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 As per
JNTU-Kakinada
Syllabus Regulation
2016

Computer
Programming
 About the Author

E Balagurusamy, former Vice Chancellor, Anna University, Chennai and Member, Union Public Service
Commission, New Delhi, is currently the Chairman of EBG Foundation, Coimbatore. He is a teacher, trainer,
and consultant in the fields of Information Technology and Management. He holds an ME (Hons) in Electrical
Engineering and PhD in Systems Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee. His
areas of interest include Object-Oriented Software Engineering, E-Governance: Technology Management,
Business Process Re-engineering, and Total Quality Management.
A prolific writer, he has authored a large number of research papers and several books. His best-selling
books, among others include:
∑ Programming in ANSI C, 7/e
∑ Fundamentals of Computers
∑ Computing Fundamentals and C Programming
∑ Programming in Java, 5/e
∑ Programming in BASIC, 3/e
∑ Programming in C#, 3/e
∑ Numerical Methods
∑ Reliability Engineering
∑ Introduction to Computing and Problem Solving using Python, 1e

A recipient of numerous honors and awards, E Balagurusamy has been listed in the Directory of Who's
Who of Intellectuals and in the Directory of Distinguished Leaders in Education.
 As per
JNTU-Kakinada
Syllabus Regulation
2016

Computer
Programming

E Balagurusamy
Chairman
EBG Foundation
Coimbatore

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

CHENNAI

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Computer Programming
Copyright © 2017 by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.
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 Contents

Preface xiii
Roadmap to the Syllabus xvi

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and Programming 1.1—1.30

1.1 Introduction 1.1
1.2 Computer Systems 1.2
1.2.1 Input Devices 1.3
1.2.2 CPU 1.5
1.2.3 Output Devices 1.6
1.2.4 Memory 1.8
1.3 History of C 1.12
1.4 Data Types 1.13
1.4.1 Integer Types 1.14
1.4.2 Floating Point Types 1.15
1.4.3 Void Types 1.16
1.4.4 Character Types 1.16
1.5 Programming Languages 1.16
1.5.1 Machine Language (Low Level Languages) 1.16
1.5.2 Assembly Language (Symbolic Language) 1.16
1.5.3 High-Level Languages 1.18
1.6 Development of C Algorithms 1.19
1.6.1 Characteristics of Algorithms 1.20
1.6.2 Advantages of Algorithms 1.20
1.6.3 Disadvantages of Algorithms 1.20
1.7 Software Development Method 1.22
1.7.1 Analysing the Requirements 1.23
1.7.2 Feasibility Analysis 1.23
1.7.3 Creating the Design 1.24
1.7.4 Developing Code 1.24
1.7.5 Testing the Software 1.25
1.7.6 Deploying the Software 1.25
1.7.7 Maintaining the Software 1.25
1.8 Applying Software Development Method 1.25
Key Terms 1.27
Just Remember 1.28
Multiple Choice Questions 1.28
vi Contents

Answers 1.29
Review Questions 1.29

Chapter 2 Basics of C 2.1—2.90

2.1 Importance of C 2.1
2.2 Basic Structure of C Programs 2.1
2.3 Programming Style 2.2
2.4 Executing a ‘C’ Program 2.3
2.5 Sample Programs 2.4
2.5.1 Sample Program 1: Printing a Message 2.4
2.5.2 Sample Program 2: Adding Two Numbers 2.6
2.5.3 Sample Program 3: Interest Calculation 2.8
2.5.4 Sample Program 4: Use of Subroutines 2.10
2.5.5 Sample Program 5: Use of Math functions 2.10
2.6 C Character Set 2.12
2.6.1 Trigraph Characters 2.13
2.7 C Tokens 2.14
2.8 Keywords and Identifiers 2.14
2.9 Operators and Expressions 2.15
2.9.1 Arithmetic Operators 2.15
2.9.2 Relational Operators 2.18
2.9.3 Logical Operators 2.19
2.9.4 Assignment Operators 2.20
2.9.5 Increment and Decrement Operators 2.22
2.9.6 Conditional Operator 2.23
2.9.7 Bitwise Operators 2.25
2.9.8 Special Operators 2.25
2.9.9 Operator Precedence 2.27
2.9.10 Precedence of Arithmetic Operators 2.29
2.9.11 Some Computational Problems 2.30
2.9.12 Type Conversions in Expressions 2.31
2.9.13 Operator Precedence and Associativity 2.34
2.10 Constants 2.36
2.10.1 Integer Constants 2.37
2.10.2 Real Constants 2.38
2.10.3 Single Character Constants 2.38
2.10.4 String Constants 2.39
2.11 Variables 2.40
2.12 Declaration of Variables 2.41
2.12.1 Primary Type Declaration 2.41
2.12.2 User-defined Type Declaration 2.42
2.12.3 Declaration of Storage Class 2.43
2.12.4 Assigning Values to Variables 2.44
 Contents vii

2.13 ANSI C Library Functions 2.50

2.14 Managing Input and Output Operations 2.53
2.14.1 Reading a Character 2.54
2.14.2 Writing a Character 2.56
2.14.3 Formatted Input 2.58
2.14.4 Points to Remember while Using scanf 2.65
2.14.5 Formatted Output 2.66
2.15 Case Studies 2.71
Key Terms 2.78
Just Remember 2.79
Multiple Choice Questions 2.80
Answers 2.84
Review Questions 2.84
Debugging Exercises 2.86
Programming Exercise 2.87

