TUTORIAL DE CSS 2.0

1. CSS Basic
1.1 Home
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
body
{background-color:#d0e4fe;}
h1
{color:orange;
text-align:center;}
p
{font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-size:20px;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>CSS example!</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

1.2 Introducción

What You Should Already Know
Before you continue you should have a basic understanding of the following:

• HTML / XHTML

What is CSS?
• CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
• Styles define how to display HTML elements
• Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem
• External Style Sheets can save a lot of work
• External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files

Styles Solved a Big Problem
HTML was never intended to contain tags for formatting a document. HTML was intended to define
the content of a document, like:

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

When tags like <font>, and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification, it started a
nightmare for web developers. Development of large web sites, where fonts and color information
were added to every single page, became a long and expensive process. To solve this problem,
the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) created CSS.

In HTML 4.0, all formatting could be removed from the HTML document, and stored in a separate
CSS file. All browsers support CSS today.

CSS Saves a Lot of Work!
CSS defines HOW HTML elements are to be displayed. Styles are normally saved in external .css
files. External style sheets enable you to change the appearance and layout of all the pages in a
Web site, just by editing one single file!

1.3 CSS Syntax
A CSS rule has two main parts: a selector, and one or more declarations:

The selector is normally the HTML element you want to style. Each declaration consists of a
property and a value. The property is the style attribute you want to change. Each property has a
value.

CSS Example
A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and declaration groups are surrounded by curly
brackets:

p {color:red;text-align:center;}

To make the CSS more readable, you can put one declaration on each line, like this:

Example
p
{
color:red;
text-align:center;
}

CSS Comments
Comments are used to explain your code, and may help you when you edit the source code at a
later date. Comments are ignored by browsers. A CSS comment begins with "/*", and ends with
"*/", like this:

/*This is a comment*/
p
{
text-align:center;
/*This is another comment*/
color:black;
font-family:arial;
}

1.4 The id and class selectors
In addition to setting a style for a HTML element, CSS allows you to specify your own selectors
called "id" and "class".

The id Selector
The id selector is used to specify a style for a single, unique element.
The id selector uses the id attribute of the HTML element, and is defined with a "#".
The style rule below will be applied to the element with id="para1":

Example
#para1
{
text-align:center;
color:red;
}

Do NOT start an ID name with a number! It will not work in Mozilla/Firefox.

The class Selector
The class selector is used to specify a style for a group of elements. Unlike the id selector, the
class selector is most often used on several elements.
This allows you to set a particular style for any HTML elements with the same class.
The class selector uses the HTML class attribute, and is defined with a "."
In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:

Example
.center {text-align:center;}

You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class.
In the example below, all p elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:

Example

p.center {text-align:center;}

Do NOT start a class name with a number! This is only supported in Internet Explorer.
When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to it.

1.5 How To…
Three Ways to Insert CSS
There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:

• External style sheet
• Internal style sheet
• Inline style

External Style Sheet
An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style
sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to
the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the head section:

<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" />
</head>

An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain any html
tags. Your style sheet should be saved with a .css extension. An example of a style sheet file is
shown below:

hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}

Do not leave spaces between the property value and the units! "margin-left:20 px" (instead of
"margin-left:20px") will work in IE, but not in Firefox or Opera.

Internal Style Sheet
An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You define
internal styles in the head section of an HTML page, by using the <style> tag, like this:

<head>

hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}
</style>
</head>

Inline Styles
An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by mixing content with presentation.
Use this method sparingly!
To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain
any CSS property. The example shows how to change the color and the left margin of a
paragraph:

<p style="color:sienna;margin-left:20px">This is a paragraph.</p>

Multiple Style Sheets
If some properties have been set for the same selector in different style sheets, the values will be
inherited from the more specific style sheet.
For example, an external style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:

h3
{
color:red;
text-align:left;
font-size:8pt;
}

And an internal style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:

h3
{
text-align:right;
font-size:20pt;
}

If the page with the internal style sheet also links to the external style sheet the properties for h3
will be:

color:red;
text-align:right;
font-size:20pt;

The color is inherited from the external style sheet and the text-alignment and the font-size is
replaced by the internal style sheet.

Multiple Styles Will Cascade into One
Styles can be specified:

• inside an HTML element
• inside the head section of an HTML page
• in an external CSS file

Tip: Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML document.

Cascading order

What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element?
Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by
the following rules, where number four has the highest priority:

1. Browser default
2. External style sheet
3. Internal style sheet (in the head section)
4. Inline style (inside an HTML element)
5.
So, an inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it will
override a style defined inside the <head> tag, or in an external style sheet, or in a browser (a
default value).

Note: If the link to the external style sheet is placed after the internal style sheet in HTML
<head>, the external style sheet will override the internal style sheet!

2. CSS Styling
2.1 Styling Backgrounds
CSS background properties are used to define the background effects of an element.
CSS properties used for background effects:

• background-color
• background-image
• background-repeat
• background-attachment
• background-position

Background Color
The background-color property specifies the background color of an element.
The background color of a page is defined in the body selector:

Example
body {background-color:#b0c4de;}

The background color can be specified by:

• name - a color name, like "red"
• RGB - an RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)"
• Hex - a hex value, like "#ff0000"

In the example below, the h1, p, and div elements have different background colors:

Example

h1 {background-color:#6495ed;}
p {background-color:#e0ffff;}
div {background-color:#b0c4de;}

Background Image
The background-image property specifies an image to use as the background of an element.
By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element.
The background image for a page can be set like this:

Example
body {background-image:url('paper.gif');}

Below is an example of a bad combination of text and background image. The text is almost not
readable:

Example
body {background-image:url('bgdesert.jpg');}

Background Image - Repeat Horizontally or Vertically
By default, the background-image property repeats an image both horizontally and vertically.
Some images should be repeated only horizontally or vertically, or they will look strange, like this:

Example
body
{
background-image:url('gradient2.png');
}

If the image is repeated only horizontally (repeat-x), the background will look better:

Example
body
{
background-image:url('gradient2.png');
background-repeat:repeat-x;
}

Background Image - Set position and no-repeat
When using a background image, use an image that does not disturb the text.
Showing the image only once is specified by the background-repeat property:

Example
body
{
background-image:url('img_tree.png');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
}

In the example above, the background image is shown in the same place as the text. We want to
change the position of the image, so that it does not disturb the text too much.
The position of the image is specified by the background-position property:

Example
body
{
background-image:url('img_tree.png');
background-position:right top;
}

Background - Shorthand property
As you can see from the examples above, there are many properties to consider when dealing
with backgrounds.
To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the properties in one single property. This is
called a shorthand property.
The shorthand property for background is simply "background":

Example
body {background:#ffffff url('img_tree.png') no-repeat right top;}

When using the shorthand property the order of the property values are:

• background-color
• background-image
• background-repeat
• background-attachment
• background-position

It does not matter if one of the property values is missing, as long as the ones that are present
are in this order.

More Examples
How to set a fixed background image.
This example demonstrates how to set a fixed background image. The image will not scroll with
the rest of the page.

<html>
<head>
body
{
background-image:url('smiley.gif');
background-attachment:fixed;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

</body>

</html>

All CSS Background Properties
The number in the "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1 or
CSS2).

Property Description Values CSS
background Sets all the background background-color 1
properties in one declaration background-image
background-repeat
background-attachment
background-position
inherit
background-attachment Sets whether a background scroll 1
image is fixed or scrolls with the fixed
rest of the page inherit
background-color Sets the background color of an color-rgb 1
element color-hex
color-name
transparent
inherit
background-image Sets the background image for url(URL) 1
an element none
inherit
background-position Sets the starting position of a left top 1
background image left center
left bottom
right top
right center
right bottom
center top
center center
center bottom
x% y%
xpos ypos
inherit

background-repeat Sets if/how a background image repeat 1
will be repeated repeat-x
repeat-y
no-repeat
inherit

2.2 Styling Text

TEXT FORMATTING
This text is styled with some of the text formatting properties.
The heading uses the text-align, text-transform, and color
properties. The paragraph is indented, aligned, and the space
between characters is specified. The underline is removed from
the "Try it yourself" link.

Text Color
The color property is used to set the color of the text. The color can be specified by:
• name - a color name, like "red"
• RGB - an RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)"
• Hex - a hex value, like "#ff0000"

The default color for a page is defined in the body selector.

Example
body {color:blue;}
h1 {color:#00ff00;}
h2 {color:rgb(255,0,0);}

For W3C compliant CSS: If you define the color property, you must also define the background-
color property.

Text Alignment
The text-align property is used to set the horizontal alignment of a text.
Text can be centered, or aligned to the left or right, or justified.
When text-align is set to "justify", each line is stretched so that every line has equal width, and
the left and right margins are straight (like in magazines and newspapers).

Example
h1 {text-align:center;}
p.date {text-align:right;}
p.main {text-align:justify;}

Text Decoration
The text-decoration property is used to set or remove decorations from text.
The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links for design purposes:

Example
a {text-decoration:none;}

It can also be used to decorate text:

Example
h1 {text-decoration:overline;}
h2 {text-decoration:line-through;}
h3 {text-decoration:underline;}
h4 {text-decoration:blink;}

It is not recommended to underline text that is not a link, as this often confuses users.

Text Transformation
The text-transform property is used to specify uppercase and lowercase letters in a text.
It can be used to turn everything into uppercase or lowercase letters, or capitalize the first letter
of each word.

Example
p.uppercase {text-transform:uppercase;}
p.lowercase {text-transform:lowercase;}
p.capitalize {text-transform:capitalize;}

Text Indentation
The text-indentation property is used to specify the indentation of the first line of a text.

Example
p {text-indent:50px;}

More Examples
• Specify the space between characters.
This example demonstrates how to increase or decrease the space between characters.

<html>
<head>
h1 {letter-spacing:2px;}
h2 {letter-spacing:-3px;}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
</body>
</html>

Results:

This is heading 1
Thisisheading2
• Specify the space between lines.
This example demonstrates how to specify the space between the lines in a paragraph.

<html>
<head>
p.small {line-height:90%;}
p.big {line-height:200%;}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>
This is a paragraph with a standard line-height.
The default line height in most browsers is about 110% to 120%.
This is a paragraph with a standard line-height.
</p>

<p class="small">
This is a paragraph with a smaller line-height.
</p>

<p class="big">
This is a paragraph with a bigger line-height.
</p>

</body>
</html>

Results:

This is a paragraph with a standard line-height. The default line height in most browsers is about
110% to 120%. This is a paragraph with a standard line-height.
This is a paragraph with a smaller line-height. This is a paragraph with a smaller line-height. This is a
paragraph with a smaller line-height.
This is a paragraph with a bigger line-height. This is a paragraph with a bigger line-height. This is a
paragraph with a bigger line-height.

• Set the text direction of an element.
This example demonstrates how to change the text direction of an element.

<html>
<head>
div.ex1 {direction:rtl;}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<div>Some text. Default writing direction.</div>
<div class="ex1">Some text. Right-to-left direction.</div>

</body>
</html>

Results:

Some text. Default writing direction.
.left direction-to-Right .Some text

• Increase the white space between words.
This example demonstrates how to increase the white space between words in a paragraph.

<html>
<head>
p
{
word-spacing:30px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p>
This is some text. This is some text.
</p>

</body>
</html>

Results:


• Disable text wrapping inside an element.
This example demonstrates how to disable text wrapping inside an element.

<html>
<head>
p
{white-space:nowrap;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>
This is some text. This is some text. This is some text.
</p>
</body>
</html>

Results:

This is some text. This is some text. This is some text. This is some text.

• Vertical alignment of an image.
This example demonstrates how to set the vertical align of an image in a text.

<html>
<head>
img.top {vertical-align:text-top;}
img.bottom {vertical-align:text-bottom;}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>An <img src="w3schools_logo.gif" alt="W3Schools" width="270" height="50" />
image with a default alignment.</p>
<p>An <img class="top" src="w3schools_logo.gif" alt="W3Schools" width="270"
height="50" /> image with a text-top alignment.</p>
<p>An <img class="bottom" src="w3schools_logo.gif" alt="W3Schools" width="270"
height="50" /> image with a text-bottom alignment.</p>
</body>
</html>

Results:

An image with a default alignment.

