Css introduction

CSS Introduction

What you should already know

Before you continue you should have a basic understanding of the following:

• HTML / XHTML

What is CSS?

• CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
• Styles define how to display HTML elements
• Styles are normally stored in Style Sheets
• Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem
• External Style Sheets can save a lot of work
• External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files
• Multiple style definitions will cascade into one

CSS demo

An HTML document can be displayed with different styles: See how it works

Styles solved a big problem

The original HTML was never intended to contain tags for formatting a document. HTML tags
were intended to define the content of a document, like:

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>

When tags like <font> and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification, it started a
nightmare for web developers. Development of large web sites where fonts and color information
had to be added to every single Web page, became a long, expensive and unduly painful process.

To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) - responsible for standardizing
HTML - created CSS in addition to HTML 4.0.

With HTML 4.0, all formatting can be removed from the HTML document and stored in a
separate CSS file.

All browsers support CSS today.

Styles save a lot of work

Styles sheets define HOW HTML elements are to be displayed.

Styles are normally saved in external .css files. External style sheets enable you to change the
appearance and layout of all the pages in a Web site, just by editing one single CSS document!

Multiple styles will cascade into one

Style sheets allow style information to be specified in many ways.

Styles can be specified:

• inside an HTML element
• inside the head section of an HTML page
• in an external CSS file

Tip: Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML document.

Cascading order - What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an
HTML element?

Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by
the following rules, where number four has the highest priority:

1. Browser default
2. External style sheet
3. Internal style sheet (in the head section)
4. Inline style (inside an HTML element)

So, an inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it will
override a style defined inside the <head> tag, or in an external style sheet, or in a browser (a
default value).

If the link to the external style sheet is placed after the internal style sheet in HTML <head>,
the external style sheet will override the internal style sheet!

CSS Syntax

Syntax

The CSS syntax is made up of three parts: a selector, a property and a value:

selector {property:value}

The selector is normally the HTML element/tag you wish to define, the property is the attribute
you wish to change, and each property can take a value. The property and value are separated by
a colon, and surrounded by curly braces:

body {color:black}

Note: If the value is multiple words, put quotes around the value:

p {font-family:"sans serif"}

Note: If you want to specify more than one property, you must separate each property with a
semicolon. The example below shows how to define a center aligned paragraph, with a red text
color:

p {text-align:center;color:red}

To make the style definitions more readable, you can describe one property on each line, like this:

p
{
text-align:center;
color:black;
font-family:arial
}

Grouping

You can group selectors. Separate each selector with a comma. In the example below we have
grouped all the header elements. All header elements will be displayed in green text color:

h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6
{
color:green
}

The class Selector

With the class selector you can define different styles for the same type of HTML element.

Say that you would like to have two types of paragraphs in your document: one right-aligned
paragraph, and one center-aligned paragraph. Here is how you can do it with styles:

p.right{text-align:right}
p.center {text-align:center}

You have to use the class attribute in your HTML document:

<p class="right">This paragraph will be right-aligned.</p>
<p class="center">This paragraph will be center-aligned.</p>

Note: To apply more than one class per given element, the syntax is:

<p class="center bold">This is a paragraph.</p>

The paragraph above will be styled by the class "center" AND the class "bold".

You can also omit the tag name in the selector to define a style that will be used by all HTML
elements that have a certain class. In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center"
will be center-aligned:

.center {text-align:center}

In the code below both the h1 element and the p element have class="center". This means that
both elements will follow the rules in the ".center" selector:

<h1 class="center">This heading will be center-aligned</h1>
<p class="center">This paragraph will also be center-aligned.</p>

Do NOT start a class name with a number! It will not work in Mozilla/Firefox.

Add Styles to Elements with Particular Attributes

You can also apply styles to HTML elements with particular attributes.

The style rule below will match all input elements that have a type attribute with a value of "text":

input[type="text"] {background-color:blue}

The id Selector

You can also define styles for HTML elements with the id selector. The id selector is defined as a
#.

The style rule below will match the element that has an id attribute with a value of "green":

#green {color:green}

The style rule below will match the p element that has an id with a value of "para1":

p#para1
{
text-align:center;
color:red
}

Do NOT start an ID name with a number! It will not work in Mozilla/Firefox.

CSS Comments

Comments are used to explain your code, and may help you when you edit the source code at a
later date. A comment will be ignored by browsers. A CSS comment begins with "/*", and ends
with "*/", like this:

/*This is a comment*/
p
{
text-align:center;
/*This is another comment*/
color:black;
font-family:arial
}

CSS How To...

