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Mastering C 2nd Edition Venugopal Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Venugopal
ISBN(s): 9789332901278, 9332901279
Edition: 2
File Details: PDF, 84.04 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
MASTERING C
Second Edition
 About the Authors

K R VENUGOPAL is presently serving as Principal UVCE and Professor of Computer Science and Engineering.
He was the Chairman, Department of Electronics, Computer Science and Information Technology, and Principal
(Evening College) at University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University, Bangalore,
India during 2000–2004. He has degrees in Electronics, Economics, Law, Journalism, Business Finance,
Communication, Industrial Relations, Public Relations and Computer Science. He obtained ME (CSE) from
Department of Computer Science and Automation at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He has
obtained PhD in Economics from Bangalore University and PhD in Computer Science from IIT, Madras. He
has authored and edited 51 books in Computer Science and Engineering and Economics. His areas of interest
include Optical Networks, Ad Hoc Networks, Data Mining and Digital Signal Processing. He has published more
than 400 papers in refereed International Journals and Conferences. Besides these, being a prolific inventor,
Dr Venugopal has filed 80 patents.

SUDEEP R PRASAD is presently serving as a Lead Architect, Philips Innovation Campus, Bangalore, India. He
obtained his degree in Computer Science and Engineering from University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering,
Bangalore University, Bangalore, India. He develops products in the Healthcare domain. His interests include
Software Engineering, Failure Analysis Techniques and Serviceability.
 MASTERING
Second Edition
C
K R Venugopal
Principal and Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering
Bangalore University, Bangalore

Sudeep R Prasad
Lead Architect
Philips Innovation Campus, Bangalore

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

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Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited,
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Mastering C, 2e
Copyright © 2015, 2007, by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
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system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.
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Dedicated to

Karthyayini V
Tejaswi V
 Contents

Foreword xiii
Preface xv

1. Introduction 1
1.1 Computers 1
1.2 Classification of Computers 3
1.3 Numbers 3
1.4 System Software 7
1.5 Software Life Cycle 7
1.6 Algorithms 8
1.7 Algorithm Examples 8
1.8 Flowcharts 10
1.9 Pseudocode 12
1.10 Recursive Algorithms 13
1.11 Structured Programming 14
1.12 Hello World 14
1.13 Compilers 16
1.14 Operating Systems 17
1.15 Running C Programs 17
1.16 Linker 18
1.17 Preprocessor 19
1.18 Case Sensitiveness 19
1.19 Statement Separation 19
1.20 Standard Input and Output Devices 20
1.21 Popular Features of C 20
Exercises 21

2. Variables and Expressions 23

2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Character Set 23
2.3 Identifiers and Keywords 24
2.4 Variables 24
2.5 Displaying Variables 25
2.6 Reading Variables 27
2.7 Characters and Character Strings 28
2.8 Qualifiers 30
2.9 typedef Statement 32
2.10 Promotion and Typecasting 32
2.11 Value-initialized Variables 34
2.12 Constants 34
2.13 const Qualifier 38
2.14 Operators and Expressions 40
2.15 Operator Precedence and Associativity 51
2.16 Programming Examples 53
Exercises 55
viii Contents

3. Basic Input-Output 65
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Single Character Input-Output 65
3.3 String Input and Output 66
3.4 General Output 66
3.5 General Input 70
3.6 Types of Characters in Format Strings 72
3.7 scanf Width Specifier 74
3.8 Search Sets 74
3.9 Assignment Suppression Character 75
3.10 Format Specifiers for scanf 77
3.11 Input Fields for scanf 78
3.12 When scanf Stops Scanning 78
3.13 Programming Examples 79
Exercises 80

4. Control Structures 85
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 if Statement 85
4.3 if-else Statement 88
4.4 Multi-way Decisions 92
4.5 Compound Statements 93
4.6 Loops 94
4.7 for Loop 95
4.8 while Loop 99
4.9 do-while Loop 101
4.10 break Statement 104
4.11 switch Statement 105
4.12 continue Statement 111
4.13 goto Statement 112
4.14 Programming Examples 113
Exercises 122

5. Functions 136
5.1 Introduction 136
5.2 Function main 136
5.3 Where are Functions Useful? 137
5.4 Functions Accepting More than One Parameter 144
5.5 User Defined and Library Functions 145
5.6 Concepts Associated with Functions (Review) 145
5.7 Function Parameters 149
5.8 Return Values 151
5.9 Recursion 156
5.10 Comparison of Iteration and Recursion 160
5.11 Variable Length Argument Lists 160
5.12 Programming Examples 162
Exercises 171
 Contents ix

6. Scope and Extent 179

6.1 Introduction 179
6.2 Scope 180
6.3 Extent 184
Exercises 191

7. Arrays and Strings 197

7.1 Introduction 197
7.2 How Arrays are Useful? 197
7.3 Multidimensional Arrays 203
7.4 Strings 211
7.5 Arrays of Strings 212
7.6 Functions in string.h 213
7.7 Programming Examples 215
Exercises 223

8. Pointers 231
8.1 Introduction 231
8.2 Definition and Uses of Pointers 232
8.3 Address Operator & 232
8.4 Pointer Variables 234
8.5 Dereferencing Pointers 237
8.6 void Pointers 240
8.7 Pointer Arithmetic 241
8.8 Pointers to Pointers 244
8.9 Pointers and Arrays 245
8.10 Passing Arrays to Functions 247
8.11 Pointers and Functions 250
8.12 Accessing Arrays Inside Functions 252
8.13 Pointers and Two-dimensional Arrays 254
8.14 Pointers and Three-dimensional Arrays 255
8.15 Array of Pointers 257
8.16 Pointer Constants 258
8.17 Pointers and Strings 260
8.18 Pointers in Standard String Library Functions 261
8.19 Two-dimensional Array of Characters 265
8.20 Array of Pointers to Strings 266
8.21 More String Library functions 268
8.22 Pointers to Functions 274
8.23 More Examples on Pointer Definitions 277
8.24 Pointers to Constant Objects 278
8.25 Constant Pointers 278
8.26 Programming Examples 279
Exercises 282

9. Structures and Unions 292

9.1 Introduction 292
9.2 Declaring and Using Structures 295
9.3 Structure Initialization 296
 x Contents

9.4 Structure within Structure 296

9.5 Operations on Structures 297
9.6 Array of Structures 298
9.7 Array within Structure 300
9.8 Creating User Defined Data Types 300
9.9 Pointers to Structures 303
9.10 Pointers within Structures 304
9.11 Structures and Functions 306
9.12 Unions 324
9.13 Differences between Structures and Unions 325
9.14 Operations on A union 327
9.15 Scope of A union 327
9.16 Bit Fields in Structures 328
9.17 Programming Examples 328
Exercises 329

10. Files 337

10.1 Introduction 337
10.2 End of File 340
10.3 File-handling Functions 341
10.4 File Types 344
10.5 Unbuffered and Buffered Files 346
10.6 Error Handling 349
10.7 More on File Handling Functions 351
10.8 Low Level File I\O 354
10.9 Redirection and Piping 355
10.10 Command Line Arguments 359
10.11 Directory Functions 359
10.12 Programming Examples 361
Exercises 364

11. Dynamic Memory Allocation 370

11.1 Introduction 370
11.2 Library Functions for Dynamic Memory Allocation 371
11.3 Dynamic Multi-dimensional Arrays 375
11.4 Self-Referential Structures 379
11.5 Programming Examples 386
Exercises 397

12. Data Structures 402

12.1 Arrays 402
12.2 Linked Lists 410
12.3 Stacks 424
12.4 Queues 435
12.5 Trees 455
12.6 Graphs 478
Exercises 488
 Contents xi