An image with a text-top alignment.

An image with a text-bottom alignment.

All CSS Text Properties
CSS2).

color Sets the color of a text color 1
direction Sets the text direction ltr 2
rtl
line-height Sets the distance between lines normal 1
number
length
%
letter-spacing Increase or decrease the space between characters normal 1
length
text-align Aligns the text in an element left 1
right
center
justify
text-decoration Adds decoration to text none 1
underline
overline
line-through
blink
text-indent Indents the first line of text in an element length 1
%
text-shadow none
color
length
text-transform Controls the letters in an element none 1
capitalize
uppercase
lowercase
unicode-bidi normal 2
embed

bidi-override
vertical-align Sets the vertical alignment of an element baseline 1
sub
super
top
text-top
middle
bottom
text-bottom
length
%
white-space Sets how white space inside an element is handled normal 1
pre
nowrap
word-spacing Increase or decrease the space between words normal 1
length

2.3 Styling Fonts
CSS font properties define the font family, boldness, size, and the style of a text.

Difference Between Serif and Sans-serif Fonts

On computer screens, sans-serif fonts are considered easier to read than serif fonts.

CSS Font Families
In CSS, there are two types of font family names:

• generic family - a group of font families with a similar look (like "Serif" or "Monospace")
• font family - a specific font family (like "Times New Roman" or "Arial")

Generic family Font family Description
Serif Times New Roman Serif fonts have small lines at the ends on
some characters
Georgia
Sans-serif Arial "Sans" means without - these fonts do not
have the lines at the ends of characters
Verdana
Monospace Courier New All monospace characters have the same
width
Lucida Console

Font Family
The font family of a text is set with the font-family property.
The font-family property should hold several font names as a "fallback" system. If the browser
does not support the first font, it tries the next font.
Start with the font you want, and end with a generic family, to let the browser pick a similar font
in the generic family, if no other fonts are available.

Note: If the name of a font family is more than one word, it must be in quotation marks, like
font-family: "Times New Roman".
More than one font family is specified in a comma-separated list:

Example
p{font-family:"Times New Roman", Times, serif;}

For more commonly used font combinations, look at our Web Safe Font Combinations.

Font Style
The font-style property is mostly used to specify italic text.
This property has three values:

• normal - The text is shown normally
• italic - The text is shown in italics
• oblique - The text is "leaning" (oblique is very similar to italic, but less supported)

Example
p.normal {font-style:normal;}
p.italic {font-style:italic;}
p.oblique {font-style:oblique;}

Font Size
The font-size property sets the size of the text.
Being able to manage the text size is important in web design. However, you should not use font
size adjustments to make paragraphs look like headings, or headings look like paragraphs.
Always use the proper HTML tags, like <h1> - <h6> for headings and <p> for paragraphs.
The font-size value can be an absolute, or relative size.

Absolute size:

• Sets the text to a specified size
• Does not allow a user to change the text size in all browsers (bad for accessibility reasons)
• Absolute size is useful when the physical size of the output is known

Relative size:

• Sets the size relative to surrounding elements
• Allows a user to change the text size in browsers

If you do not specify a font size, the default size for normal text, like paragraphs, is 16px
(16px=1em).

Set Font Size With Pixels
Setting the text size with pixels, gives you full control over the text size:

Example
h1 {font-size:40px;}
h2 {font-size:30px;}
p {font-size:14px;}

The example above allows Firefox, Chrome, and Safari to resize the text, but not Internet
Explorer.
The text can be resized in all browsers using the zoom tool (however, this resizes the entire page,
not just the text).

Set Font Size With Em
To avoid the resizing problem with Internet Explorer, many developers use em instead of pixels.
The em size unit is recommended by the W3C.
1em is equal to the current font size. The default text size in browsers is 16px. So, the default
size of 1em is 16px.
The size can be calculated from pixels to em using this formula: pixels/16=em

Example
h1 {font-size:2.5em;} /* 40px/16=2.5em */
h2 {font-size:1.875em;} /* 30px/16=1.875em */
p {font-size:0.875em;} /* 14px/16=0.875em */

In the example above, the text size in em is the same as the previous example in pixels.
However, with the em size, it is possible to adjust the text size in all browsers.
Unfortunately, there is still a problem with IE. When resizing the text, it becomes larger than it
should when made larger, and smaller than it should when made smaller.

Use a Combination of Percent and Em
The solution that works in all browsers, is to set a default font-size in percent for the body
element:

Example
body {font-size:100%;}
h1 {font-size:2.5em;}
h2 {font-size:1.875em;}
p {font-size:0.875em;}

Our code now works great! It shows the same text size in all browsers, and allows all browsers to
zoom or resize the text!

More Examples
• Set the boldness of the font.
This example demonstrates how to set the boldness of a font.

<html>
<head>
p.normal {font-weight:normal;}
p.light {font-weight:lighter;}
p.thick {font-weight:bold;}
p.thicker {font-weight:900;}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p class="normal">This is a paragraph.</p>
<p class="light">This is a paragraph.</p>
<p class="thick">This is a paragraph.</p>
<p class="thicker">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>

</html>

Results:

This is a paragraph.

• Set the variant of the font.
This example demonstrates how to set the variant of a font.

<html>
<head>
p.normal {font-variant:normal;}
p.small {font-variant:small-caps;}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p class="normal">My name is Hege Refsnes.</p>

<p class="small">My name is Hege Refsnes.</p>
</body>

</html>

Results:

My name is Hege Refsnes.
MY NAME IS HEGE REFSNES.

• All the font properties in one declaration.
This example demonstrates how to use the shorthand property for setting all of the font properties
in one declaration.

<html>
<head>
p.ex1
{
font:15px arial,sans-serif;
}

p.ex2
{
font:italic bold 12px/30px Georgia,serif;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p class="ex1">This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This
is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This
is a paragraph.</p>
<p class="ex2">This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This
is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This
is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

Results:

This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph.
This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph.
This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a
paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph.

All CSS Font Properties
CSS2).

font Sets all the font properties in one font-style 1
declaration font-variant
font-weight
font-size/line-height
font-family
caption
icon
menu
message-box
small-caption
status-bar
inherit
font-family Specifies the font family for text family-name 1
generic-family
inherit
font-size Specifies the font size of text xx-small 1
x-small
small
medium
large
x-large
xx-large
smaller
larger
length
%
inherit
font-style Specifies the font style for text normal 1
italic
oblique
inherit
font-variant Specifies whether or not a text should be normal 1
displayed in a small-caps font small-caps
inherit
font-weight Specifies the weight of a font normal 1
bold
bolder
lighter
100
200
300
400
500
600
700

800
900
inherit

2.4 Styling Links
Links can be styled in different ways.
Links can be styled with any CSS property (e.g. color, font-family, background, etc.).
Special for links are that they can be styled differently depending on what state they are in.
The four links states are:

• a:link - a normal, unvisited link
• a:visited - a link the user has visited
• a:hover - a link when the user mouses over it
• a:active - a link the moment it is clicked

Example
a:link {color:#FF0000;} /* unvisited link */
a:visited {color:#00FF00;} /* visited link */
a:hover {color:#FF00FF;} /* mouse over link */
a:active {color:#0000FF;} /* selected link */

When setting the style for several link states, there are some order rules:

• a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited
• a:active MUST come after a:hover

Common Link Styles
In the example above the link changes color depending on what state it is in.
Let’s go through some of the other common ways to style links:
Text Decoration
The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links:

Example
a:link {text-decoration:none;}
a:visited {text-decoration:none;}
a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}
a:active {text-decoration:underline;}

Background Color
The background-color property specifies the background color for links:

Example
a:link {background-color:#B2FF99;}
a:visited {background-color:#FFFF85;}
a:hover {background-color:#FF704D;}
a:active {background-color:#FF704D;}

More Examples
• Add different styles to hyperlinks.
This example demonstrates how to add other styles to hyperlinks.

<html>
<head>
a.one:link {color:#ff0000;}
a.one:visited {color:#0000ff;}
a.one:hover {color:#ffcc00;}

a.two:link {color:#ff0000;}
a.two:visited {color:#0000ff;}
a.two:hover {font-size:150%;}

a.three:link {color:#ff0000;}
a.three:visited {color:#0000ff;}
a.three:hover {background:#66ff66;}

a.four:link {color:#ff0000;}
a.four:visited {color:#0000ff;}
a.four:hover {font-family:monospace;}

a.five:link {color:#ff0000;text-decoration:none;}
a.five:visited {color:#0000ff;text-decoration:none;}
a.five:hover {text-decoration:underline;}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>Mouse over the links to see them change layout.</p>

<p><b><a class="one" href="default.asp" target="_blank">This link changes
color</a></b></p>
<p><b><a class="two" href="default.asp" target="_blank">This link changes font-
size</a></b></p>
<p><b><a class="three" href="default.asp" target="_blank">This link changes
background-color</a></b></p>
<p><b><a class="four" href="default.asp" target="_blank">This link changes font-
family</a></b></p>
<p><b><a class="five" href="default.asp" target="_blank">This link changes text-
decoration</a></b></p>
</body>

</html>

Results:

Mouse over the links to see them change layout.
This link changes color
This link changes font-size
This link changes background-color
This link changes font-family
This link changes text-decoration

• Advanced - Create link boxes.
This example demonstrates a more advanced example where we combine several CSS properties
to display links as boxes.

<html>
<head>
a:link,a:visited
{
display:block;
font-weight:bold;
color:#FFFFFF;
background-color:#98bf21;
width:120px;
text-align:center;
padding:4px;
text-decoration:none;
}
a:hover,a:active
{
background-color:#7A991A;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<a href="default.asp" target="_blank">This is a link</a>
</body>
</html>

Results:

This is a link

2.5 Styling Lists
The CSS list properties allow you to:

• Set different list item markers for ordered lists
• Set different list item markers for unordered lists
• Set an image as the list item marker

List
In HTML, there are two types of lists:

• unordered lists - the list items are marked with bullets
• ordered lists - the list items are marked with numbers or letters

With CSS, lists can be styled further, and images can be used as the list item marker.

Different List Item Markers
The type of list item marker is specified with the list-style-type property:

Example
ul.a {list-style-type: circle;}
ul.b {list-style-type: square;}

ol.c {list-style-type: upper-roman;}
ol.d {list-style-type: lower-alpha;}

Some of the property values are for unordered lists, and some for ordered lists.

Values for Unordered Lists
Value Description
none No marker
disc Default. The marker is a filled circle
circle The marker is a circle
square The marker is a square

Values for Ordered Lists
Value Description
armenian The marker is traditional Armenian numbering
decimal The marker is a number
decimal-leading-zero The marker is a number padded by initial zeros (01, 02, 03, etc.)
georgian The marker is traditional Georgian numbering (an, ban, gan, etc.)
lower-alpha The marker is lower-alpha (a, b, c, d, e, etc.)
lower-greek The marker is lower-greek (alpha, beta, gamma, etc.)
lower-latin The marker is lower-latin (a, b, c, d, e, etc.)
lower-roman The marker is lower-roman (i, ii, iii, iv, v, etc.)
upper-alpha The marker is upper-alpha (A, B, C, D, E, etc.)

upper-latin The marker is upper-latin (A, B, C, D, E, etc.)
upper-roman The marker is upper-roman (I, II, III, IV, V, etc.)

Note: No versions of Internet Explorer (including IE8) support the property values "decimal-
leading-zero", "lower-greek", "lower-latin", "upper-latin", "armenian", or "georgian" UNLESS a
DOCTYPE is specified!

An Image as The List Item Marker
To specify an image as the list item marker, use the list-style-image property:

Example
ul
{
list-style-image: url('sqpurple.gif');
}

The example above does not display equally in all browsers. IE and Opera will display the image-
marker a little bit higher than Firefox, Chrome, and Safari.
If you want the image-marker to be placed equally in all browsers, a crossbrowser solution is
explained below.