Examples

• Look at Example 1
• Look at Example 2

How to Insert a Style Sheet

When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to it. There are three
ways of inserting a style sheet:

External Style Sheet

An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style
sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to
the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the head section:

<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" />
</head>

The browser will read the style definitions from the file mystyle.css, and format the document
according to it.

An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain any html
tags. Your style sheet should be saved with a .css extension. An example of a style sheet file is
shown below:

hr {color:sienna}

p {margin-left:20px}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif")}

Do not leave spaces between the property value and the units! "margin-left:20 px" (instead of
"margin-left:20px") will only work in IE6, but it will not work in Firefox or Opera.

Internal Style Sheet

An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You define
internal styles in the head section by using the <style> tag, like this:

<head>
<style type="text/css">
hr {color:sienna}
</style>
</head>

The browser will now read the style definitions, and format the document according to it.

Note: A browser normally ignores unknown tags. This means that an old browser that does not
support styles, will ignore the <style> tag, but the content of the <style> tag will be displayed on
the page. It is possible to prevent an old browser from displaying the content by hiding it in the
HTML comment element:

<head>

</style>
</head>

Inline Styles

An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by mixing content with presentation.
Use this method sparingly, such as when a style is to be applied to a single occurrence of an
element.

To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain
any CSS property. The example shows how to change the color and the left margin of a
paragraph:

<p style="color:sienna;margin-left:20px">This is a paragraph.</p>

Multiple Style Sheets

If some properties have been set for the same selector in different style sheets, the values will be
inherited from the more specific style sheet.

For example, an external style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:

h3
{
color:red;
text-align:left;
font-size:8pt
}

And an internal style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:

h3
{
text-align:right;
font-size:20pt
}

If the page with the internal style sheet also links to the external style sheet the properties for h3
will be:

color:red;
text-align:right;
font-size:20pt

The color is inherited from the external style sheet and the text-alignment and the font-size is
replaced by the internal style sheet.

CSS Background

The CSS background properties define the background effects of an element.

Examples

Set the background color
This example demonstrates how to set the background color for an element.

Set an image as the background
This example demonstrates how to set an image as the background.

How to repeat a background image
This example demonstrates how to repeat a background image.

How to repeat a background image only vertically
This example demonstrates how to repeat a background image only vertically.

How to repeat a background image only horizontally
This example demonstrates how to repeat a background image only horizontally.

How to display a background image only one time
This example demonstrates how to display a background image only one time

How to place the background image
This example demonstrates how to place the image on the page.

How to position a background image using %
This example demonstrates how to position an image on the page using percent.

How to position a background image using pixels
This example demonstrates how to position an image on the page using pixels.

How to set a fixed background image
This example demonstrates how to set a fixed background image.

All the background properties in one declaration
This example demonstrates how to use the shorthand property for setting all of the background
properties in one declaration.

All CSS Background Properties

The number in the "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1
or CSS2).

Property Description Values CSS
background A shorthand property for setting background-color 1
all background properties in one background-image
declaration background-repeat
background-attachment
background-position
background-attachment Sets whether a background image scroll 1
is fixed or scrolls with the rest of fixed
the page
background-color Sets the background color of an color-rgb 1
element color-hex
color-name
transparent
background-image Sets an image as the background url(URL) 1
none
background-position Sets the starting position of a top left 1
background image top center

top right
center left
center center
center right
bottom left
bottom center
bottom right
x% y%
xpos ypos
background-repeat Sets if/how a background image repeat 1
will be repeated repeat-x
repeat-y
no-repeat

Your browser does not support inline frames or is currently configured not to display inline
frames.

CSS Text

The CSS text properties define the appearance of text:

text example

This example includes some text formatting properties. The heading uses the text-align,
text-transform, and color properties. The paragraph is indented and aligned, and the underline is
removed from the "Try it yourself" link.

Text Color

The color property is used to set the color of the text. The color can be set by:

• name - specify a color name, like "red"
• RGB - specify an RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)"
• Hex - specify a hex value, like "#ff0000"

The default color for a page is defined in the body selector.

Example

body {color:blue}
h1 {color:#00ff00}
h2 {color:rgb(255,0,0)}

For W3C compliant CSS: If you define the color property, you must also define the
background-color property.