Chapter 3 Decision Making, Branching and Looping 3.1—3.70

3.1 Introduction 3.1
3.2 Decision Making with If Statement 3.1
3.2.1 Simple If Statement 3.2
3.2.2 The If.....Else Statement 3.6
3.2.3 Nesting of If....Else Statements 3.9
3.2.4 The Else If Ladder 3.11
3.3 Decision Making with Switch Statement 3.15
3.4 The ? : Operator 3.20
3.5 Decision Making with Goto Statement 3.22
3.6 Introduction to Looping Procedure 3.25
3.6.1 Sentinel Loops 3.26
3.7 The While Statement 3.27
3.8 The Do Statement 3.29
3.9 The For Statement 3.33
3.9.1 Simple ‘for’ Loops 3.33
3.9.2 Additional Features of For Loop 3.37
3.9.3 Nesting of For Loops 3.39
3.10 Jumps In Loops 3.43
3.10.1 Jumping Out of a Loop 3.43
3.11 Case Studies 3.45
Key Terms 3.56
Just Remember 3.57
Multiple Choice Questions 3.58
Answers 3.60
Review Questions 3.61
Debugging Exercises 3.65
Programming Exercises 3.66
viii Contents

Chapter 4 User-Defined Functions 4.1—4.52

4.1 Introduction 4.1
4.2 Need for User-Defined Functions 4.1
4.3 A Multi-Function Program 4.2
4.3.1 Modular Programming 4.4
4.4 Category of Functions 4.5
4.4.1 No Arguments and No Return Values 4.5
4.4.2 Arguments but No Return Values 4.7
4.4.3 Arguments with Return Values 4.10
4.4.4 No Arguments but Returns a Value 4.16
4.4.5 Functions that Return Multiple Values 4.16
4.4.6 Nesting of Functions 4.17
4.5 Elements of User-Defined Functions 4.19
4.6 Definition of Functions 4.19
4.6.1 Function Header 4.20
4.6.2 Name and Type 4.20
4.6.3 Formal Parameter List 4.20
4.6.4 Function Body 4.21
4.7 Return Values and their Types 4.21
4.8 Function Calls 4.22
4.8.1 Function Call 4.24
4.9 Function Declaration 4.24
4.9.1 Prototypes: Yes or No 4.25
4.9.2 Parameters Everywhere! 4.25
4.10 Recursion 4.26
4.10.1 Recursion versus Iteration 4.27
4.11 Passing Arrays to Functions 4.27
4.11.1 One-Dimensional Arrays 4.27
4.11.2 Two-Dimensional Arrays 4.31
4.12 Passing Strings to Functions 4.32
4.12.1 Pass by Value versus Pass by Pointers 4.32
4.13 The Scope, Visibility, and Lifetime of Variables 4.33
4.13.1 Automatic Variables 4.33
4.13.2 External Variables 4.35
4.13.3 External Declaration 4.37
4.13.4 Static Variables 4.39
4.13.5 Register Variables 4.40
4.14 Multifile Programs 4.42
4.15 Case Study 4.43
Key Terms 4.46
Just Remember 4.46
Multiple Choice Questions 4.47
 Contents ix

Answers 4.48
Review Questions 4.49
Debugging Exercises 4.51
Programming Exercises 4.51

Chapter 5 Arrays 5.1—5.44

5.1 Introduction 5.1
5.1.1 Data Structures 5.2
5.2 One-Dimensional Arrays 5.2
5.3 Declaration of One-dimensional Arrays 5.3
5.4 Initialization of One-dimensional Arrays 5.6
5.4.1 Compile Time Initialization 5.6
5.4.2 Run Time Initialization 5.7
5.4.3 Searching and Sorting 5.11
5.5 Two-Dimensional Arrays 5.12
5.6 Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays 5.16
5.6.1 Memory Layout 5.19
5.7 Multi-Dimensional Arrays 5.25
5.8 Dynamic Arrays 5.26
5.9 Case Studies 5.26
Key Terms 5.38
Just Remember 5.38
Multiple Choice Questions 5.39
Answers 5.40
Review Questions 5.40
Debugging Exercises 5.41
Programming Exercises 5.42

Chapter 6 Strings 6.1—6.34

6.1 Introduction 6.1
6.2 Declaring and Initializing String Variables 6.2
6.3 Reading Strings from Terminal 6.3
6.3.1 Using scanf Function 6.3
6.3.2 Reading a Line of Text 6.5
6.3.3 Using getchar and gets Functions 6.6
6.4 Writing Strings to Screen 6.11
6.4.1 Using printf Function 6.11
6.4.2 Using putchar and puts Functions 6.14
6.5 Arithmetic Operations on Characters 6.15
6.6 Putting Strings Together 6.16
6.7 Comparison of Two Strings 6.18
6.8 String-Handling Functions 6.18
6.8.1 strcat() Function 6.18
x Contents

6.8.2 strcmp() Function 6.19

6.8.3 strcpy() Function 6.20
6.8.4 strlen() Function 6.20
6.8.5 Other String Functions 6.22
6.9 Table of Strings 6.24
6.10 Case Studies 6.26
Key Terms 6.30
Just Remember 6.30
Multiple Choice Questions 6.30
Answers 6.31
Review Questions 6.31
Debugging Exercises 6.33
Programming Exercises 6.33