Crossbrowser Solution
The following example displays the image-marker equally in all browsers:

Example
ul
{
list-style-type: none;
padding: 0px;
margin: 0px;
}
li
{
background-image: url(sqpurple.gif);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: 0px 5px;
padding-left: 14px;
}

Example explained:

• For ul:
o Set the list-style-type to none to remove the list item marker
o Set both padding and margin to 0px (for cross-browser compatibility)

• For li:
o Set the URL of the image, and show it only once (no-repeat)

o Position the image where you want it (left 0px and down 5px)
o Position the text in the list with padding-left

List - Shorthand property
It is also possible to specify all the list properties in one, single property. This is called a shorthand
property.
The shorthand property used for lists, is the list-style property:

Example
ul
{
list-style: square url("sqpurple.gif");
}

When using the shorthand property, the order of the values are:

• list-style-type
• list-style-position (for a description, see the CSS properties table below)
• list-style-image

It does not matter if one of the values above are missing, as long as the rest are in the specified
order.

More Examples
• All the different list-item markers for lists.
This example demonstrates all the different list-item markers in CSS.

CODE Results:
<html> • Disc type
<head> • Tea
ul.a {list-style-type:disc;} • Coca Cola
ul.b {list-style-type:circle;} o Circle type
ul.c {list-style-type:square;} o Tea
ul.d {list-style-type:none;} o Coca Cola
ol.e {list-style-type:decimal;}  Square type
ol.f {list-style-type:decimal-leading-
zero;}  Tea
ol.g {list-style-type:lower-roman;}  Coca Cola
ol.h {list-style-type:upper-roman;} • The "none" type
ol.i {list-style-type:lower-alpha;} • Tea
ol.j {list-style-type:upper-alpha;} • Coca Cola
ol.k {list-style-type:lower-greek;}
ol.l {list-style-type:lower-latin;} 1. Decimal type
ol.m {list-style-type:upper-latin;} 2. Tea
ol.n {list-style-type:armenian;} 3. Coca Cola
ol.o {list-style-type:georgian;} 1. Decimal-leading-zero type
</style> 2. Tea
</head>
3. Coca Cola
<body> i. Lower-roman type

<ul class="a"> ii. Tea
<li>Disc type</li> iii. Coca Cola
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
I. Upper-roman type
</ul> II. Tea
III. Coca Cola
<ul class="b"> a. Lower-alpha type
<li>Circle type</li> b. Tea
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
c. Coca Cola
</ul> A. Upper-alpha type
B. Tea
<ul class="c"> C. Coca Cola
<li>Square type</li> 1. Lower-greek type
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
2. Tea
</ul> 3. Coca Cola
1. Lower-latin type
<ul class="d"> 2. Tea
<li>The "none" type</li> 3. Coca Cola
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
1. Upper-latin type
</ul> 2. Tea
3. Coca Cola
<ol class="e"> 1. Armenian type
<li>Decimal type</li> 2. Tea
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
3. Coca Cola
</ol> 1. Georgian type
2. Tea
<ol class="f"> 3. Coca Cola
<li>Decimal-leading-zero type</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
</ol>

<ol class="g">
<li>Lower-roman type</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
</ol>

<ol class="h">
<li>Upper-roman type</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
</ol>

<ol class="i">
<li>Lower-alpha type</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
</ol>

<ol class="j">
<li>Upper-alpha type</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
</ol>

<ol class="k">
<li>Lower-greek type</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
</ol>

<ol class="l">
<li>Lower-latin type</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
</ol>

<ol class="m">
<li>Upper-latin type</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
</ol>

<ol class="n">
<li>Armenian type</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
</ol>

<ol class="o">
<li>Georgian type</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Coca Cola</li>
</ol>

</body>
</html>

All CSS List Properties
CSS2).

list-style Sets all the properties for a list in one list-style-type 1
declaration list-style-position
list-style-image
inherit
list-style-image Specifies an image as the list-item marker URL 1
none
inherit
list-style- Specifies if the list-item markers should inside 1
position appear inside or outside the content flow outside
inherit
list-style-type Specifies the type of list-item marker none 1
disc
circle
square

decimal
decimal-leading-zero
armenian
georgian
lower-alpha
upper-alpha
lower-greek
lower-latin
upper-latin
lower-roman
upper-roman
inherit

2.6 Styling Tables
The look of an HTML table can be greatly improved with CSS:

Company Contact Country
Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Anders Germany
Berglunds snabbköp Christina Berglund Sweden
Centro comercial Moctezuma Francisco Chang Mexico
Ernst Handel Roland Mendel Austria
Island Trading Helen Bennett UK
Königlich Essen Philip Cramer Germany
Laughing Bacchus Winecellars Yoshi Tannamuri Canada
Magazzini Alimentari Riuniti Giovanni Rovelli Italy
North/South Simon Crowther UK
Paris spécialités Marie Bertrand France
The Big Cheese Liz Nixon USA
Vaffeljernet Palle Ibsen Denmark

Table Borders
To specify table borders in CSS, use the border property.
The example below specifies a black border for table, th, and td elements:

Example
table, th, td
{
border: 1px solid black;
}

Notice that the table in the example above has double borders. This is because both the table, th,
and td elements have separate borders.

To display a single border for the table, use the border-collapse property.

Collapse Borders
The border-collapse property sets whether the table borders are collapsed into a single border or
separated:

Example
table
{
border-collapse:collapse;
}
table,th, td
{
}

Table Width and Height
Width and height of a table is defined by the width and height properties.
The example below sets the width of the table to 100%, and the height of the th elements to
50px:

Example
table
{
width:100%;
}
th
{
height:50px;
}

Table Text Alignment
The text in a table is aligned with the text-align and vertical-align properties.
The text-align property sets the horizontal alignment, like left, right, or center:

Example
td
{
text-align:right;
}

The vertical-align property sets the vertical alignment, like top, bottom, or middle:

Example
td
{
height:50px;
vertical-align:bottom;
}

Table Padding
To control the space between the border and content in a table, use the padding property on td
and th elements:

Example
td
{
padding:15px;
}

Table Color
The example below specifies the color of the borders, and the text and background color of th
elements:

Example
table, td, th
{
border:1px solid green;
}
th
{
background-color:green;
color:white;
}

More Examples
• Make a fancy table.
This example demonstrates how to create a fancy table.

<html>
<head>
#customers
{
font-family:"Trebuchet MS", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;

width:100%;
border-collapse:collapse;
}
#customers td, #customers th
{
font-size:1em;
border:1px solid #98bf21;
padding:3px 7px 2px 7px;
}
#customers th
{
font-size:1.1em;
text-align:left;
padding-top:5px;
padding-bottom:4px;
background-color:#A7C942;
color:#ffffff;
}
#customers tr.alt td
{
color:#000000;
background-color:#EAF2D3;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<table id="customers">
<tr>
<th>Company</th>
<th>Contact</th>
<th>Country</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Alfreds Futterkiste</td>
<td>Maria Anders</td>
<td>Germany</td>
</tr>
<tr class="alt">
<td>Berglunds snabbköp</td>
<td>Christina Berglund</td>
<td>Sweden</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Centro comercial Moctezuma</td>
<td>Francisco Chang</td>
<td>Mexico</td>
</tr>
<tr class="alt">
<td>Ernst Handel</td>
<td>Roland Mendel</td>
<td>Austria</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Island Trading</td>
<td>Helen Bennett</td>
<td>UK</td>
</tr>
<tr class="alt">

<td>Königlich Essen</td>
<td>Philip Cramer</td>
<td>Germany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Laughing Bacchus Winecellars</td>
<td>Yoshi Tannamuri</td>
<td>Canada</td>
</tr>
<tr class="alt">
<td>Magazzini Alimentari Riuniti</td>
<td>Giovanni Rovelli</td>
<td>Italy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>North/South</td>
<td>Simon Crowther</td>
<td>UK</td>
</tr>
<tr class="alt">
<td>Paris spécialités</td>
<td>Marie Bertrand</td>
<td>France</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Results:

Königlich Essen Philip Cramer Germany
Laughing Bacchus Winecellars Yoshi Tannamuri Canada
Paris spécialités Marie Bertrand France

• Set the position of the table caption.
This example demonstrates how to position the table caption.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
<head>
caption {caption-side:bottom;}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<table border="1">
<caption>Table 1.1 Customers</caption>
<tr>
<th>Company</th>
<th>Contact</th>
<th>Country</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Alfreds Futterkiste</td>
<td>Maria Anders</td>
<td>Germany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Berglunds snabbköp</td>
<td>Christina Berglund</td>
<td>Sweden</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Centro comercial Moctezuma</td>
<td>Francisco Chang</td>
<td>Mexico</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ernst Handel</td>
<td>Roland Mendel</td>
<td>Austria</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Island Trading</td>
<td>Helen Bennett</td>
<td>UK</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Magazzini Alimentari Riuniti</td>
<td>Giovanni Rovelli</td>
<td>Italy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>North/South</td>
<td>Simon Crowther</td>
<td>UK</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Note:</b> Internet Explorer 8 (and higher) supports the caption-side
property if a !DOCTYPE is specified.</p>
</body>
</html>

Results:

Table 1.1 Customers


Note: Internet Explorer 8 (and higher) supports the caption-side property if a !DOCTYPE is specified.

3. CSS Box Model
3.1 Box Model
All HTML elements can be considered as boxes. In CSS, the term "box model" is used when
talking about design and layout.
The CSS box model is essentially a box that wraps around HTML elements, and it consists of:
margins, borders, padding, and the actual content.
The box model allows us to place a border around elements and space elements in relation to
other elements.
The image below illustrates the box model:

Explanation of the different parts:

• Margin - Clears an area around the border. The margin does not have a background color, it
is completely transparent
• Border - A border that goes around the padding and content. The border is affected by the
background color of the box
• Padding - Clears an area around the content. The padding is affected by the background color
of the box
• Content - The content of the box, where text and images appear

In order to set the width and height of an element correctly in all browsers, you need to know how
the box model works.

Width and Height of an Element
Important: When you specify the width and height properties of an element with CSS, you are
just setting the width and height of the content area. To know the full size of the element, you
must also add the padding, border and margin.
The total width of the element in the example below is 300px:

width:250px;
padding:10px;
border:5px solid gray;
margin:10px;

Let's do the math:

250px (width)
+ 20px (left and right padding)
+ 10px (left and right border)
+ 20px (left and right margin)
= 300px

Imagine that you only had 250px of space. Let's make an element with a total width of 250px:

Example
width:220px;
padding:10px;
margin:0px;

The total width of an element should always be calculated like this:
Total element width = width + left padding + right padding + left border + right border + left
margin + right margin
The total height of an element should always be calculated like this:
Total element height = height + top padding + bottom padding + top border + bottom border +
top margin + bottom margin

Browsers Compatibility Issue
If you tested the previous example in Internet Explorer, you saw that the total width was not
exactly 250px.
IE includes padding and border in the width, when the width property is set, unless a DOCTYPE
is declared.

To fix this problem, just add a DOCTYPE to the code:

Example
<html>
<head>
div.ex
{
width:220px;
padding:10px;
margin:0px;

}
</style>
</head>

3.2 Border
Properties
The CSS border properties allow you to specify the style and color of an element's border.

Border Style
The border-style property specifies what kind of border to display.

None of the border properties will have ANY effect unless the border-style property is set!

border-style values:
none: Defines no border

dotted: Defines a dotted border

dashed: Defines a dashed border

solid: Defines a solid border

double: Defines two borders. The width of the two borders are the same as the border-width value

groove: Defines a 3D grooved border. The effect depends on the border-color value

ridge: Defines a 3D ridged border. The effect depends on the border-color value

inset: Defines a 3D inset border. The effect depends on the border-color value

outset: Defines a 3D outset border. The effect depends on the border-color value

Set the style of the border.