Text Alignment

The text-align property is used to set the horizontal alignment of a text.

Text can be centered, or aligned to the left or right, or justified.

When text-align is set to "justify", each line is stretched so that every line has equal width, and
the left and right margins are straight (like in magazines and newspapers).

Example

h1 {text-align:center}
p.date {text-align:right}
p.main {text-align:justify}

Text Decoration

The text-decoration property is used to set or remove decorations from text.

The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links for design purposes:

Example

a {text-decoration:none}

It can also be used to decorate text:

Example

h1 {text-decoration:overline}
h2 {text-decoration:line-through}
h3 {text-decoration:underline}
h4 {text-decoration:blink}

It is not recommended to underline text that is not a link, as this often confuse users.

Text Transformation

The text-transform property is used to specify uppercase and lowercase letters in a text.

It can be used to turn everything into uppercase or lowercase letters, or capitalize the first letter of
each word.

Example

p.uppercase {text-transform:uppercase}
p.lowercase {text-transform:lowercase}
p.capitalize {text-transform:capitalize}

Text Indentation

The text-indentation property is used to specify the indentation of the first line of a text.

Example

p {text-indent:50px}

All CSS Text Properties

or CSS2).

color Sets the color of a text color 1
direction Sets the text direction ltr 2
rtl
line-height Sets the distance between lines normal 1
number
length
%
letter-spacing Increase or decrease the space between characters normal 1
length
text-align Aligns the text in an element left 1
right
center
justify
text-decoration Adds decoration to text none 1
underline
overline
line-through
blink
text-indent Indents the first line of text in an element length 1
%

text-shadow none
color
length
text-transform Controls the letters in an element none 1
capitalize
uppercase
lowercase
unicode-bidi normal 2
embed
bidi-override
white-space Sets how white space inside an element is handled normal 1
pre
nowrap
word-spacing Increase or decrease the space between words normal 1
length

CSS Box Model

Box Model in CSS

All HTML elements can be considered as boxes. In CSS, the term "box model" is used when
talking about design and layout.

In order to set the width and height of an element correctly in all browsers, you need to know
how the box model works.

The box model illustrates how the CSS properties: margin, border, and padding, affects the width
and height of an element.

The Box Model

The image below illustrates the box model:

Explanation of the different parts:

• Margin - Clears an area around the border. The margin does not have a background
color, and it is completely transparent
• Border - A border that lies around the padding and content. The border is affected by the
background color of the box
• Padding - Clears an area around the content. The padding is affected by the background
color of the box
• Content - The content of the box, where text and images appear

Width and Height of an Element

Important: When you specify the width and height properties of an element with CSS, you are
just setting the width and height of the content area. To know the full size of the element, you
must also add the padding, border and margin.

The total width of the element in the example below is 300px:

width:250px;
padding:10px;
border:5px solid gray;
margin:10px;

Let's do the math:
250px (width)
+ 20px (left and right padding)
+ 10px (left and right border)
+ 20px (left and right margin)
= 300px

Imagine that you only had 250px of space. Let's make an element with a total width of 250px:

Example

width:220px;
padding:10px;
margin:0px;

The total width of an element should always be calculated like this:

Total element width = width + left padding + right padding + left border + right border + left
margin + right margin

The total height of an element should always be calculated like this:

Total element height = height + top padding + bottom padding + top border + bottom border +
top margin + bottom margin

Browsers Compatibility Issue

If you tested the previous example in Internet Explorer, you saw that the total width was not
exactly 250px.

IE includes padding and border in the width, when the width property is set, unless a DOCTYPE
is declared.

To fix this problem, just add a DOCTYPE to the code:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
<head>
div.ex
{
width:220px;
padding:10px;
margin:0px;
}
</style>
</head>

CSS Border

The CSS border properties define the borders around an element:

CSS Border Properties

The CSS border properties allow you to specify the style and color of an element's border.

Border Style

The border-style property specifies what kind of border to display.

None of the other border properties will have any effect unless border-style is set.

border-style Values

none: Defines no border

dotted: Defines a dotted border

dashed: Defines a dashed border

solid: Defines a solid border

double: Defines two borders. The width of the two borders are the same as the border-width
value

groove: Defines a 3D grooved border. The effect depends on the border-color value

ridge: Defines a 3D ridged border. The effect depends on the border-color value

inset: Defines a 3D inset border. The effect depends on the border-color value

outset: Defines a 3D outset border. The effect depends on the border-color value

Try it yourself: Set the style of the border

Border Width

The border-width property is used to set the width of the border.

