9

TLE
Information and Communications Technology
Computer Systems Servicing
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Performing Mensuration
and Calculation

1
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the
nature of Computer Systems Servicing. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook
you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Select Measuring Instruments

• Lesson 2 – Carry out measurements and calculations
• Lesson 3 - Maintain measuring instruments

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the different storage to be measured

2. Demonstrate how to compute to get the binary digits
3. Ensure proper handling of measuring instruments

Lesson
Select Measuring
1 Instruments
As a Computer Systems Servicing student, you need to familiarize the different
computer components that makes up a computer and identify those components that
need to be measured and calculated.

SELECT MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

MEMORY

Memory is used most often to identify fast, temporary forms of storage. When the
information is kept in memory, the CPU can access it much more quickly. Most forms of
memory are intended to store data temporarily.

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READ-ONLY MEMORY (ROM)

Read-only memory (ROM) chips are located in the

motherboard. ROM chips contain instructions that can be directly
accessed by the CPU.

Basic instructions for booting the computer and loading the operating systems are
stored in ROM. ROM chips retain their contents even when the computer is powered
down. The contents cannot be erased or changed by normal means.

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)

Random Access Memory (RAM) is the temporary storage for data

and programs that are being accessed by the CPU.

RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents are erased when the
computer is powered off. The more RAM in a computer, the more capacity the computer
has to hold and process large programs and files, as well as enhance system performance.

Early computers had RAM installed in the motherboard as individual chips. The
individual memory chips, called Dual Inline Package (DIP) chips, was difficult to install
and often became loose on the motherboard. To solve this problem, designers soldered
the memory chips on a special circuit board called a memory module.

SIMMs and DIMMs

SIMMs (Single Inline Memory Module) have 30-pin and 72-pin

configurations.

DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) is a circuit board that holds SDRAM, DDR
SDRAM and DDR2 SDRAM.

DDR (Double Data Rate) technology doubles the maximum bandwidth of SDRAM,
DDR2 offers faster performance while using less technology. DDR3 operates at even
higher speeds than DDR2; however, none of these DDR technologies are backward- or
forward- compatible.

CACHES AND REGISTERS

Caches are designed to alleviate this bottleneck by making

the data used most often by the CPU instantly available.

Registers are memory cells built right into the CPU that contain specific data needed
by the CPU, particularly the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU). An integral part of the CPU
itself, they are controlled directly by the compiler that sends information for the CPU to
process.

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STORAGE DRIVES

Storage drives read or write information on magnetic or optical storage media. The
drive can be used to store data permanently or to retrieve information from a media disk.
Storage drives can be installed inside the computer case, such as a hard drive. For
portability, some storage drives can connect to the computer using a USB port, a FireWire
port, or a SCSI port. These portable storage drives are sometimes referred to as removable
drives and can be used on multiple computers.

Hard Drive

A hard drive, or hard disk drive, is a magnetic storage device

that is installed inside the computer. The hard drive is used as
permanent storage for data. In a Windows computer, the hard drive is
usually configured as the C: drive and contains the operating system
and applications. The hard drive is often configured as the first drive
in the boot
sequence. The storage capacity of a hard drive is measured in billions of bytes, or
gigabytes (GB). The speed of a hard drive is measured in revolutions per minute (RPM).
Multiple hard drives can be added to increase storage capacity.
Traditional hard drives are magnetic. Magnetic hard drives have drive
motors designed to spin magnetic platters and the drive heads. In
contrast, the newer solid state drives (SSDs) do not have moving
parts. Because there are no drive motors and moving parts, the SSD
uses far less energy than the magnetic hard drive. Non- volatile
flash memory chips manage all storage on an SSD, which results in faster access to data,
higher reliability, and reduced power usage. SSDs have the same form factor as magnetic
hard drives and use ATA or SATA interfaces. SSDs can be installed as a replacement for
magnetic drives.

Optical Drive

An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to read data

on the optical media. There are three types of optical drives: Compact
Disc (CD), Digital Versatile Disc
(DVD) and Blu-ray Disc (BD). CD, DVD, and BD media can be pre-recorded (read-only),
recordable (write once), or re- writable (read and write multiple times).

