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 Preface vii

Web Research Each chapter offers web research activities that encourage students to
further study the topics introduced in the chapter.

Focus on Web Design Most chapters offer additional activities that explore the web
design topics related to the chapter. These activities can be used to reinforce, extend, and
enhance the course topics.

FAQs In the author’s web development courses, she is frequently asked similar questions
by students. They are included in this textbook and are marked with the identifying FAQ logo.

Checkpoints Each chapter contains two or three Checkpoints, which are groups of
questions to be used by students to self-assess their understanding of the material. A
­special Checkpoint icon appears with each group of questions.

Focus on Accessibility Developing accessible websites is more important than

ever and this textbook is infused with accessibility techniques throughout. The special icon Focus on
shown here makes accessibility information easy to find. Accessibility

Focus on Ethics Ethics issues related to web development are highlighted through-
out the textbook and are marked with the special ethics icon shown here.

Reference Materials The appendixes in the Web Developer’s Handbook offer ref-
erence materials, including an HTML5 Quick Reference, an XHTML Quick Reference,
­Special Entity Characters, Comparison of XHTML and HTML5, a CSS Property Reference,
a WCAG 2.0 Quick Reference, an FTP Tutorial, and a Web-Safe Color Palette.

VideoNotes VideoNotes are Pearson’s new visual tool designed for teaching students
key programming concepts and techniques. These short step-by-step videos demon-
VideoNote
strate how to solve problems from design through coding. VideoNotes allow for self-placed
instruction with easy navigation including the ability to select, play, rewind, fast-forward,
and stop within each VideoNote exercise.
Margin icons in your textbook let you know when a VideoNote video is available for a
particular concept or homework problem.

Supplemental Materials
Student Resources The student files for the web page exercises, Website Case
Study assignments, and access to the book’s VideoNotes are available to all readers of
this textbook at its companion website http://www.pearsonhighered.com/felke-morris. A
complimentary access code for the companion website is available with a new copy of this
textbook. Subscriptions may also be purchased online.

Instructor Resources The following supplements are available to qualified ­instructors

only. Visit the Pearson Instructor Resource Center (http://www.pearsonhighered.com/irc) or
send an e-mail to computing@aw.com for information on how to access them:
• Solutions to the end-of-chapter exercises
• Solutions for the case study assignments

A01_FELK0746_03_SE_FM.indd 7 12/21/15 7:04 PM

 viii Preface

• Test questions
• PowerPoint® presentations
• Sample syllabi

Author’s Website In addition to the publisher’s companion website for this textbook,
the author maintains a website at http://www.webdevfoundations.net. This website contains
additional resources, including review activities and a page for each chapter with exam-
ples, links, and updates. This website is not supported by the publisher.

Acknowledgments
Very special thanks go to all the folks at Pearson, especially Michael Hirsch,
Matt Goldstein, Carole Snyder, Camille Trentacoste, and Scott Disanno.
Thank you to the following people who provided comments and suggestions that were
useful for this eighth edition and previous editions:
Carolyn Andres—Richland College
James Bell—Central Virginia Community College
Ross Beveridge—Colorado State University
Karmen Blake—Spokane Community College
Jim Buchan—College of the Ozarks
Dan Dao—Richland College
Joyce M. Dick—Northeast Iowa Community College
Elizabeth Drake—Santa Fe Community College
Mark DuBois—Illinois Central College
Genny Espinoza—Richland College
Carolyn Z. Gillay—Saddleback College
Sharon Gray—Augustana College
Tom Gutnick—Northern Virginia Community College
Jason Hebert—Pearl River Community College
Sadie Hébert—Mississippi Gulf Coast College
Lisa Hopkins—Tulsa Community College
Barbara James—Richland Community College
Nilofar Kadivi—Richland Community College
Jean Kent—Seattle Community College
Mary Keramidas—Sante Fe College
Karen Kowal Wiggins—Wisconsin Indianhead Technical College
Manasseh Lee—Richland Community College
Nancy Lee—College of Southern Nevada
Kyle Loewenhagen—Chippewa Valley Technical College
Michael J. Losacco—College of DuPage
Les Lusk—Seminole Community College
Mary A. McKenzie—Central New Mexico Community College
Bob McPherson—Surry Community College
Cindy Mortensen—Truckee Meadows Community College
John Nadzam—Community College of Allegheny County
Teresa Nickeson—University of Dubuque
Brita E. Penttila—Wake Technical Community College
Anita Philipp—Oklahoma City Community College

A01_FELK0746_03_SE_FM.indd 8 12/21/15 7:04 PM

 Preface ix

Jerry Ross—Lane Community College

Noah Singer—Tulsa Community College
Alan Strozer—Canyons College
Lo-An Tabar-Gaul—Mesa Community College
Jonathan S. Weissman—Finger Lakes Community College
Tebring Wrigley—Community College of Allegheny County
Michelle Youngblood-Petty—Richland College

A special thank you also goes to Jean Kent, North Seattle Community College, and Teresa
Nickeson, University of Dubuque, for taking time to provide additional feedback and
sharing student comments about the book.
Thanks are in order to colleagues at William Rainey Harper College for their support and
encouragement, especially Ken Perkins, Enrique D’Amico, and Dave Braunschweig.
Most of all, I would like to thank my family for their patience and encouragement. My
wonderful husband, Greg Morris, has been a constant source of love, understanding,
support, and encouragement. Thank you, Greg! A big shout-out to my children, James and
Karen, who grew up thinking that everyone’s Mom had their own website. Thank you both
for your understanding, patience, and timely suggestions! And, finally, a very special
dedication to the memory of my father who is greatly missed.

About the Author

Terry Ann Felke-Morris is a Professor Emerita of Computer Information Systems at William
Rainey Harper College in Palatine, Illinois. She holds a Doctor of Education degree, a
Master of Science degree in information systems, and numerous certifications, including
Adobe Certified Dreamweaver 8 Developer, WOW Certified Associate Webmaster, Microsoft
Certified Professional, Master CIW Designer, and CIW Certified Instructor.
Dr. Felke-Morris has been honored with Harper College’s Glenn A. Reich Memorial Award
for Instructional Technology in recognition of her work in designing the college’s Web
Development program and courses. In 2006, she received the Blackboard Greenhouse
Exemplary Online Course Award for use of Internet technology in the academic
environment. Dr. Felke-Morris received two international awards in 2008: the Instructional
Technology Council’s Outstanding e-Learning Faculty Award for Excellence and the
MERLOT Award for Exemplary Online Learning Resources—MERLOT Business Classics.
With more than 25 years of information technology experience in business and industry,
Dr. Felke-Morris published her first website in 1996 and has been working with the Web
ever since. A long-time promoter of Web standards, she was a member of the Web
Standards Project Education Task Force. Dr. Felke-Morris was instrumental in developing
the Web Development certificate and degree programs at William Rainey Harper College.
For more information about Dr. Terry Ann Felke-Morris, visit http://terrymorris.net.

A01_FELK0746_03_SE_FM.indd 9 12/21/15 7:04 PM

 Contents

Chapter 1 1.7 Uniform Resource Identifiers and Domain

Names 13
URIs and URLs 13
Introduction to the Internet and Domain Names 13
World Wide Web 1 1.8 Markup Languages 16
1.1 The Internet and the Web 2 Standard Generalized Markup Language
The Internet 2 (SGML) 16
Birth of the Internet 2 Hypertext Markup Language
Growth of the Internet 2 (HTML) 16
Birth of the Web 2 Extensible Markup Language
The First Graphical Browser 2 (XML) 16
Convergence of Technologies 3 Extensible Hypertext Markup Language
(XHTML) 17
Who Runs the Internet? 3
HTML5—the Newest Version
Intranets and Extranets 4
of HTML 17
1.2 Web Standards and Accessibility 4
W3C Recommendations 4
1.9 Popular Uses of the Web 17
E-Commerce 17
Web Standards and Accessibility 5
Mobile Access 18
Accessibility and the Law 5
Blogs 18
Universal Design for the Web 5
Wikis 18
1.3 Information on the Web 6 Social Networking 18
Reliability and Information on the Web 6 Cloud Computing 19
Ethical Use of Information on the Web 7 RSS 19
1.4 Network Overview 8 Podcasts 19
Web 2.0 19
1.5 The Client/Server Model 9
1.6 Internet Protocols 10 Chapter Summary 21
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 10 Key Terms 21
E-mail Protocols 11 Review Questions 21
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 11 Hands-On Exercise 22
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Web Research 23
(TCP/IP) 11 Focus on Web Design 24

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 Contents xi

Chapter 2 2.18 HTML Validation

Chapter Summary 62
59

HTML Basics 25 Key Terms 62

Review Questions 63
2.1 HTML Overview 26
Apply Your Knowledge 64
HTML 26
Hands-On Exercises 65
XML 26
Web Research 66
XHTML 26
Focus on Web Design 66
HTML5 27
Website Case Study 66
2.2 Document Type Definition 27
2.3 Web Page Template 28
2.4 HTML Element 28
2.5 Head, Title, Meta, and Body
Chapter 3
Elements 28 Configuring Color and Text
The Head Section 28 with CSS 81
The Body Section 29
3.1 Overview of Cascading Style
2.6 Your First Web Page 29 Sheets 82
2.7 Heading Element 33 Advantages of Cascading Style Sheets 82
Accessibility and Headings 35 Configuring Cascading Style Sheets 83
CSS Selectors and Declarations 83
2.8 Paragraph Element 35 The background-color Property 83
Alignment 36
The color Property 84
2.9 Line Break Element 37 Configure Background and Text Color 84
2.10 Blockquote Element 38 3.2 Using Color on Web Pages 85
Hexadecimal Color Values 86
2.11 Phrase Elements 39
Web-Safe Colors 86
2.12 Ordered List 40 CSS Color Syntax 86
The Type, Start, and Reversed
Attributes 41 3.3 Inline CSS with the Style Attribute 87
The Style Attribute 87
2.13 Unordered List 42
3.4 Embedded CSS with the Style
2.14 Description List 44 Element 89
2.15 Special Characters 46 Style Element 89
2.16 Structural Elements 47 3.5 Configuring Text with CSS 92
The Div Element 47 The font-family Property 92
HTML5 Structural Elements 48 More CSS Text Properties 94
The Header Element 48 CSS3 text-shadow Property 97
The Nav Element 48
3.6 CSS Class, Id, and Descendant
The Main Element 48
Selectors 100
The Footer Element 48
The Class Selector 100
Practice with Structural Elements 50
The Id Selector 101
2.17 Anchor Element 51 The Descendant Selector 102
Absolute Hyperlinks 53 3.7 Span Element 104
Relative Hyperlinks 53
Site Map 53
3.8 Using External Style Sheets 105
Link Element 105
E-Mail Hyperlinks 57
Accessibility and Hyperlinks 58 3.9 Center HTML Elements with CSS 110