Chapter 7 Pointers 7.1—7.42

7.1 Introduction 7.1
7.2 Understanding Pointers 7.2
7.2.1 Underlying Concepts of Pointers 7.3
7.3 Initialization of Pointer Variables 7.3
7.3.1 Pointer Flexibility 7.4
7.4 Declaring Pointer Variables 7.5
7.4.1 Pointer Declaration Style 7.5
7.5 Accessing the Address of a Variable 7.6
7.6 Accessing a Variable Through its Pointer 7.8
7.7 Chain of Pointers 7.10
7.8 Pointer Expressions 7.11
7.9 Pointer Increments and Scale Factor 7.12
7.9.1 Rules of Pointer Operations 7.13
7.10 Pointers as Function Arguments 7.13
7.11 Functions Returning Pointers 7.16
7.12 Pointers to Functions 7.17
7.12.1 Compatibility and Casting 7.19
7.13 Pointers and Arrays 7.19
7.14 Pointers and Character Strings 7.23
7.15 Array of Pointers 7.25
7.16 Dynamic Memory Allocation 7.26
7.17 Allocating a Block of Memory: Malloc 7.27
7.18 Allocating Multiple Blocks of Memory: Calloc 7.29
7.19 Releasing the Used Space: Free 7.33
7.20 Case Studies 7.33
Key Terms 7.38
Just Remember 7.38
Multiple Choice Questions 7.39
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 Contents xi

Answers 7.40
Review Questions 7.40
Debugging Exercises 7.42
Programming Exercise 7.42

Chapter 8 Structures and Unions 8.1—8.59

8.1 Introduction 8.1
8.2 Defining a Structure 8.1
8.3 Declaring Structure Variables 8.2
8.3.1 Accessing Structure Members 8.4
8.4 Structure Initialization 8.5
8.5 Arrays of Structures 8.8
8.5.1 Arrays Within Structures 8.11
8.5.2 Structures Within Structures 8.13
8.6 Structures and Functions 8.15
8.6.1 Passing Structure Through Pointers 8.17
8.6.2 Self Referential Structure 8.18
8.7 Pointers and Structures 8.18
8.8 Unions 8.21
8.9 Bit Fields 8.23
8.10 Typedef 8.25
8.11 Command Line Arguments 8.37
8.11.1 Application of Command Line Arguments 8.48
8.12 Case Study 8.50
Key Terms 8.53
Just Remember 8.53
Multiple Choice Questions 8.54
Answers 8.54
Review Questions 8.55
Debugging Exercises 8.57
Programming Exercise 8.58

Chapter 9 Data Files 9.1—9.22

9.1 Introduction 9.1
9.2 Defining and Opening a File 9.2
9.3 Closing a File 9.3
9.4 Input/Output Operations on Files 9.4
9.4.1 The getc and putc Functions 9.4
9.4.2 The getw and putw Functions 9.8
9.4.3 The fprintf and fscanf Functions 9.10
9.5 Error Handling During I/O Operations 9.12
9.6 Random Access to Files 9.14
Key Terms 9.20
xii Contents

Just Remember 9.20

Multiple Choice Questions 9.21
Answers 9.21
Review Questions 9.21
Debugging Exercise 9.22
Programming Exercise 9.22

Appendix 1 C99/C11 Features A1.1—A1.8

Solved Question Paper Nov-Dec 2015 (Set 1— Set 4) SQP1—SQP32
Solved Question Paper May 2016 (Set 1— Set 4) SQP1—SQP29
 Preface

INTRODUCTION
Computers plays an increasing important role in today’s world and a sound knowledge of computers has
become indispensable for anyone who seeks employment not only in the area of IT but also in any other
field as well. Computer programming is dedicated to the understanding of computer language, and writing
and testing of programs that computers’ follow to perform their functions. The programs are created using
programming languages and C is the most prevalent, efficient and compact programming language. C
combines the features of a high-level language with the elements of the assembler and is thus close to both
man and machine. The growth of C during the last few years has been phenomenal. It has emerged as the
language of choice for most applications due to its speed, portability and compactness of code. Thus, many
institutions and universities in India have introduced a subject covering Computer Programming.
This book is specially designed for first-year students of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Kakinada (JNTU K) and would enable them to master the necessary skills for programming with C language.
The text has been infused with numerous examples and case studies to empower the learner. Furthermore, the
book also covers design and implementation aspect of data structures using standard ANSI C programming
language.

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES
∑ New! Completely in sync with the syllabus of JNTU Kakinada (2016 Regulation)
∑ New! Incorporates all the features of ANSI C that are essential for a C programmer.
∑ New! Solutions to latest 2015 (Nov/Dec) and 2016 (May) JNTU Kakinada question paper is placed
at the end of the book (All 4 sets)
∑ New! 149 Multiple Choice Questions incorporated at the end of each chapters help students tests
their conceptual understanding of the subject
∑ 22 Case Studies in relevant chapters with stepwise solution to demonstrate real-life applications
∑ New! Updated information on C99/C11 features
∑ New! Topics like ANSI C library functions, Negation, Swapping Values, Recursion v/s Iteration are
covered in detail
∑ Learning by example approach ensures smooth and successful transition from a learner to a skilled
C programmer
∑ Enhanced student-friendly chapter design including Outline, Introduction, Section-end Solved
Programs, Case Studies, Key Terms, Just Remember, Multiple Choice Questions, Review Questions,
Debugging Exercises, Programming Exercises
∑ Special box feature highlighting supplementary information that complements the text.
xiv Preface

PEDAGOGICAL FEATURES
∑ 134 Solved C Programs demonstrate the general principles of good programming style
∑ 171 Review Questions helps in testing conceptual understanding
∑ 28 Debugging Exercise helps in participating coding contests
∑ 179 Programming Exercises simulate interest to practice programming applications

CHAPTER ORGANIZATION
The content is spread across 9 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces computer systems, programming languages
and environment, software development method, and algorithms. Chapter 2 gives an overview of C and
explaining the keywords, identifiers, constants, variables, data types and various case studies on these.
Chapters 3 comprises of decision-making, branching and looping methods. Chapter 4 covers the functions
which are used in C language. Chapter 5 focuses on arrays while Chapter 6 deals with strings. Different
types of pointers and its types are discussed in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 presents structures and unions while
Chapter 9 covers file types and their management. Appendix 1 covers C99/C11 features in detail. In addition
to all this, Solved Question Papers of Nov/Dec 2015 (4 sets) and May 2016 (4 sets) are also given in this
book.