External Flash Drive

An external flash drive, also known as a thumb drive, is a

removable storage device that connects to a USB port. An external
flash drive uses the same type of non-volatile memory chips as solid
state drives and does not require power to maintain the data. These drives can be accessed
by the operating system in the same way that other types of drives are accessed.

Types of Drive Interfaces

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 Hard drives and optical drives are manufactured with different interfaces that are
used to connect the drive to the computer. To install a storage drive in a computer, the
connection interface on the drive must be the same as the controller on the motherboard.
Here are some common drive interfaces:

• IDE – Integrated Drive Electronics, also called Advanced

Technology Attachment (ATA) is an early drive controller
interface that connects computers and hard disk drives. An
IDE interface uses a 40-pin connector.

• SATA – Serial ATA refers to the serial version of the ATA drive
controller interface. A SATA interface uses a 7-pin data
connector.

• SCSI – Small Computer System Interface is a drive controller

interface that can connect up to 15 drives. SCSI can connect
both internal and external drives. An SCSI interface uses a 50-
pin, 68-pin, or 80-pin connector.

What’s More

A. Fill-in the blanks with the correct letters to form a word/s that best describes the
statement.

1. These are memory cells that contain specific data needed by the CPU.
R__GI__T__R___
2. It is a a drive controller interface that can connect up to 15 drives. S_S_
3. Contents are erased when the computer is powered off. V__LA__IL__
4. These are soldered memory chips on a special circuit board. ME__O__Y __OD__L__
5. This is used to connect the drive to the computer. I__TE__F__ __E

B. Write True if the statement is correct, otherwise, write False.

6. Basic instructions for booting the computer and loading the operating systems are
stored in ROM.
7. RAM is the permanent storage for data and programs that are being accessed by
the CPU.
8. Hard drives and optical drives are manufactured with the same interfaces that are
used to connect the drive to the computer.
9. A SATA interface uses a 7-pin data connector.
10. Early computers had RAM installed in the motherboard as individual chips.

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 What I Have Learned

What have you learned about the lesson?

I have learned that _______________________________________

I have realized that ______________________________________

I will apply ______________________________________________

esson
Carry Out Measurements
2 and Calculation

While humans interpret words and pictures, computers interpret only patterns of
bits. In our next lesson, let us understand how computer interprets data and

What is It

Carry Out Measurements and Calculation

DIGITAL REPRESENTATION

Information is represented and stored in a digital binary format within a computer.

The term bit is an abbreviation of binary digit and represents the smallest piece of data.

A bit can have only two possible values, a one digit (1) or a zero digit (0). A bit can
be used to represent the state of something that has two states.

CONVERT DECIMAL NUMBERS TO BINARY

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 To convert a decimal number to binary, all you have to do is divide the number by
2. Get the quotient and the remainder. Bring down the quotient, divide it by 2, and get
the quotient and remainder again. Do it repeatedly until the quotient results to 0. Copy
the remainder from bottom to top, and that is the binary equivalent.

Example: 30
Quotient Remainder
30/2 15 0 15/2 7 1 7/2 3 1
3/2 1 1

1/2 0 1

30 = 11110

Checking: 1 1 1 1 0 Multiplier
16 8 4 2 1 Equivalents
16 8 4 2 0 Results
16 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 30

CALCULATING DATA STORAGE

While a bit is the smallest representation of data, the most basic unit of digital
storage is the byte. A byte is 8 bits and is the smallest unit of measure (UOM) used to
represent data storage capacity. When referring to storage space, we use the terms bytes
(B), kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), and terabytes (TB).

One kilobyte is a little more than one thousand bytes, specifically 1,024. A megabyte
represents more than a million bytes or 1,048,576. A gigabyte is 1,073,741,824 bytes. A
terabyte is 1,099,511,627,776.

Here is another conversion:

1 byte = 8bits
1kilobyte = 1,024 bytes
1 megabyte = 1,024 kilobytes
1 gigabyte = 1,024 megabyte
1terabyte = 1,024 gigabyte

When something is represented digitally, the greater the detail, the greater the
number of bits needed to represent it. A low-resolution picture from a digital camera will
use around 360KB, and a high-resolution picture could use 2 MB or more.