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 xii Contents

3.10 The “Cascade” 112 4.8 CSS3 Visual Effects 165

3.11 CSS Validation 115 The CSS3 background-clip
Property 165
Chapter Summary 117 The CSS3 background-origin
Key Terms 117 Property 166
Review Questions 117 The CSS3 background-size
Apply Your Knowledge 118 Property 166
Hands-On Exercises 120 CSS3 Multiple Background Images 168
Web Research 122 CSS3 Rounded Corners 170
Focus on Web Design 122 The CSS3 box-shadow Property 172
Website Case Study 123 The CSS3 opacity Property 176
CSS3 RGBA Color 178

Chapter 4 CSS3 HSLA Color 180

CSS3 Gradients 183

Visual Elements and Graphics 135 Chapter Summary 185

Key Terms 185
4.1 Configuring Lines and Borders 136
Review Questions 185
The Horizontal Rule Element 136
Apply Your Knowledge 187
The border and padding Properties 136
Hands-On Exercises 188
4.2 Types of Graphics 142 Web Research 189
Graphic Interchange Format (GIF) Images 142 Focus on Web Design 190
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) Website Case Study 190
Images 143

5
Portable Network Graphic (PNG) Images 144
New WebP Image Format 144
Chapter
4.3 Image Element 145
Accessibility and Images 146
Web Design 205
Image Hyperlinks 147 5.1 Design for Your Target Audience 206
Accessibility and Image Hyperlinks 149 5.2 Website Organization 207
4.4 HTML5 Visual Elements 150 Hierarchical Organization 207
HTML5 Figure and Figcaption Elements 151 Linear Organization 208
HTML5 Meter Element 153 Random Organization 208
HTML5 Progress Element 153 5.3 Principles of Visual Design 209
4.5 Background Images 154 Repetition: Repeat Visual Components
The background-image Property 154 Throughout the Design 209
Browser Display of a Background Image 154 Contrast: Add Visual Excitement and Draw
Attention 209
The background-repeat Property 155
Proximity: Group Related Items 210
The background-position Property 157
Alignment: Align Elements to Create Visual
The background-attachment Property 158
Unity 210
4.6 More About Images 158
5.4 Design to Provide Accessibility 210
Image Maps 158
Who Benefits from Universal Design and
The Favorites Icon 160 Increased Accessibility? 211
Configuring a Favorites Icon 160 Accessible Design Can Benefit Search Engine
Image Slicing 162 Listing 211
CSS Sprites 162 Accessibility is the Right Thing
4.7 Sources and Guidelines for Graphics 162 to Do 211
Sources of Graphics 162 5.5 Writing for the Web 212
Guidelines for Using Images 163 Organize Your Content 212
Accessibility and Visual Elements 164 Choosing a Font 213

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 Contents xiii

Font Size 213 5.12 Web Design Best Practices

Font Weight 213 Checklist 234
Font Color Contrast 213
Line Length 214 Chapter Summary 238
Alignment 214 Key Terms 238
Text in Hyperlinks 214 Review Questions 238
Reading Level 214 Hands-On Exercises 239
Spelling and Grammar 214 Web Research 242
Focus on Web Design 242
5.6 Use of Color 214
Website Case Study 243
Color Scheme Based on an Image 214
Color Wheel 215
Shades, Tints, Tones 215
Color Scheme Based on the
Color Wheel 216
Chapter 6
Implementing a Color Scheme 217 Page Layout 247
Accessibility and Color 217 6.1 The Box Model 248
Colors and Your Target Audience 218 Content 248
5.7 Use of Graphics and Multimedia 220 Padding 248
File Size and Image Dimensions Border 248
Matter 220 Margin 248
Antialiased/Aliased Text in Media 220 The Box Model in Action 249
Use Only Necessary Multimedia 221
6.2 Normal Flow 250
Provide Alternate Text 221
6.3 CSS Float 252
5.8 More Design Considerations 221
Load Time 221
6.4 CSS: Clearing a Float 254
The clear Property 254
Above the Fold 222
The overflow Property 255
White Space 223
Avoid Horizontal Scrolling 223 6.5 CSS Box Sizing 257
Browsers 223 6.6 CSS Two-Column Layout 258
Screen Resolution 223 Your First Two-Column Layout 258
5.9 Navigation Design 224 Two-Column Layout Example 261
Ease of Navigation 224 6.7 Hyperlinks in an Unordered List 262
Navigation Bars 224 Configure List Markers with CSS 262
Breadcrumb Navigation 224 Vertical Navigation with an Unordered List 263
Using Graphics for Navigation 225 Horizontal Navigation with an Unordered List 264
Skip Repetitive Navigation 225
Dynamic Navigation 225
6.8 CSS Interactivity with
Pseudo-Classes 265
Site Map 226
CSS Buttons 267
Site Search Feature 227
5.10 Page Layout Design 227
6.9 Practice with CSS Two-Column
Layout 268
Wireframes and Page Layout 227
Page Layout Design Techniques 228 6.10 Header Text Image Replacement 271
Improved Header Text Image Replacement
5.11 Design for the Mobile Web 231 Technique 272
Three Approaches 231
Mobile Device Design Considerations 231
6.11 Practice with an Image Gallery 273
Example Desktop Website and Mobile 6.12 Positioning with CSS 276
Website 232 Static Positioning 276
Mobile Design Quick Checklist 232 Fixed Positioning 276
Responsive Web Design 232 Relative Positioning 276

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 xiv Contents

Absolute Positioning 277 7.7 CSS3 Media Queries 331

Practice with Positioning 278 What’s a Media Query? 331
6.13 CSS Debugging Techniques 280 Media Query Example Using a Link
Verify Correct HTML Syntax 280 Element 332
Verify Correct CSS Syntax 280 Media Query Example Using an @media
Configure Temporary Background Colors 280 Rule 332
Configure Temporary Borders 280 7.8 Responsive Images 336
Use Comments to Find the Unexpected Flexible Images with CSS 336
Cascade 281 HTML5.1 Picture Element 338
6.14 More HTML5 Structural Elements 282 HTML5.1 Responsive Img Element
The Section Element 282 Attributes 340
The Article Element 282 Explore Responsive Images 341
The Aside Element 282 7.9 Testing Mobile Display 342
The Time Element 282 Testing with a Desktop Browser 342
6.15 HTML5 Compatibility with Older For Serious Developers Only 343
Browsers 284 Media Queries and Internet Explorer 343
Configure CSS Block Display 285 Mobile First 343
HTML5 Shim 285 7.10 CSS3 Flexible Box Layout 344
Configure a Flexible Container 344
Chapter Summary 287
Configure the Flex Items 345
Key Terms 287
Review Questions 287 Chapter Summary 350
Apply Your Knowledge 288 Key Terms 350
Hands-On Exercises 291 Review Questions 350
Web Research 292 Apply Your Knowledge 351
Focus on Web Design 292 Hands-On Exercises 354
Website Case Study 292 Web Research 355

7
Focus on Web Design 355
Website Case Study 356
Chapter
More on Links, Layout, and
Mobile 307 Chapter 8
7.1 Another Look at Hyperlinks 308 Tables 371
More on Relative Linking 308 8.1 Table Overview 372
Relative Link Examples 308 Table Element 372
Fragment Identifiers 310 The border Attribute 373
Landmark Roles with ARIA 312 Table Captions 373
The Target Attribute 312 8.2 Table Rows, Cells, and Headers 374
Block Anchor 313 Table Row Element 374
Telephone and Text Message Hyperlinks 313 Table Data Element 374
7.2 CSS Sprites 313 Table Header Element 374
7.3 Three-Column CSS Page Layout 316 8.3 Span Rows and Columns 376
7.4 CSS Styling for Print 322 The colspan Attribute 376
Print Styling Best Practices 323 The rowspan Attribute 376

7.5 Designing for the Mobile Web 327 8.4 Configure an Accessible Table 378
Mobile Web Design Best Practices 328 8.5 Style a Table with CSS 380
7.6 Viewport Meta Tag 330 8.6 CSS3 Structural Pseudo-Classes 382

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 Contents xv

8.7 Configure Table Sections 384 Telephone Number Input 425

Search Field Input 426
Chapter Summary 387 Datalist Form Control 426
Key Terms 387 Slider Form Control 427
Review Questions 387 Spinner Form Control 428
Apply Your Knowledge 388 Calendar Form Control 429
Hands-On Exercises 390 Color-well Form Control 430
Web Research 391 HTML5 and Progressive Enhancement 433
Focus on Web Design 391
Website Case Study 391 Chapter Summary 434
Key Terms 434

9
Review Questions 434
Apply Your Knowledge 435
Chapter Hands-On Exercises 437
Web Research 438
Forms 399
Focus on Web Design 439
9.1 Overview of Forms 400 Website Case Study 440
Form Element 400

10
Form Controls 401
9.2 Input Element Form Controls 401
Chapter
Text Box 402
Submit Button 403 Web Development 451
Reset Button 403
10.1 Successful Large-Scale Project
Check Box 405
Development 452
Radio Button 406
Project Job Roles 452
Hidden Input Control 407
Project Staffing Criteria 453
Password Box 408
10.2 The Development Process 453
9.3 Scrolling Text Box 408 Conceptualization 455
Textarea Element 408
Analysis 456
9.4 Select List 411 Design 456
Select Element 411 Production 458
Option Element 412 Testing 458
9.5 Image Buttons and the Button Launch 461
Element 413 Maintenance 462
Image Button 413 Evaluation 462
Button Element 413 10.3 Domain Name Overview 462
9.6 Accessibility and Forms 414 Choosing a Domain Name 462
Label Element 414 Registering a Domain Name 463
Fieldset and Legend Elements 416 10.4 Web Hosting 464
The tabindex Attribute 418 Web Hosting Providers 464
The accesskey Attribute 418
10.5 Choosing a Virtual Host 465
9.7 Style a Form with CSS 419
Chapter Summary 468
9.8 Server-Side Processing 420 Key Terms 468
Privacy and Forms 423 Review Questions 468
Server-Side Processing Resources 423 Hands-On Exercises 469
9.9 HTML5 Form Controls 424 Web Research 471
E-mail Address Input 424 Focus on Web Design 472
URL Input 425 Website Case Study 472