13. UNIX Operating System 491

13.1 Introduction 491
13.2 File System and Associated UNIX Commands 491
13.3 File System Commands 492
13.4 Programming Interface to File System 496
13.5 Redirection with dup and dup2 System Calls 504
13.6 System Calls for Process Control 505
13.7 IPC: Communication between Processes 507
13.8 Pipes 508
13.9 Message Passing 509
13.10 Shared Memory 511
13.11 Semaphores 513
Exercises 514

14. C Library Functions 518

14.1 Introduction 518
14.2 Library Functions 519
Exercises 551

15. Controlling Complexity 554

15.1 Introduction 554
15.2 make Utility 556
15.3 Automating the Automation 557
15.4 Structured Programming 557
Exercises 558

16. Quick Reference 559

16.1 C Keywords 559
16.2 L-values and R-values 559
16.3 Type Conversions 560
16.4 Storage Class 560
16.5 Type Specifiers 560
16.6 limits.h and float.h 561
16.7 Input-Output Specifiers 561
16.8 Preprocessing 565
16.9 Trigraph Sequences 568
16.10 ASCII Table 569
Exercises 573

17. Answer to Exercises 578

18. Solutions 611
Appendix: Interview Questions 688
Bibliography 692
Index 694
 Foreword

The study of Computer Science has gained tremendous importance alI over the world. Though the growth
has been phenomenal in developed countries; the non-availability of computer books at reasonable prices
is viewed as a major hurdle in the developing countries towards achieving a level of advancement in some
areas of computer technology akin to the developed countries. Hence, it is all the more desirable to encourage
indigenous writers who possess good knowledge of computers to publish their works so that quality books are
available to the readers at affordable prices.
This book, in particular, is well compiled and the authors have spent a great deal of effort and time in
writing it. Two aspects of the book impressed me; the first relates to the language used which is simple and
supplemented by well-drawn illustrations. The second aspect is that the book has a number of well designed
and tested examples to suit the beginners. It has excellent set of exercises and solutions are provided at the
end of the book.
The earlier books of Venugopal, Mastering C++ and Microprocessor x86 Programming have been well
received by the students and teachers of several Universities.
The book consists of 18 chapters including a chapter on Data Structures. A separate chapter on UNIX is
designed to highlight the features of C in the UNIX environment.
I am sure that this book will be of immense help to students of engineering, graduate degree and diploma
courses. I strongly recommend it to all those who seriously intend to pursue the art of programming with C.

Dr N R Shetty
Former President,
Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE), New Delhi,
Former Vice Chancellor, Bangalore University,
Bangalore, India
 Preface

About the Book

The programming languages have become increasingly important with the advancement of computer technology. It
is essential to write efficient programs in order to handle a large amount of data. Efficient high-level languages like
C in conjunction with powerful computers have helped in solving large and complex problems in reasonable time.

Who Can Use this Book?

Mastering C is targetted at the students of science and engineering, particularly the undergraduate students
of computer science and those who are interested in learning programming with C. Numerous programming
exercises have been designed to enable students tackle and solve problems efficiently. The programs in this
book have been tested for correctness and efficiency and is a good source of developing programming skills
for students who wish to become ace programmers.

Salient Features of the Book

∑ Lucid explanation of basic features and syntax of the C language
∑ In-depth coverage of file manipulations, data structures, searching and sorting
∑ Numerous programming examples on advanced data structures using C-linked lists, stacks, queues,
sparse matrices, trees and graphs
∑ Dedicated chapter on C in the Unix environment
∑ Enhanced pedagogical features
∑ 237 solved problems and programs
∑ 403 programming exercises
∑ 625 review exercises
∑ 124 illustrations
∑ 40 IT interview questions

New to this Edition

∑ Appendix on frequently asked questions in IT interviews
∑ 20 new and refreshed solved problems

Chapter Organization
This book consists of 18 chapters. These chapters present the features and syntax of C. A lucid explanation
of the fundamental concepts of C is given which is very useful for beginners. Numerous programming
examples on advanced data structures using C including linked lists, stacks, queues, sparse matrices, trees
and graphs have been illustrated. A detailed coverage of file manipulation, searching and sorting has been
presented. A special chapter on Unix has been provided to explain in depth the programming environment
of C in the Unix operating system.
Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction to the world of computers and programming. Chapter 2 discusses C
fundamentals. It includes the use of upper and lower case alphabets, digits 0-9 and special characters like
the blank, comma, semi-colon, etc. Identifiers are names of constants, variables and functions. Standard
identifiers are those that have a predefined meaning. For example, int is a standard identifier which refers
to the integer data type. The data types supported by C are simple data, string data, structured data and
 xvi Preface

pointer data. Simple data types include char, int, float, double and their variants. The structured data types
comprise arrays and files.
Constants are those quantities whose value remains constant throughout the execution of the program.
These can be declared using the reserved word const. For example, the constant epsilon with a fixed value
of 3.512 can be defined as follows:
const float epsilon = 3.512;
Variables are identifiers whose value can change in the course of execution of a program. Each variable
has to be declared and the data type of the variable has to be specified. A typical variable declaration is
shown below.
int sum;
Expressions are made up of operands and are connected by operators. Expressions are either numerical
or boolean. Operands can be variables, constants or numbers. The value of an expression is obtained on its
evaluation. A numerical expression has a numerical value whereas, a boolean expression has a truth value -
either true or false. Statements are the executable entities in a program. There are two types of statements,
simple and structured. Simple statements include the assignment statement and function statement. Structured
statements include the compound statement, repetitive statements and conditional statements.
Chapter 3 deals with the input and output statements of C, i.e., scanf and printf. The scanf statement
is used to accept input from the input device. printf is used to display output on the output device. getchar
reads a character from the standard input device while putchar writes a character to the standard output
device.
Control structures are used to change the flow of control in a program. They are explained in Chapter 4.
The three types of control statements are Conditional Control Transfer, Repetitive, and Unconditional Control
Transfer. Conditional Control Transfer statements enable control transfer to different statements depending
on a condition. The if-then, if-then-else and case statements belong to this category. Repetitive
statements are used to execute a segment of a program repeatedly. This segment is called a loop. The loop
can be executed a fixed number of times as in the for loop or a variable number of times till a condition is
satisfied as in the while-do loops. The Unconditional Control Transfer statement is the goto statement.
As the name suggests, the execution of the goto statement results in unconditional transfer of control to the
target statement.
Chapter 5 deals with functions, the concepts of user defined functions, library functions and recursive
functions are illustrated here. Functions are subprograms used to segregate the different tasks of a program,
thus making it easier to understand. The process of invoking a subprogram is referred to as calling. Functions
may or may not return a value to the caller. Values are passed to the subprogram by means of arguments
supplied in the call to it. The subprogram has parameters corresponding to the arguments. A copy of the
argument is passed to the subprogram. An address of the argument is passed when the subprogram needs
to alter it. The subprograms can also be called recursively.
Chapter 6 illustrates the concepts and use of variables, its scope and extent. Scope is the region of source
code in which the declaration of an identifier is recognized. Extent is the time during which a variable retains its
state. Chapter 7 deals with arrays and strings. An array is a contiguous sequence of elements of the same data
type stored in a linear order. It is a structured data type. The items of an array are called the array elements and
every element has a unique index. Single-dimensional arrays are made up of a single list of elements and are
called vectors. Two-dimensional arrays are organized into rows and columns and are called matrices. Arrays
with three or more dimensions are called multi-dimensional arrays. A string is a collection of characters. The
natural representation of a string is a vector of type char. Each character is an element of the vector.
Chapter 8 explains the concepts of pointers. The various operations on pointers and the data structures
constructed using them are discussed. A singly linked list is a linear data structure that is made up of nodes
linked one after the other. Each node stores information and a link to the next node in the list. Chapter 9 explains
the structured data type. It is composed of elements of different data types. A structure could contain structure.
If so, it is said to contain a nested structure. Arrays of structures, structure pointers and the union data type
are illustrated in this chapter.
 Preface xvii