Examples of components and devices that use byte storage include: random access
memory (RAM), hard disk drive space, CDs, DVDs, and MP3 players. CDs have a data
storage capacity of approximately 700 MB. DVDs have a data storage capacity of
approximately 4.3 GB on a single-layer disc, and approximately 8.5 GB on a dual-layer
disc. BDs have a storage capacity of 25 GB on a single-layer disc, and 50 GB on a dual-

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layer disc. Once we know the size of a file or folder, it is possible to determine the number
of bytes being used.

Example:
A file is 25KB in size
1KB = 1,024Bytes
25 x 1,024 = 25,600Bytes in a 25KB file

If this 25KB file is stored in a 1MB folder, how many files can be stored in
that folder?
1MB = 1,048,576Bytes 25KB = 25,600Bytes

1,048,576Bytes/25,600Bytes = 40.96 files can be stored in a 1MB

What’s More

Convert the following to binary. Perform checking to verify your answer. 2 points
each.

1. 20 2. 15
3. 32

What I Have Learned

What have you learned about the lesson?

I have learned that _______________________________________

I have realized that ______________________________________

I will apply ______________________________________________

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 Lesson
Maintain Measuring
3 Instruments

It is better to observe some few practices in handling these hardware components

for them to last long and to avoid the chances of premature failure.

What Is It

Maintain Measuring Instruments

MEMORY

The gold contacts at the bottom of your RAM must be clean and free of debris in order
to maintain a solid connection. If your RAM sticks are dirty, your computer might not
recognize that they’re installed and may sometimes show a blue screen. Normally, dusting
out the inside of your computer on a monthly basis (more if the environment is unusually
dusty) is sufficient to keep RAM modules clean.

Holding a RAM without caution and proper anti-static protection could break your
precious memory module. Although this piece is sensitive and delicate, it will not break if
you handle the device correctly and properly. Here are some safety measures in handling
a RAM.
• Use anti-static wrist straps or anti-static clips to drain all the static electricity that
is present in your body and which you could acquire if you have a carpeted floor.
• After taking the RAM out of your computer, do not place it anywhere because it
could be exposed to other elements (especially water or anything moist) and it is
better that you put it in an anti-static plastic container first before placing the RAM
in a safe location.
• If possible, wear thin rubber gloves when holding the RAM. Place your fingers on
the edge of its corners (the green plated part of the module with plastic coating) to
avoid the chances of damaging the sensitive parts of the RAM.

HARD DISK DRIVE

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 Hard disk drive (HDD) can last for years when properly maintained. Neglect can lead
an HDD to fail sooner than it normally would and the potential loss of valuable data.
Common causes for a drive failure include:
• Water damage
• Overheating
• Electrical faults
• Firmware corruption
• Damaged boot sector
• Mechanical failure

Be Careful about Downloading and Installing Software

One of the most common reasons clients need hard drive recovery services is
because malware has infected the drive and destroyed its ability to boot.

Keep the Computer’s Components Free of Dust

Air circulation causes dust to collect inside the computer’s case, so it’s important
to periodically remove dust and debris to prevent electrical faults or overheating.

Update the Computer’s Operating System with Critical Patches

By keeping the computer’s OS up to date with the latest patches, it’ll be less likely
to become infected with malicious software that can damage data on its HDD.

Defragment the Drive Regularly

Large files can become scattered across the drive’s platter, which slows the process
of reading them and impacts a computer’s performance. Defragmentation reorganizes all
the software and data into an optimal arrangement.

Delete Unused Software and Files Periodically

It’s important to maintain free space on a drive that the computer can use for
temporary storage. When its drive becomes too full, a computer can slow to a crawl as it
attempts to use the little free space left to juggle data.

REMOVABLE STORAGE DEVICES

Flash drives or thumb drives are also highly important mainly because they
contain files that you use in school or personal life. Failure to properly take care of these
devices and disks could result in irreversible loss of essential data.

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 Avoid placing your removable disks on top of other electronic devices. If you place
your USB or other disk on top of your TV set, computer, gaming platform, for a long period
of time, this can lead to data damage.

Make it a point to eject your drive properly. Make sure you always “safely remove”
your removable device from your PC whenever you are about to detach it. This prevents
sudden data loss and damage to the drive. Pulling your flash drive or memory card away
from its PC socket without doing the “safely remove” action can lead to total disk damage.