<html>
<head>
p.none {border-style:none;}

p.dotted {border-style:dotted;}
p.dashed {border-style:dashed;}
p.solid {border-style:solid;}
p.double {border-style:double;}
p.groove {border-style:groove;}
p.ridge {border-style:ridge;}
p.inset {border-style:inset;}
p.outset {border-style:outset;}
p.hidden {border-style:hidden;}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p class="none">No border.</p>
<p class="dotted">A dotted border.</p>
<p class="dashed">A dashed border.</p>
<p class="solid">A solid border.</p>
<p class="double">A double border.</p>
<p class="groove">A groove border.</p>
<p class="ridge">A ridge border.</p>
<p class="inset">An inset border.</p>
<p class="outset">An outset border.</p>
<p class="hidden">A hidden border.</p>
</body>

</html>

Border Width
The border-width property is used to set the width of the border.
The width is set in pixels, or by using one of the three pre-defined values: thin, medium, or thick.
Note: The "border-width" property does not work if it is used alone. Use the "border-style"
property to set the borders first.

Example
p.one
{
border-style:solid;
border-width:5px;
}
p.two
{
border-style:solid;
border-width:medium;
}

Border Color
The border-color property is used to set the color of the border. The color can be set by:

• name - specify a color name, like "red"
• RGB - specify a RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)"
• Hex - specify a hex value, like "#ff0000"

You can also set the border color to "transparent".

Note: The "border-color" property does not work if it is used alone. Use the "border-style"

Example
p.one
{
border-style:solid;
border-color:red;
}
p.two
{
border-style:solid;
border-color:#98bf21;
}

Border - Individual sides
In CSS it is possible to specify different borders for different sides:

Example
p
{
border-top-style:dotted;
border-right-style:solid;
border-bottom-style:dotted;
border-left-style:solid;
}

The example above can also be set with a single property:

Example
border-style:dotted solid;

The border-style property can have from one to four values.

• border-style:dotted solid double dashed;
o top border is dotted
o right border is solid
o bottom border is double
o left border is dashed

• border-style:dotted solid double;
o top border is dotted
o right and left borders are solid

o bottom border is double

• border-style:dotted solid;
o top and bottom borders are dotted
o right and left borders are solid

• border-style:dotted;
o all four borders are dotted

The border-style property is used in the example above. However, it also works with border-width
and border-color.

Border - Shorthand property
As you can see from the examples above, there are many properties to consider when dealing
with borders.
To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the border properties in one property. This is
The shorthand property for the border properties is "border":

Example
border:5px solid red;

When using the border property, the order of the values are:

• border-width
• border-style
• border-color

It does not matter if one of the values above are missing (although, border-style is required), as
long as the rest are in the specified order.

More Examples
• All the top border properties in one declaration.
This example demonstrates a shorthand property for setting all of the properties for the top
border in one declaration.

<html>
<head>
p
{
border-style:solid;
border-top:thick double #ff0000;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is some text in a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

Results:

This is some text in a paragraph.

• Set the style of the bottom border.
This example demonstrates how to set the style of the bottom border.

<html>
<head>
p {border-style:solid;}
p.none {border-bottom-style:none;}
p.dotted {border-bottom-style:dotted;}
p.dashed {border-bottom-style:dashed;}
p.solid {border-bottom-style:solid;}
p.double {border-bottom-style:double;}
p.groove {border-bottom-style:groove;}
p.ridge {border-bottom-style:ridge;}
p.inset {border-bottom-style:inset;}
p.outset {border-bottom-style:outset;}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p class="none">No bottom border.</p>
<p class="dotted">A dotted bottom border.</p>
<p class="dashed">A dashed bottom border.</p>
<p class="solid">A solid bottom border.</p>
<p class="double">A double bottom border.</p>
<p class="groove">A groove bottom border.</p>
<p class="ridge">A ridge bottom border.</p>
<p class="inset">An inset bottom border.</p>
<p class="outset">An outset bottom border.</p>
</body>
</html>

Results:

No bottom border.

A dotted bottom border.

A dashed bottom border.

A solid bottom border.

A double bottom border.

A groove bottom border.

A ridge bottom border.

An inset bottom border.

An outset bottom border.

• Set the width of the left border.
This example demonstrates how to set the width of the left border.

<html>
<head>
p
{
border-style:solid;
border-left-width:15px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p><b>Note:</b> The "border-left-width" property does not work if it is used alone.
Use the "border-style" property to set the borders first.</p>
</body>
</html>

Results:

Note: The "border-left-width" property does not work if it is used alone. Use the "border-style"

• Set the color of the four borders.
This example demonstrates how to set the color of the four borders. It can have from one to four
colors.

<html>
<head>
p.one
{
border-style:solid;
border-color:#0000ff;
}
p.two
{
border-style:solid;
border-color:#ff0000 #0000ff;
}
p.three
{
border-style:solid;
border-color:#ff0000 #00ff00 #0000ff;
}
p.four

{
border-style:solid;
border-color:#ff0000 #00ff00 #0000ff rgb(250,0,255);
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p class="one">One-colored border!</p>
<p class="two">Two-colored border!</p>
<p class="three">Three-colored border!</p>
<p class="four">Four-colored border!</p>
<p><b>Note:</b> The "border-color" property does not work if it is used alone. Use
the "border-style" property to set the borders first.</p>
</body>
</html>

Results:

One-colored border!

Two-colored border!

Three-colored border!

Four-colored border!

Note: The "border-color" property does not work if it is used alone. Use the "border-style" property to
set the borders first.

• Set the color of the right border.
This example demonstrates how to set the color of the right border.

<html>
<head>
p
{
border-style:solid;
border-right-color:#ff0000;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is some text in a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

Results:

This is some text in a paragraph.

All CSS Border Properties
CSS2).

border Sets all the border properties in one border-width 1
declaration border-style
border-color
border-bottom Sets all the bottom border properties in one border-bottom-width 1
declaration border-bottom-style
border-bottom-color
border-bottom-color Sets the color of the bottom border border-color 2
border-bottom-style Sets the style of the bottom border border-style 2
border-bottom-width Sets the width of the bottom border border-width 1
border-color Sets the color of the four borders color_name 1
hex_number
rgb_number
transparent
inherit
border-left Sets all the left border properties in one border-left-width 1
declaration border-left-style
border-left-color
border-left-color Sets the color of the left border border-color 2
border-left-style Sets the style of the left border border-style 2
border-left-width Sets the width of the left border border-width 1
border-right Sets all the right border properties in one border-right-width 1
declaration border-right-style
border-right-color
border-right-color Sets the color of the right border border-color 2
border-right-style Sets the style of the right border border-style 2
border-right-width Sets the width of the right border border-width 1
border-style Sets the style of the four borders none 1
hidden
dotted
dashed
solid
double
groove
ridge
inset
outset
inherit
border-top Sets all the top border properties in one border-top-width 1
declaration border-top-style
border-top-color

border-top-color Sets the color of the top border border-color 2
border-top-style Sets the style of the top border border-style 2
border-top-width Sets the width of the top border border-width 1
border-width Sets the width of the four borders thin 1
medium
thick
length
inherit

3.3 Outline
An outline is a line that is drawn around elements, outside the border edge, to make the element
"stand out".
The outline properties specifies the style, color, and width of an outline.

Examples
• Draw a line around an element (outline).
This example demonstrates how to draw a line around an element, outside the border edge.

<html>
<head>
p
{
outline:green dotted thick;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p><b>Note:</b> Internet Explorer 8 (and higher) supports the outline property
if a !DOCTYPE is specified.</p>
</body>
</html>

Results:

Note: Internet Explorer 8 (and higher) supports the outline property if a !DOCTYPE is specified.

• Set the style of an outline.
This example demonstrates how to set the style of an outline.

<html>
<head>
p {border:1px solid red;}
p.dotted {outline-style:dotted;}

p.dashed {outline-style:dashed;}
p.solid {outline-style:solid;}
p.double {outline-style:double;}
p.groove {outline-style:groove;}
p.ridge {outline-style:ridge;}
p.inset {outline-style:inset;}
p.outset {outline-style:outset;}
</style>
</head>

<body>

<p class="dotted">A dotted outline</p>
<p class="dashed">A dashed outline</p>
<p class="solid">A solid outline</p>
<p class="double">A double outline</p>
<p class="groove">A groove outline</p>
<p class="ridge">A ridge outline</p>
<p class="inset">An inset outline</p>
<p class="outset">An outset outline</p>
<b>Note:</b> Internet Explorer 8 (and higher) supports the outline properties if a
!DOCTYPE is specified.
</body>
</html>

• Set the color of an outline.
This example demonstrates how to set the color of an outline.

<html>
<head>
p
{
outline-style:dotted;
outline-color:#00ff00;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p><b>Note:</b> Internet Explorer 8 (and higher) supports the outline properties if
a !DOCTYPE is specified.</p>
</body>
</html>

• Set the width of an outline.
This example demonstrates how to set the width of an outline.

<html>
<head>
p.one
{

outline-style:solid;
outline-width:thin;
}
p.two
{
outline-style:dotted;
outline-width:3px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p class="one">This is some text in a paragraph.</p>
<p class="two">This is some text in a paragraph.</p>

<p><b>Note:</b> Internet Explorer 8 (and higher) supports the outline properties if
a !DOCTYPE is specified.</p>
</body>
</html>

All CSS Outline Properties
CSS2).

outline Sets all the outline properties in one declaration outline-color 2
outline-style
outline-width
inherit
outline-color Sets the color of an outline color_name 2
hex_number
rgb_number
invert
inherit
outline-style Sets the style of an outline none 2
dotted
dashed
solid
double
groove
ridge
inset
outset
inherit
outline-width Sets the width of an outline thin 2
medium
thick
length
inherit

3.4 Margin
The CSS margin properties define the space around elements.
The margin clears an area around an element (outside the border). The margin does not have a
background color, and is completely transparent.
The top, right, bottom, and left margin can be changed independently using separate properties.
A shorthand margin property can also be used, to change all margins at once.

Possible Values
Value Description
auto The browser sets the margin.
The result of this is dependant of the browser
length Defines a fixed margin (in pixels, pt, em, etc.)
% Defines a margin in % of the containing element

It is possible to use negative values, to overlap content.

Margin - Individual sides
In CSS, it is possible to specify different margins for different sides:

Example
margin-top:100px;
margin-bottom:100px;
margin-right:50px;
margin-left:50px;

Margin - Shorthand property
To shorten the code, it is possible to specify all the margin properties in one property. This is
The shorthand property for all the margin properties is "margin":

Example
margin:100px 50px;

The margin property can have from one to four values.

• margin:25px 50px 75px 100px;
o top margin is 25px
o right margin is 50px
o bottom margin is 75px
o left margin is 100px

• margin:25px 50px 75px;
o top margin is 25px
o right and left margins are 50px
o bottom margin is 75px

• margin:25px 50px;
o top and bottom margins are 25px
o right and left margins are 50px

• margin:25px;
o all four margins are 25px

More Examples
• Set the top margin of a text using a cm value.
This example demonstrates how to set the top margin of a text using a cm value.

<html>
<head>
p.ex1 {margin-top:2cm;}
</style>
</head>

<body>

<p>A paragraph with no margins specified.</p>
<p class="ex1">A paragraph with a 2cm top margin.</p>
<p>A paragraph with no margins specified.</p>
</body>
</html>

Results:

A paragraph with no margins specified.
A paragraph with a 2cm top margin.
A paragraph with no margins specified.

• Set the bottom margin of a text using a percent value.
This example demonstrates how to set the bottom margin of a text using a percent value.

<html>
<head>
p.bottommargin {margin-bottom:25%;}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p>This is a paragraph with no margin specified.</p>
<p class="bottommargin">This is a paragraph with a specified bottom margin.</p>
<p>This is a paragraph with no margin specified.</p>

</body>
</html>

Results:

This is a paragraph with no margin specified.
This is a paragraph with a specified bottom margin.

This is a paragraph with no margin specified.

All CSS Margin Properties
CSS2).

margin A shorthand property for setting the margin margin-top 1
properties in one declaration margin-right
margin-bottom
margin-left
margin-bottom Sets the bottom margin of an element auto 1
length
%
margin-left Sets the left margin of an element auto 1
length
%
margin-right Sets the right margin of an element auto 1
length
%
margin-top Sets the top margin of an element auto 1
length
%

3.5 Padding
The CSS padding properties define the space between the element border and the element
content.

The padding clears an area around the content (inside the border) of an element. The padding is
affected by the background color of the element.

The top, right, bottom, and left padding can be changed independently using separate properties.
A shorthand padding property can also be used, to change all paddings at once.

