B. Preetham Kumar
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not
warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® soft-
ware or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular
pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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and
In memory of my parents
Contents
Preface.................................................................................................................... xiii
Note to Readers on Structure of Book and Exercises.................................... xvii
Author.................................................................................................................... xix
vii
viii Contents
The motivating factor in the preparation of this book was to develop a practical
and readily understandable laboratory volume in Digital Signal Processing
(DSP). The intended audience is primarily undergraduate and graduate
students taking DSP for the first time as an elective course. The book is very
relevant at the present time, when software and hardware developments in
DSP are very rapid, and it is vital for the students to complement theory with
practical software and hardware applications in their curriculum.
This book essentially evolved from the study material in two courses
taught at the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
California State University, Sacramento (CSUS). These courses, Introduction
to Digital Signal Processing, and Digital Signal Processing Laboratory, have
been offered at CSUS for the past several years. During these years of DSP
theory and laboratory instruction for senior undergraduate and graduate
students, often with varied subject backgrounds, we gained a great deal of
experience and insight. Students who took these courses gave very useful
feedback, such as their interest for an integrated approach to DSP teaching
that would be comprised of side-by-side training in both theory and practi-
cal software/hardware aspects of DSP. In their opinion, the practical com-
ponent of the DSP course curriculum greatly enhances the understanding
of the basic theory and principles.
The factors above guided us to prepare each chapter of this book to include
the following components: a brief theory to explain the underlying math-
ematics and principles, a problem solving section with a reasonable num-
ber of problems to be worked by the student, a computer laboratory with
programming examples and exercises in MATLAB® and Simulink®,* and
finally, in applicable chapters, a hardware laboratory with exercises using
test and measurement equipment, and the Texas Instruments TMS320C6711
DSP Starter Kit.
In Chapter 1, we go into a brief theory of DSP applications and systems,
with solved and unsolved examples, followed by a computer lab, which
introduces the students to basic programming in MATLAB, and creation of
system models in Simulink. This chapter concludes with a hardware section,
which contains instructions and exercises on usage of basic signal sources,
such as synthesized sweep generators, and measuring equipment, such as
oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers.
Chapter 2 is a more detailed description of LTI discrete-time signals and
systems, and the mathematical tools used to describe these systems. Basic
concepts such as z-transform, system function, discrete-time convolution,
xiii
xiv Preface
and difference equations are reviewed in the theory section. Practical types
of LTI systems, such as inverse systems and minimum phase systems are also
discussed, with example problems. This is followed by a computer lab,
which has guidance and exercises in the creation and simulation of LTI
system models.
Chapter 3 covers the practical time and frequency analysis of discrete-time
signals, with emphasis on the evolution of the Discrete Fourier Transform
(DFT) and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The software lab includes spec-
tral analysis, using the FFT, of practical periodic and nonperiodic signals
such as noisy signal generators and Amplitude Modulation (AM) systems.
The hardware lab involves actual measurement of harmonic distortion in
signal generators, spectrum of AM signals, and the comparison of measured
results with simulation from the computer lab section.
Chapter 4 is a practical discussion of the Analog-to Digital (A/D) process, with
an initial brief review of sampling, quantization (uniform and nonuniform),
and binary encoding in the Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) process. The soft-
ware lab includes MATLAB/Simulink A/D process simulation of practical audio
signals, and advanced systems such as Differential PCM. The hardware lab gives
guidance of the construction and testing of a FET Sample and Hold circuit.
Chapters 5 and 6 are devoted to design and application of digital filters.
Chapter 5 reviews the basic concepts of digital filters, and analytical design
techniques for Finite Impulse Response (FIR) and Infinite Impulse Response
(IIR) digital filter design. The second edition also includes a section on FIR
and IIR digital filter structures. The computer lab details Computer Aided
Design (CAD) techniques for FIR and IIR digital filters, and has a series of
rigorous exercises in usage of these techniques. Chapter 6 deals with the
application of digital filters to one-dimensional (audio) and two-dimensional
(video) signals. The computer lab has a set of practical exercises in the appli-
cation of one- and two-dimensional digital filters for practical purposes,
such as audio recovery from noise, and image deblurring.
Chapters 7 and 8 are focused on the application of practical DSP applica-
tions through the Digital Signal Processor (DSP) hardware. The hardware
used in this book is the Texas Instruments TMS320C6711 Digital Signal
Processor Starter Kit. Chapter 7 deals in detail with the organization and
usage of the 6711 DSK, with a set of practical introductory exercises, such
as signal generation and filtering. Chapter 8 is more applied and covers the
hardware application and programming of the 6711 DSK for practical filter-
ing applications of noise from audio signals.
There are six appendices. The first four appendices give detailed hardware
description and user instructions of the equipment used in this book. The
four equipment models covered are synthesized sweep generators, spec-
trum analyzers, dynamic signal analyzers, and digitizing oscilloscopes in
Appendices A, B, C, and D, respectively. Appendix E gives detailed schemat-
ics, hardware description, and user instructions on the Texas Instruments
6711 DSK. Finally, Appendix F gives brief descriptions of alternate equipment
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