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 C++ Programming:
From Problem Analysis to Program Design

Eighth Edition

D.S. Malik

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Pro- © 2018, 2015, 2013 Cengage Learning®
gram Design, Eighth Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the ­copyright
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 TO
My Daughter

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 viii | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition

APPENDIX A   Reserved Words 1309

APPENDIX B   Operator Precedence 1311

APPENDIX C   Character Sets 1313

APPENDIX D   Operator Overloading 1317

APPENDIX E    Additional C11 Topics ONLINE

APPENDIX F    Header Files 1319

APPENDIX G    Memory Size on a System 1329

APPENDIX H    Standard Template Library (STL)  1331

APPENDIX I      Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises 1369

INDEX 1413

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 x | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition

Quick Review 22

Exercises 24

BASIC ELEMENTS OF C11 27

2
A Quick Look at a C11 Program 28

The Basics of a C11 Program 33

Comments34
Special Symbols 35
Reserved Words (Keywords) 35
Identifiers36
Whitespaces37

Data Types 37
Simple Data Types 38
Floating-Point Data Types 40

Data Types, Variables, and Assignment

Statements42

Arithmetic Operators, Operator Precedence, and Expressions 43

Order of Precedence 45
Expressions47
Mixed Expressions 48

Type Conversion (Casting) 50

string Type 53

Variables, Assignment Statements,

and Input Statements 54
Allocating Memory with Constants and Variables 54
Putting Data into Variables 57

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 Table of Contents | xi

Assignment Statement 57
Saving and Using the Value of an Expression 60
Declaring and Initializing Variables 61
Input (Read) Statement 62
Variable Initialization 65

Increment and Decrement Operators 69

Output71

Preprocessor Directives 78
namespace and Using cin and cout in a Program 79
Using the string Data Type in a Program 80

Creating a C11 Program 80

Debugging: Understanding and Fixing

Syntax Errors 84

Program Style and Form 87

Syntax87
Use of Blanks 88
Use of Semicolons, Brackets, and Commas 88
Semantics88
Naming Identifiers 89
Prompt Lines 89
Documentation90
Form and Style 90

More on Assignment Statements 92

Programming Example: Convert Length 94

Programming Example: Make Change 98

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 xii | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition

Quick Review 102

Exercises104

Programming Exercises 114

INPUT/OUTPUT123
3
I/O Streams and Standard I/O Devices 124
cin and the Extraction Operator >> 125

Using Predefined Functions in a Program 130

cin and the get Function 133
cin and the ignore Function 134
The putback and peek Functions 136
The Dot Notation between I/O Stream Variables
and I/O Functions: A Precaution 139

Input Failure 139

The clear Function 142

Output and Formatting Output 143

setprecision Manipulator 144
fixed Manipulator 145
showpoint Manipulator 146
C1114 Digit Separator 149
setw 150

Additional Output Formatting Tools 152

setfill Manipulator 152
left and right Manipulators 154

Input/Output and the string Type 156

Debugging: Understanding Logic Errors

and Debugging with cout Statements 157

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Table of Contents | xiii

File Input/Output 160

Programming Example: Movie Tickets

Sale and Donation to Charity 164

Programming Example: Student Grade 170

Quick Review 173

Exercises175

Programming Exercises 181

CONTROL STRUCTURES I
4 (SELECTION)187
Control Structures 188
SELECTION: if AND if . . . else 189
Relational Operators and Simple Data Types 189
Comparing Characters 190
One-Way Selection 191
Two-Way Selection 194
int Data Type and Logical (Boolean) Expressions 198
bool Data Type and Logical (Boolean) Expressions 198
Logical (Boolean) Operators and Logical Expressions 199
Order of Precedence 201

Relational Operators and the string Type 205

Compound (Block of) Statements 207
Multiple Selections: Nested if 207
Comparing if . . . else Statements with a Series of if Statements 210
Short-Circuit Evaluation 211
Comparing Floating-Point Numbers for Equality: A Precaution 212
Associativity of Relational Operators: A Precaution 213

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 xiv | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition

Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Partially Understood

Concepts and Techniques 215
Input Failure and the if Statement 218
Confusion between the Equality Operator (==)
and the Assignment Operator (=)221
Conditional Operator (?:)223
Program Style and Form (Revisited): Indentation 224