Possible Values
Value Description
length Defines a fixed padding (in pixels, pt, em, etc.)
% Defines a padding in % of the containing element

Padding - Individual sides
In CSS, it is possible to specify different padding for different sides:

Example
padding-top:25px;
padding-bottom:25px;
padding-right:50px;
padding-left:50px;

Padding - Shorthand property
To shorten the code, it is possible to specify all the padding properties in one property. This is
The shorthand property for all the padding properties is "padding":

Example
padding:25px 50px;

The padding property can have from one to four values.

• padding:25px 50px 75px 100px;
o top padding is 25px
o right padding is 50px
o bottom padding is 75px
o left padding is 100px

• padding:25px 50px 75px;
o top padding is 25px
o right and left paddings are 50px
o bottom padding is 75px

• padding:25px 50px;
o top and bottom paddings are 25px
o right and left paddings are 50px

• padding:25px;
o all four paddings are 25px

More Examples
• All the padding properties in one declaration.
This example demonstrates a shorthand property for setting all of the padding properties in one
declaration, can have from one to four values.

<html>
<head>

p.ex1 {padding:2cm;}
p.ex2 {padding:0.5cm 3cm;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="ex1">This text has equal padding on each side. The padding on each side
is 2cm.</p>
<p class="ex2">This text has a top and bottom padding of 0.5cm and a left and right
padding of 3cm.</p>
</body>
</html>

Results:

This text has equal padding on each side.
The padding on each side is 2cm.

This text has a top and bottom
padding of 0.5cm and a left and right
padding of 3cm.

• Set the left padding.
This example demonstrates how to set the left padding of a p element.

<html>
<head>
p.padding {padding-left:2cm;}
p.padding2 {padding-left:50%;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is a text with no left padding.</p>
<p class="padding">This text has a left padding of 2 cm.</p>
<p class="padding2">This text has a left padding of 50%.</p>
</body>
</html>

Results:

This is a text with no left padding.
This text has a left padding of 2 cm.
This text has a left padding of 50%.

• Set the right padding.
This example demonstrates how to set the right padding of a p element.

<html>
<head>
p.padding {padding-right:2cm;}
p.padding2 {padding-right:50%;}

</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is a text with no right padding. This is a text with no right padding. This
is a text with no right padding.</p>
<p class="padding">This text has a right padding of 2 cm. This text has a right
padding of 2 cm. This text has a right padding of 2 cm.</p>
<p class="padding2">This text has a right padding of 50%. This text has a right
padding of 50%. This text has a right padding of 50%.</p>
</body>
</html>

Results:

This is a text with no right padding. This is a text with no right padding. This is a text
with no right padding.
This text has a right padding of 2 cm. This text has a right
padding of 2 cm. This text has a right padding of 2 cm.
This text has a right padding of 50%. This
text has a right padding of 50%. This text
has a right padding of 50%.

• Set the top padding.
This example demonstrates how to set the top padding of a p element.

<html>
<head>
p.padding {padding-top:2cm;}
p.padding2 {padding-top:50%;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is a text with no top padding. This is a text with no top padding. This is
a text with no top padding.</p>
<p class="padding">This text has a top padding of 2 cm. This text has a top padding
of 2 cm. This text has a top padding of 2 cm.</p>
<p class="padding2">This text has a top padding of 50%. This text has a top padding
of 50%. This text has a top padding of 50%.</p>
</body>
</html>

Results:

This is a text with no top padding. This is a text with no top padding. This is a text with
no top padding.

This text has a top padding of 2 cm. This text has a top padding of 2 cm. This text has a
top padding of 2 cm.

This text has a top padding of 50%. This text has a top padding of 50%. This text has a
top padding of 50%.

• Set the bottom padding.
This example demonstrates how to set the bottom padding of a p element.

<html>
<head>
p.padding {padding-bottom:2cm;}
p.padding2 {padding-bottom:50%;}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>This is a text with no bottom padding. This is a text with no bottom padding.
This is a text with no bottom padding.</p>
<p class="padding">This text has a bottom padding of 2 cm. This text has a bottom
padding of 2 cm. This text has a bottom padding of 2 cm.</p>
<p class="padding2">This text has a bottom padding of 50%. This text has a bottom
padding of 50%. This text has a bottom padding of 50%.</p>
</body>
</html>

Results:

This is a text with no bottom padding. This is a text with no bottom padding. This is a
text with no bottom padding.
This text has a bottom padding of 2 cm. This text has a bottom padding of 2 cm. This
text has a bottom padding of 2 cm.

This text has a bottom padding of 50%. This text has a bottom padding of 50%. This text
has a bottom padding of 50%.

All CSS Padding Properties
CSS2).

padding A shorthand property for setting all the padding padding-top 1
properties in one declaration padding-right
padding-bottom
padding-left
padding-bottom Sets the bottom padding of an element length 1
%
padding-left Sets the left padding of an element length 1
%

padding-right Sets the right padding of an element length 1
%
padding-top Sets the top padding of an element length 1
%

4. CSS Advanced
4.1 Grouping and Nesting Selectors
Grouping Selectors
In style sheets there are often elements with the same style.

h1
{
color:green;
}
h2
{
color:green;
}
p
{
color:green;
}

To minimize the code, you can group selectors.
Separate each selector with a comma.
In the example below we have grouped the selectors from the code above:

Example
h1,h2,p
{
color:green;
}

Nesting Selectors
It is possible to apply a style for a selector within a selector.
In the example below, one style is specified for all p elements, and a separate style is specified for
p elements nested within the "marked" class:

Example
p
{
color:blue;
text-align:center;
}
.marked
{
background-color:blue;
}
.marked p
{
color:white;
}

4.2 Dimension
The CSS dimension properties allow you to control the height and width of an element.

Try it Yourself - Examples
• Set the height of elements.
This example demonstrates how to set the height of different elements.

<html>
<head>
img.normal
{
height:auto;
}
img.big
{
height:120px;
}
p.ex
{
height:100px;
width:100px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<img class="normal" src="logocss.gif" width="95" height="84" /><br />
<img class="big" src="logocss.gif" width="95" height="84" />
<p class="ex">The height and width of this paragraph is 100px.</p>
<p>This is some text in a paragraph. This is some text in a paragraph.
This is some text in a paragraph. This is some text in a paragraph.
This is some text in a paragraph. This is some text in a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

• Set the height of an image using percent.
This example demonstrates how to set the height of an element using a percent value.

<html>
<head>
img.normal {height:auto;}
img.big {height:50%;}
img.small {height:10%;}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<img class="normal" src="logocss.gif" width="95" height="84" /><br />
<img class="big" src="logocss.gif" width="95" height="84" /><br />
<img class="small" src="logocss.gif" width="95" height="84" />
</body>
</html>

• Set the width of an element using a pixel value.
This example demonstrates how to set the width of an element using a pixel value.

<html>
<head>
img {width:200px;}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<img src="logocss.gif" width="95" height="84" />

</body>
</html>

• Set the maximum height of an element.
This example demonstrates how to set the maximum height of an element.

<html>
<head>
p
{
max-height:100px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>The maximum height of this paragraph is set to 100px.</p>
</body>
</html>

• Set the maximum width of an element using percent.
This example demonstrates how to set the maximum width of an element using a percent value.

<html>
<head>

p {max-width:50%;}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p>This is some text. This is some text. This is some text.
This is some text. This is some text. This is some text.</p>

</body>
</html>

• Set the minimum height of an element.
This example demonstrates how to set the minimum height of an element.

<html>
<head>
p
{
min-height:100px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>The minimum height of this paragraph is set to 100px.</p>
</body>
</html>

• Set the minimum width of an element using a pixel value.
This example demonstrates how to set the minimum width of an element using a pixel value.

<html>
<head>
p
{
min-width:50px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>The minimum width of this paragraph is set to 50px.</p>
</body>
</html>

All CSS Dimension Properties
CSS2).

height Sets the height of an element auto 1
length
%

inherit
max-height Sets the maximum height of an element none 2
length
%
inherit
max-width Sets the maximum width of an element none 2
length
%
inherit
min-height Sets the minimum height of an element length 2
%
inherit
min-width Sets the minimum width of an element length 2
%
inherit
width Sets the width of an element auto 1
length
%
inherit

4.3 Display and Visibility
The display property specifies if/how an element is displayed, and the visibility property specifies
if an element should be visible or hidden.

Box 1 Box 2 Box 3

Remove Hide Reset All

Hiding an Element - display:none or visibility:hidden

Hiding an element can be done by setting the display property to "none" or the visibility property
to "hidden". However, notice that these two methods produce different results:
visibility:hidden hides an element, but it will still take up the same space as before. The element
will be hidden, but still affect the layout.

Example
h1.hidden {visibility:hidden;}

display:none hides an element, and it will not take up any space. The element will be hidden, and
the page will be displayed as the element is not there:

Example
h1.hidden {display:none;}

CSS Display - Block and Inline Elements

A block element is an element that takes up the full width available, and has a line break before
and after it.

Examples of block elements:

• <h1>
• <p>
• <div>

An inline element only takes up as much width as necessary, and does not force line breaks.
Examples of inline elements:

• <span>
• <a>

Changing How an Element is Displayed

Changing an inline element to a block element, or vice versa, can be useful for making the page
look a specific way, and still follow web standards.
The following example displays list items as inline elements:

Example
li {display:inline;}

The following example displays span elements as block elements:

Example
span {display:block;}

Note: Changing the display type of an element changes only how the element is displayed, NOT
what kind of element it is. For example: An inline element set to display:block is not allowed to
have a block element nested inside of it.

More Examples
• How to display an element as an inline element.
This example demonstrates how to display an element as an inline element.

<html>
<head>
p {display:inline;}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>A display property with a value of "inline" results in</p>
<p>no distance between two elements.</p>
</body>
</html>

• How to display an element as a block element.
This example demonstrates how to display an element as a block element.

<html>
<head>
span
{
display:block;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<span>A display property with a value of "block" results in</span> <span>a line
break between the two elements.</span>

</body>
</html>

• How to make a table element collapse.
This example demonstrates how to make a table element collapse.

<html>
<head>
tr.collapse {visibility:collapse;}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Peter</td>
<td>Griffin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="collapse">
<td>Lois</td>
<td>Griffin</td>
</tr>
</table>

<p><b>Note:</b> Internet Explorer supports visibility:collapse only if a !DOCTYPE
is specified.</p>

</body>
</html>

4.4 Positioning

Decide which element to display in Positioning can be tricky sometimes!
front!
Elements can overlap!

The CSS positioning properties allow you to position an element. It can also place an element
behind another, and specify what should happen when an element's content is too big.
Elements can be positioned using the top, bottom, left, and right properties. However, these
properties will not work unless the position property is set first. They also work differently
depending on the positioning method.

There are four different positioning methods.

Static Positioning
HTML elements are positioned static by default. A static positioned element is always positioned
according to the normal flow of the page.
Static positioned elements are not affected by the top, bottom, left, and right properties.

Fixed Positioning
An element with fixed position is positioned relative to the browser window.
It will not move even if the window is scrolled:

Example
p.pos_fixed
{
position:fixed;
top:30px;
right:5px;
}

Note: Internet Explorer supports the fixed value only if a !DOCTYPE is specified.
Fixed positioned elements are removed from the normal flow. The document and other elements
behave like the fixed positioned element does not exist.
Fixed positioned elements can overlap other elements.

Relative Positioning
A relative positioned element is positioned relative to its normal position.

Example
h2.pos_left
{
position:relative;
left:-20px;

}
h2.pos_right
{
position:relative;
left:20px;
}

The content of relatively positioned elements can be moved and overlap other elements, but the
reserved space for the element is still preserved in the normal flow.

Example
h2.pos_top
{
position:relative;
top:-50px;
}

Relatively positioned elements are often used as container blocks for absolutely positioned
elements.

Absolute Positioning
An absolute position element is positioned relative to the first parent element that has a position
other than static. If no such element is found, the containing block is <html>:

Example
h2
{
position:absolute;
left:100px;
top:150px;
}

Absolutely positioned elements are removed from the normal flow. The document and other
elements behave like the absolutely positioned element does not exist.
Absolutely positioned elements can overlap other elements.