Maintain the integrity of your files. Monitor what goes in and out of the drive.
Accessing peer to peer software, adult sites, and sites with known malware and spyware
issues, can all cause viruses to creep into your PC storage items and compromise the
integrity of your files.

Keep it all safe. Sometimes, no matter how hard you try in protecting your disks,
they are subjected to wear, tear, and other unforeseen factors. To make sure that you do
not instantly lose important data, backup your files in multiple locations.

OPTICAL MEDIA

CDs and DVDs are extremely delicate data storage media and any type of
mishandling can damage the CD or DVD thereby resulting in data loss. Therefore, it is
important for you to exert caution while using these optical media.

Do:
1. Handle discs by the outer edge or the center hole.
2. Keep dirt or other foreign matter from the disc.
3. Store discs upright (book style) in plastic cases specified for CDs and DVDs.
4. Store discs in a cool, dry, dark environment in which the air is clean.
5. Remove dirt, foreign material, fingerprints, smudges, and liquids by wiping with a
clean cotton fabric in a straight line from the center of the disc toward the outer
edge.

Do not:
1. Touch the surface of the disc.
2. Bend the disc.
3. Store discs horizontally for a long time (years).
4. Expose discs to extreme heat or high humidity.
5. Write or mark in the data area of the disc (the area the laser “reads”).
6. Clean by wiping in a direction going around the disc.
7. Scratch the label side of the disc.
8. Use a pen, pencil, or fine-tip marker to write on the disc.
9. Write on the disc with markers that contain solvents.
10.Try to peel off or reposition a label.

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 What’s More

Fill in the blanks with the correct word/s from the box to complete the statement
below.

Defragmentation mishandling
loss of data edge anti-static wrist straps

1. Hard disk failure would result to __________________.

2. Any type of __________________ can damage the CD/DVD resulting to data loss.
3. Use _____________ to drain the static electricity present in your body.
4. Place your fingers on the _______________ of its corners to avoid damaging the
sensitive parts of the RAM.
5. _________________ reorganizes all the software and data into an optimal
arrangement.

What I Have Learned

What have you learned about the lesson?

I have learned that _______________________________________

I have realized that ______________________________________

I will apply ______________________________________________

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 What I Can Do
Do the following activities in short-sized bond paper:

a. Create a concept map that will show the different storage devices,
memory and interfaces.
b. Create a poster about maintaining measuring instruments.

Your work will be evaluated based on the following rubrics:

SCORING RUBRICS

Excellent Adequate Poor

(15) (10) (5)

Organization of ideas.
Poster/Concept Map is well
developed. Concept is
organized.

Visual Impact.
Poster/Concept Map is
attractive and/or neat.

Assessment

A. Modified True or False. Write True if the statement is correct.

Otherwise, underline the word that makes it false and write the word/s to make
the statement true.

1. It is important to maintain free space on a drive that the computer can use for
temporary storage.
2. Dusting out the inside of your computer on a yearly basis is sufficient to keep RAM
modules clean.
3. When holding the RAM, place your fingers on the center to avoid the chances of
damaging the sensitive parts.
4. A malware can destroy the ability of the drive to boot.
5. Defragmentation reorganizes all the hardware and data into an optimal
arrangement.
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 6. Make sure you sometimes “safely remove” your removable device from your PC
whenever you are about to detach it.
7. To make sure that you do not instantly lose important data, backup your files in
another folder.
8. Do not touch the surface of the CD Disc.
9. Write or mark in the data area of the disc the laser reads
10. Your computer will be more likely to become infected with malicious software
if you keep the computer’s OS up to date.
B. Matching Type. Match column A with column B. Write the letter of your answer
on the space provided before each number.
Column A Column B
___1. These chips contain instructions A. Storage drives
that can be directly accessed B. SCSI Interface
by the CPU. C. IDE
___2. A 40-pin connector that connects D. Dual Inline Package
computers and hard disk drives. E. Hard drive
___3. Read or write information on magnetic F. Portable storage drives
or optical storage media. G. ROM
___4. Sometimes referred to as removable H. Solid State Drive
drives and can be used on multiple I. Memory
computers. J. ROM chips
___5. An interface that can connect both internal and external
drives.
___6. It is often configured as the first drive in the boot
sequence
___7. It can be installed as a replacement for magnetic
drives.
___8. Retain their contents even when the computer is powered
down.
___9. It is intended to store data temporarily ___10. Individual
memory chips

C. Solve the following problems. Show your solutions. 2 points each.

1. How many 17MB mp4 file can be stored on a CD-R?

2. How many 5KB docx file can be stored on a 4MB folder of your hard drive?
3. How many 5MB mp3 file can be saved on a 4GB thumb drive?