Chapter 10 deals with files and their manipulation. Files are data structures stored in secondary storage.
Error handling in files are also discussed. Chapter 11 illustrates the concepts and library function of dynamic
memory allocation, for self-referential structure.
The efficiency of a program is limited by the data structures that are used to store the information required by
it. The basic data types are used to create advanced data structures to enable effective storage of information.
Some of these data structures are discussed in Chapter 12.
The doubly linked list is similar to the singly linked list except that it has an additional pointer pointing to
the previous element in the list. The circularly linked list is also like the singly linked list except that, the last
element in the list is connected back to the first element in the list. The queue is a linear FIFO (First In First Out)
structure where elements are inserted from one end and removed from the other. The element inserted first
is taken out first. The stack is another linear data structure in which the data items are entered and removed
in a LIFO (Last In First Out) manner. The entry and exit of elements are from the same end. In the linked list
each element has one successor. If an element is allowed to have more than one successor, the data structure
obtained is non-linear and is called a tree. In the binary tree, each node has a maximum of two successors.
The general tree has any number of successor nodes.
Chapter 13 explores the C language for programming in the UNIX operating system. File system and
associated Unix commands are explained here. System calls for Inter Process Communication, Process Control
are illustrated in this chapter. Library functions are listed in Chapter 14 while tips to structured programming
is discussed in Chapter 15. Chapter 16 gives a quick references to C-keywords, type comm, L-values and
R-values, storage class, Type specifies, limit.h and float.h, Input-output specifiers, preprogramming, Trigraph
sequences and ASCII table. Solution to selected Exercises and programming examples are provided at the
end of this book.

Acknowledgements
We owe a debt of gratitude to Prof. K. Venkatagiri Gowda, Shri. M.C. Jayadeva, Prof. S. Lakshmana Reddy,
Prof. N.R. Shetty, Prof. K. Mallikarjuna Chetty, Prof. H.N. Shivashankar, Prof. P. Sreenivasa Kumar, Prof. Kamala
Krithivasan, Prof. C. Sivarama Murthy, Prof. T. Basavaraju, Prof. M. Channa Reddy, Prof. B. Narayanappa, Prof
N.Srinivasan, Prof. M. Venkatachalappa, Prof. K.N. Krishnamurthy, for encouraging us to bring out this book
in the present form. We sincerely thank Sri. K.P. Jayarama Reddy, T.G. Girikumar, P. Palani, M.G. Muniyappa,
for their support in the preparation of this book.
We thank Prof. N.R. Shetty, President, ISTE and Former Vice Chancellor, Bangalore University, Bangalore for
his foreword to this book. We are grateful to Prof. G. Krishna, Prof. M. A.L. Thathachar, Prof. N. Viswanadham,
Prof. D.K. Subramanian, Prof. L.M. Patnaik, from the Department of Computer Science and Automation, Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore for their suggestions and guidance in bringing out this book.
We express our gratitude to Sri. K. Narahari, Sri. P. Ananda Rao, Sri. N. Nagabhusan, Sri. Prabhakar Bhat,
Prof. K.V. Acharya, Sri. Khajampadi Subramanya Bhat, Sri. V. Nagaraj, Sri. Dinesh Kamath, Sri. D.M. Ravindra,
Sri. Jagadesh Karanath, Sri. N. Thippeswamy, Sri. H.K. Mohan Kumar, Sri. Sudhir, Sri. V. Manjunath, Sri. N.
Dinesh Hegde, Sri. Nagendra Prasad, Sri. Sripad, Sri. K. Thyagaraj, Smt. Savithri V, Smt. Karthyayini V and
Smt. Rukmini T. our well wishers for inspiring us to write this book.
We thank Prof. Rama Prasad, Mrs. Radha R. Prasad, Roopashree Sudeep, Veena R. Prasad, Surabhi
Prasad and Sunidhi Prasad for their support and encouragement.. We thank Prof. P. Deepa Shenoy, Sri.
K.B. Raja, Sri. T.R. Ramamohan, Sri. K. Suresh Babu, Sri. K.G. Srinivas, Smt. Vibha Lakshmikanatha, Smt.
D.N. Sujatha, Sri. K. Girish, Smt. J. Triveni, Smt SuraiyyaTaranum, Smt S.H. Manjula, Sri. G.S. Badrinath,
Sri. Chandrakant Naikodi, Sri. B. Aravinda, Radhika M.V., M. Vaidehi for their suggestions and support in
bringing out this book.
We are indebted to Tejaswi Venugopal, T. Shiva Prakash, T. Krishna Prasad and Lakshmi Priya K for their
help.
xviii Preface

We would like to thank the following reviewers for providing their valuable suggestions:
Pragya Jain Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi
N K Kamila C V Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar
S Kannimuthu Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
T V Gopal Anna University, Chennai
A Sharada G.Narayanamma Inst.of Tech & Science, Shaikpet, Hyderabad
The authors appreciate the suggestions from the readers and users of this book. Kindly communicate the
errors if any to the following email address: venugopalkr@gmail.com.

K R VENUGOPAL
SUDEEP R PRASAD

Publisher’s Note
McGraw Hill Education (India) invites suggestions and comments from you, all of which can be sent to
info.india@mheducation.com (kindly mention the title, author name and the Book ISBN in the subject line).
Piracy-related issues may also be reported.
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 Ambuscadoes of Salvages. {MN}

The 16. of June we fell with the river Patowomek: feare being gone,
and our men recovered, we were all content to take some paines, to
know the name of that seven mile broad river: for thirtie myles
sayle, we could see no inhabitants: {MN} then we were conducted
by two Salvages up a little bayed creeke, towards Onawmanient,
where all the woods were layd with ambuscado's to the number of
three or foure thousand Salvages, so strangely paynted, grimed and
disguised, shouting, yelling and crying as so many spirits from hell
could not have shewed more terrible. Many bravado's they made,
but to appease their fury, our Captaine prepared with as seeming a
willingnesse (as they) to incounter them. But the grazing of our
bullets upon the water (many being shot on purpose they might see
them) with the Ecco of the woods so amazed them, as downe went
their bowes and arrowes; (and exchanging hostage) James Watkins
was sent six myles up the woods to their Kings habitation. We were
kindly used of those Salvages, of whom we understood, they were
commanded to betray us, by the direction of Powhatan, and he so
directed from the discontents at James towne, because our Captaine
did cause them stay in their country against their wills.