Overlapping Elements
When elements are positioned outside the normal flow, they can overlap other elements.
The z-index property specifies the stack order of an element (which element should be placed in
front of, or behind, the others).
An element can have a positive or negative stack order:

Example
img
{
position:absolute;

left:0px;
top:0px;
z-index:-1
}

An element with greater stack order is always in front of an element with a lower stack order.
Note: If two positioned elements overlap, without a z-index specified, the element positioned last
in the HTML code will be shown on top.

More Examples
• Set the shape of an element.
This example demonstrates how to set the shape of an element. The element is clipped into this
shape, and displayed.

<html>
<head>
img
{
position:absolute;
clip:rect(0px,60px,200px,0px);
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<img src="w3css.gif" width="100" height="140" />
</body>
</html>

• How to show overflow in an element using scroll.
This example demonstrates how to set the overflow property to create a scroll bar when an
element's content is too big to fit in a specified area.

<html>
<head>
div.scroll
{
background-color:#00FFFF;
width:100px;
height:100px;
overflow:scroll;
}

div.hidden
{
background-color:#00FF00;
width:100px;
height:100px;
overflow:hidden;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>The overflow property specifies what to do if the content of an element exceeds
the size of the element's box.</p>

<p>overflow:scroll</p>
<div class="scroll">You can use the overflow property when you want to have better
control of the layout. The default value is visible.</div>

<p>overflow:hidden</p>
<div class="hidden">You can use the overflow property when you want to have better
control of the layout. The default value is visible.</div>
</body>
</html>

• How to set the browser to automatically handle overflow.
This example demonstrates how to set the browser to automatically handle overflow.

<html>
<head>
div
{
background-color:#00FFFF;
width:150px;
height:150px;
overflow:auto;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>The overflow property decides what to do if the content inside an element
exceeds the given width and height properties.</p>
<div>
You can use the overflow property when you want to have better control of the
layout. Try to change the overflow property to: visible, hidden, scroll, or inherit
and see what happens. The default value is visible.
</div>
</body>
</html>

• Change the cursor.
This example demonstrates how to change the cursor.

<html>
<body>
<p>Mouse over the words to change the cursor.</p>
<span style="cursor:auto">auto</span><br />
<span style="cursor:crosshair">crosshair</span><br />
<span style="cursor:default">default</span><br />
<span style="cursor:e-resize">e-resize</span><br />
<span style="cursor:help">help</span><br />
<span style="cursor:move">move</span><br />
<span style="cursor:n-resize">n-resize</span><br />
<span style="cursor:ne-resize">ne-resize</span><br />
<span style="cursor:nw-resize">nw-resize</span><br />
<span style="cursor:pointer">pointer</span><br />
<span style="cursor:progress">progress</span><br />
<span style="cursor:s-resize">s-resize</span><br />

<span style="cursor:se-resize">se-resize</span><br />
<span style="cursor:sw-resize">sw-resize</span><br />
<span style="cursor:text">text</span><br />
<span style="cursor:w-resize">w-resize</span><br />
<span style="cursor:wait">wait</span><br />
</body>
</html>

All CSS Positioning Properties
CSS2).

bottom Sets the bottom margin edge for a auto 2
positioned box length
%
inherit
clip Clips an absolutely positioned element shape 2
auto
inherit
cursor Specifies the type of cursor to be url 2
displayed auto
crosshair
default
pointer
move
e-resize
ne-resize
nw-resize
n-resize
se-resize
sw-resize
s-resize
w-resize
text
wait
help
left Sets the left margin edge for a positioned auto 2
box length
%
inherit
overflow Specifies what happens if content auto 2
overflows an element's box hidden
scroll
visible
inherit
position Specifies the type of positioning for an absolute 2
element fixed
relative
static
inherit

right Sets the right margin edge for a auto 2
positioned box length
%
inherit
top Sets the top margin edge for a positioned auto 2
box length
%
inherit
z-index Sets the stack order of an element number 2
auto
inherit

4.5 Floating
What is CSS Float?

Remove image Remove image Remove image Remove image

With CSS float, an element can be pushed to the left or right, allowing other elements to wrap
around it.
Float is very often used for images, but it is also useful when working with layouts.

How Elements Float
Elements are floated horizontally, this means that an element can only be floated left or right, not
up or down.
A floated element will move as far to the left or right as it can. Usually this means all the way to
the left or right of the containing element.
The elements after the floating element will flow around it.
The elements before the floating element will not be affected.
If an image is floated to the right, a following text flows around it, to the left:

Example
img
{
float:right;
}

Floating Elements Next to Each Other
If you place several floating elements after each other, they will float next to each other if there is
room.

Here we have made an image gallery using the float property:

Example
.thumbnail
{
float:left;
width:110px;
height:90px;
margin:5px;
}

Turning off Float - Using Clear
Elements after the floating element will flow around it. To avoid this, use the clear property.
The clear property specifies which sides of an element other floating elements are not allowed.
Add a text line into the image gallery, using the clear property:

Example
.text_line
{
clear:both;
}

More Examples
• An image with border and margins that floats to the right in a paragraph.
Let an image float to the right in a paragraph. Add border and margins to the image.

<html>
<head>
img
{
float:right;
border:1px dotted black;
margin:0px 0px 15px 20px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>
In the paragraph below, the image will float to the right. A dotted black border is
added to the image.
We have also added margins to the image to push the text away from the image:
0 px margin on the top and right side, 15 px margin on the bottom, and 20 px margin
on the left side of the image.
</p>
<p>
<img src="logocss.gif" width="95" height="84" />

</p>
</body>

</html>

• An image with a caption that floats to the right.
Let an image with a caption float to the right.

<html>
<head>
div
{
float:right;
width:120px;
margin:0 0 15px 20px;
padding:15px;
border:1px solid black;
text-align:center;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div>
<img src="logocss.gif" width="95" height="84" /><br />
CSS is fun!
</div>
<p>
</p>

<p>
In the paragraph above, the div element is 120 pixels wide and it contains the
image.
The div element will float to the right.
Margins are added to the div to push the text away from the div.
Borders and padding are added to the div to frame in the picture and the caption.
</p>

</body>

</html>

• Let the first letter of a paragraph float to the left.
Let the first letter of a paragraph float to the left and style the letter.

<html>
<head>
span
{
float:left;
width:0.7em;
font-size:400%;
font-family:algerian,courier;
line-height:80%;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>
<span>T</span>his is some text.
</p>

<p>
In the paragraph above, the first letter of the text is embedded in a span element.
The span element has a width that is 0.7 times the size of the current font.
The font-size of the span element is 400% (quite large) and the line-height is 80%.
The font of the letter in the span will be in "Algerian".
</p>

</body>
</html>

• Creating a horizontal menu.
Use float with a list of hyperlinks to create a horizontal menu.

<html>
<head>
ul
{
float:left;
width:100%;
padding:0;
margin:0;
list-style-type:none;
}
a
{

float:left;
width:6em;
color:white;
background-color:purple;
padding:0.2em 0.6em;
border-right:1px solid white;
}
a:hover {background-color:#ff3300;}
li {display:inline;}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<ul>
<li><a href="#">Link one</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Link two</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Link three</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Link four</a></li>
</ul>

<p>
In the example above, we let the ul element and the a element float to the left.
The li elements will be displayed as inline elements (no line break before or after
the element). This forces the list to be on one line.
The ul element has a width of 100% and each hyperlink in the list has a width of
6em (6 times the size of the current font).
We add some colors and borders to make it more fancy.
</p>

</body>
</html>

• Creating a homepage without tables.
Use float to create a homepage with a header, footer, left content and main content.

<html>
<head>
div.container
{
width:100%;
margin:0px;
line-height:150%;
}
div.header,div.footer
{
padding:0.5em;
color:white;
background-color:gray;
clear:left;
}
h1.header
{
padding:0;
margin:0;
}
div.left

{
float:left;
width:160px;
margin:0;
padding:1em;
}
div.content
{
margin-left:190px;
border-left:1px solid gray;
padding:1em;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<div class="container">
<div class="header"><h1 class="header">W3Schools.com</h1></div>
<div class="left"><p>"Never increase, beyond what is necessary, the number of
entities required to explain anything." William of Ockham (1285-1349)</p></div>
<div class="content">
<h2>Free Web Building Tutorials</h2>
<p>At W3Schools you will find all the Web-building tutorials you need,
from basic HTML and XHTML to advanced XML, XSL, Multimedia and WAP.</p>
<p>W3Schools - The Largest Web Developers Site On The Net!</p></div>
<div class="footer">Copyright 1999-2005 by Refsnes Data.</div>
</div>

</body>
</html>

All CSS Float Properties
CSS2).

clear Specifies which sides of an element left 1
where other floating elements are not right
allowed both
none
inherit
float Specifies whether or not a box should left 1
float right
none
inherit

4.6 Horizontal Align

In CSS, several properties
are used to align elements
horizontally.

Aligning Block Elements
A block element is an element that takes up the full width available, and has a line break before
and after it.

Examples of block elements:

• <h1>
• <p>
• <div>

For aligning text, see the CSS Text chapter.
In this chapter we will show you how to horizontally align block elements for layout purposes.

Center Aligning Using the margin Property
Block elements can be aligned by setting the left and right margins to "auto".

Note: Using margin:auto will not work in Internet Explorer, unless a !DOCTYPE is declared.

Setting the left and right margins to auto specifies that they should split the available margin
equally. The result is a centered element:

Example
.center
{
margin-left:auto;
margin-right:auto;
width:70%;
background-color:#b0e0e6;
}

Tip: Aligning has no effect if the width is 100%.

Note: In IE 5 there is a margin handling bug for block elements. To make the example above
work in IE5, add some extra code.

Left and Right Aligning Using the position Property

One method of aligning elements is to use absolute positioning:

Example
.right
{
position:absolute;
right:0px;
width:300px;
}

Note: Absolute positioned elements are removed from the normal flow, and can overlap
elements.

Crossbrowser Compatibility Issues
When aligning elements like this, it is always a good idea to predefine margin and padding for the
<body> element. This is to avoid visual differences in different browsers.

There is also another problem with IE when using the position property. If a container element (in
our case <div class="container">) has a specified width, and the !DOCTYPE declaration is
missing, IE will add a 17px margin on the right side. This seems to be space reserved for a
scrollbar. Always set the !DOCTYPE declaration when using the position property:

Example
body
{
margin:0;
padding:0;
}
.container
{
position:relative;
width:100%;
}
.right
{
position:absolute;
right:0px;
width:300px;
}

Left and Right Aligning Using the float Property
One method of aligning elements is to use the float property:

Example
.right
{
float:right;
width:300px;
}

Crossbrowser Compatibility Issues
When aligning elements like this, it is always a good idea to predefine margin and padding for the
<body> element. This is to avoid visual differences in different browsers.
There is also another problem with IE when using the float property. If the !DOCTYPE declaration
is missing, IE will add a 17px margin on the right side. This seems to be space reserved for a
scrollbar. Always set the !DOCTYPE declaration when using the float property:

Example
body
{
margin:0;
padding:0;
}
.right
{
float:right;
width:300px;
}

4.7 Pseudo-classes
CSS pseudo-classes are used to add special effects to some selectors.

Syntax
The syntax of pseudo-classes:

selector:pseudo-class {property:value;}

CSS classes can also be used with pseudo-classes:

selector.class:pseudo-class {property:value;}

Anchor Pseudo-classes
Links can be displayed in different ways in a CSS-supporting browser:

Example
a:link {color:#FF0000;} /* unvisited link */
a:visited {color:#00FF00;} /* visited link */
a:hover {color:#FF00FF;} /* mouse over link */
a:active {color:#0000FF;} /* selected link */

Note: a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited in the CSS definition in order to be effective!!

Note: a:active MUST come after a:hover in the CSS definition in order to be effective!!

Note: Pseudo-class names are not case-sensitive.

Pseudo-classes and CSS Classes
Pseudo-classes can be combined with CSS classes:

a.red:visited {color:#FF0000;}

<a class="red" href="css_syntax.asp">CSS Syntax</a>

If the link in the example above has been visited, it will be displayed in red.