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 9

TLE – ICT – CSS

Quarter 2 – Module 2:
PREPARING AND INTERPRETING
TECHNICAL DRAWING (PITD)
(Identify and Interpret the Different Kinds of Technical Drawings)

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 What I Need to Know

This module covers the knowledge, skills, attitude, and values needed
to prepare/interpret diagrams, engineering abbreviation and drawings,
symbols and dimensions. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level
of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook
you are now using.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 - Identify different kinds of technical drawings

• Lesson 2 - Interpret technical drawing

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Select correct technical drawing in accordance with the job requirement

2. Segregate technical drawings in accordance with the types and kinds of
drawings.
3. Recognize components, assemblies, or objects as required
4. Identify dimensions of the key features of the objects depicted in the drawing
5. Identify and interpret symbols used in the drawing
6. Check and validate drawing against job requirements or equipment in
accordance with standard operating procedure

Lesson

1 IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF

TECHNICAL DRAWING

Technical drawing is essential for communicating ideas in industry and engineering.

To make the drawings easier to understand, people use familiar symbols, perspectives,
units of measurement, notation systems, visual styles, and page layout. Together, such
conventions constitute a visual language and help to ensure that the drawing is
unambiguous and relatively easy to understand.

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 What’s In

Sterneckert (2003) stated that the viewpoint of key people in an

organization, such as the manager, analyst, and clerk, can be used as
a model in flowcharting. These persperctives may be applied to the four
types of flowchart, provided below describe the different types of flowchart. Write your
answers on your notebook.

1. Document –

2. Data Flow –

3. System –

4. Program -

What’s New

ENUMERATION: Other than flowchart, give at least five (5) elements

that you can use to represent to your process flows.
1. _________________
2._________________
3._________________
4._________________
5._________________

What is It

What is a Flowchart?

Every now and then, you come across different troubleshooting flowcharts especially
when you service in a computer system. These are normally in the form of a decision
tree which gradually focuses on a solution based on the criteria set. The usefulness of
your flowchart depends on how you manage the problems that are answerable using a
simple True/False solution. A well-crafted flowchart can shorten the problem solving
time.

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 Flowcharts are easy to understand diagrams that show the different steps in
solving a specific problem. Easiness is the key to make flowchart more useful in
communicating how processes works, and for documenting how to do a specific task.
When to use a Flow Chart?

Flowchart is a very simple yet powerful tool to improve productivity in both our
personal and work life. Here are some ways flowchart can be helpful:

• Document a process
• Present a solution
• Brainstorm an idea
• Design a system
• Explain a decision making process
• Store information

What are the Basic Symbols of Flowchart?

A flowchart is commonly used by systems analysts to visualize the series of processes

in a business system. A flowchart is a useful tool to design an efficient business system
and to troubleshoot or improve an existing system. A flowchart consists of elements,
such as the terminator, process, sub process, decision, arrow lines, and connectors.

1. Terminator

Start / End
Terminator Symbol

A terminator is represented by a small rectangle with curved corners. A terminator

appears at the start and at the end of a flowchart. The end terminator appears only
once on a single flowchart.

2. Process

Instructions /
Process Symbol
Actions

A process is represented by a rectangle. It refers to an action in a business process. It

must be described clearly and concisely. A process can be described using a single
verb noun phrase; for example, "Order Office Supplies." The same level of detail must
be kept in processes on a single flowchart.

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3. Decision

Decision Decision Symbol

A decision is represented by a diamond. A process that can answer a decision of "yes"

or "no" requires a decision box.

4. Input and Output

Input and
Input Output and Output Symbol

The Parallelogram features Input and Output, which cover such things as materials,
services, and even individuals going into or exiting the process.