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 xvi Contents

Chapter 11 Chapter Summary 507

Key Terms 507
Review Questions 507
Web Multimedia and Apply Your Knowledge 509
Interactivity 473 Hands-On Exercises 510
Web Research 510
11.1 Plug-Ins, Containers, and Codecs 474
Focus on Web Design 511
11.2 Getting Started with Audio and Website Case Study 512
Video 476

12
Provide a Hyperlink 476
Working with Multimedia on the Web 477
Chapter
11.3 Adobe Flash 479
HTML5 Embed Element 479 E-Commerce Overview 517
Flash Resources 481 12.1 What Is E-Commerce? 518
11.4 HTML5 Audio and Video Elements 482 Advantages of E-Commerce 518
Audio Element 482 Risks of E-Commerce 519
Source Element 483 12.2 E-Commerce Business
HTML5 Audio on a Web Page 483 Models 520
Video Element 484 12.3 Electronic Data Interchange
Source Element 485 (EDI) 520
HTML5 Video on a Web Page 485
12.4 E-Commerce Statistics 520
11.5 M
 ultimedia Files and Copyright
Law 487 12.5 E-Commerce Issues 521
11.6 CSS and Interactivity 487 12.6 E-Commerce Security 523
Encryption 523
CSS Drop Down Menu 487
Integrity 524
CSS3 Transform Property 489
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) 524
CSS3 Rotate Transform 490
Digital Certificate 525
CSS3 Scale Transform 490
SSL and Digital Certificates 526
CSS Transition Property 490
Practice with Transitions 493 12.7 Order and Payment Processing 526
Credit Card 527
11.7 Java 495
Stored-value Card 527
Adding a Java Applet to a
Web Page 496 Digital Wallet 527
Java Applet Resources 498 Digital Cash 527

11.8 JavaScript 498 12.8 E-Commerce Storefront

JavaScript Resources 500 Solutions 528
Instant Online Storefront 528
11.9 Ajax 500
Off-the-Shelf Shopping Cart Software 528
Ajax Resources 501
Custom-Built Solutions 528
11.10 jQuery 501 Semi-Custom-Built Solutions on
jQuery Resources 502 a Budget 529
11.11 HTML5 APIs 502 Chapter Summary 530
Geolocation 502 Key Terms 530
Web Storage 502 Review Questions 530
Offline Web Applications 503 Hands-On Exercises 531
Drawing with the Canvas Element 503 Web Research 532
11.12 Accessibility and Multimedia/ Focus on Web Design 533
Interactivity 505 Website Case Study 533

A01_FELK0746_03_SE_FM.indd 16 12/21/15 7:04 PM

 Contents xvii

13
Review Questions 564

Chapter Hands-On Exercises 565

Web Research 566
Web Promotion 547 Focus on Web Design 566
13.1 Search Engine Overview 548 Website Case Study 567

13.2 Popular Search Engines 548

13.3 Components of a Search Engine
Robot 548
548
Chapter 14
Database 549 A Brief Look at JavaScript and
Search Form 549 jQuery 571
13.4 Search Engine Optimization 549 14.1 Overview of JavaScript 572
Keywords 550
Page Titles 550
14.2 The Development of JavaScript 572
Heading Tags 550 14.3 Popular Uses for JavaScript 573
Description 550 Alert Message 573
Description Meta Tag 550 Popup Windows 573
Linking 551 Jump Menus 574
Images and Multimedia 551 Mouse Movement Techniques 574
Valid Code 551 14.4 Adding JavaScript to a Web Page 575
Content of Value 551 Script Element 575
13.5 Listing in a Search Engine 552 Legacy JavaScript Statement Block
Template 575
Map Your Site 553
Alert Message Box 576
Alliances 554

13.6 Monitoring Search Listings 554

14.5 Document Object Model Overview 578

13.7 Link Popularity 556 14.6 Events and Event Handlers 581

13.8 Social Media Optimization 556

14.7 Variables 584
Writing a Variable to a Web Page 584
Blogs and RSS Feeds 557
Collecting Variable Values Using a Prompt 586
Social Networking 557

13.9 Other Site Promotion Activities 557

14.8 Introduction to Programming
Concepts 588
Quick Response (QR) Codes 557
Arithmetic Operators 588
Affiliate Programs 558
Decision Making 588
Banner Ads 558
Functions 591
Banner Exchange 559
Reciprocal Link Agreements 559 14.9 Form Handling 594
Newsletters 559 14.10 Accessibility and JavaScript 600
Sticky Site Features 559
14.11 JavaScript Resources 601
Personal Recommendations 559
Newsgroup and Listserv Postings 559 14.12 Overview of jQuery 601
Traditional Media Ads and Existing Marketing 14.13 Adding jQuery to a Web Page 601
Materials 560 Download jQuery 601
13.10 Serving Dynamic Content with Inline Access jQuery via a Content Delivery
Network 602
Frames 560
The Ready Event 602
The Iframe Element 561
Video in an Inline Frame 562 14.14 jQuery Selectors 604
Chapter Summary 564 14.15 jQuery Methods 604
Key Terms 564 14.16 jQuery Image Gallery 607

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 xviii Contents

14.17 jQuery Plugins 611 Appendix C Special Entity

Characters 643
14.18 jQuery Resources 615
Appendix D Comparison of XHTML and
Chapter Summary 616 HTML5 645
Key Terms 616
Appendix E CSS Property Reference 653
Review Questions 616
Apply Your Knowledge 617 Appendix F WCAG 2.0 Quick
Hands-On Exercises 619 Reference 659
Web Research 620 Appendix G FTP Tutorial 661
Website Case Study 620
Appendix H Web-Safe Color Palette 665
Answers 667
Web Developer’s Hand book 633
Index 687
Appendix A HTML5 Quick Reference 635
Appendix B XHTML Quick Reference 639

LOCATION OF VIDEONOTES IN THE TEXT

VideoNote
A series of videos have been developed as a companion for this textbook. VideoNote
icons ­indicate the availability of a video on a specific topic.
Chapter 1 Evolution of the Web, p. 2
Chapter 2 Your First Web Page, p. 29
HTML Validation, p. 59
Chapter 3 External Style Sheets, p. 105
CSS Validation, p. 115
Chapter 4 CSS Background Images, p. 154
Rounded Corners with CSS, p. 170
Chapter 5 Principles of Visual Design, p. 209
Chapter 6 Interactivity with CSS pseudo-classes, p. 265
Chapter 7 Linking to a Named Fragment, p. 310
Chapter 8 Configure a Table, p. 372
Chapter 9 Connect a Form to Server-Side Processing, p. 421
Chapter 10 Choosing a Domain Name, p. 462
Chapter 11 HTML5 Video, p. 486
Chapter 12 E-Commerce Benefits and Risks, p. 518
Chapter 13 Configure an Inline Frame, p. 562
Chapter 14 JavaScript Message Box, p. 576

A01_FELK0746_03_SE_FM.indd 18 12/21/15 7:04 PM

 1
Introduction to the
Internet and World
Wide Web
Chapter Objectives   In this chapter, you will learn how to . . .

●● Describe the evolution of the Internet and ●● Identify ethical use of the Web
the Web ●● Describe the purpose of web browsers and
●● Explain the need for web standards web servers
●● Describe universal design ●● Identify networking protocols
●● Identify benefits of accessible web design ●● Define URIs and domain names
●● Identify reliable resources of information on ●● Describe HTML, XHTML, and HTML5
the Web ●● Describe popular trends in the use of the Web

The Internet and the Web are parts of our daily lives. How did they
begin? What networking protocols and programming languages work behind the
scenes to display a web page? This chapter provides an introduction to some of
these topics and is a foundation for the information that web developers need to
know. You’ll be introduced to Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the language
used to create web pages.

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 2 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Internet and World Wide Web

1.1 The Internet and the Web

The Internet
The Internet, the interconnected network of computer networks that spans the globe,
seems to be everywhere today. It has become part of our lives. You can’t watch television
or listen to the radio without being urged to visit a website. Even newspapers and maga-
zines have their place on the Internet.

Birth of the Internet

The Internet began as a network to connect computers at research facilities and univer-
sities. Messages in this network would travel to their destination by multiple routes, or
paths. This configuration allowed the network to function even if parts of it were broken or
destroyed. In such an event, the message would be rerouted through a functioning por-
tion of the network while traveling to its destination. This network was developed by the
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)—and the ARPAnet was born. Four comput-
ers (located at UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara,
and the University of Utah) were connected by the end of 1969.

Growth of the Internet

As time went on, other networks, such as the National Science Foundation’s NSFnet, were
created and connected with the ARPAnet. Use of this interconnected network, or Internet,
was originally limited to government, research, and educational purposes. The number
of individuals accessing the Internet continues to grow each year. According to Internet
World Stats (http://www.internetworldstats.com/emarketing.htm), the percentage of the
global population that used the Internet was 0.4% in 1995, 5.8% in 2000, 15.7% in 2005,
28.8% in 2010, and 45% in 2015. Visit http://www.internetworldstats.com to explore more
statistics about the usage and growth of the Internet.
The lifting of the restriction on commercial use of the Internet in 1991 set the stage for future
electronic commerce: Businesses were now welcome on the Internet. However, the Internet
was still text based and not easy to use. The next set of developments solved this issue.

Birth of the Web

While working at CERN, a research facility in Switzerland, Tim Berners-Lee envisioned a
means of communication for scientists by which they could easily “hyperlink” to another
research paper or article and immediately view it. Berners-Lee created the World Wide
VideoNote
Evolution of the Web Web to fulfill this need. In 1991, Berners-Lee posted the code for the Web in a newsgroup
and made it freely available. This version of the World Wide Web used Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) to communicate between the client computer and the web server, used
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) to format the documents, and was text based.