A trecherous project.
A myne like Antimony. {MN-1}
An aboundant plenty of fish. {MN-2}

The like incounters we found at Patowomek Cecocawonee and divers

other places: but at Moyaones, Nacotchtant and Toags the people did their
best to content us. Having gone so high as we could with the bote, we met
divers Salvages in Canowes, well loaden with the flesh of Beares, Deere
and other beasts, whereof we had part, here we found mighty Rocks,
growing in some places above the grownd as high as the shrubby trees, and
divers other solid quarries of divers tinctures: and divers places where the
waters had falne from the high mountaines they had left a tinctured
spangled skurfe, that made many bare places seeme as guilded. Digging the
grownde above in the highest cliffs of rocks, we saw it was a claie sand so
mingled with yeallow spangles as if it had beene halfe pin-dust. In our
returne inquiring still for this Matchqueon, the king of Patawomeke gave us
guides to conduct us up a little river called Quiyough, up which we rowed
so high as we could. Leaving the bote, with six shot, and divers Salvages,
he marched seven or eight myle before they came to the mine: leading his
hostages in a small chaine they were to have for their paines, being proud so
richly to be adorned. {MN-1} The mine is a great Rocky mountaine like
Antimony; wherein they digged a great hole with shells & hatchets: and
hard by it, runneth a fayre brooke of Christal-like water, where they wash
away the drosse and keepe the remainder, which they put in little baggs and
sell it all over the country to paint there bodyes, faces, or Idols; which
makes them looke like Blackmores dusted over with silver. With so much as
we could carry we returned to our bote, kindly requiting this kinde king and
all his kinde people. The cause of this discovery was to search this mine, of
which Newport did assure us that those small baggs (we had given him) in
England he had tryed to hold halfe silver; but all we got proved of no value:
also to search what furrs, the best whereof is at Cuscarawaoke, where is
made so much Rawranoke or white beads that occasion as much dissention
among the Salvages, as gold and silver amongst Christians; and what other
mineralls, rivers, rocks, nations, woods, fishings, fruites, victuall, and what
other commodities the land afforded: and whether the bay were endlesse or
how farre it extended: of mines we were all ignorant, but a few Bevers,
Otters, Beares, Martins and minkes we found, {MN-2} and in divers places
that aboundance of fish, lying so thicke with their heads above the water, as
for want of nets (our barge driving amongst them) we attempted to catch
them with a frying pan: but we found it a bad instrument to catch fish with:
neither better fish, more plenty, nor more variety for smal fish, had any of
us ever seene in any place so swimming in the water, but they are not to be
caught with frying pans: some small codd also we did see swim close by the
shore by Smiths Iles, and some as high as Riccards Clifts. And some we
have found dead upon the shore.

How to deale with the Salvages.

Captaine Smith neare killed with a Stingray. {MN}

To express all our quarrels, trecheries and encounters amongst those

Salvages I should be too tedious: but in breefe, at all times we so incountred
them, and curbed their insolencies, that they concluded with presents to
purchase peace; yet we lost not a man: at our first meeting our Captaine
ever observed this order to demand their bowes and arrowes, swordes,
mantells and furrs, with some childe or two for hostage, whereby we could
quickly perceive, when they intended any villany. Having finished this
discovery (though our victuall was neere spent) he intended to see his
imprisonment-acquaintances [III.59.] upon the river of Rapahanock, by
many called Toppahanock, but our bote by reason of the ebbe, chansing to
grownd upon a many shoules lying in the entrances, we spyed many fishes
lurking in the reedes: our Captaine sporting himselfe by nayling them to the
grownd with his sword, set us all a fishing in that manner: thus we tooke
more in one houre then we could eate in a day. {MN} But it chansed our
Captaine taking a fish from his sword (not knowing her condition) being
much of the fashion of a Thornback, but a long tayle like a ryding rodde,
whereon the middest is a most poysoned sting, of two or three inches long,
bearded like a saw on each side, which she strucke into the wrest of his
arme neere an inch and a halfe: no bloud nor wound was seene, but a little
blew spot, but the torment was instantly so extreame, that in foure houres
had so swolen his hand, arme and shoulder, we all with much sorrow
concluded his funerall, and prepared his grave in an Island by, as himselfe
directed: yet it pleased God by a precious oyle Docter Russell at the first
applyed to it when he sounded it with probe (ere night) his tormenting paine
was so well asswaged that he eate of the fish to his supper, which gave no
lesse joy and content to us then ease to himselfe, for which we called the
Island Stingray Isle after the name of the fish.

The Salvages affrightened with their owne suspition. {MN-1}

Needlesse misery at James towne. {MN-2}

Having neither Chirurgian, nor Chirurgery, but that preservative oyle

we presently set sayles for James towne, passing the mouthes of the rivers
of Payankatank, & Pamaunkee, the next day we safely arrived at
Kecougtan. {MN-1} The simple Salvages seeing our Captaine hurt, and an
other bloudy by breaking his shinne, our numbers of bowes, arrowes,
swords, mantles, and furrs, would needes imagine we had beene at warres
(the truth of these accidents would not satisfie them) but impatiently
importuned us to know with whom. Finding their aptnesse to beleeve we
fayled not (as a great secret) to tell them any thing that might affright them,
what spoyle we had got and made of the Massawomeks. This rumor went
faster up the river then our Barge, that arrived at Waraskoyack the 20 of
July; where trimming her with painted streamers, and such devises as we
could, we made them at James towne jealous of a Spanish Frigot, where we
all God be thanked safely arrived the 21 of July. {MN-2} There we found
the last Supply were all sicke, the rest some lame, some bruised, all unable
to doe any thing but complaine of the pride and unreasonable needlesse
crueltie of the silly President, that had riotously consumed the store: and to
fulfill his follies about building him an unnecessary building for his
pleasure in the woods, had brought them all to that misery; that had we not
arrived, they had as strangely tormented him with revenge: but the good
newes of our Discovery, and the good hope we had by the Salvages relation,
that our Bay had stretched into the South Sea, or somewhat neare it,
appeased their fury; but conditionally that Ratliffe should be deposed, and
that Captaine Smith would take upon him the government, as by course it
did belong. Their request being effected, he substituted Mr. Scrivener his
deare friend in the Presidency, equally distributing those private provisions
the other had ingrossed, appointing more honest officers to assist master
Scrivener (who then lay exceeding sicke of a Callenture) and in regard of
the weaknesse of the company, and heate of the yeare, they being unable to
worke, he left them to live at ease, to recover their healths, but imbarked
himselfe to finish his Discovery.

Written by Walter Russell, Anas Todkill, and Thomas Momford.

 Chap. VI.

The Government surrendred to Master Scrivener.

What happened the second Voyage in

discovering the Bay.

The 24 of July, Captaine Smith set forward to finish the discovery with
twelve men: their names were

Gentlemen. [III.60.]

Nathaniell Powell. Michell Sicklemore.

Thomas Momford. James Bourne.
Richard Fetherston. Anthony Bagnall, Chir.

Souldiers.

Jonas Profit. Richard Keale.

Anas Todkill. James Watkins.
Edward Pising. William Ward.

The Salvages admire fireworks. {MN-1}

An Incounter with Massawomeks at the head of the Bay. {MN-2}

The wind being contrary caused our stay two or three dayes at
Kecoughtan: the King feasted us with much mirth, his people were
perswaded we went purposely to be revenged of the Massawomeks. {MN-
1} In the evening we fired a few rackets, which flying in the ayre so
terrified the poore Salvages, they supposed nothing unpossible we
attempted; and desired to assist us. The first night we anchored at Stingray
Isle. The next day crossed Patawomeks river, and hasted to the river Bolus.
We went not much further before we might see the Bay to divide in two
heads, and arriving there we found it divided in foure, all which we
searched so farre as we could sayle them. {MN-2} Two of them we found
inhabited, but in crossing the Bay, we incountred 7 or 8 Canowes full of
Massawomeks, we seeing them prepare to assault us, left our Oares and
made way with our sayle to incounter them, yet were we but five with our
Captaine that could stand, for within 2 dayes after we left Kecoughtan, the
rest (being all of the last supply) were sicke almost to death, untill they
were seasoned to the Country. Having shut them under our Tarpawling, we
put their hats upon stickes by the Barges side, and betwixt two hats a man
with two peeces, to make us seeme many, and so we thinke the Indians
supposed those hats to be men, for they fled with all possible speed to the
shore, and there stayed, staring at the sayling of our barge till we anchored
right against them. Long it was ere we could draw them to come unto us. At
last they sent two of their company unarmed in a Canow, the rest all
followed to second them if neede required. These two being but each
presented with a bell, brought aboord all their fellowes, presenting our
Captaine with venison, beares flesh, fish, bowes, arrowes, clubs, targets,
and beares-skinnes. We understood them nothing at all, but by signes,
whereby they signified unto us they had beene at warres with the
Tockwoghes, the which they confirmed by showing us their greene wounds,
but the night parting us, we imagined they appointed the next morning to
meete, but after that we never saw them.