CD RESOURCES
The supplementary CD provided along with the book would help the students master programming language
and write their own programs using Computer programming concepts and data structures. The CD comprises
of the following resources:
∑ New! 2012, 2013, 2014, Jan/Feb 2015 solved question papers
∑ New! Lab Programs as per the new syllabus
∑ Two major programming projects—Inventory and Record Entry & two mini projects—Linked List
and Matrix Multiplication
∑ 100 Programming Exercises and 200 Objective Type Questions aligned as per the new syllabus
∑ 5 Solved Model Question Papers
∑ 79 Additional Solved Programs
∑ Additional content on Matrix Operation

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A number of reviewers took pains to provide valuable feedback for the book. We are grateful to all of them
and their names are mentioned as follows:
S. Krishna Rao Sir CR Reddy College of Engineering, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh
Narasimha Rao Kandula Vishnu Institute of Technology, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh
K. Phani Babu, Chundru Raja Ramesh Sri Vasavi Engineering College, Tadepalligudem, Andhra
Pradesh
 Preface xv

Rama Rao Adimalla Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jonnada,

Andhra Pradesh
S. Rama Sree Aditya Engineering College, Peddapuram, Andhra Pradesh
M V S S Nagendranath Sasi Institute of Technology & Engineering, Tadepalligudem,
Andhra Pradesh
S. Satyanarayana Raghu Engineering College, Dakamarri, Andhra Pradesh
S C Satapathy Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
Ch Vijaya Kumar DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology, Kanchikacherla,
Andhra Pradesh

E Balagurusamy

Publisher’s Note
McGraw Hill Education (India) invites suggestions and comments, all of which can be sent to
info.india@mheducation.com (kindly mention the title and author name in the subject line).
Piracy-related issues may also be reported.
 Roadmap to the Syllabus

Computer Programming
Revised Course from Academic Year 2016-2017

Unit 1: History and Hardware—Computer hardware, Bits and bytes, Components, Programming
Languages—machine language, assembly language, low-level and high-level languages, procedural and
object-oriented languages, Application and system software, Development of C algorithms, Software
development process

Go to
Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers and Programming

Unit 2: Introduction to C programming, Identifiers, main () function, printf () function, Programming

style, Indentation, Comments, Data types, Arithmetic operations, Expression types, Variables and
declarations, Negation, Operator precedence and associativity, Declaration statements, Initialization
assignment, Implicit type conversions, Explicit type conversions, Assignment variations, Mathematical
library functions, Interactive input, Formatted output, Format modifiers

Go to
Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers and Programming
Chapter 2: Basics of C

Unit 3: Control flow-relational expressions—logical operators, Selection—if-else statement—nested if,

examples—multi-way selection—switch—else-if, examples, Repetition—basic loop structures, Pretest
and post-test loops, Counter-controlled and condition-controlled loops, While statement, For statement,
Nested loops, do-while statement

Go to
Chapter 3: Decision Making, Branching and Looping
 Roadmap to the Syllabus xvii

Unit 4: Modular programming: function and parameter declarations, Returning a value, Functions with
empty parameter lists, Variable scope, Variable storage class, Local variable storage classes, Global
variable storage classes, Pass by reference, Passing addresses to a function, Storing addresses variables,
Using addresses, Declaring and using pointers, Passing addresses to a function, Swapping values,
Recursion—mathematical recursion—recursion versus iteration.

Go to
Chapter 4: User-Defined Functions

Unit 5: One-dimensional arrays, Input and output of array values, Array initialization, Arrays as function
arguments, Two-dimensional arrays, Larger dimensional arrays—matrices, String fundamentals, Library
functions, String input and output, String processing

Go to
Chapter 5: Arrays
Chapter 6: Strings

Unit 6: Pointers—concept of a pointer, Initialisation of pointer variables, Pointers as function arguments,

Passing by address, Dangling memory, Address arithmetic, Character pointers and Functions, Pointers to
pointers, Dynamic memory management functions, Command line arguments
Structures—derived types, Structures declaration, Initialization of structures, Accessing structures,
Nested structures, Arrays of structures, structures and functions, Pointers to structures, self-referential
structures, Unions, typedef, bit-fields
Declaring, Opening, and Closing file streams, Reading from and Writing to text files, Random file
access

Go to
Chapter 7: Pointers
Chapter 8: Structures and Unions
Chapter 9: Data Files
 Introduction to Computers
1 and Programming

CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.1 Introduction 1.4 Data Types 1.7 Software Development Method
1.2 Computer Systems 1.5 Programming Languages 1.8 Applying Software
1.3 History of C 1.6 Development of C Algorithms Development Method

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The term computer is derived from the word
compute. A computer is an electronic device Data INPUT PROCESS
OUTPUT
Information
that takes data and instructions as an input
from the user, processes data, and provides
useful information known as output. This
cycle of operation of a computer is known as Instructions
the input–process–output cycle and is shown Fig. 1.1 Input–process–output concept
in Fig. 1.1. The electronic device is known as
hardware and the set of instructions is known as software.
A computer consists of various components that function as an integrated system to perform computational
tasks. These components include the following:
Central Processing Unit (CPU) It is the brain of the computer that is responsible for controlling
and executing program instructions.
Monitor It is a display screen, which shows information in visual form.
Keyboard and Mouse These are the peripheral devices used by the computer for receiving inputs
from the user.
Figure 1.2 shows the various components of a computer.
The unique capabilities and characteristics of a computer have made it very popular among its various
users, including engineers, managers, accountants, teachers, students, etc.
Some of the key characteristics of a modern digital computer include, among others the following:
Speed The computer is a fast electronic device that can solve large and complex problems in few
seconds. The speed of a computer generally depends upon its hardware configuration.
Storage capacity A computer can store huge amounts of data in many different formats. The storage
area of a computer system is generally divided into two categories, main memory and secondary storage.
1.2 Computer Programming