The First Graphical Browser

In 1993, Mosaic, the first graphical web browser became available. Marc Andreessen and
graduate students working at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)
at the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign developed Mosaic. Some individuals in this

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 1.1 The Internet and the Web 3

group later created another well-known web browser—Netscape Navigator—which is an

ancestor of today’s Mozilla Firefox browser.

Convergence of Technologies
By the early 1990s, personal computers with easy-to-use graphical operating systems (such
as Microsoft’s Windows, IBM’s OS/2, and Apple’s Macintosh OS) were increasingly available
and affordable. Online service providers such as CompuServe, AOL, and Prodigy offered
low-cost connections to the Internet. Figure 1.1 depicts this convergence of available com-
puter hardware, easy-to-use operating systems, low-cost Internet connectivity, the HTTP
protocol and HTML language, and a graphical browser that made information on the Inter-
net much easier to access. The World Wide Web—the graphical user interface to informa-
tion stored on computers running web servers connected to the Internet—had arrived!

Figure 1.1 Convergence of Technologies. Used by permission of World Wide Web

Consortium (W3C)

Who Runs the Internet?

You may be surprised that there is no single person “in charge” of the global intercon-
nected network of computer networks known as the Internet. Instead, Internet infrastruc-
ture standards are overseen by groups such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
and the Internet Architecture Board (IAB). The IETF is the principal body engaged in the
development of new Internet protocol standard specifications. It is an open international
community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with
the evolution of Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet. The actual
technical work of the IETF is completed in its working groups. These working groups are
organized into areas by topic, such as security and routing.

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 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Internet and World Wide Web

The IAB is a committee of the IETF and provides guidance and broad direction to the IETF. As
a function of this purpose, the IAB is responsible for the publication of the Request for Com-
ments (RFC) document series. An RFC is a formal document from the IETF that is drafted by
a committee and subsequently reviewed by interested parties. RFCs are available for online
review at http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html. Some RFCs are informational in nature, while others are
meant to become Internet standards. In the latter case, the final version of the RFC becomes
a new standard. Future changes to the standard must be made through subsequent RFCs.
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers and Names (ICANN), http://www.icann.org,
was created in 1998 and is a nonprofit organization. Its main function is to coordinate the
assignment of Internet domain names, IP address numbers, protocol parameters, and pro-
tocol port numbers. Prior to 1998, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) coordi-
nated these functions. IANA still performs certain functions under the guidance of ICANN
and maintains a website at http://www.iana.org.

Intranets and Extranets

Recall that the Internet is an interconnected network of computer networks that is globally
available. When an organization needs the communication capabilities of the Internet, but
doesn’t want its information to be available to everyone, either an intranet or extranet is
appropriate.
An intranet is a private network that is contained within an organization or business. Its
purpose is to share organizational information and resources among coworkers. When an
intranet connects to the outside Internet, usually a gateway or firewall protects the intranet
from unauthorized access.
An extranet is a private network that securely shares part of an organization’s information
or operations with external partners such as suppliers, vendors, and customers. Extranets
can be used to exchange data, share information exclusively with business partners, and
collaborate with other organizations. Privacy and security are important issues in extranet
use. Digital certificates, encryption of messages, and virtual private networks (VPNs) are
some technologies used to provide privacy and security for an extranet. Digital certificates
and encryption used in e-commerce are discussed in Chapter 12.

1.2 Web Standards and Accessibility

Just as with the Internet, no single person or group runs the World Wide Web. However,
the World Wide Web Consortium (http://www.w3.org), referred to as the W3C, takes a pro-
active role in developing recommendations and prototype technologies related to the Web.
Topics that the W3C addresses include web architecture, standards for web design, and
accessibility. In an effort to standardize web technologies, the W3C produces specifications
called recommendations.

W3C Recommendations
The W3C Recommendations are created in working groups with input from many major cor-
porations involved in building web technologies. These recommendations are not rules; they
are guidelines. Major software companies that build web browsers, such as Microsoft, do not
always follow the W3C Recommendations. This makes life challenging for web developers
because not all browsers will display a web page in exactly the same way. The good news

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 1.2 Web Standards and Accessibility 5

is that there is a convergence toward the W3C Recommendations in new versions of major
browsers. You’ll follow W3C Recommendations as you code web pages in this book. Follow-
ing the W3C Recommendations is the first step toward creating a website that is accessible.

Web Standards and Accessibility

The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) (http://www.w3.org/WAI), is a major area of work by
the W3C. Since the Web has become an integral part of daily life, there is a need for all
individuals to be able to access it. Focus on
Accessibility
The Web can present barriers to individuals with visual, auditory, physical, and neuro-
logical disabilities. An accessible website provides accommodations that help individu-
als overcome these barriers. The WAI has developed recommendations for web content
developers, web authoring tool developers, web browser developers, and developers of
other user agents to facilitate use of the Web by those with special needs. See the WAI’s
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) at http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/glance/
WCAG2-at-a-Glance.pdf for a quick overview.

Accessibility and the Law

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 is a federal civil rights law that prohibits
discrimination against people with disabilities. The ADA requires that business, federal,
and state services are accessible to individuals with disabilities. A 1996 Department of Jus- Focus on
tice ruling (http://www.justice.gov/crt/foia/readingroom/frequent_requests/ada_coreletter/ Accessibility
cltr204.txt) indicated that ADA accessibility requirements apply to Internet resources.
Section 508 of the Federal Rehabilitation Act was amended in 1998 to require that U.S. gov-
ernment agencies give individuals with disabilities access to information technology that is
comparable to the access available to others. This law requires developers creating information
technology (including web pages) for use by the federal government to provide for accessibil-
ity. The Federal IT Accessibility Initiative (http://www.section508.gov) provides accessibility
requirement resources for information technology developers. As the
Web and Internet technologies developed, it became necessary to
review the original Section 508 requirements. New proposed Section
508 requirements were aligned to WCAG 2.0 guidelines and released
for comment in 2015. This textbook focuses on WCAG 2.0 guidelines
to provide for accessibility.
In recent years, state governments have also begun to encourage
and promote web accessibility. The Illinois Information Technology
Accessibility Act (IITAA) guidelines (see http://www.dhs.state.il.us/
IITAA/IITAAWebImplementationGuidelines.html) are an example of
this trend.

Universal Design for the Web

The Center for Universal Design defines universal design as “the
design of products and environments to be usable by all people,
to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or
specialized design.” Examples of universal design are all around Figure 1.2 A smooth ride is a benefit of
us. The cutouts on curbs that make it possible for people in wheel- universal design. Definition from The Principles
of Universal Design by The Center for Universal
chairs to access the street also benefit a person pushing a stroller Design. Published by by NC State University,
or riding a Segway Personal Transporter (Figure 1.2). Doors that ©1997

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 6 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Internet and World Wide Web

open automatically for people with mobility challenges also benefit people carrying pack-
ages. A ramp is useful for a person in a wheelchair, a person dragging a rolling backpack
or carry-on bag, and so on.
Awareness of universal design by web developers has been steadily increasing. Forward-
thinking web developers design with accessibility in mind because it is the right thing to
do. Providing access for visitors with visual, auditory, and other challenges should be an
integral part of web design rather than an afterthought.
A person with visual difficulties may not be able to use graphical navigation buttons and may
use a screen reader device to provide an audible description of the web page. By making a
few simple changes, such as providing text descriptions for the images and perhaps providing
a text navigation area at the bottom of the page, web developers can make the page accessi-
ble. Often, providing for accessibility increases the usability of the website for all visitors.
Accessible websites, with alternative text for images, headings used in an organized man-
ner, and captions or transcriptions for multimedia features, are more easily used not only
Focus on
Accessibility by visitors with disabilities, but also by visitors using a browser on a mobile device such as
a phone or tablet. Finally, accessible websites may be more thoroughly indexed by search
engines, which can be helpful in bringing new visitors to a site. As this text introduces web
development and design techniques, corresponding web accessibility and usability issues are
discussed.

1.3 Information on the Web

These days anyone can publish just about anything on the Web. In this section we’ll
explore how you can tell if the information you’ve found is reliable and how you can use
that information.

Reliability and Information on the Web

There are many websites—but which ones are reliable sources of information? When
visiting websites to find information, it is important not to take everything at face value
(Figure 1.3).
Questions to ask about web resources are listed as follows;
• Is the organization credible?
Anyone can post anything on the Web! Choose your information
sources wisely. First, evaluate the credibility of the website itself.
Does it have its own domain name, such as http://mywebsite.com,
or is it a free website consisting of just a folder of files hosted on a
free web hosting site (such as weebly.com, awardspace.com, or
000webhost.com)? The URL of a free website usually includes part
of the free web host's domain name. Information obtained from a
website that has its own domain name will usually (but not always)
be more reliable than information obtained from a free website.
Evaluate the type of domain name: Is it for a nonprofit organization
(.org), a business (.com or .biz), or an educational institution (.edu)?
Businesses may provide information in a biased manner, so be
Figure 1.3 Who really updated that web careful. Nonprofit organizations and schools will sometimes treat a
page you are viewing? subject more objectively.

M01_FELK0746_03_SE_C01.indd 6 12/21/15 7:05 PM

Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
narrow waters, inclosed by muddy banks, contrast so markedly with
the bright blue of the bay into which it empties, hard by Gammon
Point, is one that will well repay any one making it. The irregularity
of the roads makes the drive none the less interesting. Approaching
the bay, there is spread out a view whose beauty we have never
seen surpassed, and rarely equalled either in the new world or the
old. Having obtained a close view of Prince Edward Bay, and
observed the far-stretching Point Traverse with the three prominent
Bluffs; and still further away to the south, the Ducks, and Timber
Islands, the tourist should follow us closely as may be the changing
shore, that forms the head of Smith’s Bay, to the north side, where
another delightful prospect will lay before him.
About six miles east of Wappoose Island, is a bold point standing out
into the Lake. It presents a bold and precipitous front of about 100
feet in height. It is now commonly designated the “Rock.” Formerly,
it was called “Cape Vesey Rock.” Here was a reserve for the
Mississauga Indians, of about 450 acres. This was not surrendered
by the Indians until 1835, although some time prior, a settler by the
name of Stevenson, had been in occupation. Some years ago, there
was overhanging the brow a mass of rock, which one day fell, with a
thundering crash. And the old inhabitants tell of a deer and an
Indian huntsman, whose bodies were found lying at the foot of the
rock both having approached the brink with such speed that, to turn
aside was impossible, and both bounded over the perpendicular rock
to meet a common doom.
 CHAPTER LII.
Contents—​Sixth township—​Name—​Survey—​Convenient for
settlement—​First settlers—​A remote township—​What was paid
for lots—​“Late Loyalists”—​Going to Mill—​Geological formation
—​Along the fronts—​High shore—​Grassy Point—​Its history—​
Marsh front—​Central place—​Stickney’s Hill—​Foster’s Hill—​
Northport—​Trade—​James Cotter—​Gores—​Demerestville—​The
name—​“Sodom”—​First records—​Township meetings—​The Laws
of the township—​Divided into parishes—​Town clerk—​Officers—​
The poor—​The committee—​Inhabitants, 1824—​Fish Lake—​
Seventh township—​The name—​Survey by Kotte—​At the
Carrying Place—​Surveyor’s assistant—​No early records—​First
settlers.