An Incounter with the Tockwoghs.

Entring the river of Tockwogh, the Salvages all armed, in a fleete of

boats, after their barbarous manner, round invironed us; so it chanced one of
them could speake the language of Powhatan, who perswaded the rest to a
friendly parley. But when they saw us furnished with the Massawomeks
weapons, and we faining the invention of Kecoughtan, to have taken them
perforce; they conducted us to their pallizadoed towne, mantelled with the
barkes of trees, with scaffolds like mounts, brested about with brests very
formally. Their men, women, and children with daunces, songs, fruits,
furres, and what they had, kindly welcommed us, spreading mats for us to
sit on, stretching their best abilities to expresse their loves.

Hatchets from the Sasquesahanocks.

Many hatchets, knives, peeces of iron, and brasse, we saw amongst

them, which they reported to have from the Sasquesahanocks, a mightie
people and mortall enemies with the Massawomeks. The Sasquesahanocks
inhabit upon the chiefe Spring of these foure branches of the Bayes head,
two dayes journey higher then our barge could passe for rocks, yet we
prevailed with the Interpreter to take with him another Interpreter, to
perswade the Sasquesahanocks to come visit us, for their language are
different. Three or foure dayes we expected their returne, then sixtie of
those gyant-like people came downe, with presents of Venison, Tobacco-
pipes three foot in length, Baskets, Targets, Bowes and Arrowes. Five of
their chiefe Werowances came boldly aboord us to crosse the Bay for
Tockwhogh, leaving their men and Canowes; the wind being so high they
durst not passe.

The Sasquesahanocks offer to the English. {MN}

Our order was daily to have Prayer, with a Psalme, at which solemnitie
the poore Salvages much wondred, our Prayers being done, a while they
were busied with a consultation till they had contrived their businesse.
[III.61.] {MN} Then they began in a most passionate manner to hold up
their hands to the Sunne, with a most fearefull song, then embracing our
Captaine, they began to adore him in like manner: though he rebuked them,
yet they proceeded till their song was finished: which done with a most
strange furious action, and a hellish voyce, began an Oration of their loves;
that ended, with a great painted Beares skin they covered him: then one
ready with a great chayne of white Beads, weighing at least six or seaven
pound, hung it about his necke, the others had 18 mantels, made of divers
sorts of skinnes sowed together; all these with many other toyes they layd at
his feete, stroking their ceremonious hands about his necke for his Creation
to be their Governour and Protector, promising their aydes, victualls, or
what they had to be his, if he would stay with them, to defend and revenge
them of the Massawomeks. But we left them at Tockwhogh, sorrowing for
our departure, yet we promised the next yeare againe to visit them. Many
descriptions and discourses they made us, of Atquanachuck, Massawomek,
& other people, signifying they inhabit upon a great water beyond the
mountaines, which we understood to be some great lake, or the river of
Canada: and from the French to have their hatchets and Commodities by
trade. These know no more of the territories of Powhatan, then his name,
and he as little of them, but the Atquanachuks are on the Ocean Sea.

The highest mountaine we saw Northward wee called Perigrines

mount, and a rocky river, where the Massawomeks went up, Willowbyes
river, in honor of the towne our Captaine was borne in, and that honorable
house the Lord Willowby, his most honored good friend. The
Sasquesahanocks river we called Smiths falles; the next poynt to
Tockwhogh, Pisings poynt; the next it poynt Bourne. Powells Isles and
Smals poynt is by the river Bolus; and the little Bay at the head Profits
poole; Watkins, Reads, and Momfords poynts are on each side Limbo;
Ward, Cantrell, and Sicklemore, betwixt Patawomek and Pamaunkee, after
the names of the discoverers. In all those places and the furthest we came
up the rivers, we cut in trees so many crosses as we would, and in many
places made holes in trees, wherein we writ notes, and in some places
crosses of brasse, to signifie to any, English-men had beene there.

Pawtuxunt, R.

Thus having sought all the inlets and rivers worth noting, we returned
to discover the river of Pawtuxunt; these people we found very tractable,
and more civill then any, we promised them, as also the Patawomeks to
revenge them of the Massawomeks, but our purposes were crossed.

Rapahanock, R.
The exceeding love of the Salvage Mosco. {MN-1}
Our fight with the Rapahanocks. {MN-2}

In the discovery of this river some call Rapahanock, we were kindly

entertained by the people of Moraughtacund; here we incountered our old
friend Mosco, a lusty Salvage of Wighcocomoco upon the river of
Patawomek, we supposed him some French mans sonne, because he had a
thicke blacke bush beard, and the Salvages seldome have any at all, of
which he was not a little proud, to see so many of his Countrymen. {MN-1}
Wood and water he would fetch us, guide us any whether, cause divers of
his Countrymen helpe us towe against winde or tyde from place to place till
we came to Patawomek: there he rested till we returned from the head of
the river, and occasioned our conduct to the mine we supposed Antimony.
And in the place he fayled not to doe us all the good he could, perswading
us in any case not to goe to the Rapahanocks, for they would kill us for
being friends with the Moraughtacunds that but lately had stolne three of
the Kings women. This we did thinke was but that his friends might onely
have our trade: so we crossed the river to the Rapahanocks. {MN-2} There
some 12 or 16 standing on the shore, directed us a little Creeke where was
good landing, and Commodities for us in three or foure Canowes we saw lie
there: but according to our custome, we demanded to exchange a man in
signe of love, which after they had a little consulted, foure or five came up
to the middles, to fetch our man, and leave us one of them, shewing we
need not feare them, for they had neither clubs, bowes, nor arrowes.
Notwithstanding, Anas Todkill, being sent on shore to see if he could
discover any Ambuscadoes, or what they had, desired to goe over the
playne to fetch some wood, but they were unwilling, except we would come
into the Creeke, where the boat might come close ashore. Todkill by
degrees [III.62.] having got some two stones throwes up the playne,
perceived two or three hundred men (as he thought) behind the trees, so that
offering to returne to the Boat, the Salvages assayed to carry him away
perforce, that he called to us we were betrayed, and by that he had spoke the
word, our hostage was over-boord, but Watkins his keeper slew him in the
water. Immediatly we let fly amongst them, so that they fled, & Todkill
escaped, yet they shot so fast that he fell flat on the ground ere he could
recover the boat. Here the Massawomek Targets stood us in good stead, for
upon Mosco's words, we had set them about the forepart of our Boat like a
forecastle, from whence we securely beat the Salvages from off the plaine
without any hurt: yet they shot more then a thousand Arrowes, and then fled
into the woods. Arming our selves with these light Targets (which are made
of little small sticks woven betwixt strings of their hempe and silke grasse,
as is our Cloth, but so firmely that no arrow can possibly pierce them:) we
rescued Todkill, who was all bloudy by some of them who were shot by us
that held him, but as God pleased he had no hurt; and following them up to
the woods, we found some slaine, and in divers places much bloud. It seems
all their arrowes were spent, for we heard no more of them. Their Canows
we tooke; the arrowes we found we broke, save them we kept for Mosco, to
whom we gave the Canowes for his kindnesse, that entertained us in the
best triumphing manner, and warlike order in armes of conquest he could
procure of the Moraughtacunds.