Using Pseudocode to Develop, Test, and Debug a Program 224

switch Structures 227

Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Partially Understood
Concepts and Techniques (Revisited) 234

Terminating a Program with the assert Function 236

Programming Example: Cable Company Billing 238

Quick Review 244

Exercises245

Programming Exercises 257

CONTROL STRUCTURES II (REPETITION) 265

5
Why Is Repetition Needed? 266

while Looping (Repetition) Structure 269

Designing while Loops 273
Case 1: Counter-Controlled while Loops 274
Case 2: Sentinel-Controlled while Loops 277
Case 3: Flag-Controlled while Loops 283
Case 4: EOF-Controlled while Loops 286
eof Function 287
More on Expressions in while Statements 292

Programming Example: Fibonacci Number 293

for Looping (Repetition) Structure 297

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 Table of Contents | xv

Programming Example: Classifying Numbers 305

do. . .while Looping (Repetition) Structure 309

Divisibility Test by 3 and 9 311
Choosing the Right Looping Structure 313

break and continue Statements 313

Nested Control Structures 315

Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Patches 321

Debugging Loops 324

Quick Review 324

Exercises326

Programming Exercises 340

USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS 347

6
Predefined Functions 348

User-Defined Functions 352

Value-Returning Functions 353

Syntax: Value-Returning Function 355
Syntax: Formal Parameter List 355
Function Call 355
Syntax: Actual Parameter List 356
return Statement 356
Syntax: return Statement 356
Function Prototype 360
Syntax: Function Prototype 361
Value-Returning Functions: Some Peculiarities 362
More Examples of Value-Returning Functions 364
Flow of Compilation and Execution 375

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 xvi | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition

Programming Example: Largest Number 376

Void Functions 378

Value Parameters 384

Reference Variables as Parameters 386

Calculate Grade 387

Value and Reference Parameters and Memory Allocation 390

Reference Parameters and Value-Returning Functions 399

Scope of an Identifier 399

Global Variables, Named Constants,

and Side Effects 403

Static and Automatic Variables 411

Debugging: Using Drivers and Stubs 413

Function Overloading: An Introduction 415

Functions with Default Parameters 417

Programming Example: Classify Numbers 420

Programming Example: Data Comparison 425

Quick Review 435

Exercises438

Programming Exercises 453

USER-DEFINED SIMPLE DATA TYPES, NAMESPACES,

7 AND THE STRING TYPE 467
Enumeration Type 468
Declaring Variables 470
Assignment470
Operations on Enumeration Types 471
Relational Operators 471

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 Table of Contents | xvii

Input /Output of Enumeration Types 472

Functions and Enumeration Types 475
Declaring Variables When Defining the Enumeration Type 476
Anonymous Data Types 477
typedef Statement 477

Programming Example: The Game of Rock, Paper, and Scissors 478

Namespaces487

string Type 492

Additional string Operations 496

Programming Example: Pig Latin Strings 505

Quick Review 510

Exercises512

Programming Exercises 517

ARRAYS AND STRINGS 521

8
Arrays523
Accessing Array Components 525
Processing One-Dimensional Arrays 527
Array Index Out of Bounds 531
Array Initialization during Declaration 532
Partial Initialization of Arrays during Declaration 532
Some Restrictions on Array Processing 533
Arrays as Parameters to Functions 534
Constant Arrays as Formal Parameters 535
Base Address of an Array and Array in Computer Memory 537
Functions Cannot Return a Value of the Type Array 540
Integral Data Type and Array Indices 543
Other Ways to Declare Arrays 544

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 xviii | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition

Searching an Array for a Specific Item 544

Sorting547

Auto Declaration and Range-Based For Loops 551

C-Strings (Character Arrays) 552

String Comparison 555
Reading and Writing Strings 556
String Input 556
String Output 558
Specifying Input/Output Files at Execution Time 559
string Type and Input/Output Files 559