SIXTH TOWNSHIP—​SOPHIASBURGH, NORTHPORT,

DEMERESTVILLE.

This township is named after Sophia, the twelfth child of King

George III. In the year 1785, Deputy Surveyor General Collins, who
was then at Kingston, instructed his assistant Louis Kotte, to lay out
a sixth township, commencing at the southern extremity of South
(Picton) Bay, and proceeding northward along the west coast of the
Bay Quinté, the lots to front upon the bay. These were measured
along the high shore to Green Point, forty-four lots. Following the
bay, which at Green Point turns westward, a row of lots were laid
out to the head of the bay, sixty-four lots of which were to form the
northern front of the sixth township. By referring to the map it will
be observed that this township was also a convenient place for a
new settlement, having two sides of a triangle upon the bay. The
comparatively straight high shore; and the equally even coast upon
the north, enabled the surveyor to obtain a uniformity which had
been impossible in the fifth township, although securing an
extensive frontage for the settlers. About 1788, probably, the first
settlers of this township took up their land at the head of Picton Bay,
sometimes called Hallowell Bay. They were two Congers, Peterson,
Spencer, Henry Johnson; and at a later date came Barker and
Vandusen.
Respecting this township generally, Mr. Price, who has kindly exerted
himself to procure facts, observes, “I find there is some difficulty in
getting information.” “The first settlers are all dead, with one or two
exceptions, and many of the farms on the north shore were bought
from the U. E. Loyalists who never lived on them.” The occupation of
the township generally, may be regarded as a later settlement. This
rich, and now, long settled place, was once considered as a remote
settlement, as Rawdon, Huntington, and Hungerford, were thirty
years later. All, or nearly all, who took up land here and became the
pioneers, had at first lived in one of the townships upon the lower
part of the bay, most of them in Adolphustown. Guilliam Demerest,
John Parcels, and Roblin, were among these. Some of the settlers
drew land here; but many purchased, and lots, now worth the
highest price, were procured for a very small sum, or for a horse, or
cow, or a certain quantity of grain. Some of the settlers had formerly
lived in the Lower Province, or in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
Also, there was continually coming in, those who felt no longer at
home under the new form of government in the States, or who were
glad to escape persecution. These were not in time to secure land,
and were often called the “Late Loyalists”. Then, again, a few years
later, when the bitterness of spirit, which had led the rebels to
commit such serious acts of cruelty to the loyalists, had subsided,
and a degree of intercourse had commenced between the two; it
came to pass that many, who had not taken an active part on either
side in the contest, and who had friends in Canada, emigrated to the
shores of the bay, or, as they called Canada then, Cataraqui. For
instance, the Cronks and Ways, who were among the first settlers
upon the Marsh front, as the north shore was called, were but the
precursors of several others of the same name, who entered about
the beginning of the present century. Some of these were, no doubt,
influenced by the proclamation issued by Simcoe. Nathaniel Solmes
was one of the older settlers. He came from Duchess County in
1792, lived in Adolphustown two years, then settled on lot No. 10,
1st concession.
One of the first settlers upon the north front was John Parcels. He
was of Captain VanAlstine’s company, and settled in that township,
where he continued to live until 1809, when he removed to lot No.
24, where Northport now stands. His wile having died in 1787, he
married Mrs. Parliament. Their first-born, named Richard, was the
first, or one of the first white children born in Sophiasburgh. Mrs.
Parcel’s son, George Parliament, says, in a memorandum, “I recollect
having to go to Napanee Mills, in company with my brother Jacob, a
distance of nearly twenty miles, to get our grinding done, we had
our wheat on a hand-sleigh, as the roads were not passable by any
other mode of conveyance.”
The land was often purchased at a very low price; for instance, lot
No. 16, in the 1st concession, was purchased for a horse, harness,
and gig. A farm belonging to Matthew Cronk, was bought for a half
barrel of salmon. The Foster-place, where Benjamin Way, used to
live, was sold for an old horse. This is one of the best farms in Prince
Edward, now, perhaps valued at seven or eight thousand dollars. In
1793, Nicholas Lazier paid $25 to Tobias Ryckman, for 200 acres.
The geological formation of Sophiasburgh and Ameliasburgh, is not
without interest. That the mountain about Picton, and the high shore
at one time formed the shore of the bay, or perhaps, what is more
likely, stood up as an island in a lake, with much broader boundaries
than Lake Ontario now has, there is but little doubt. It will not be
possible to discuss such points to a great extent, at the same time, it
will be well to make a few observations as we proceed. It has been
seen that this township has two long fronts upon the bay.
These join at what is known as Grassy Point. Commencing at the
head of Picton Bay, the reader is invited to follow the course of the
bay, and to observe the points of interest which may be found. No
one can travel by the road on the summit of the high shore, without
been deeply impressed with the beauty of the scenery. From this
height, is an extended view of the bay, stretching down toward
Kingston, with the rugged shore of Marysburgh on the right, and the
lower and more attractive lands of Adolphustown, and
Fredericksburgh on the immediate left, while beyond the Reach, lies
the placid waters of Hay Bay. About fifteen miles from Picton, the
high shore recedes from the bay, and turns to the west, stretching
away almost to the waters of Ontario. From this part of the coast, to
Grassy Point, a distance of over nine miles, the land is low; but the
road is a pleasant one, until it turns to cross to the north shore.
Continuing along the south shore, although walking in silence, and
quite removed from human habitation, we are treading upon
ground, which, in the past, was a place of note. The following notice
respecting Grassy Point supplies information.
“On Wednesday, the 27th of June, at the Court House, will be sold
by auction to the highest bidder, that beautiful property, consisting
of 343 acres of excellent land, of which a large portion is cleared,
situated in one of the finest parts of the Bay of Quinté, being the
residue of a reserve for military purposes, and afterwards granted to
Sir John Harvey, on which there is a Ferry crossing to the Six Nation
Tract. In the neighborhood, there is an extensive settlement of
respectable farmers. The premises and the vicinity abound with
game, and the bay with fish of every description peculiar to Lake
Ontario. It is particularly suitable for grazing, and is within 40 miles
of Kingston, which is a never failing ready money market.”
Sir John Harvey was afterward, for his services in the war of 1812,
appointed Governor of Nova Scotia. The land was sold to Samuel
Cluse, Civil Engineer, the person who surveyed the Welland and
Rideau Canals. He died at Ottawa some years ago, and left this
property to his daughter, Anna, now Mrs. Paul Peterson, who resides
upon the place. The agent who advertised the land for Sir John, as
‘excellent land,’ was scarcely correct. Much of the land is rocky, with
but few inches of soil. Clumps of scraggy trees exist with patches of
plain. But along the shores are pleasant nooks, in which agreeable
fishing may be found. The Point is divided into two, by a small bay.
The more eastern of the two points is known as Grassy Point, and
the other Green Point. The intervening cove has been known as
Louis Cove, from a Frenchman of that name who long lived here.
The land to the East of the cross roads, between lots two and three,
is useless, almost, for agricultural purposes.
Grassy Point, from its geographical position, naturally became a
place at which the early settlers, in passing up and down the Bay,
made a rest. At that time, but few trees were growing, the Point
being a green plain. Most likely, it had been the site of an Indian
village. The first settler here, who came at an early date, was
Haunce Trumpour. His house was well known to the pioneers; and
the navigator, wearily toiling in the batteau, gladly welcomed the
appearance of his hospitable roof. Passing around the extreme
northerly point, off which is Capt. John’s Island, we are upon the
north shore, or marsh front, of Sophiasburgh.
Grassy Point was not only a convenient place for resting, to those
passing along; but it likewise was regarded as the most central point
at which to hold township meetings. And here, the whole militia,
which comprised mostly all the male population of Prince Edward,
even from the extreme point of Marysburgh, were wont to meet, to
have their annual trainings. At these times, John Trumpour’s house
became one of no little importance. The training took place here so
late as 1802.
Proceeding on our way westward, the land becomes very much
better. At the northern termination of the cross-road before
mentioned, is a ferry, which has long existed. The first settler here,
who established the ferry, was Richard Davenport. It originated from
the necessity of the settlers of the Sixth Township, having to go to
Napanee to mill. Many a bushel of grain has been backed from this
township to Napanee mills, and the flour carried back. Mr. Paul
Peterson now lives here.
Proceeding on our course. As the land improves, it is no longer level,
but becomes uneven, and, on lot eight, is found a considerable
eminence, known as Stickney’s Hill, which stands closely against the
Bay. This hill has attracted no little attention, on account of the large
number of human bones which the plow has, year after year, turned
to the surface. Various stories have gained currency relative to the
origin of the bones; the most notable of which is, that here perished
Col. Quinté, with a number of men. (Respecting this, see History of
Bay). The most likely explanation is, that here, for years, the Indians
living on Grassy Point buried their dead. Upon this hill, in the burying
ground of the Solmes family, reposes the remains of Dr. Stickney,
after whom the place is named, and who was the first physician to
practice in this township. Since we visited this spot, but a few short
months ago, another pioneer has found here a resting place. A
faithful Canadian, an exemplary citizen, Richard Solmes, having lived
to see the wilderness truly blossom as the rose, full of years, has
passed to the grave, followed by a whole community of people, and
mourned by a highly esteemed family.
West of Stickney’s Hill, the land gradually rises; and a few miles
gradually brings us to a higher eminence, called now, Foster’s Hill,
which is noticeable for many miles up and down the Bay. It was
once, no doubt, an island in the midst of a great lake. Being covered
with wood, adds, in summer, very much to the beauty and interest
of the scenery. At the summit of this prominent hill is a table land of
rock covered with but little soil. But very soon the soil increases in
depth, and away, on every hand, stretches a fertile land. Near the
foot of the hill, and upon the shore, where the land is pressed out
into the bay, almost to form a point, is situated the Friends’ Meeting
House. No one acquainted with the mode of worship practiced by
this exceedingly conscientious denomination, can help being
impressed with the truly suitable locality for deep spiritual
communing. Two miles further westward, at the commencement of
the channel, between the mainland and the Big Island, brings us to
the pleasant village of Northport, so called from its situation, upon
the north shore of the township. The situation is charming, and here
may be seen the very essence of rural happiness. The village,
consisting of some 200 inhabitants, has two stores, but no place
where intoxicating liquors are sold. The trade is confined to the
inhabitants of the township, with an occasional customer from the
Mohawks, across the Bay. The view, looking westward, through Big
Bay and the Narrows, along the shore of Thurlow, to Belleville, is,
upon a lovely summer night, very pleasant to the gaze.
The village of Northport was built partly on the property originally
owned by James Morden and Isaac Demill; James Morden having
built first here in 1791. The first merchant to commence business
here was Orton Hancock, in 1819. The first wharf built here was in
1829; but prior to that Jacob Cronk had constructed one on his farm,
lot twenty-one, probably in the second year the Charlotte run.
In addition to the names already given, of the first settlers of
Sophiasburgh, we may mention the following: three families of
Ostrom’s, the Short’s, Brown, the Cole’s, Barse, Abbott, Cronks, La
Zier, Spencer, Basker, Peck, De Mill, Fox, Spragg, Goslin, Trippen,
Mowers.
James Cotter was an early settler, became the first Justice of the
Peace, and, in 1813, was elected to Parliament, and served four
years.
The township having been surveyed so that the lots might front
upon both sides, there resulted a certain number of Gores,
designated respectively by the letters B C D and G. The first of these
Gores settled was by Philip Roblin, who was one of the first settlers
of the township.
Demerestville.—​This village, which is situated upon lots 38 and 39, of
the marsh front, is named after the original settler, Guillame
Demerest. The old settlers called him “Demeray”. He was a native of
Duchess County, N. Y., and was a boy during the rebellion. He was
often engaged in carrying provision to the British army. He continued
to live in Duchess County, until 1790, when he came to Canada. He
failed to prove his right as a U. E. Loyalist, and consequently “lost a
fine grant of land”. He died at Consecon, 1848, aged seventy-nine.
The village sprung up from the mills, which were here erected. It
was, for many a day, called Sodom. This name, it is stated, arose
from the fact that when Mr. Demerest’s first wife was on her death-
bed, a ball was given in the place, at which the inhabitants generally
attended, and created some little noise, whereupon she said they
were “as bad as the inhabitants of Sodom.” The village of
Demerestville was incorporated in 1828.
We copy the following from the first record of the township of
Sophiasburg, by which it will be seen that their mode of procedure
was unlike that observed by other townships. All of the townships
were acting by virtue of a common law, but seem to have given the
law a widely varying interpretation.
“Passed, at Sophiasburg, at a regular town meeting, held on the 3
day of March, 1800.
“For the better ascertaining astrays, and knowing and describing
horses and neat cattle, sheep or swine. Be it understood by this
town meeting, that every inhabitant and householder shall, within
six weeks from the passing of this Act, have their mark and brands
recorded, according to law by the Town Clark.
“And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that any
astrays, horses, neat cattle, sheep or swine, that shall be found on
any open or improved lands from the twentieth of November to the
first of April yearly, and every year the owner or owners of such
improvement or cleared lands shall give in their natural mark, or
artificial marks, and describe their age, as near as possible, to the
Town Clark, who is hereby ordered to record the same in a book, to
be kept for that purpose; for which such informer shall receive one
shilling for each horse or neat cattle; and sixpence for each sheep or
swine. Provided always, and be it so understood, that such astrays
above mentioned, is not one of his near neighbors, which shall be
left to the Town Clark to decide; and the Clark shall send word to the
owner or owners, if he knows them, by the mark or brands; and, if
unknown to the Town Clark, he is hereby ordered to advertise them
in three different places in this township; for which he shall be
entitled to receive from the owner, or owners, as followeth, viz: For
sending word, or writing, or recording, or informing any way, one
shilling and threepence; if advertised, one shilling and six-pence, for
each horse or neat cattle; and for each sheep or swine, six-pence
per head. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that if
any inhabitant or householder who shall leave any astrays, as above
mentioned, on his or her cleared lands for eight days, from the 20th
day of November to the first of April, and neglect to give notice
thereof, as by the above Act mentioned, shall loose the reward for
finding, or feeding such astrays, and pay the owner one shilling for
each horse or neat cattle; and six-pence for each sheep or swine.
And be it further enacted, by the authority, that if no owner or
owners shall appear by the first Monday in April, to prove their
property, then, and in that case, the Town Clark shall advertise for
sale, all such astrays, in three townships, viz., Ameliasburg,
Sophiasburg, and Hallowell, for the space of twenty days, describing
the marks and brands, color and age, as near as possible; and if no
owner or owners shall appear and prove their property, then the
Town Clark shall proceed to the sale of such astrays, by appointing
the day of sale, to the highest bidder; and, after deducting the
expenses, to be adjudged by persons hereafter appointed by each
parish, in this town, and the overplus shall be delivered into the
hands of a Treasurer, hereafter to be appointed.
“And be it observed—​That all well regulated townships is divided into
parishes. Be it enacted, by the majority of votes, that this town shall
be divided into parishes, and described as followeth, that is to say:
That from lot No. 45, west of Green Point to lot No. 19, shall be a
parish by the name of St. John’s, and by the authority aforesaid, that
including No. 19, to No. 6, in the Crown Lands, west of Green Point,
shall be a parish by the name of St. Matthew. And be it further
enacted, by the authority aforesaid, That including the tenants on
the Crown Lands, and including lot No. 28, shall be a parish by the
name of St. Giles; and from Nicholas Wessel’s, to Hallowell, shall be
a parish by the name of Mount Pleasant.
“Whereas, all the fines and forfeitures that may incur within our
limits, shall be appropriated to charitable uses; we, the inhabitants
of Sophiasburg, in our town meetings, on the 3d day of March,
1800, do think it necessary to appoint our Treasurer, in this town,
out of the most respectable of its inhabitants, to be Treasurer to this
town, to receive all forfeitures and other sums of money that is, or
shall be, ordered to be appropriated to charitable uses; which
Treasurer is hereby ordered to serve in that connection during good
behaviour, or till he shall wish a successor. And be it enacted by the
authority aforesaid, that we do appoint and nominate Peter Valleu,
who is appointed Treasurer, who is to keep a book and receive all
the moneys coming into his hands, and enter by who received, and
for what fined; and when a successor is appointed, he shall give up
all the monies he has belonging to said town, with the book and
receipts, to the successor, and deliver the same on oath, if required;
and that each parish shall nominate one good and respectable
inhabitant, who together with the Overseer of the Poor, shall be
inspectors to inquire and see that all the fines and forfeitures of this
town is regularly received and delivered to said Treasurer. And if any
person who comes and proves of any astrays that had been within
one year and a day, then the Treasurer and those Parish Inspectors,
and the Overseers of the Poor, shall refund such moneys as was
delivered to the Treasurer, deducting two shillings on the pound for
its fees of said Treasurer. And be it enacted by the authority
aforesaid, that when there is any money in the hands of the
Treasurer, and a necessity to lay it out on the same charitable use—​
this body corporate shall have the sole management and disposing
of, who is to receipt to the Treasurer for the same end, have
recorded in his book, and the use they had applied the same and the
Treasurer, Overseers of the Poor, and the Parish Inspector may hold
meetings and adjourn the same when and as often as they or the
major part of them shall choose so to do and shall be a body
corporate to sue and be sued on anything that may appertain to
their several offices.”
We find no further record until the year 1820, which is as follows:
“An Act passed at a town meeting, held at Sophiasburg, 3rd January,
1820, for the relief of the poor in the township of Sophiasburg.
“Report of the Committee on the subject.
“We, the Committee appointed, who have the care of the poor of the
said township, have agreed to report that one half-penny on the
pound, of each man’s rateable property, be paid for the present year,
and it is seen of the Committee that when any person is agreed with
to keep any of the poor, that they endeavour to get them to take
produce in payment for defraying said poor. Signed on behalf of the
Committee,
JAMES NOXEN, Chairman.