The width is set in pixels, or by using one of the three pre-defined values: thin, medium, or thick.

Note: The "border-width" property does not work if it is used alone. Use the "border-style"
property to set the borders first.

Example

p.one
{
border-style:solid;
border-width:5px;
}
p.two
{
border-style:solid;
border-width:medium;
}

Border Color

The border-color property is used to set the color of the border. The color can be set by:

• name - specify a color name, like "red"
• RGB - specify a RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)"
• Hex - specify a hex value, like "#ff0000"

You can also set the border color to "transparent".

Note: The "border-color" property does not work if it is used alone. Use the "border-style"
property to set the borders first.

Example

p.one
{
border-style:solid;
border-color:red;
}
p.two
{
border-style:solid;
border-color:#98bf21;
}

Border - Individual sides

In CSS it is possible to specify different borders for different sides:

Example

p
{
border-top-style:dotted;
border-right-style:solid;
border-bottom-style:dotted;
border-left-style:solid;
}

The example above can also be set with a single property:

Example

border-style:dotted solid;

The border-style property can have from one to four values.

• border-style:dotted solid double dashed;
o top border is dotted
o right border is solid
o bottom border is double
o left border is dashed

• border-style:dotted solid double;
o top border is dotted
o right and left borders are solid
o bottom border is double

• border-style:dotted solid;
o top and bottom borders are dotted
o right and left borders are solid

• border-style:dotted;
o all four borders are dotted

The border-style property is used in the example above. However, it also works with border-
width and border-color.

Border - Shorthand property

As you can see from the examples above, there are many properties to consider when dealing
with borders.

To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the border properties in one property. This is
called a shorthand property.

The shorthand property for the border properties is "border":

Example

border:5px solid red;

When using the border property, the order of the values are:

• border-width
• border-style
• border-color

It does not matter if one of the values above are missing (although, border-style is required), as
long as the rest are in the specified order.

<html>
<head>
p.none {border-style:none}
p.dotted {border-style:dotted}
p.dashed {border-style:dashed}
p.solid {border-style:solid}
p.double {border-style:double}
p.groove {border-style:groove}
p.ridge {border-style:ridge}
p.inset {border-style:inset}
p.outset {border-style:outset}
p.hidden {border-style:hidden}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p class="none">No border</p>
<p class="dotted">A dotted border</p>
<p class="dashed">A dashed border</p>

<p class="solid">A solid border</p>
<p class="double">A double border</p>
<p class="groove">A groove border</p>
<p class="ridge">A ridge border</p>
<p class="inset">An inset border</p>
<p class="outset">An outset border</p>
<p class="hidden">A hidden border</p>
</body>

</html>

Result

All CSS Border Properties

or CSS2).

border Sets all the border properties in one border-width 1
declaration border-style
border-color
border-bottom Sets all the bottom border properties in one border-bottom-width 1

declaration border-bottom-style
border-bottom-color
border-bottom-color Sets the color of the bottom border border-color 2
border-bottom-style Sets the style of the bottom border border-style 2
border-bottom-width Sets the width of the bottom border border-width 1
border-color Sets the color of the four borders color 1
border-left Sets all the left border properties in one border-left-width 1
declaration border-left-style
border-left-color
border-left-color Sets the color of the left border border-color 2
border-left-style Sets the style of the left border border-style 2
border-left-width Sets the width of the left border border-width 1
border-right Sets all the right border properties in one border-right-width 1
declaration border-right-style
border-right-color
border-right-color Sets the color of the right border border-color 2
border-right-style Sets the style of the right border border-style 2
border-right-width Sets the width of the right border border-width 1
border-style Sets the style of the four borders none 1
hidden
dotted
dashed
solid
double
groove
ridge
inset
outset
inherit
border-top Sets all the top border properties in one border-top-width 1
declaration border-top-style
border-top-color
border-top-color Sets the color of the top border border-color 2
border-top-style Sets the style of the top border border-style 2
border-top-width Sets the width of the top border border-width 1
border-width Sets the width of the four borders thin 1
medium
thick
length
inherit

CSS Outlines

The CSS outline properties is used to draw a line around an element, outside the border
edge.

Examples
Draw a line around an element (outline) (does not work in IE)
This example demonstrates how to draw a line around an element, outside the border
edge.