CSS - The :first-child Pseudo-class
The :first-child pseudo-class matches a specified element that is the first child of another element.

Note: For :first-child to work in IE a <!DOCTYPE> must be declared.

Match the first <p> element
In the following example, the selector matches any <p> element that is the first child of any
element:

Example
<html>
<head>
p:first-child
{
color:blue;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>I am a strong man.</p>
<p>I am a strong man.</p>
</body>
</html>

Match the first <i> element in all <p> elements
In the following example, the selector matches the first <i> element in all <p> elements:

Example
<html>
<head>

p > i:first-child
{
font-weight:bold;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>I am a <i>strong</i> man. I am a <i>strong</i> man.</p>
</body>
</html>

Match all <i> elements in all first child <p> elements
In the following example, the selector matches all <i> elements in <p> elements that are the first
child of another element:

Example
<html>
<head>
p:first-child i
{
color:blue;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
</body>
</html>

CSS - The :lang Pseudo-class
The :lang pseudo-class allows you to define special rules for different languages.

Note: Internet Explorer 8 (and higher) supports the :lang pseudo-class if a <!DOCTYPE> is
specified.
In the example below, the :lang class defines the quotation marks for q elements with lang="no":

Example
<html>
<head>
q:lang(no) {quotes: "~" "~";}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>Some text <q lang="no">A quote in a paragraph</q> Some text.</p>
</body>
</html>

More Examples
• Add different styles to hyperlinks.
This example demonstrates how to add other styles to hyperlinks.

<html>
<head>
a.one:link {color:#ff0000;}
a.one:visited {color:#0000ff;}
a.one:hover {color:#ffcc00;}

a.two:link {color:#ff0000;}
a.two:visited {color:#0000ff;}
a.two:hover {font-size:150%;}

a.three:link {color:#ff0000;}
a.three:visited {color:#0000ff;}
a.three:hover {background:#66ff66;}

a.four:link {color:#ff0000;}
a.four:visited {color:#0000ff;}
a.four:hover {font-family:monospace;}

a.five:link {color:#ff0000;text-decoration:none;}
a.five:visited {color:#0000ff;text-decoration:none;}
a.five:hover {text-decoration:underline;}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p>Mouse over the links to see them change layout.</p>

<p><b><a class="one" href="default.asp" target="_blank">This link changes
color</a></b></p>
<p><b><a class="two" href="default.asp" target="_blank">This link changes font-
size</a></b></p>
<p><b><a class="three" href="default.asp" target="_blank">This link changes
background-color</a></b></p>
<p><b><a class="four" href="default.asp" target="_blank">This link changes font-
family</a></b></p>
<p><b><a class="five" href="default.asp" target="_blank">This link changes text-
decoration</a></b></p>
</body>

</html>

• Use of :focus.
This example demonstrates how to use the :focus pseudo-class.

<html>
<head>
input:focus
{
background-color:yellow;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<form action="form_action.asp" method="get">
First name: <input type="text" name="fname" /><br />
Last name: <input type="text" name="lname" /><br />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>

<p><b>Note:</b> Internet Explorer 8 (and higher) supports the :focus pseudo-class
if a !DOCTYPE is specified.</p>
</body>
</html>

Pseudo-classes
The "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1 or CSS2).

Pseudo name Description CSS
:active Adds a style to an element that is activated 1

:first-child Adds a style to an element that is the first child of another element 2

:focus Adds a style to an element that has keyboard input focus 2

:hover Adds a style to an element when you mouse over it 1

:lang Adds a style to an element with a specific lang attribute 2

:link Adds a style to an unvisited link 1

:visited Adds a style to a visited link 1

4.8 Pseudo-elements
CSS pseudo-elements are used to add special effects to some selectors.

Syntax
The syntax of pseudo-elements:

selector:pseudo-element {property:value;}

CSS classes can also be used with pseudo-elements:

selector.class:pseudo-element {property:value;}

The :first-line Pseudo-element
The "first-line" pseudo-element is used to add a special style to the first line of a text.
In the following example the browser formats the first line of text in a p element according to the
style in the "first-line" pseudo-element (where the browser breaks the line, depends on the size of
the browser window):

Example
p:first-line
{
color:#ff0000;
font-variant:small-caps;
}

Note: The "first-line" pseudo-element can only be used with block-level elements.

Note: The following properties apply to the "first-line" pseudo-element:

• font properties
• color properties
• background properties
• word-spacing
• letter-spacing
• text-decoration
• vertical-align
• text-transform
• line-height
• clear

The :first-letter Pseudo-element
The "first-letter" pseudo-element is used to add a special style to the first letter of a text:

Example
p:first-letter
{
color:#ff0000;
font-size:xx-large;
}

Note: The "first-letter" pseudo-element can only be used with block-level elements.

Note: The following properties apply to the "first-letter" pseudo- element:

• font properties
• color properties
• background properties
• margin properties

• padding properties
• border properties
• text-decoration
• vertical-align (only if "float" is "none")
• text-transform
• line-height
• float
• clear

Pseudo-elements and CSS Classes
Pseudo-elements can be combined with CSS classes:

p.article:first-letter {color:#ff0000;}

<p class="article">A paragraph in an article</p>

The example above will display the first letter of all paragraphs with class="article", in red.

Multiple Pseudo-elements
Several pseudo-elements can also be combined.
In the following example, the first letter of a paragraph will be red, in an xx-large font size. The
rest of the first line will be blue, and in small-caps. The rest of the paragraph will be the default
font size and color:

Example
p:first-letter
{
color:#ff0000;
font-size:xx-large;
}
p:first-line
{
color:#0000ff;
font-variant:small-caps;
}

CSS - The :before Pseudo-element
The ":before" pseudo-element can be used to insert some content before the content of an
element.
The following example inserts an image before each <h1> element:

Example
h1:before
{
content:url(smiley.gif);
}

CSS - The :after Pseudo-element
The ":after" pseudo-element can be used to insert some content after the content of an element.
The following example inserts an image after each <h1> element:

Example
h1:after
{
content:url(smiley.gif);
}

Pseudo-elements
The "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1 or CSS2).

Pseudo name Description CSS
:after Adds content after an element 2
:before Adds content before an element 2
:first-letter Adds a style to the first character of a text 1
:first-line Adds a style to the first line of a text 1

4.9 Navigation Bar
HOME NEWS ARTICLES FORUM CONTACT ABOUT

Navigation Bars
Having easy-to-use navigation is important for any web site.
With CSS you can transform boring HTML menus into good-looking navigation bars.

Navigation Bar = List of Links
A navigation bar needs standard HTML as a base.
In our examples we will build the navigation bar from a standard HTML list.
A navigation bar is basically a list of links, so using the <ul> and <li> elements makes perfect
sense:

Example
<ul>
<li><a href="default.asp">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="news.asp">News</a></li>
<li><a href="contact.asp">Contact</a></li>
<li><a href="about.asp">About</a></li>
</ul>

Now let's remove the bullets and the margins and padding from the list:

Example
ul
{
margin:0;
padding:0;
}

Example explained:

• list-style-type:none - Removes the bullets. A navigation bar does not need list markers
• Setting margins and padding to 0 to remove browser default settings

The code in the example above is the standard code used in both vertical, and horizontal
navigation bars.

Vertical Navigation Bar
To build a vertical navigation bar we only need to style the <a> elements, in addition to the code
above:

Example
a
{
display:block;
width:60px;
}

Example explained:

• display:block - Displaying the links as block elements makes the whole link area clickable (not
just the text), and it allows us to specify the width
• width:60px - Block elements take up the full width available by default. We want to specify a
60 px width

Tip: Also take a look at our fully styled vertical navigation bar example.

<html>
<head>
ul HOME
{
list-style-type:none; NEWS
margin:0;
padding:0; CONTACT
} ABOUT
a:link,a:visited
{
display:block;
font-weight:bold;
color:#FFFFFF;

width:120px;
text-align:center;
padding:4px;
text-transform:uppercase;
}
a:hover,a:active
{
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<ul>
<li><a href="#home">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#news">News</a></li>
<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>
<li><a href="#about">About</a></li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

Note: Always specify the width for <a> elements in a vertical navigation bar. If you omit the
width, IE6 can produce unexpected results.

Horizontal Navigation Bar
There are two ways to create a horizontal navigation bar. Using inline or floating list items.
Both methods work fine, but if you want the links to be the same size, you have to use the
floating method.

Inline List Items
One way to build a horizontal navigation bar is to specify the <li> elements as inline, in addition
to the "standard" code above:

Example
li
{
display:inline;
}

Example explained:

• display:inline; - By default, <li> elements are block elements. Here, we remove the line
breaks before and after each list item, to display them on one line

Tip: Also take a look at our fully styled horizontal navigation bar example.

<html>
<head>

ul
{
margin:0;
padding:0;
padding-top:6px; HOME NEWS CONTACT ABOUT
padding-bottom:6px;
}
li
{
display:inline;
}
a:link,a:visited
{
font-weight:bold;
color:#FFFFFF;
text-align:center;
padding:6px;
}
a:hover,a:active
{
}

</style>
</head>

<body>
<ul>
</ul>

<p><b>Note:</b> If you only set the padding for a elements (and not ul), the links
will go outside the ul element. Therefore, we have added a top and bottom padding
for the ul element.</p>
</body>
</html>

Floating List Items
In the example above the links have different widths.
For all the links to have an equal width, float the <li> elements and specify a width for the <a>
elements:

Example
li
{
float:left;
}
a

{
display:block;
width:60px;
}

Example explained:

• float:left - use float to get block elements to slide next to each other
• display:block - Displaying the links as block elements makes the whole link area clickable (not
just the text), and it allows us to specify the width
• width:60px - Since block elements take up the full width available, they cannot float next to
each other. We specify the width of the links to 60px

Tip: Also take a look at our fully styled horizontal navigation bar example.

<html>
<head>
ul
{ HOME NEWS CONTACT
margin:0; ABOUT
padding:0;
overflow:hidden;
}
li
{
float:left;
}
a:link,a:visited
{
display:block;
width:120px;
font-weight:bold;
color:#FFFFFF;
text-align:center;
padding:4px;
}
a:hover,a:active
{
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

4.10 Image Gallery
CSS can be used to create an image gallery.

Add a description Add a description Add a description Add a description
of the image here of the image here of the image here of the image here

The following image gallery is created with CSS:

Example
<html>
<head>
div.img
{
margin:2px;
border:1px solid #0000ff;
height:auto;
width:auto;
float:left;
text-align:center;
}
div.img img
{
display:inline;
margin:3px;
border:1px solid #ffffff;
}
div.img a:hover img
{
border:1px solid #0000ff;
}
div.desc
{
text-align:center;
font-weight:normal;
width:120px;
margin:2px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<div class="img">
<a target="_blank" href="klematis_big.htm">
<img src="klematis_small.jpg" alt="Klematis" width="110" height="90" />
</a>
<div class="desc">Add a description of the image here</div>

</div>
<div class="img">
<a target="_blank" href="klematis2_big.htm">
<img src="klematis2_small.jpg" alt="Klematis" width="110" height="90" />
</a>
</div>
<div class="img">
</a>
</div>
<div class="img">
</a>
</div>

</body>
</html>

4.11 Image Opacity
Creating transparent images with CSS is easy.

Try it Yourself - Examples
• Creating transparent images - mouseover effect

<html>
<head>
img
{
opacity:0.4;
filter:alpha(opacity=40);
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>Image Transparency</h1>
<img src="klematis.jpg" width="150" height="113" alt="klematis"
onmouseover="this.style.opacity=1;this.filters.alpha.opacity=100"
onmouseout="this.style.opacity=0.4;this.filters.alpha.opacity=40" />

<img src="klematis2.jpg" width="150" height="113" alt="klematis"
</body>
</html>

• Creating a transparent box with text on a background image

<html>
<head>
div.background
{
width: 500px;
height: 250px;
background: url(klematis.jpg) repeat;
}
div.transbox
{
width: 400px;
height: 180px;
margin: 30px 50px;
background-color: #ffffff;
opacity:0.6;
}
div.transbox p
{
margin: 30px 40px;
font-weight: bold;
color: #000000;
}
</style>
</head>
<body><div class="background">
<div class="transbox">
<p>This is some text that is placed in the transparent box.
This is some text that is placed in the transparent box.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

Note: This is not yet a CSS standard. However, it works in all modern browsers, and is a part of
the W3C CSS 3 recommendation.