Monitor
CPU

Keyboard

Mouse

Fig. 1.2 Components of a computer

Accuracy A computer carries out calculations with great accuracy. The accuracy achieved by a
computer depends upon its hardware configuration and the specified instructions.
Reliability A computer produces results with no error. Most of the computer-generated errors are
in actuality human errors that are instigated by the user itself. Therefore, computers are regarded as
quite trustworthy machines.
Versatility Computers are versatile machines. They can perform varied tasks and can be used for
many different purposes.
Diligence Computers can perform repetitive calculations any number of times with the same level
of accuracy.
These capabilities of computers have enabled us to use them for a variety of tasks. Application areas may
broadly be classified into the following major categories.
1. Data processing (commercial use)
2. Numerical computing (scientific use)
3. Text (word) processing (office and educational use)
4. Message communication (e-mail)
5. Image processing (animation and industrial use)
6. Voice recognition (multimedia)

1.2 COMPUTER SYSTEMS

A computer system comprises of hardware and software components. Hardware refers to the physical
parts of the computer system and software is the set of instructions or programs that are necessary for the
functioning of a computer to perform certain tasks. Hardware includes the following components:
Input devices They are used for accepting the data on which the operations are to be performed.
The examples of input devices are keyboard, mouse and track ball.
Processor Also known as CPU, it is used to perform the calculations and information processing on
the data that is entered through the input device.
Output devices They are used for providing the output of a program that is obtained after performing
the operations specified in a program. The examples of output devices are monitor and printer.
Memory It is used for storing the input data as well as the output of a program that is obtained
after performing the operations specified in a program. Memory can be primary memory as well
as secondary memory. Primary memory includes Random Access Memory (RAM) and secondary
memory includes hard disks and floppy disks.
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Fuchs als Feind der Katze 93
– schnürt 118
Futterquellen, neue 168, 183
Fütterung des Hundes 41
– der Katze 89
– des Pferdes 119

Gans, geistige Gaben 231

– wachsam 230
– Rassen 238
Gänsefedern 233
Gänsemarsch 231
Gedächtnis der Tiere 136
Gehör, Wichtigkeit 38
Geier, Aasfresser 11
Geruchsinn, außerordentliche Bedeutung 24
– der Bienen 257
– des Esels 141
– des Hundes 24
– des Pferdes 131, 133
– des Rindes 148
– des Schweines 164
Giftfestigkeit der Ziege 172
Glasaugen der Pferde 112
Goldfisch 246
– Rassen 246
Grab- und Rennpfoten der Hunde 73
Grasfressen der Hunde 30
Graugans 230
– im Kampfe mit der Katze 232
Großstadt wenig geeignet für den Hund 27