Sophiasburg, 3rd January, 1820.

“Passed at a regular town meeting, held at Sophiasburg, 1st January,
1821.
“The report of the Committee to the care of the poor for the present
year is, that one farthing on the pound, of each man’s rateable
property, will be sufficient for the present year.
“By order of the Committee.
(Signed) JAMES NOXEN, Chairman.”

The following year, a somewhat similar report is found, signed by

Tobias Ryckman, Chairman.
It is not until the year 1822 that any record is found of the
appointment of officers, that is, the Township Constables, Assessors,
Collectors, &c.
“At a regular town meeting, held at Sophiasburg, at the house of
John Goslins, on the first January, 1822, the following officers were
chosen and elected”: “Town Clark, John Shorts; Lewis Ketchum,
David Birdett, Sylvenus Doxy, Constables; Thomas D. Apleby, John
Shorts, Assessors; Sylvenus Day, Collector,” &c.
John Shorts was successively elected until 1826, when Thomas D.
Appleby was appointed. We find a note appended to the report of
this year as follows: “Our laws at present be as they will. We have
them long, and keep them still.”
The next year, 1827, the town meeting was held at the inn of John
Goslin, and John Smith was elected Town Clerk. A note says
“Farmers Town Laws, as heretofore—​Hogs not to run at large in
Demerest Vill.” John Smith was Town Clerk until 1832. This year S.
W. Randell was elected.
It is found stated that in 1824 there were 1796 inhabitants, and in
1825, there were 1793.
In some respects, it would be found interesting to notice the
township to a later period; but we have already devoted as much
space to this town as we had intended.
Within this township is Fish Lake, situated a short distance east of
Demerestville, it was so named from the countless numbers of fish
which inhabited its waters when discovered, which was in the year
of the famine, or “scarce year.” The food thus supplied saved, it is
said, many from suffering and death.