The Salvages disguised like bushes fight. {MN}

The rest of the day we spent in accomodating our Boat, in stead of

thoules wee made stickes like Bedstaves, to which we fastened so many of
our Massawomek Targets, that invironed her as wast clothes. The next
morning we went up the river, and our friend Mosco followed us along the
shore, and at last desired to goe with us in our Boat. But as we passed by
Pisacack, Matchopeak, and Mecuppom, three Townes situated upon high
white clay clifts; the other side all a low playne marish, and the river there
but narrow. {MN} Thirtie or fortie of the Rapahanocks, had so
accommodated themselves with branches, as we tooke them for little bushes
growing among the sedge, still seeing their arrowes strike the Targets, and
dropped in the river: whereat Mosco fell flat in the Boat on his face, crying
the Rapahanocks, which presently we espied to be the bushes, which at our
first volley fell downe in the sedge: when wee were neare halfe a myle from
them, they shewed themselves dauncing and singing very merrily.

The Kings of Pissassack, Nandtaughtacund, and Cuttatawomen, used

us kindly, and all their people neglected not any thing to Mosco to bring us
to them. Betwixt Secobeck and Massawteck is a small Isle or two, which
causeth the river to be broader then ordinary; there it pleased God to take
one of our Company called Mr. Fetherstone, that all the time he had beene
in this Country, had behaved himselfe, honestly, valiantly, and industriously,
where in a little Bay, we called Fetherstones Bay wee buryed him with a
volley of shot: the rest notwithstanding their ill dyet, and bad lodging,
crowded in so small a Barge, in so many dangers never resting, but alwayes
tossed to and againe, had all well recovered their healths. The next day wee
sayled so high as our Boat would float, there setting up crosses, and graving
our names in the trees. Our sentinell saw an arrow fall by him, though we
had ranged up and downe more then an houre in digging in the earth,
looking of stones, herbs, and springs, not seeing where a Salvage could well
hide himself.

Our fight with the Mannahocks.

A Salvage shot and taken prisoner. {MN-1}
His relation of their countries. {MN-2}
They cannot travell but where the woods are burnt. [FN]
How we concluded peace with the foure kings of Monahoke. {MN-3}

Upon the alarum by that we had recovered our armes, there was about
an hundred nimble Indians skipping from tree to tree, letting fly their
arrows so fast as they could: the trees here served us for Baricadoes as well
as they. But Mosco did us more service then we expected, for having shot
away his quiver of Arrowes, he ran to the Boat for more. The Arrowes of
Mosco at the first made them pause upon the matter, thinking by his bruit
and skipping, there were many Salvages. About halfe an houre this
continued, then they all vanished as suddainly as they approached. Mosco
vanished as suddenly as they approached. Mosco followed them so farre as
he could see us, till they were out of sight. {MN-1} As we returned there
lay a Salvage as dead, shot in the knee, but taking him up we found he
[III.63] had life, which Mosco seeing, never was Dog more furious against
a Beare, then Mosco was to have beat out his braines, so we had him to our
Boat, where our Chirurgian who went with us to cure our Captaines hurt of
the Stingray, so dressed this Salvage that within an houre after he looked
somewhat chearefully, and did eate and speake. In the meane time we
contented Mosco in helping him to gather up their arrowes, which were an
armefull, whereof he gloried not a little. Then we desired Mosco to know
what he was, and what Countries were beyond the mountaines; the poore
Salvage mildly answered, he and all with him were of Hasinninga, where
there are three Kings more, like unto them, namely the King of Stegora, the
King of Tauxuntania, and the King of Shakahonea, that were come to
Mohaskahod, which is onely a hunting Towne, and the bounds betwixt the
Kingdome of the Mannahocks, and the Nandtaughtacunds, but hard by
where we were. We demanded why they came in that manner to betray us,
that came to them in peace, and to seeke their loves; he answered, they
heard we were a people come from under the world, to take their world
from them. {MN-2} We asked him how many worlds he did know, he
replyed, he knew no more but His relation of that which was under the skie
that covered him, which were the Powhatans, with the Monacans, and the
Massawomeks, that were higher up in the mountaines. Then we asked him
what was beyond the mountaines, he answered the Sunne: but of any thing
els he knew nothing; because the woods were not burnt. [FN] These and
many such questions wee demanded, concerning the Massawomeks, the
Monacans, their owne Country, and where were the Kings of Stegora,
Tauxsintania, and the rest. The Monacans he sayd were their neighbours
and friends, and did dwell as they in the hilly Countries by small rivers,
living upon rootes and fruits, but chiefly by hunting. The Massawomeks did
dwell upon a great water, and had many boats, & so many men that they
made warre with all the world. For their Kings, they were gone every one a
severall way with their men on hunting: But those with him came thither a
fishing till they saw us, notwithstanding they would be altogether at night at
Mahaskahod. For his relation we gave him many toyes, with perswasions to
goe with us, and he as earnestly desired us to stay the comming of those
Kings that for his good usage should be friends with us, for he was brother
to Hasinninga. But Mosco advised us presently to be gone, for they were all
naught, yet we told him we would not till it was night. All things we made
ready to entertain what came, & Mosco was as diligent in trimming his
arrowes. The night being come we all imbarked, for the river was so
narrow, had it beene light the land on the one side was so high, they might
have done us exceeding much mischiefe. All this while the K. of
Hasinninga was seeking the rest, and had consultation a good time what to
doe. But by their espies seeing we were gone, it was not long before we
heard their arrowes dropping on every side the Boat; we caused our
Salvages to call unto them, but such a yelling & hallowing they made that
they heard nothing, but now and then a peece, ayming so neare as we could
where we heard the most voyces. More then 12 myles they followed us in
this manner; then the day appearing, we found our selves in a broad Bay,
out of danger of their shot, where wee came to an anchor, and fell to
breakfast. Not so much as speaking to them till the Sunne was risen; being
well refreshed, we untyed our Targets that covered us as a Deck, and all
shewed our selves with those shields on our armes, and swords in our
hands, and also our prisoner Amoroleck; a long discourse there was betwixt
his Countrimen and him, how good wee were, how well wee used him, how
wee had a Patawomek with us, loved us as his life, that would have slain
him had we not preserved him, and that he should have his libertie would
they be but friends; and to doe us any hurt it was impossible. {MN-3} Upon
this they all hung their Bowes and Quivers upon the trees, and one came
swimming aboord us with a bow tyed on his head, and another with a
Quiver of Arrowes, which they delivered our Captaine as a present, the
Captaine having used them so kindly as he could, told them the other three
Kings should doe the like, and then the great King of our world should be
their friend, whose men we were. It was no sooner demanded but
performed, so upon a low Moorish poynt [III.64.] of Land we went to the
shore, where those foure Kings came and received Amoroleck: nothing they
had but Bowes, Arrowes, Tobacco-bags, and Pipes: what we desired, none
refused to give us, wondering at every thing we had, and heard we had
done: our Pistols they tooke for pipes, which they much desired, but we did
content them with other Commodities, and so we left foure or five hundred
of our merry Mannahocks, singing, dauncing, and making merry, and set
sayle for Moraughtacund.