Hahn, krähen 7, 196

– kümmert sich nicht um die Küchlein 198
– Lockruf 198
– Vielehe 198
Handpferd 115
Hängeohren 33
Hans, kluger 136
Hase, Schutzfärbung 24
– Fang durch die Katze 71
Haustiere, Begriff 6
– überfressen sich 111
Heerkuh 156
Henne, blinde 205
Hetzraubtier, Begriff 8, 70
Hirsch, kurzer Schwanz 108
Hochzeitskleid 211
Hörner der Schafe 179
Hühner brüten Enteneier aus 228
– Farbenblindheit 208
– Hypnose 208
 – Mutterliebe 200
– naturgemäße Behandlung 204
– Rassen 208
– sandiger Boden 209
– schlechte Flieger, gute Läufer 199
– und Tauben 199
– Verstellungskünste 201
Hühnerkieke 202
Hund abends zu Angriffen geneigt 42
– Abneigung gegen Tabak, Zigarren 42
– Abneigung der Rinder gegen ihn 149
– Abneigung der Schweine gegen ihn 80
– keine Abneigung gegen Wasser 77
– Alter 13
– Anbellen des Mondes 34
– Anspringen des Herrn 72
– Anzahl der Jungen 15
– Apportiert aus Natur 21
– Augenleuchten 85
– Bandwürmer 64
– beachtet Bilder und Spiegel nicht 35
– Begegnung mit anderem Hunde 18
– erwartet Beistand 83
– Beißereien unter Hunden 25
– beißt gern laufende Menschen 8
– Belecken der Wunden 48
– bellt, Grund dafür 7
– bellt drehende Räder an 8
– bewegliche Haut 32
– Bewegung nötig 29
– Bewegungen leicht wahrgenommen 10
– als Blindenführer 28, 41
– blinder findet sich zurecht 20
– als Bote 50
– hat keine Branten 16
– Brechmittel 31
– Charakter erst mit zwei Jahren erkennbar 16
– demütig 74
– Drang zu Bekanntschaften 9
– dreht sich vor dem Hinlegen 12
– Ehrgefühl und Eitelkeit 32
– Eigentumssinn 26
– Entwicklung, schnell 14
– erfriert sich die Beine 142
– erkennt seinen Herrn und andere Hunde am Geruch 41
– feige und mutige 81
– Feinde 43
– Flöhe 66
– flüchtet vor Bienen 262
– Fressen 74
– frißt unappetitliche Sachen 10
– Furcht vor kriechenden Personen 49
– Furcht vor leerem Wasserglase 34
– Fütterung 41
– gefährdet den eigenen Herrn 63
– Gehör vorzüglich 34, 87
– geräuschvoll 73
– Geruchsinn, außerordentlich 24, 133
– Geschichtliches 65
– schwaches Gesicht 8
– Grasfressen 30
– großer beachtet kleinen nicht 25
– für die Großstadt wenig passend 27
– Haare 38
– Haß gegen die Katze 18, 80
– Hecheln 28
– Heulen vor dem Tode 47
– Hinken 119
– früherer Höhlenbewohner 30
– Jagddressur 38
– Kippohren 33
– klopfen aufs Knie 37
– Klugheit und Verstellung 55, 59
– Knochen 39
– Kunststücke 31
 – kurzhaarig 38
– nicht küssen 64
– lappt Wasser 11
– läuft gegen Wind 33
– schräg 118
– Leistungen 63
– liebt den Ofen 12
– liebt sich zu sonnen 12
– Wagenspur 118
– Magen als Tasche 26
– Maulkorb 143
– kennt Mittagszeit 19
– Nase, empfindlich, kühl, schwarz 27, 33
– Nässen an den Ecken 27
– Neid 37
– Ohrenformen 33, 34
– Ohrenschmerzen 34
– Ortssinn 19
– Pfeifen 84
– Post 27
– Rassen 16, Bernhardinerhund, Dachshund, Eskimohund,
Fleischerhund, Jagdhund, Schäferhund s. d. (62)
– Rätselhaftes 47
– früheres Raubtier 6
– Räude (Akarusräude) 65
– Retter seines Herrn 45
– Röhrenknochen nicht vorteilhaft 42
– sich rekeln 12
– Renn- oder Grabepfoten 16
– richtige Behandlung 49
– richtiges Benehmen beim Essen 51
– schämt sich angeblich 30
– schläft gern am Tage 42
– schlingt 74
– schmeicheln 73
– Schwanz 71, 107
– Sinkenlassen 25
– wenig Schweißdrüsen 28
– schwimmt hervorragend 48
– sieht gut im Dunkeln 10
– spielt Haschen 15
– Staupe 65
– keine Steine apportieren lassen 23
– Strafen 52
– Stubenreinheit 27
– Tollwut 64
– Tragezeit 14
– Unarten 52, 54
– Unreinlichkeit 63
– Verbeißen der Hunde 25
– Verscharren der Losung 28
 – Vorgefühl für Erdbeben 80
– Vorzüge 28
– guter Wächter 42
– wälzt sich auf Unrat 11
– wedelt mit dem Schwanze 86
– keine Wehrpfoten 16
– seelische Werte 29
– wildern 53
– und Wolf, angeblich zum Anführer gewählt 44
– übertölpelt vom Wolf 44
– Wunden heilen leicht 43
– Zehengänger 16
– Zeitsinn 17
– Ziehhunde 142
– Zunge dient als Hand 78
Hypnose in der Tierwelt 203

Iltis 194
Insekten wenig auf Bergen 155
Instinkt 134

Jagdhund wenig anhänglich 39

– nicht bissig 26
– Dressur 38
– kein Wachhund 31
Jaguar frißt Hunde 43
Kamel, Abneigung gegen Nässe 76
Kanarienvogel, gelbe Farbe 240
– Kopf in den Federn 240
– nur Männchen singen 238
– Rassen 242
– Abneigung der Sperlinge gegen ihn 239
– Spiegel 237
Känguruh, langer Schwanz 107
Kaninchen, Bau in Anhöhen 187
– Feinde 187
– Rassen 189
– Kaninchen und Schwein 190
– Vergraben der Jungen 188
– Vermehrung 191
– Vorgefühl für Wetter 79
Kätzchen fällt nicht aus dem Fenster 134
Kastanien, neue Futterquelle für Schafe 183
Katze, Abneigung gegen Nässe und Regen 76
– gegen Musik 87
– apportiert selten 22
– Augenleuchten 85
– begleitet den Spaziergänger nicht 81
– bellt nicht 6
– beschnuppert nicht 84
– besitzt Branten (Pranken) 73
– macht Buckel 81
– Drehschwanz 107
– ungefiederte Eule 89
– fällt auf die Füße 84
– Feinde 93
– als Fischfresserin 87
– frißt gesittet 70, 74
– kleineres Gebiß 81
– Gehör vorzüglich 87
– geräuschlos 73
– und Gläser 95
– Haare, Beschaffenheit 77
– Hasenfang 71
– Hasenschleppen 81
– Haß des Hundes 18, 80
– Herrentier 74
– kriecht gern in Höhlungen 96
– Mäusefang 85
– als Mutter unerreicht 90
– naschhaft 91
– Ortssinn 99
– Pferdefleisch nicht naturgemäß 88
– sich putzen 78
– Rassen 90
– früheres Raubtier 70
 – rauhe Zunge 77
– Rückendeckung 82
– Schallquelle 86
– Schleichraubtier 71
– Schmeichelkätzchen 69, 73
– schnurren 83
– Schnurrhaare 72
– Schwanz geringsten Raum 71
– Schwanz, Länge 107
– kann schwimmen 76
– sonnt sich gern 13
– spielt nicht Haschen 15
– Stubenreinheit 96
– Tasthaare 72
– Verscharren des Unrats 94
– als Vogelfängerin 85
– Vorgefühl für Erdbeben 80
– für Wetterumschlag 78
– Katzen, große, Feinde des Hundes 43
– Katzenwäsche 75
Kinnhaare der Pferde 115
Kleben der Pferde 113
Klugheit des Hundes 55
Knochen verscharren 39
Kolik 120
Kommandosprache 215
– Kommandoworte, Verständnis 137
Koppen 119
Kötenschöpfe 115
Krähen, Selbstheilung 134
Krankheit und Stallhaltung 156
Krokodil, Feind des Hundes 43
Küchlein aus dem Ei 207
– frostig 201
– Nestflüchter 200
Kuh, Augenleuchten 85
– des armen Mannes 178
– vorm neuen Tor 151
Kummetgeschirr 117
Kunden 106
Kurzhaar 38