5. Connector

Connector Symbol

A connector is represented by a small circle or a connector box and is labelled using

letters. A flowchart written on a single page is clearer than a flowchart on several pages.
A connector ensures that the processes are connected logically and correctly on several
pages.

6. Arrow Lines
Flow Lines Symbol

Arrow lines drawn in one direction, preferably from top to bottom, keep a
flowchart clear. Avoid arrow lines that loop because this could indicate redundancy in
the business process.

HOW TO CREATE FLOW CHART

1. Identify Tasks. You must list all the tasks in a process in chronological order.
Consider the following questions as your guide:

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 a. What happens next in the process?
b. Do you need to make a decision before the next step?
c. What approvals are required before you move on to the next task?

2. Organize and Document Tasks. Begin with a rounded rectangle labeled START.
From there, go through the sequences which must include every action and decision
in the intended order. Use arrows to connect them with one another and to indicate
the direction of the process flow. Decisions should be directed by an arrow from the
decision diamond to whatever possible solutions are available. The arrow should
also be labeled with a decision, such as YES, or a NO. The termination of the process
must be marked by a rounded rectangle labeled FINISH or END.

3. Test. Double-check the flow to make sure that you haven’t overlooked anything.

Start

Input
and

Actions

Choice NO

YES

End

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OTHER ELEMENTS OF A TECHNICAL DRAWING

Other than a flowchart, there are several elements that you can still use to
represent your process flows, such as:

• Schematic diagram
• Layout Plan
• Loop diagram
• Chart
• Block diagram

Each of these elements will be discussed in the following pages.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

A schematic diagram is a representation of system elements that are abstract

or symbols which are graphical in nature. It removes all the irrelevant information.

In the data processing cycle example below, Input/ Output Devices are
represented by a rectangle. The rectangles don’t resemble the actual devices but give
you information without unnecessary visual clutter. The same logic goes with the flow
of the data and how they are being processed, stored, and retrieved from the CPU and
computer memory.

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 Central
INPUT OUTPUT
DATA Processing DATA
DEVICES DEVICES
Unit

Main/Internal

Main/Internal
Memory Schematic Diagram

CHART

A chart is a diagram that displays the relationship of at least two variables. It is

often used to easily interpret large quantities of data and relationship between their
parts.

There are four common charts:

• Histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data.

Histogram

• Bar Chart is a graphical representation of grouped data

Bar Chart

• Pie Chart is a graphical representation of quantifiable data represented by a

sectioned circle much like a pie that’s been cut with the slices varying in size.

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 Pie Chart

• Line Chart is a graphical representation of

information as a series of data points connected
by line segments.

Line Chart

BLOCK DIAGRAMS

A block diagram is a specialized type of flowchart. It represents an encompassing

view of major process steps, including the relationships and interfaces.

Step
Bridge Filter Rechargeable
Down Regulator
Rectifier Circuit Battery
T/F

Power supply to all sections

LAYOUT PLANS

A layout is a tool to arrange a workplace, like in a plant, organization, or

computer laboratory in your school. It shows how the computers should be located
and arranged properly according to
specifications like the size of the room and number
of units to be installed.

Computer Laboratory Layout Plan

LOOP DIAGRAM

A loop diagram aids you visualizing how items in a system are interrelated. It
consists of a set of nodes that represents the item, and edges that each represents a
connection between two items.

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 Thread

Event Loop

I/O Events I/O Events

Channel Channel Channel

Lesson

2 INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWING

The essence of having a flowchart in the process analysis is for the effective delivery
of ideas especially if you are dealing with a technical person. A flowchart explains the
process clearly through symbols and text.

In this lesson, you will understand the reasons why you need to:

• know how a process is done;

• study and improve processes;
• document a process; and
• use a flowchart in planning a project or activity.
SIMPLE REMINDER IN USING A FLOWCHART

• There is no such thing as a proper way of constructing a flowchart. What’s

important is how the people involved understand the process.
• Involve only the key people in the flowcharting process.
• A technical expert is not necessary to draw a flowchart. It should be you who
performs the process.
• There a lots of free flowcharting software that you can use.
MISTAKE-PROOFING
Mistake cannot be avoided sometimes when making flowcharts, but the chances
for errors in the process can be reduced by deviating from the usual steps or
actions that have resulted in mistakes. Mistake-proofing solutions can eliminate

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 redundant process actions and give way to new and untried methods that
provide better solutions.