How we became friends with the Rapahanocks. {MN-1}

The discovery of Payankatank. {MN-2}

In our returnes we visited all our friends, that rejoyced much at our
Victory against the Mannahocks, who many times had Warres also with
them, but now they were friends, and desired we would be friends with the
Rapahanocks, {MN-1} as we were with the Mannahocks. Our Captaine told
them, they had twise assaulted him that came onely in love to doe them
good, and therefore he would now burne all their houses, destroy their
corne, and for ever hold them his enemies, till they made him satisfaction;
they desired to know what that should be: he told them they should present
him the Kings Bow and Arrowes, and not offer to come armed where he
was; that they should be friends with the Moraughtacunds his friends, and
give him their Kings sonne in pledge to performe it, and then all King
James his men should be their friends. Upon this they presently sent to the
Rapahanocks to meete him at the place where they first fought, where
would be the Kings of Nantautacund and Pissassac: which according to
their promise were there so soone as we; where Rapahanock presented his
Bow and Arrowes, and confirmed all we desired, except his sonne, having
no more but him he could not live without him, but in stead of his sonne he
would give him the three women Moraughtacund had stolen. This was
accepted: and so in three or foure Canowes, so many as could went with us
to Moraughtacund, where Mosco made them such relations, and gave to his
friends so many Bowes and Arrowes, that they no lesse loved him then
admired us. The 3 women were brought our Captaine, to each he gave a
chayne of Beads: and then causing Moraughtacund, Mosco, and
Rapahanock stand before him, bid Rapahanock take her he loved best, and
Moraughtacund chuse next, & to Mosco he gave the third. Upon this away
went their Canowes over the water, to fetch their venison, and all the
provision they could, and they that wanted Boats swam over the river: the
darke commanded us then to rest. The next day there was of men, women,
and children, as we conjectured, six or seaven hundred, dauncing, &
singing, and not a Bow nor Arrow seene amongst them. Mosco changed his
name Uttasantasough, which we interpret Stranger, for so they call us. All
promising ever to be our friends, and to plant Corne purposely for us; and
we to provide hatchets, beads, and copper for them, we departed, giving
them a Volley of shot, and they us as loud shouts and cryes as their
strengths could utter. {MN-2} That night we anchored in the river of
Payankatank, and discovered it so high as it was navigable, but the people
were most a hunting, save a few old men, women, and children, that were
tending their corne, of which they promised us part when we would fetch it,
as had done all the Nations where ever we had yet beene.

In a fayre calme, rowing towards poynt Comfort, we anchored in

Gosnolls Bay, but such a suddaine gust surprised us in the night with
thunder and rayne, that we never thought more to have seene James Towne.
Yet running before the wind, we sometimes saw the Land by the flashes of
fire from heaven, by which light onely we kept from the splitting shore,
untill it pleased God in that blacke darknesse to preserve us by that light to
finde poynt Comfort: there refreshing our selves, because we had onely but
heard of the Chisapeacks & Nandsamunds, we thought it as fit to know all
our neighbours neare home, as so many Nations abroad.

A notable trechery of the Nandsamunds.

The fight with the Chisapeacks and Nandsamunds. {MN-1}
How they became friends. {MN-2}
The proceeding at James towne. {MN-3}
 So setting sayle for the Southerne shore, we sayled up a narrow river
up the country of Chisapeack; it hath a good channell, but many shoules
about the entrance. By that we had sayled six or seaven myles, we saw two
or three little garden plots with their houses, the shore over-growne with the
greatest Pyne and Firre trees wee ever saw in the Country. But not seeing
nor hearing any people, and the river very narrow, we returned to the great
river, to see if we could finde any of them. Coasting the shore towards
Nandsamund, which is most Oyster-bankes; [III.65] at the mouth of that
river, we espied six or seaven Salvages making their wires, who presently
fled: ashore we went, and where they wrought we threw divers toyes, and
so departed. Farre we were not gone ere they came againe, and began to
sing, and daunce, and recall us: and thus we began our first acquaintance.
At last one of them desired us to goe to his house up that river, into our
Boat voluntarily he came, the rest ran after us by the shore with all shew of
love that could be. Seaven or eight myles we sayled up this narrow river: at
last on the Westerne shore we saw large Cornefields, in the midst a little
Isle, and in it was abundance of Corne; the people he told us were all a
hunting, but in the Isle was his house, to which he invited us with much
kindnesse: to him, his wife, and children, we gave such things as they
seemed much contented them. The others being come, desired us also to
goe but a little higher to see their houses: here our host left us, the rest
rowed by us in a Canow, till we were so far past the Isle the river became
very narrow. Here we desired some of them to come abord us, wherat
pausing a little, they told us they would but fetch their bows and arrowes
and goe all with us, but being a-shore and thus armed, they perswaded us to
goe forward, but we could neither perswade them into their Canow, nor into
our Boat. This gave us cause to provide for the worst. Farre we went not ere
seaven or eight Canowes full of men armed appeared following us, staying
to see the conclusion. {MN-1} Presently from each side the river came
arrowes so fast as two or three hundred could shoot them, whereat we
returned to get the open. They in the Canowes let fly also as fast, but
amongst them we bestowed so many shot, the most of them leaped
overboord and swam ashore, but two or three escaped by rowing, being
against their playnes: our Muskets they found shot further then their Bowes,
for wee made not twentie shot ere they all retyred behind the next trees.
Being thus got out of their trap, we seised on all their Canowes, and moored
them in the midst of the open. More then an hundred arrowes stucke in our
Targets, and about the boat, yet none hurt, onely Anthony Bagnall was shot
in his Hat, and another in his sleeve. But seeing their multitudes, and
suspecting as it was, that both the Nandsamunds, and the Chisapeacks were
together, we thought it best to ryde by their Canowes a while, to bethinke if
it were better to burne all in the Isle, or draw them to composition, till we
were provided to take all they had, which was sufficient to feed all our
Colony: but to burne the Isle at night it was concluded. {MN-2} In the
interim we began to cut in peeces their Canowes, and they presently to lay
downe their bowes, making signes of peace: peace we told them we would
accept, would they bring us their Kings bowes and arrowes, with a chayne
of pearle; and when we came againe give us foure hundred baskets full of
Corne, otherwise we would breake all their boats, and burne their houses,
and corne, and all they had. To performe all this they alledged onely the
want of a Canow; so we put one a drift & bad them swim to fetch her: and
till they performed their promise, wee would but onely breake their
Canowes. They cryed to us to doe no more, all should be as we would:
which presently they performed, away went their bowes and arrowes, and
tagge and ragge came with their baskets: so much as we could carry we
tooke, and so departing good friends, we returned to James Towne, where
we safely arrived the 7. of September, 1608. {MN-3} There we found Mr.
Scrivener, and divers others well recovered: many dead; some sicke: the
late President prisoner for mutiny: by the honest diligence of Master
Scrivener, the harvest gathered, but the provision in the store much spoyled
with rayne. Thus was that summer (when little wanted) consumed and
spent, and nothing done (such was the government of Captaine Ratliffe) but
onely this discovery; wherein to expresse all the dangers, accidents, and
incounters this small number passed in that small Barge, by the scale of
proportion, about three thousand myles, with such watery dyet in those
great waters and barbarous Countries (till then to any Christian utterly
unknowne) I rather referre their merit to the censure of the courteous and
experienced Reader, then I would be tedious or partiall being a partie.

But to this place to come who will adventure, [III.66.]

With judgements guide and reason how to enter:
Finds in this worlds broad sea, with winde and tyde,
Ther's safer sayle then any where besides.
But 'cause to wanton novices it is
A Province full of fearefulnesse I wiss;
Into the great vast deepe to venter out:
Those shallow rivers let them coast about.
And by a small Boat learne their first, and marke,
How they may come to make a greater Barke.

Written by Anthony Bagnall, Nathanaell

Powell, and Anas Todkill.