Lade 110
Leithammel 180
Leopard, Feind des Hundes 80
Löwe, langer Schweif 107
– schnurrt nicht 84
Luchs, Feind des Hundes 80
– der Katze 93

Magerfresser 119
Mähne 191
Mankatze 107
Männchen singen nur 238
Marder, schwindelfrei, fällt auf die Füße 85
Mauersegler, vorzüglicher Flieger 199
Mauke 115
Maultier 144
– sich wälzen 144
Mäusefang der Katze 85
Meerschweinchen 192
Mensch, davonlaufend leicht gebissen 8
Milchergebnis der Rinder 159
Mond, anbellen 35
Mufflon und Hausschaf 183
Musik, Katzen nicht angenehm 87
Mutterliebe der Henne 200

Nase des Hundes, feucht, empfindlich, schwarz 33

Nasenatmung des Pferdes 102
– bremse 158
– spiegel 148
Nasentiere sollen angerufen werden 64
Neid bei Hunden 37
Nestflüchter, Nesthocker 200

Ofen, Katzen kriechen gern hinein 96

– warmer, Vorliebe des Hundes dafür 12
Ohrenformen, Hänge-, Kipp-, Stehohren 33
 – schmerzen 34
Ortssinn des Hundes 20
– der Katze 97
– des Rindes 152
Osterwinde 142

Panik bei Pferden 122

Parfümeurs 11
Peitsche 109, 121
Perlhuhn 213
Pfau 219
Pferd, Aalstrich 100
– Abneigung gegen Bären 132
– Blutgeruch 131
– Esel 144
– Kamele 132
– Löwen 132
– Affen als Stallgenossen 114
– Alter 112
– Anhalten 121
– Atmen durch die Nase 102
– Aufsatzzügel 116
– Augenleuchten 85
– Augen, seitliche Stellung 109
– Ausschlagen 100
– von Bienen leicht gestochen 261
– blindes findet zurecht 20, 152
– Bodenscheu 104
– braune Farbe 100
– dunkle Stellen im Moor 105
– erfriert sich nicht die Beine 142
– Fahren älter als Reiten 117
– Fata Morgana 132
– Feinde 121
– findet in der Dunkelheit zurecht 105
– Gedächtnis 136
– geistige Gaben 133
– Geruchsinn außerordentlich 132, 133
– Glasauge 112
– Hafer, Futter 120
– Handpferd 115
– Instinkt 134
– Kinnhaare 115
– kleben 113
– kluge Hans 133
– Kolik 120
– Kommandoworte 137
– Koppen 119
– Kötenschöpfe 115
– Krankheiten 120
– Kummet, Sielengeschirr 117
– Kunden 106
– Lade 110
– läuft gegen den Wind 102
– läuft gerade 118
– läuft in den brennenden Stall zurück 124
– kleiner Magen 111, 120
– Magerfresser 119
– Mähne 101
– Mauke 115
– Nasenbremse 155
– Neid 116
– Ohren klein 153
– zurückgezogen 117
– Osterwinde 142
– Peitsche 109, 121
– fliehender Pflanzenfresser 103
– prusten 103
– putzen 138
– Rassen 111
– Raufen nachteilig 110
– rechnet angeblich 136
– rennt gegen Bäume 110
– Sattelpferd 115
– Scheuen und Durchgehen 103
– Scheuklappen 109
 – Schnauben und Prusten 102
– Schnelligkeit 113
– schreit nicht 114
– Schwanz 106
– Sehvermögen schwach 103
– Sonnenhitze wenig schädlich 115
– Stirn schmal 153
– Störung beim Fressen wenig schädlich 120
– Strohhut überflüssig 115
– tunken 116
– überfrißt sich als Haustier 111
– Untugenden 125
– schlechter Vater 123
– Verstellung 126
– Wasser (gutes) sehr wichtig 116
– Wasser, verborgenes, gefunden 133
– Wiehern 114
– Wölfe, Angriff 101
– gegen drei Wölfe 122
– Zelter 118
– Zwillinge selten 112
Pflanzenfresser 6
– fliehend, wehrhaft 104
Polizeihund 40
– in Großstädten wenig leistungsfähig 41
Post der Tiere 27
Pranke 16
Pudel, kein Wachhund, Kunststücke 31

Rangordnung der Rinder 156

Rasse, Begriff 189
Raubtier 7
Raubvögel und Tauben 216
Räude 65
Raufen 110
Regungslosigkeit 204
Reiten 117
Rekeln der Hunde 12
Renn- oder Grabpfoten 16
Rind, Abneigung gegen Hunde 149
– Aufblähen 149
– Blutgeruch 148
– breitgestirnt 153
– Bremen 149
– Feinde 158
– Flotzmaul 148
– Gebirgsgräser 147
– Gefährlichkeit des Zuchtstiers 157
– geistige Gaben 161
– gespaltener Huf 154
– Heerkuh 156
 – Krankheiten 162
– kuhhessig 154
– Milchertrag 159
– Nase empfindlich 148
– Unterschiede vom Pferd 146
– Rassen 161
– Vorliebe für Salz 161
– Wiederkäuer 160
Röhrenknochen wenig geeignet für Hunde 42
Rohrwurzeln als Futter 168