Set the style of an outline (does not work in IE)
This example demonstrates how to set the style of an outline.

Set the color of an outline (does not work in IE)
This example demonstrates how to set the color of an outline.

Set the width of an outline (does not work in IE)
This example demonstrates how to set the width of an outline.

CSS Outline Properties
An outline is a line that is drawn around elements, outside the border edge, to make the
element "stand out".

The CSS outline properties sets the outlines around elements. You can specify the style,
color, and width of the outline.

Note: Outlines do not take up space, and they do not have to be rectangular.

The number in the "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined
(CSS1 or CSS2).

outline A shorthand property for setting all the outline outline-color 2
properties outline-style
outline-width
outline-color Sets the color of the outline around an element color 2
invert
outline-style Sets the style of the outline around an element none 2
dotted
dashed
solid
double
groove
ridge
inset
outset
outline-width Sets the width of the outline around an element thin 2
medium
thick
length

CSS Margin

The CSS margin properties define the space around elements.

Margin
The margin clears an area around an element (outside the border). The margin does not
have a background color, and is completely transparent.

The top, right, bottom, and left margin can be changed independently using separate
properties. A shorthand margin property can also be used, to change all margins at once.

Possible Values
Value Description
auto The browser sets the margin.
The result of this is dependant of the browser
length Defines a fixed margin (in pixels, pt, em, etc.)
% Defines a margin in % of the containing element

It is possible to use negative values, to overlap content.

Margin - Individual sides
In CSS, it is possible to specify different margins for different sides:

Example
margin-top:100px;
margin-bottom:100px;
margin-right:50px;
margin-left:50px;

Margin - Shorthand property
To shorten the code, it is possible to specify all the margin properties in one property.
This is called a shorthand property.

The shorthand property for all the margin properties is "margin":

Example
margin:100px 50px;

The margin property can have from one to four values.

• margin:25px 50px 75px 100px;
o top margin is 25px
o right margin is 50px
o bottom margin is 75px
o left margin is 100px

• margin:25px 50px 75px;
o right and left margins are 50px

• margin:25px 50px;
o top and bottom margins are 25px

• margin:25px;
o all four margins are 25px

More Examples

Set the top margin of a text using a cm value
This example demonstrates how to set the top margin of a text using a cm value.

Set the bottom margin of a text using a percent value
This example demonstrates how to set the bottom margin of a text using a percent value.

All CSS Margin Properties

(CSS1 or CSS2).

margin A shorthand property for setting the margin margin-top 1
properties in one declaration margin-right
margin-bottom
margin-left
margin-bottom Sets the bottom margin of an element auto 1
length
%
margin-left Sets the left margin of an element auto 1
length
%
margin-right Sets the right margin of an element auto 1
length
%
margin-top Sets the top margin of an element auto 1
length
%

CSS Margin

The CSS margin properties define the space around elements.

Margin
The margin clears an area around an element (outside the border). The margin does not
have a background color, and is completely transparent.

The top, right, bottom, and left margin can be changed independently using separate
properties. A shorthand margin property can also be used, to change all margins at once.

Possible Values
Value Description
auto The browser sets the margin.
The result of this is dependant of the browser

length Defines a fixed margin (in pixels, pt, em, etc.)
% Defines a margin in % of the containing element

It is possible to use negative values, to overlap content.

Margin - Individual sides
In CSS, it is possible to specify different margins for different sides:

Example
margin-top:100px;
margin-bottom:100px;
margin-right:50px;
margin-left:50px;

Margin - Shorthand property
To shorten the code, it is possible to specify all the margin properties in one property.

The shorthand property for all the margin properties is "margin":

Example
margin:100px 50px;


• margin:25px 50px 75px 100px;
o right margin is 50px
o left margin is 100px

• margin:25px 50px 75px;


• margin:25px 50px;
o top and bottom margins are 25px

• margin:25px;
o all four margins are 25px

More Examples

Set the top margin of a text using a cm value
This example demonstrates how to set the top margin of a text using a cm value.

Set the bottom margin of a text using a percent value
This example demonstrates how to set the bottom margin of a text using a percent value.

All CSS Margin Properties
(CSS1 or CSS2).

margin A shorthand property for setting the margin margin-top 1
properties in one declaration margin-right
margin-bottom
margin-left
margin-bottom Sets the bottom margin of an element auto 1
length
%
margin-left Sets the left margin of an element auto 1
length
%
margin-right Sets the right margin of an element auto 1
length
%
margin-top Sets the top margin of an element auto 1

length
%

CSS Padding

The CSS padding properties define the space between the element border and the element
content.