Example 1 - Creating a Transparent Image
First we will show you how to create a transparent image with CSS.
Regular image:

The same image with transparency:

Look at the following source code:

<img src="klematis.jpg" width="150" height="113" alt="klematis"
style="opacity:0.4;filter:alpha(opacity=40)" />

Firefox uses the property opacity:x for transparency, while IE uses filter:alpha(opacity=x).

Tip: The CSS3 syntax for transparency is opacity:x.

In Firefox (opacity:x) x can be a value from 0.0 - 1.0. A lower value makes the element more
transparent.
In IE (filter:alpha(opacity=x)) x can be a value from 0 - 100. A lower value makes the element
more transparent.

Example 2 - Image Transparency - Mouseover
Effect
Mouse over the images:

The source code looks like this:

<img src="klematis.jpg" style="opacity:0.4;filter:alpha(opacity=40)"

<img src="klematis2.jpg" style="opacity:0.4;filter:alpha(opacity=40)"


We see that the first line of the source code is similar to the source code in Example 1. In
addition, we have added an onmouseover attribute and an onmouseout attribute. The
onmouseover attribute defines what will happen when the mouse pointer moves over the image.

In this case we want the image to NOT be transparent when we move the mouse pointer over it.
The syntax for this in Firefox is: this.style.opacity=1 and the syntax in IE
is:this.filters.alpha.opacity=100.

When the mouse pointer moves away from the image, we want the image to be transparent
again. This is done in the onmouseout attribute.

Example 3 - Text in Transparent Box

This is some text that is placed in the
transparent box. This is some text that is placed
in the transparent box. This is some text that is
placed in the transparent box. This is some text
that is placed in the transparent box. This is
some text that is placed in the transparent box.

The source code looks like this:

<html>
<head>
div.background
{
width:500px;
height:250px;
background:url(klematis.jpg) repeat;
}
div.transbox
{
width:400px;
height:180px;
margin:30px 50px;

background-color:#ffffff;
/* for IE */
/* CSS3 standard */
opacity:0.6;
}
div.transbox p
{
margin:30px 40px;
font-weight:bold;
color:#000000;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>

<div class="background">
<div class="transbox">
<p>This is some text that is placed in the transparent box.
</p>
</div>
</div>

</body>
</html>

First, we create a div element (class="background") with a fixed height and width, a background
image, and a border. Then we create a smaller div (class="transbox") inside the first div element.
This div also have a fixed width, a background image, and a border. In addition we make this div
transparent.

Inside the transparent div, we add some text inside a p element.

4.12 Image Sprites
An image sprite is a collection of images put into a single image.
A web page with many images can take a long time to load and generates multiple server
requests.

Using image sprites will reduce the number of server requests and save bandwidth.

Image Sprites - Simple Example
Instead of using three separate images, we use this single image ("img_navsprites.gif"):

With CSS, we can show just the part of the image we need.

In the following example the CSS specifies which part of the "img_navsprites.gif" image to show:

Example
img.home
{
width:46px;
height:44px;
background:url(img_navsprites.gif) 0 0;
}

Example explained:

• <img class="home" src="img_trans.gif" /> - Only defines a small transparent image because
the src attribute cannot be empty. The displayed image will be the background image we
specify in CSS
• width:46px;height:44px; - Defines the portion of the image we want to use
• background:url(img_navsprites.gif) 0 0; - Defines the background image and its position (left
0px, top 0px)

This is the easiest way to use image sprites, now we want to expand it by using links and hover
effects.

Image Sprites - Create a Navigation List
We want to use the sprite image ("img_navsprites.gif") to create a navigation list.
We will use an HTML list, because it can be a link and also supports a background image:

Example
#navlist{position:relative;}
#navlist li{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;position:absolute;top:0;}
#navlist li, #navlist a{height:44px;display:block;}

#home{left:0px;width:46px;}
#home{background:url('img_navsprites.gif') 0 0;}

#prev{left:63px;width:43px;}
#prev{background:url('img_navsprites.gif') -47px 0;}

#next{left:129px;width:43px;}
#next{background:url('img_navsprites.gif') -91px 0;}

Example explained:

• #navlist{position:relative;} - position is set to relative to allow absolute positioning inside it
• #navlist li{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;position:absolute;top:0;} - margin and
padding is set to 0, list-style is removed, and all list items are absolute positioned
• #navlist li, #navlist a{height:44px;display:block;} - the height of all the images are 44px

Now start to position and style for each specific part:

• #home{left:0px;width:46px;} - Positioned all the way to the left, and the width of the image
is 46px
• #home{background:url(img_navsprites.gif) 0 0;} - Defines the background image and its
position (left 0px, top 0px)
• #prev{left:63px;width:43px;} - Positioned 63px to the right (#home width 46px + some
extra space between items), and the width is 43px.
• #prev{background:url('img_navsprites.gif') -47px 0;} - Defines the background image 47px
to the right (#home width 46px + 1px line divider)
• #next{left:129px;width:43px;}- Positioned 129px to the right (start of #prev is 63px + #prev
width 43px + extra space), and the width is 43px.
• #next{background:url('img_navsprites.gif') no-repeat -91px 0;} - Defines the background
image 91px to the right (#home width 46px + 1px line divider + #prev width 43px + 1px line
divider )

Image Sprites - Hover Effect
Now we want to add a hover effect to our navigation list.
Our new image ("img_navsprites_hover.gif") contains three navigation images and three images
to use for hover effects:

Because this is one single image, and not six separate files, there will be no loading delay when
a user hovers over the image.

We only add three lines of code to add the hover effect:

Example
#home a:hover{background: url('img_navsprites_hover.gif') 0 -45px;}
#prev a:hover{background: url('img_navsprites_hover.gif') -47px -45px;}
#next a:hover{background: url('img_navsprites_hover.gif') -91px -45px;}

Example explained:

• Since the list item contains a link, we can use the :hover pseudo-class
• #home a:hover{background: transparent url(img_navsprites_hover.gif) 0 -45px;} - For all
three hover images we specify the same background position, only 45px further down

4.13 Media Types
Media Types allow you to specify how documents will be presented in different media. The
document can be displayed differently on the screen, on the paper, with an aural browser, etc.

Some CSS properties are only designed for a certain media. For example the "voice-family"
property is designed for aural user agents. Some other properties can be used for different media

types. For example, the "font-size" property can be used for both screen and print media, but
perhaps with different values. A document usually needs a larger font-size on a screen than on
paper, and sans-serif fonts are easier to read on the screen, while serif fonts are easier to read on
paper.

The @media Rule
The @media rule allows different style rules for different media in the same style sheet.
The style in the example below tells the browser to display a 14 pixels Verdana font on the
screen. But if the page is printed, it will be in a 10 pixels Times font. Notice that the font-weight is
set to bold, both on screen and on paper:

<html>
<head>
<style>
@media screen
{
p.test {font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:14px;}
}
@media print
{
p.test {font-family:times,serif;font-size:10px;}
}
@media screen,print
{
p.test {font-weight:bold;}
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
....
</body>
</html>

See it yourself ! If you are using Mozilla/Firefox or IE 5+ and print this page, you will see that
the paragraph under "Media Types" will be displayed in another font, and have a smaller font size
than the rest of the text.

Different Media Types
Note: The media type names are not case-sensitive.

Media Type Description
all Used for all media type devices
aural Used for speech and sound synthesizers
braille Used for braille tactile feedback devices
embossed Used for paged braille printers
handheld Used for small or handheld devices
print Used for printers

projection Used for projected presentations, like slides
screen Used for computer screens
tty Used for media using a fixed-pitch character grid, like teletypes and
terminals
tv Used for television-type devices

4.14 Attribute Selectors
Style HTML Elements With Specific Attributes
It is possible to style HTML elements that have specific attributes, not just class and id.
Note: Internet Explorer 7 (and higher) supports attribute selectors only if a !DOCTYPE is
specified. Attribute selection is NOT supported in IE6 and lower.

Attribute Selector
The example below styles all elements with a title attribute:

Example
[title]
{
color:blue;
}

Attribute and Value Selector
The example below styles all elements with title="W3Schools":

Example
[title=W3Schools]
{
border:5px solid green;
}

Attribute and Value Selector - Multiple Values
The example below styles all elements with a title attribute that contains a specified value. This
works even if the attribute has space separated values:

Example
[title~=hello] { color:blue; }

The example below styles all elements with a lang attribute that contains a specified value. This
works even if the attribute has hyphen ( - ) separated values:

Example
[lang|=en] { color:blue; }

Styling Forms
The attribute selectors are particularly useful for styling forms without class or ID:

Example
input[type="text"]
{
width:150px;
display:block;
margin-bottom:10px;
background-color:yellow;
}
input[type="button"]
{
width:120px;
margin-left:35px;
display:block;
}

4.15 Don’t
Here are some technologies you should try to avoid when using CSS.

Internet Explorer Behaviors
What is it? Internet Explorer 5 introduced behaviors. Behaviors are a way to add behaviors to
HTML elements with the use of CSS styles.

Why avoid it? The behavior attribute is only supported by Internet Explorer.

What to use instead? Use JavaScript and the HTML DOM instead.

Example 1 - Mouseover Highlight
The following HTML file has a <style> element that defines a behavior for the <h1> element:

<html>
<head>
h1 { behavior:url(behave.htc); }
</style>

</head>

<body>
<h1>Mouse over me!!!</h1>
</body>
</html>

The XML document "behave.htc" is shown below:

Example (IE 5+ Only)
The behavior file contains a JavaScript and event handlers for the elements.
<attach for="element" event="onmouseover" handler="hig_lite" />
<attach for="element" event="onmouseout" handler="low_lite" />

<script type="text/javascript">
function hig_lite()
{
element.style.color='red';
}

function low_lite()
{
element.style.color='blue';
}
</script>

Example 2 - Typewriter Simulation
The following HTML file has a <style> element that defines a behavior for elements with an id of
"typing":

<html>
<head>
#typing
{
behavior:url(behave_typing.htc);
font-family:"courier new";
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<span id="typing" speed="100">IE5 introduced DHTML behaviors.
Behaviors are a way to add DHTML functionality to HTML elements
with the ease of CSS.<br /><br />How do behaviors work?<br />
By using XML we can link behaviors to any element in a web page
and manipulate that element.</p>
</span>
</body>
</html>

The XML document "typing.htc" is shown below:

Example (IE 5+ Only)
<attach for="window" event="onload" handler="beginTyping" />
<method name="type" />

<script type="text/javascript">
var i,text1,text2,textLength,t;

function beginTyping()
{
i=0;
text1=element.innerText;
textLength=text1.length;
element.innerText="";
text2="";
t=window.setInterval(element.id+".type()",speed);
}

function type()
{
text2=text2+text1.substring(i,i+1);
element.innerText=text2;
i=i+1;
if (i==textLength)
{
clearInterval(t);
}
}
</script>

4.16 Summary
CSS Summary
This tutorial has taught you how to create style sheets to control the style and layout of multiple
web sites at once.

You have learned how to use CSS to add backgrounds, format text, add and format borders, and
specify padding and margins of elements.

You have also learned how to position an element, control the visibility and size of an element, set
the shape of an element, place an element behind another, and to add special effects to some
selectors, like links.

For more information on CSS, please take a look at our CSS examples and our CSS reference.

Now You Know CSS, What's Next?
The next step is to learn XHTML and JavaScript.

XHTML
XHTML reformulates HTML 4.01 in XML.
If you want to learn more about XHTML, please visit our XHTML tutorial.

JavaScript
JavaScript can make your web site more dynamic.

A static web site is nice when you just want to show flat content, but a dynamic web site can react
to events and allow user interaction.

JavaScript is the most popular scripting language on the internet and it works with all major
browsers.

If you want to learn more about JavaScript, please visit our JavaScript tutorial.

TUTORIAL DE CSS 2.0

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