Salz, Vorliebe des Rindes 161

Sattelpferd 115
Sau frißt eigene Ferkel 167
Schaf, furchtbar ängstlich 180
– kein Bart und Tränendrüsen 179
– blöken 178
– Leithammel 180
– Mufflon 183
– neue Futterquellen (Kastanien) 183
– Rassen 184
– rennt in den brennenden Stall 181
– Schäfer und Schäferhund 182
– Wolle 184
Schäferhund, Auge entwickelt 40
– als Blindenführer 41
 – diensteifrig 41
– Leistungen 182
– als Polizeihund 40, 62
– Umkreisen 40
Schafsucht 40
Schakale, Aasfresser 11
– heulen sich zusammen 6
– nächtliche Tiere 6
– verstellen sich 61
Scheuen und Durchgehen 103
Scheuklappen 109
Schlappohren 34
Schleichraubtier 8, 70
Schmeicheln des Hundes, der Katze 73
Schmeichelkätzchen 73
Schnauben der Pferde 102
Schnurren der Katze 83
Schnurrhaare, kein Schnurrbart 72
Schutzfärbung 241
Schwan, Abneigung gegen Ente 225
– Federn 236
– Feinde 236
– langer Hals 235
Schwanz (Schweif), Bedeutung bei den Katzenarten 107
– geringster Raum bei Katze 71
 – kurz bei Hirsch usw., lang bei Känguruh usw. 107
– Mittel gegen Insektenplage 108
– sinken lassen 23
– wedeln 36
Schwein, Abneigung gegen Hunde 80
– empfindlich gegen Hitze 115
– empfindlich gegen kalten Fußboden 167
– gedeiht bei kleinen Leuten 166
– und Kaninchen 190
– Maulwurfskopf 164
– Nasentier, hervorragender Geruchsinn 163, 164
– Pfütze und Suhle 165
– Rassen 169
– Rohrwurzeln als Futter 168
– Vorzüge 165
Schweizerkäse 146
Schwimmen, überlegenes des Hundes 48
Seide 249
Seidenraupe 249
Sich-herumdrehen des Hundes vor dem Hinlegen 12
Sielengeschirr 117
Sperlinge hassen Kanarienvögel 239
Spiegel, Gleichgültigkeit des Hundes 35
– und Kanarienvogel 237
– und Truthahn 211
Spielen der Tiere 15
Spitze, bellustig 7
Sprache fehlt den Tieren 199, 244
Stallhaltung und Krankheiten 156
Staupe 65
Stehohren 33
Stier, rote Farbe 147
– Gefährlichkeit des Zuchtstiers 157
Stollen 106
Stößer, Jagd auf Tauben 216
Strafen des Hundes 52
Strohhüte, überflüssig 115
Stubenreinheit 27

Tasthaare 72
Taube, Brieftaube 220
– nicht aus Bäumen 219
– Einfangen fremder 222
– naturgemäße Fütterung 222
– Kommandosprache 215
– künstlicher Lufttrichter 219
– Rassen 222
– und Raubvogel 216
– guter Vater 221
– Vergleich mit Huhn 199
– Vorbild für den Menschen 221
 – kein Zusammenprall 215
Taubenschlag 219
Tiermütter apportieren 21
Tiger, schnurrt nicht 84
– Schweif 107
Tollwut 64, 65
Tränendrüsen 179
Truthuhn, Hochzeitskleid 211
– rote Farbe 212
– Spiegel 211
Tunken des Pferdes 116

Unarten, sogenannte, beim Hunde 54

Unreinlichkeit 63

Verbeißen der Hunde 25

Verstellung bei Enten 226
– bei Hunden 59
– bei Pferden 126
– bei Schakalen 61
– bei Vögeln 201
Vögel fliegen sofort 134
– Kopf in den Federn 240
– Vorgefühl für Wetterumschlag 79
Vogelflugdeuter 79
Vollmond und Hund 36
Wanderfalk, Jagd auf Tauben 216
Waschen der Katze 75
Wasser, gutes, für Pferde 116
– verborgenes, von Pferden gewittert 133
Wasserglas, leeres, Furcht des Hundes 34
Wellensittich, allein Haustier 243
Wiederkäuer 160
Wiehern 114
Wildenten, ausgewandert aus dem Tiergarten 224
– nachts tätig 227
– schnattern nicht viel 7
Wildgänse, schnattern nicht viel 7
Wildhunde, apportieren 22
– Pflanzennahrung 42
Wildkaninchen trinkt nicht 186
Wildschwein, Aasfresser 11
– warmer Kessel 167
– aufrechte Ohren 165
– Suhle 165
Wind, Hunde und Raubtiere gegen den Wind 33
Windhund, nicht anhänglich 40
– Ausnahmestellung 39
– bellt wenig 40
– muß langen Schwanz haben 107
Wolf, Aasfresser 11
 – Anführer nicht ein Hund 44
– angebliche Freundschaft 44
– Angriff auf Pferde 101, 122
– bellt nicht 6
– Feind des Hundes 44
– frißt den toten Hund 45
– heulen 6
– lappt 12
– nächtliches Tier 6
– keine Pranken 16
– Sieger über zwei Doggen 47
– übertölpelt den Hund 44
Wolfshunde, Märchen davon 12
Wolken, weiße, anbellen 96
Wolle 184
Wunden heilen schnell 43

Yaschreien des Esels 144

Zehengänger 16
Zeitsinn der Tiere 17
Zeitungsente 226
Zelter 118
Ziege frißt ungern Gras 172
– gedeiht im Gebirge 174
– Giftfestigkeit 172
– junge, klettert gut 171
 – Kuh des armen Mannes 173
– naschhaft 173
– Rassen 176
– vernichtet den Wald 175
– Weibchen, Hörner 171
Ziegenstall wenig Fliegen 175
Ziehhund 64
– und Esel 142
Zunge, Bedeutung für die Tiere 78
Zwingerhund 143
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