Parallel Arrays 560

Two- and Multidimensional Arrays 561

Accessing Array Components 563
Two-Dimensional Array Initialization during Declaration 564
Two-Dimensional Arrays and Enumeration Types 564
Initialization567
Print568
Input568
Sum by Row 568
Sum by Column 568
Largest Element in Each Row and Each Column 569
Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays as Parameters to Functions 570
Arrays of Strings 573
Arrays of Strings and the string Type 573
Arrays of Strings and C-Strings (Character Arrays) 573
Another Way to Declare a Two-Dimensional Array 574
Multidimensional Arrays 575

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Table of Contents | xix

Programming Example: Code Detection 577

Programming Example: Text Processing 583

Quick Review 590

Exercises592

Programming Exercises 604

RECORDS (STRUCTS)611
9 Records (structs)612
Accessing struct Members 614
Assignment617
Comparison (Relational Operators) 618
Input/Output618
struct Variables and Functions 619
Arrays versus structs620
Arrays in structs620
structs in Arrays 623
structs within a struct 624

Programming Example: Sales Data Analysis 628

Quick Review 642

Exercises643

Programming Exercises 648

CLASSES AND DATA ABSTRACTION 651

10
Classes652
Unified Modeling Language Class Diagrams 656
Variable (Object) Declaration 656
Accessing Class Members 657

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 xx | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition

Built-in Operations on Classes 659

Assignment Operator and Classes 659
Class Scope 660
Functions and Classes 660
Reference Parameters and Class Objects (Variables) 660
Implementation of Member Functions 661
Accessor and Mutator Functions 666
Order of public and private Members of a Class 670
Constructors671
Invoking a Constructor 673
Invoking the Default Constructor 673
Invoking a Constructor with Parameters 674
Constructors and Default Parameters 677
Classes and Constructors: A Precaution 677
In-Class Initialization of Data Members and the Default Constructor 678
Arrays of Class Objects (Variables) and Constructors 679
Destructors681

Data Abstraction, Classes, and Abstract Data Types 682

A struct versus a class 684

Information Hiding 685

Executable Code 689

More Examples of Classes 691

Inline Functions 700

Static Members of a Class 701

Programming Example: Juice Machine 707

Quick Review 722

Exercises724

Programming Exercises 736

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Table of Contents | xxi

INHERITANCE AND COMPOSITION 743

11
Inheritance744
Redefining (Overriding) Member Functions of the Base Class 747
Constructors of Derived and Base Classes 754
Destructors in a Derived Class 763
Multiple Inclusions of a Header File 764
C11 Stream Classes 768
Protected Members of a Class 769
Inheritance as public, protected, or private 769
(Accessing protected Members in the Derived Class) 770

Composition (Aggregation) 773

Object-Oriented Design (OOD) and

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) 778
Identifying Classes, Objects, and Operations 780

Programming Example: Grade Report 781

Quick Review 802

Exercises802

Programming Exercises 811

POINTERS, CLASSES, VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS, AND ABSTRACT CLASSES 817

12
Pointer Data Type and Pointer Variables 818
Declaring Pointer Variables 818

Address of Operator (&) 820

Dereferencing Operator (*) 821

Classes, Structs, and Pointer Variables 826

Initializing Pointer Variables 829

Initializing Pointer Variables Using nullptr 829

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 xxii | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition

Dynamic Variables 830

Operator new 830
Operator delete 831

Operations on Pointer Variables 835

Dynamic Arrays 837

Arrays and Range-Based for Loops (Revisited) 840
Functions and Pointers 841
Pointers and Function Return Values 842
Dynamic Two-Dimensional Arrays 842

Shallow versus Deep Copy and Pointers 845

Classes and Pointers: Some Peculiarities 847

Destructor848
Assignment Operator 849
Copy Constructor 851

Inheritance, Pointers, and Virtual Functions 858

Classes and Virtual Destructors 865

Abstract Classes and Pure Virtual Functions 866

Address of Operator and Classes 874

Quick Review 876

Exercises879

Programming Exercises 890

OVERLOADING AND TEMPLATES 893

13
Why Operator Overloading Is Needed 894

Operator Overloading 895

Syntax for Operator Functions 896
Overloading an Operator: Some Restrictions 896
Pointer this 899
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 Table of Contents | xxiii