AMELIASBURGH.

This township took its name from the fifteenth child, and seventh
daughter of the King. She died in November, 1811, aged 27 years.
Upon the oldest chart of this township, to be found in the Crown
Lands Department, is the following note: “The front of this township
is a continuation of Lieut. Kotte’s survey from Green Point to the
head of the Bay of Quinté, whose orders were in 1785, to have cross
roads between every six lots.” This note was most probably, made in
consequence of there being an absence of three cross roads, when
the settlement of the county made them necessary.
Coming to the Carrying Place, or portage, from the head of Bay
Quinté to Weller’s Bay, it will be seen that a row of lots somewhat
smaller in size, is formed on either side of the road. But while the
road seems to have a straight course upon the map, by visiting the
place, one will observe that the course is not altogether direct. We
have it from one, who, no doubt knew, that the surveyor’s assistant,
a mulatto by the name of Smith, was told to lay out a double row of
lots; both to front upon the Indian path, which instructions were
literally carried out, whereas it was intended they should be straight.
The lots upon the west side of the road extended to the small
marshy creek. This row of lots, numbering twelve, originally forming
a part of Ameliasburgh, now belong to Murray, the Carrying Place
being the dividing line between the two townships.
We have been unable to find any early record of Ameliasburgh.
According to information furnished us by Mr. Ashley and others, the
first family that settled in this township was George Angel Weese,
with three sons, John, Henry and Francis, natives of Duchess
County; they came here in 1787. The second settler was Thomas
Dempsey, who came in 1789. (See U. E. Loyalists). Among the other
settlers were Bonters, Sagers, Bleekers and Coverts.
The names of other early settlers of Ameliasburgh are mentioned
elsewhere, and are among the first patentees. Among them was
Elijah Wallbridge, a native of Duchess County. He came to Canada in
1804, and purchased on Mississauga Point, of one Smith, 1200 acres
of land, all of which, we believe, is still retained in the family. Two
years later his family came by French train in winter.
William Anderson, sen., who is still living, aged 88 years, a native of
Ireland, emigrated to America with his parents in 1793. He came to
Canada in 1803. In 1806 he settled on Mississauga Point, having
married Miss Polly Way, a descendant of the U. E. Loyalists.
 CHAPTER LIII.
Contents—​Prince Edward—​The name—​Rich land—​Size of
peninsula—​Shape—​Small Lakes—​Sand hills—​The Ducks—​
Gibson’s rock—​The past—​First settler—​Col. Young—​Prospecting
—​Discovery of East Lake—​West Lake—​Moving in—​Settlers in
1800—​East Lake—​Capt. Richardson—​“Prince Edward Division
Bill”—​Office seekers—​Township of Hallowell—​The name—​
Formation of Township—​First Records 1798—​The officers—​The
laws—​Magistrates—​Picton—​Its origin—​Hallowell village—​Dr.
Austin—​Gen. Picton—​His monument—​Naming the villages—​A
contest—​The Court-house—​An offer—​Enterprise—​Proposed
steamboat—​Churches—​Rev. Mr. Macaulay—​Rev. Mr. Fraser—​
Rev. Mr. Lalor.

PENINSULA OF PRINCE EDWARD.

The name of this district is derived from Prince Edward, Duke of

Kent, the father of our Queen, who visited Canada at an early date
(see under Early Government).
The peninsula is a rich and beautiful tract of land stretching away
from the main land, to be washed on the one hand by the quiet
waters of the bay, and on the other by the more turbulent waves of
Ontario. It is some seventy miles in length, and varying in breadth
from two to twenty miles. The neck of land, or isthmus which
separates the head waters of the bay from Lake Ontario, is
something less than a mile-and-a-half across. It is known as the
Carrying place.
Prince Edward district is irregular in outline, on both the lake and
bay sides. Along the lake coast there are numerous bays extending
inward, two or three being of considerable size. The larger ones are
Weller’s bay, Consecon Lake, West Lake, and East Lake. In places,
the shore is rendered exceedingly picturesque, by the presence of
irregular and beautifully white sand-hills. They have been gradually
formed by well washed sand which the waves have carried
shoreward, so that the wind might, in the lapse of time, deposit it
heap upon heap. The mariners regard this coast with justifiable
concern, at the extreme southerly portion, off Long Point, in the
vicinity of the Ducks, where many a vessel has come to grief.
The geological formation of the peninsula is of considerable interest;
and the observant student of this interesting science, may trace
many steps which indicates the geological history.
In a valley, upon the second concession road of Ameliasburgh, may
be seen a huge mass of rock, known as Gibson’s rock, whose history
carries us back, far into the remote past, when the continent of
America was covered by a vast ocean, and when massive icebergs,
cast loose from their native place in the frozen north, carried with
their icy scales huge rocks from the north land coast. Then, carried
southward by wind or tide, and reaching water of a milder
temperature, the ice became melted, and the rocks were deposited
in the depths of the ocean. When the continent of America was
upheaved, and the waters departed to their present limits, this huge
body of stone, unlike the stone forming the geological bed of this
region, was found fast fixed to the soil, ever to form a part of it.
In the whole of Upper Canada, there is not, perhaps, any section so
full of historic interest, excepting Frontenac, as Prince Edward. We
have seen that the forked peninsula was well known by the
Aborigines, and that they were accustomed to cross from the south
side of the lake to Point Traverse. It was always a favorite hunting
and fishing ground, where abundant supplies were obtained. And,
not unlikely, some portion of Indian Point belonged to the Seigniory,
granted to La Salle. Moreover, the two points stretching far into the
lake, became early locations for the refugees and disbanded soldiers.
In the history of Marysburgh, reference has been made to the early
settlement of the point east of Picton Bay, which commenced in
1784. But it appears by the statement of John C. Young, that his
grandfather, Colonel Henry Young, made the first settlement in the
summer, or fall of 1783. For an account of this half-pay officer, the
reader is referred to the Royal combatants of the rebellion of 1776.
With a brother officer, Young left Cataraqui, or, Carleton Island, in a
canoe, and ascended what was then called (perhaps first by these
parties), the South Bay, now Picton Bay. They landed at the
commencement of the Indian Carrying Place, subsequently, for some
time known as Hovington’s Landing, after the individual who here
built a convenient house. They left their canoe here, and set out
southward. We have been told that they intended to seek the bay
now known as Smith’s Bay; but, according to his descendant it
would seem they had no particular point in view, desiring only to
examine the land. Following, no doubt, the old Indian path, they
came out at the north corner of East Lake, a point afterward called
the Indian Landing, which name it still retains. Following the east
shore of this lake to the south corner, they were surprised to hear
the roaring of Lake Ontario, having thought they were following the
shore of an inland lake. They crossed the strip of land covered with
cedar, spruce, and balsam, and taking off their shoes, waded from
the beautiful sand-beach across the outlet of the lake to the
opposite point, and proceeded along the west side to the north
corner of the lake, to where David McDonald now lives, having
entirely walked around East Lake. They here constructed a hut, of
cedar bushes, in which to stay the night. The following morning they
set out in a north-west direction, and came to West Lake, following
the east side, they reached the sand-beach. Traversing this, they
arrived at the point where Wellington now stands. Here they stayed
the night. The next day they continued on around the north side of
West Lake through the woods, and the same evening regained their
canoe. They observed plenty of deer and other game, and fish, the
former of which Ensign Young’s wife subsequently assisted him to
hunt. The succeeding day they returned to Carleton Island. Mr.
Young, from this rich land over which he walked, selected the west
side of East Lake for his future abode. His eldest son Daniel, who
had belonged to the Engineers, was at Carleton Island, having been
with his father during his stay at Fort Oswego. His second son,
Henry, was at St. John’s with the rest of the family. He sent a
message for him to come up. This must have been in July or August.
In September, the father and two sons, having procured a large
canoe, loaded it with provisions, and other necessaries, and
ascended to the Indian Carrying Place, Hovington’s Landing. They
carried their provisions across, and constructed another boat with
which they conveyed their things to the point selected for settling,
about three miles. Here they proceeded to build a log shanty.
Sometime after, the father left, leaving behind his two sons, to
winter alone in this out-of-the-way place. They were the first settlers
in Prince Edward County. Mr. Young descended to St. John’s, where
his family still remained, and stayed the winter.
In the spring he came up the St. Lawrence with his family as far as
Fredericksburgh, where he left his daughters while he went to see
how his sons fared, and had passed the winter. He found them all
well; and remained the summer with them, during which they built a
more commodious log house. In October, he returned to
Fredericksburgh for his daughters, who accompanied him to the
wilderness home. These four daughters, Elizabeth, Mary, Catherine
and Sarah, subsequently married Henry Zuveldt, Jonathan Ferguson,
William Dyre, and John Miller. They all lived to be upwards of eighty
years.
On the first day of January 1800, the settlement at East Lake, in the
township of Hallowell, consisted of the following families, in the
following order, commencing at Silas Hills, at the head of East Lake,
near the place now known as the Cherry Valley, and proceeding
around the north side of lake, viz:—​“Colonel John Peters and family,
half-pay officer; Major Rogers and family, do; David Friar, Mr. Friar,
U. E. L.; Roswell Ferguson, do; Elisha Miller, do; Blasdall Tailor; Caleb
Elsworth, Lieut. Heny Young, half-pay officer; Henry Young, Jun.,
U.E.L.; Augustus Spencer, half-pay officer; George Wait, U. E. L.;
Benjamin Wait, do; William Dyre, do; George Elsworth.”
“List of settlers on the south side of the lake.—​Henry Zuveldt,
(Zufelt) U. E. L.; Johnathan Ferguson, Sen., U. E. L.; Johnathan
Ferguson, Jun., do; Anthony Badgley, do; John Miller, do; Farnton
Ferguson, do; William Blakely, do; Sampson Striker, do; Barret Dyer,
do; Daniel Baldwin, John Ogden, U. E. L.; Richard Ogden, do;
Solomon Spafford, Joseph McCartney, Joseph Lane, William Ensley,
Col. Owen Richards, U. E. L.; James Clapp, do; Charles Ferguson.”
“At this time there were no settlers in the second concessions
neither side of the lake.”—​(Rev. G. Miller.)
East Lake is about five miles long and one and a half wide. It was for
a time called Little Lake. West Lake is about fifteen miles in
circumference.
Prince Edward was one of the original nineteen counties of Upper
Canada, established by the proclamation of Simcoe in 1792. By this
proclamation, we learn that the Peninsula was called by the French
“Presque isle de Quinté.” Originally it was divided into the three
townships of Marysburgh, Sophiasburgh, and Ameliasburgh.
Subsequently the townships of Hallowell and Hillier, were formed,
and in later days the township of Athol.
In 1831, an act was passed to erect the county into a district, “so
soon as the Governor shall be satisfied that a good and sufficient
gaol and court house has been erected therein, when a proclamation
should announce the formation of the new district.” The act specified
that the “gaol and court house should be erected in the village of
Picton, upon a certain block of land, containing two and a half acres,
granted, or intended to be granted and conveyed to Asa Worden,
Simeon Washburn, and James Dougal, Esquires, agreeably to a
resolution adopted at a public meeting in May, 1826,” unless a
majority of Justices of the Peace of the Midland District should
declare the site ineligible.
We find the following respecting the division of Prince Edward. “Pro.
Parliament,” “Prince Edward division bill.” Mr. Roblin moved the
adoption of the Preamble in a few remarks, stating its (the
Peninsula) geographical position, the population being 10,000, the
remoteness of the inhabitants from the location of the District Court
House and Gaol, at Kingston, the earnest desire of the people for
separation. Mr. Samson moved, as an amendment, that the village
should have a member when it contained 1,000 souls. The debate
upon the bill, resulted in one of those fierce encounters that was
then not unfrequent between William Lyon McKenzie, and the
Solicitor General, afterwards Chief Justice Robinson.
If we may credit the Free Press, there were plenty of applicants for
office in the newly erected district, there being no less than sixteen
seeking the office of Sheriff.