A.D. 1608.
 Chapter VII.

The Presidency surrendred to Captaine Smith:

the Arrivall and returne of the second Supply.
And what happened.

Powhatans scorne when his courtesie was most deserved. {MN-1}

No better way to overthrow the business then by our instructors. {MN-2}
A consultation, where all the Councell was against the President. {MN-3}
Capt. Smith goeth with 4. to Powhatan, when Newport feared with 120.
{MN-4}

The tenth of September, by the Election of the Councell, and request of

the Company, Captaine Smith received the Letters Patents: which till then
by no meanes he would accept, though he was often importuned thereunto.
Now the building of Ratliffes Pallace stayed as a thing needlesse; the
Church was repaired; the Store-house recovered; buildings prepared for the
Supplyes we expected; the Fort reduced to a five-square forme; the order of
the Watch renewed; the squadrons (each setting of the Watch) trained; the
whole Company every Saturday exercised, in the plaine by the west
Bulwarke, prepared for that purpose, we called Smithfield: where
sometimes more then an hundred Salvages would stand in an amazement to
behold, how a fyle would batter a tree, where he would make them a marke
to shoot at; the boats trimmed for trade, which being sent out with
Lieutenant Percy, in their Journey incountred the second Supply, that
brought them backe to discover the Country of Monacan. How or why
Captaine Newport obtained such a private Commission, as not to returne
without a lumpe of gold, a certaintie of the South sea, or one of the lost
company sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh, I know not; nor why he brought
such a five peeced Barge, not to beare us to that South sea, till we had borne
her over the mountaines, which how farre they extend is yet unknowne.
{MN-1} As for the Coronation of Powhatan, and his presents of Bason and
Ewer, Bed, Bedstead, Clothes, and such costly novelties, they had beene
much better well spared then so ill spent, for wee had his favour much
better onely for a playne peece of Copper, till this stately kinde of soliciting,
made him so much overvalue himselfe, that he respected us as much as
nothing at all. As for the hyring of the Poles and Dutch-men, to make Pitch,
Tar, Glasse, Milles, and Sope ashes, when the Country is replenished with
people, and necessaries, would have done well, but to send them and
seaventie more without victualls to worke, was not so well advised nor
considered of, as it should have beene. Yet this could not have hurt us had
they beene 200. though then we were 130 that wanted for our selves. For
we had the Salvages in that decorum (their harvest being newly gathered,)
that we feared not to get victuals for 500. {MN-2} Now was there no way
to make us miserable, but to neglect that time to make provision whilst it
was to be had, the which was done by the direction from England to
performe this strange discovery, but a more strange Coronation to loose that
time, spend that victualls we had, tyre and starve our men, having no
meanes to carry victuals, munition, the hurt or sicke, but on their owne
backes. How or by whom they were invented I know not: but Captaine
Newport we onely accounted the Author, who to effect these projects, had
so guilded mens hopes with great promises, that both Company and
Councell concluded his resolution for the most part: God doth know they
little [III.67.] knew what they did, nor understood their owne estates to
conclude his conclusions, against all the inconveniences the foreseeing
President alledged. {MN-3} Of this Supply there was added to the
Councell, one Captaine Richard Waldo, and Captaine Wynne, two auncient
Souldiers, and valiant Gentlemen, but yet ignorant of the busines, (being
but newly arrived.) Ratliffe was also permitted to have his voyce, & Mr.
Scrivener, desirous to see strange Countries: so that although Smith was
President, yet the Major part of the Councell had the authoritie and ruled it
as they listed. As for clearing Smiths objections, how Pitch and Tarre,
Wainscot, Clapbord, Glasse, and Sope ashes, could be provided, to relade
the ship, or provision got to live withall, when none was in the Country, and
that we had, spent, before the ship departed to effect these projects. The
answer was, Captaine Newport undertooke to fraught the Pinnace of twentie
tunnes with Corne in going and returning in his Discovery, and to refraught
her againe from Werowocomoco of Powhatan. Also promising a great
proportion of victualls from the Ship; inferring that Smiths propositions
were onely devices to hinder his journey, to effect it himselfe; and that the
crueltie he had used to the Salvages, might well be the occasion to hinder
these Designes, and seeke revenge on him. For which taxation all workes
were left, and 120 chosen men were appointed for Newports guard in this
Discovery. But Captaine Smith to make cleare all those seeming suspitions,
that the Salvages were not so desperate as was pretended by Captaine
Newport, and how willing (since by their authoritie they would have it so)
he was to assist them what he could, because the Coronation would
consume much time, he undertooke himselfe their message to Powhatan, to
intreat him to come to James Towne to receive his presents. {MN-4} And
where Newport durst not goe with lesse then 120. he onely tooke with him
Captaine Waldo, Mr. Andrew Buckler, Edward Brendon, and Samuel
Collier: with these foure he went over land to Werowocomoco, some 12
myles; there he passed the river of Pamaunkee in a Salvage Canow.
Powhatan being 30 myles of, was presently sent for: in the meane time,
Pocahontas and her women entertained Captaine Smith in this manner.

A Virginia Maske.

In a fayre plaine field they made a fire, before which, he sitting upon a
mat, suddainly amongst the woods was heard such a hydeous noise and
shreeking, that the English betooke themselves to their armes, and seized on
two or three old men by them, supposing Powhatan with all his power was
come to surprise them. But presently Pocahontas came, willing him to kill
her if any hurt were intended, and the beholders, which were men, women,
and children, satisfied the Captaine there was no such matter. Then
presently they were presented with this anticke; thirtie young women came
naked out of the woods, onely covered behind and before with a few greene
leaves, their bodies all painted, some of one colour, some of another, but all
differing, their leader had a fayre payre of Bucks hornes on her head, and an
Otters skinne at her girdle, and another at her arme, a quiver of arrowes at
her backe, a bow and arrowes in her hand; the next had in her hand a sword,
another a club, another a pot-sticke; all horned alike: the rest every one with
their severall devises. These fiends with most hellish shouts and cryes,
rushing from among the trees, cast themselves in a ring about the fire,
singing and dauncing with most excellent ill varietie, oft falling into their
infernall passions, and solemnly againe to sing and daunce; having spent
neare an houre in this Mascarado, as they entred in like manner they
departed.

The womens entertainment.

Having reaccommodated themselves, they solemnly invited him to

their lodgings, where he was no sooner within the house, but all these
Nymphes more tormented him then ever, with crowding, pressing, and
hanging about him, most tediously crying, Love you not me? love you not
me? This salutation ended, the feast was set, consisting of all the Salvage
dainties they could devise: some attending, others singing and dauncing
about them; which mirth being ended, with fire-brands in stead of Torches
they conducted him to his lodging.

Thus did they shew their feats of armes, and others art in dauncing:
Some other us'd there oaten pipe, and others voyces chanting.

Captaine Smiths message.

The next day came Powhatan. Smith delivered his [III.68.] message of
the presents sent him, and redelivered him Namontack he had sent for
England, desiring him to come to his Father Newport, to accept those
presents, and conclude their revenge against the Monacans. Whereunto this
subtile Savage thus replyed.

Powhatans answer.

If your King have sent me Presents, I also am a King, and this is my

land: eight dayes I will stay to receive them. Your Father is to come to me,
not I to him, nor yet to your Fort, neither will I bite at such a bait: as for the
Monacans I can revenge my owne injuries, and as for Atquanachuk, where
you say your brother was slaine, it is a contrary way from those parts you
suppose it; but for any salt water beyond the mountaines, the Relations you
have had from my people are false. Whereupon he began to draw plots upon
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