Friend Functions of Classes 904

Operator Functions as Member Functions
and Nonmember Functions 907
Overloading Binary Operators 910
Overloading the Stream Insertion (<<) and Extraction (>>) Operators 916
Overloading the Assignment Operator (=)921
Overloading Unary Operators 929
Operator Overloading: Member versus Nonmember 935
Classes and Pointer Member Variables (Revisited) 936
Operator Overloading: One Final Word 936

Programming Example: clockType936

Programming Example: Complex Numbers 945

Overloading the Array Index (Subscript) Operator ([]) 950

Programming Example: newString952

Function Overloading 959

Templates959
Function Templates 959
Class Templates 961

C1111 Random Number Generator 969

Quick Review 971

Exercises973

Programming Exercises 981

EXCEPTION HANDLING 991

14
Handling Exceptions within a Program 992
C11 Mechanisms of Exception Handling 996
try/catch Block 996
Using C11 Exception Classes 1003

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 xxiv | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition

Creating Your Own Exception Classes 1007

Rethrowing and Throwing an Exception 1016

Exception-Handling Techniques 1020

Terminate the Program 1020
Fix the Error and Continue 1020
Log the Error and Continue 1021

Stack Unwinding 1022

Quick Review 1025

Exercises1027

Programming Exercises 1033

RECURSION1035
15
Recursive Definitions 1036
Direct and Indirect Recursion 1038
Infinite Recursion 1038

Problem Solving Using Recursion 1039

Tower of Hanoi: Analysis 1049

Recursion or Iteration? 1049

Programming Example: Converting a Number from

Binary to Decimal 1051

Programming Example: Converting a Number from Decimal to Binary 1055

Quick Review 1058

Exercises1059

Programming Exercises 1064

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Table of Contents | xxv

SEARCHING, SORTING,
16 AND THE VECTOR TYPE 1069
List Processing 1070
Searching1070
Bubble Sort 1071
Insertion Sort 1075
Binary Search 1079
Performance of Binary Search 1082

vector Type (class)1083

Vectors and Range-Based for Loops 1088
Initializing vector Objects during Declaration 1090

Programming Example: Election Results 1091

Quick Review 1105

Exercises1106

Programming Exercises 1111

LINKED LISTS 1115

17
Linked Lists 1116
Linked Lists: Some Properties 1117
Deletion1123
Building a Linked List 1124

Linked List as an ADT 1129

Structure of Linked List Nodes 1130
Member Variables of the class linkedListType 1130
Linked List Iterators 1131
Print the List 1137
Length of a List 1138

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 xxvi | C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition

Retrieve the Data of the First Node 1138

Retrieve the Data of the Last Node 1138
Begin and End 1138
Copy the List 1139
Destructor1140
Copy Constructor 1140
Overloading the Assignment Operator 1141

Unordered Linked Lists 1141

Search the List 1142
Insert the First Node 1143
Insert the Last Node 1144
Header File of the Unordered Linked List 1149

Ordered Linked Lists 1150

Search the List 1151
Insert a Node 1152
Insert First and Insert Last 1156
Delete a Node 1157
Header File of the Ordered Linked List 1158

Print a Linked List in Reverse Order

(Recursion Revisited) 1161
printListReverse1163

Doubly Linked Lists 1164

Default Constructor 1167
isEmptyList1167
Destroy the List 1167
Initialize the List 1168
Length of the List 1168
Print the List 1168
Reverse Print the List 1168
Search the List 1169
First and Last Elements 1169
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 Table of Contents | xxvii

Circular Linked Lists 1175

Programming Example: DVD Store 1176

Quick Review 1196

Exercises1196

Programming Exercises1203

STACKS AND QUEUES 1209

18
Stacks1210
Stack Operations 1212

Implementation of Stacks as Arrays 1214

Initialize Stack 1217
Empty Stack 1218
Full Stack 1218
Push1218
Return the Top Element 1220
Pop1220
Copy Stack 1222
Constructor and Destructor 1222
Copy Constructor 1223
Overloading the Assignment Operator (=)1223
Stack Header File 1224

Programming Example: Highest GPA 1228

Linked Implementation of Stacks 1232

Default Constructor 1235
Empty Stack and Full Stack 1235
Initialize Stack 1236
Push1236
Return the Top Element 1238

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