Padding
The padding clears an area around the content (inside the border) of an element. The
padding is affected by the background color of the element.

The top, right, bottom, and left padding can be changed independently using separate
properties. A shorthand padding property can also be used, to change all paddings at
once.

Possible Values
Value Description
length Defines a fixed padding (in pixels, pt, em, etc.)
% Defines a padding in % of the containing element

Padding - Individual sides
In CSS, it is possible to specify different padding for different sides:

Example
padding-top:25px;
padding-bottom:25px;
padding-right:50px;
padding-left:50px;

Padding - Shorthand property
To shorten the code, it is possible to specify all the padding properties in one property.

The shorthand property for all the padding properties is "padding":

Example
padding:25px 50px;


• padding:25px 50px 75px 100px;
o top padding is 25px
o right padding is 50px
o bottom padding is 75px
o left padding is 100px

• padding:25px 50px 75px;
o top padding is 25px
o right and left paddings are 50px
o bottom padding is 75px

• padding:25px 50px;
o top and bottom paddings are 25px
o right and left paddings are 50px

• padding:25px;
o all four paddings are 25px

More Examples
All the padding properties in one declaration
This example demonstrates a shorthand property for setting all of the padding properties
in one declaration, can have from one to four values.

Set the top padding using a cm value
This example demonstrates how to set the top padding of a table cell using a cm value.

Set the bottom padding using a percent value
This example demonstrates how to set the bottom padding of a table cell using a percent
value.

All CSS Padding Properties
(CSS1 or CSS2).

padding A shorthand property for setting all the padding-top 1
padding properties in one declaration padding-right
padding-bottom
padding-left
padding-bottom Sets the bottom padding of an element length 1
%
padding-left Sets the left padding of an element length 1
%
padding-right Sets the right padding of an element length 1
%
padding-top Sets the top padding of an element length 1
%

CSS Table

The CSS table properties allow you to set the layout of a table.

Examples
Set the layout of a table
This example demonstrates how to set the layout of a table.

Show empty cells in a table
This example demonstrates whether or not to show empty cells in a table.

Collapse a table border
This example demonstrates whether the table borders are collapsed into a single border or
detached as in standard HTML.

Set the space between table borders
This example demonstrates how to set the distance between cell borders.

Set the position of the table caption
This example demonstrates how to position the table caption.

CSS Table Properties
The CSS table properties allow you to set the layout of a table.

Browser support: IE: Internet Explorer, M: Mac IE only, F: Firefox, N: Netscape.

W3C: The number in the "W3C" column indicates in which CSS recommendation the
property is defined (CSS1 or CSS2).

Property Description Values IE F N W3C
border-collapse Sets whether the table collapse 5 1 7 2
borders are collapsed into separate
a single border or detached
as in standard HTML
border-spacing Sets the distance that length length 5M 1 6 2
separates cell borders
(only for the "separated
borders" model)
caption-side Sets the position of the top 5M 1 6 2
table caption bottom
left
right
empty-cells Sets whether or not to show 5M 1 6 2
show empty cells in a hide
table (only for the
"separated borders"
model)
table-layout Sets the algorithm used to auto 5 1 6 2
display the table cells, fixed
rows, and columns

CSS Image Gallery
CSS can be used to create an image gallery.

Image Gallery
The following image gallery is created with CSS:

Image gallery

The source code looks like this:

<html>
<head>
div.img
{
margin:2px;
border:1px solid #0000ff;
height:auto;
width:auto;
float:left;
text-align:center;
}
div.img img
{
display:inline;
margin:3px;
border:1px solid #ffffff;
}
div.img a:hover img
{
border:1px solid #0000ff;
}
div.desc
{
text-align:center;
font-weight:normal;
width:120px;
margin:2px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>

<div class="img">
<a target="_blank" href="klematis_big.htm">
<img src="klematis_small.jpg" alt="Klematis" width="110" height="90" />
</a>
<div class="desc">Add a description of the image here</div>
</div>
<div class="img">
<a target="_blank" href="klematis2_big.htm">
<img src="klematis2_small.jpg" alt="Klematis" width="110" height="90" />
</a>
</div>
<div class="img">
</a>
</div>
<div class="img">
</a>
</div>

</body>
</html>

Css introduction

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