HALLOWELL.

We find in Sabine, that “Benjamin Hallowell, of Boston,

Commissioner of the Customs in 1774, while passing through
Cambridge in his chaise, was pursued toward Boston by about one
hundred and sixty men on horseback, at full gallop. In July, 1776, he
sailed for England. While at Halifax, he said, in a letter, “If I can be
of the least service to either army or navy, I will stay in America until
this rebellion is subdued.” It appears from another letter that he
frequently tendered himself to the Commander-in-Chief without
success. In the autumn of 1796, Mr. Hallowell came to Boston. He
was accompanied by his daughter, Mrs. Elmsley, and by her
husband, who had just been appointed Chief Justice of Upper
Canada. He died at York, Upper Canada, in 1799, aged seventy-five,
and was the last survivor of the Board of Commissioners. The British
Government granted him lands in Manchester, and two other towns
in Nova Scotia, and a township in Upper Canada, which bears his
name. He was a large proprietor of lands on the Kennebec, Maine,
prior to the revolution; but proscribed and banished in 1778, and
included in the Conspiracy Act a year later, his entire estate was
confiscated. His country residence at Jamaica Plain, was used as a
hospital by the Whig Army during the seige of Boston; and his
pleasure grounds were converted into a place of burial for the
soldiers who died.”
We are unable to learn whether any part of the township of
Hallowell was granted to Benjamin Hallowell, or not, but, it is not at
all unlikely, that at first he did hold some portion of the land. At all
events, there seems every reason to believe that the name was
derived from him. On July 3, 1797, an act was passed, whereby it
was provided “that a township shall be struck off from the southern-
most parts of the townships of Marysburgh and Sophiasburgh.” The
reason set forth was, that “the inhabitants of the townships
experience many difficulties from the uncommon length of the said
townships.” The Governor was by proclamation, “to declare the
name of such township before the first day of August next.” Mr.
Hallowell’s brother-in-law, Mr. Elmsley, had recently been appointed
Chief Justice, and doubtless the distinguished position Mr. Hallowell
had held, led to the naming of the new township to commemorate
his loyalty.
Surveyor Gen. William Smith, was the person employed to lay out
the new township.
The first record of this township is as follows: “The annual meeting
of the inhabitants of the township of Hallowell, held on Monday, the
fifth day of March, 1798, held by virtue of an act of the legislature of
the Province of Upper Canada, before Augustus Spencer, and John
Stinson, Jun., two of his Majesty’s Justices of the Peace, the
following persons were chosen town officers for the ensuing year:”
Bazel Ferguson, Town Clerk; Caleb Elsworth, and Peter D. Conger,
Assessors; James Blakely, and Thomas Goldsmith, Town or Church
Wardens; Benjamin Wail, John Miller, Owen Richards, Henry Zufelt,
Ichabod Boweman, Aaron White, Carey Spencer and George Baker,
Overseers of Highways and Fence Viewers; Daniel Young, and Isaac
Bedal, Pound Keepers; Samson Striker, Henry Johnson, Samuel
Williams, and Isaac Garret, Constables.
At the first township meeting, “it was enacted that no fence is to be
lawful in the township under the height of four feet eight inches
high, sufficiently made.” Horses, horned cattle, hogs, sheep, were to
be permitted to run at large with certain exceptions. “It is enacted
that if any freeholder shall suffer any Canadian thistle to go to seed
on his farm, he shall forfeit and pay the sum of twenty shillings.” A
law was also passed, that if any one set fire to any rubbish or brush,
whereby his neighbors property was endangered, without previously
making two of his neighbors acquainted, he should pay a fine of
forty shillings, to be expended for the benefit of the highways. Bazel
Ferguson, who seems to have discharged his duty as Town Clerk,
recording the proceedings in a neat legible hand, was successfully
elected to that office for ten years. In 1810, James R. Armstrong
was appointed, and again the following year. The next following,
Arra Ferguson was elected, who continued in office three years,
when Simeon Washburn received the appointment, and remained in
office two years, when Arra Ferguson was again selected, and
continued for three years. Robert Scott was Town Clerk two years,
and then again followed Arra Ferguson for eight years. William
Barker then was appointed.
The three Justices of the Peace, before whom the annual meeting
continued for many years to be held, were John Peters, Augustus
Spencer, and John Stinson, doubtless the first magistrates in the
township. In the year 1815, we notice as “present” at the annual
meeting, Stephen Conger, Barret Dyer, Ebenezer Washburn, Justices
of the Peace.
The town meeting was held in the year 1801, “at the house of
Richardson and Elsworth,” “near Hallowell Bridge;” likewise the
following year. In 1803 the meeting was held “at the house of
Thomas Richardson.” The following year 1805, it is “the house of the
late Thomas Richardson.” In 1806, the meeting was “at the dwelling
house of Thomas Eyre.” In 1807 it is “the Inn of Thomas Eyre.” Here
the annual meeting was successively held for many years.

HILLIER.

In the year 1823 there was an act passed for the division of the
township of Ameliasburgh, in consequence of the inconvenience of
the inhabitants to meet on public occasions. The dividing line was
established between the fourth and fifth concessions. The act went
into force on the first of January, 1824. The Lieutenant-Governor at
that time was Sir Peregrine Maitland, who had for his secretary,
Major Hillier. There is no doubt the new township was called after
Major Hillier.

PICTON.

At the beginning of the present century the ground on which the

town of Picton now stands, was covered with a dense forest of pine
and hemlock, while in the low land existed a thick and tangled cedar
swamp. A bridge of very inferior construction was erected across the
creek about the time of the war of 1812, it was on the road between
Kingston and York, and was called for a long time Hallowell Bridge.
Thus we find in an advertisement, in the Kingston Gazette, 1815,
that “Richard G. Clute sold goods and groceries at Hallowell Bridge.”
The first settlers of Picton are said to have been Ebenezer
Washburn, Henry Johnson, Abraham Barker, Harry Ferguson, James
Dougal, Cary Spencer, Congers, Peterson, Richard Hare, Captain
Richardson.
Among the early settlers of Picton were Dr. Armstrong, elsewhere
spoken of, and Dr. Andrew Austin. The latter was a native of
Vermont, and a doctor of medicine of the University of New York. He
came to Picton in 1822, having obtained his license to practice in
Canada. Remained practicing his profession, very much respected,
until his death in 1849.
Some time after the war of 1812, the Rev. William Macaulay,
bestowed the name of Picton upon a small collection of houses
situated at the south side of the stream which empties into the head
of Picton Bay, in the township of Marysburgh. The name was given
in memory of the celebrated British General who had recently fallen
upon the field of Waterloo. At a late visit to St. Paul’s Cathedral, we
felt no little pleasure with a touch of sadness in gazing upon the
memorial which has been erected to commemorate a nation’s
appreciation of military worth. We transcribe the following:—​
“Erected by the public expense, to Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas
Picton, K.C.B., who, after distinguishing himself in the victories of
Buzaco, Fuentes de Onor, Cindaet Rodrigo, Badajoz, Victoria, the
Pyrenees, Orthes, and Toulouse, terminated his long and glorious
military service in the ever memorable battle of Waterloo; to the
splendid success of which his genius and valour eminently
contributed,” &c.
Prior to the naming of this collection of buildings, the village upon
the west of the stream, upon the first lots in Sophiasburgh, was
known as Hallowell. The Rev. Mr. Macaulay with the enthusiastic
loyalty, characteristic of his family, desired that both places should be
known as one village, under the distinguished name of Picton. The
citizens of Hallowell Village, however, were opposed to any other
name than Hallowell, and we find in a map published in 1836, the
names of Picton and Hallowell respectively applied to the two places.
But when the whole was incorporated by Act of Parliament, Mr.
Macaulay had sufficient influence, we are informed, to secure the
name of Picton for the corporation; yet we have the town of
Hallowell spoken of in 1837. The growth of Picton was not
particularly rapid. At a meeting held at Eyre’s Inn, Feb. 14, 1818,
over which Ebenezer Washburn, Esq., presided, it was stated that
there was in the township of Hallowell, which included Picton, but
two brick houses, one carding and fulling-mill, one Methodist chapel,
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