In japan, where the work ethic is admired worldwide, mistake-proofing is known

as poka-yoke (PO-ka yo-KAY). It is simply a system that reduces mistakes and in
Flowchart instances when an error does occur, it is quickly identified and
addressed.

MISTAKE-PROOFING IN YOUR DAY-TO-DAY ACTIVITY

Although you often don’t see it poka-yoke is all around us.

An example is the thumb drive. The thumb device can only
be inserted if it is oriented properly. It cannot be inserted
in the reverse side or sideways.

The designers of the thumb drive thought it best to make it

self-limiting in how it’s used based on how the device is
oriented. It’s like a program which works only one way. If not used in that manner, it
simply won’t work. It’s design strategy that does way with having to teach the user how
to use the device, thus eliminating the risk for error in use.

How do you interpret flowcharts?

A Flowchart will help you understand your process and uncover ways to improve it
only if you use it to analyze what is happening. Interpreting your Flowchart will help
you to:

• Determine who is involved in the process.

• Form theories about root causes.
• Identify ways to streamline the process.
• Determine how to implement changes to the
process.
• Locate cost-added-only steps.
• Provide training on how the process works or should
work.

Below is a sequence of steps that will help you through an orderly analysis of your
flowchart.

Step 1 - Examine each process step for the following conditions that indicate a need
to improve the process:

Bottlenecks. These points in the process where it slows down may be caused by
redundant or unnecessary steps, rework, lack of capacity, or other factors.
25
 Weak links. These are steps where problems occur because of inadequate
training of process workers, equipment that needs to be repaired or replaced, or
insufficient technical documentation. "Inform the drill leader and improvise" is
one of the weak links.

Poorly defined steps. Steps which are not well-defined may be interpreted and
performed in a different way by each person involved, leading to process
variation. "Improvise" is a poorly defined step in the weak link cited above.

Step 2 - Examine each decision symbol.

You may want to collect data on how often there is a "yes" or "no" answer at decision
points marked by a diamond shaped symbol. If most decisions go one way rather than
the other, you may be able to remove this decision point.

Step 3 - Examine each rework loop.

Processes with numerous checks generate rework and waste. Examine the activities
preceding the rework loop and identify those that need to be improved. Look for ways
to shorten or eliminate the loop.

Step 4 – Examine each activity symbol.

Does the step help build a key quality characteristic into the end product? If not,
consider eliminating it.

Besides the three levels of detail used to categorize Flowcharts, there are three main
types of flowcharts namely , linear, deployment, and opportunity. The level of detail
can be depicted as macro, mini, or micro for each of these types.

1. Linear Flowchart. A linear flowchart is a diagram that displays the sequence of

work steps that make up a process. This tool can help identify rework and redundant
or unnecessary steps within a process.

2. Deployment Flowchart. A deployment flowchart shows the actual process flow

and identifies the people or groups involved at each step. Horizontal lines define
customer-supplier relationships. This type of chart shows where the people or groups
fit into the process sequence, and how they relate to one another throughout the
process.

HOW DO WE CONSTRUCT A LINEAR FLOWCHART?

Following are the seven steps for developing a linear flowchart

1. Define the process to be flowcharted, and the purpose for flowcharting it.

2. Assemble the right people to develop the flowchart—those operators, technicians,

or office workers who are actually involved in the process.

26
3. Establish process boundaries—the starting and ending points.
• Identify the major activities or sub processes that are included in the process.
• Determine what is not included in the scope of the process to remove any doubt or
confusion about the boundaries. This may also help establish the scope of related
processes.

4. List the steps, activities, and decisions to be charted. If your team is not sure
about a step, mark it to be investigated later.

5. Put the steps in chronological sequence. Sometimes it's easier to start with the
last step and work back to the first step.

6. Assign flowchart symbols such as boxes, diamonds, and triangles.

7. Review and title the Flowchart.

CONSTRUCTING A LINEAR FLOWCHART

27
 Define the process
and the purpose

Assemble the right people

Establish process
boundaries

Are steps in
sequence?
Put steps in sequence

Assign flowchart
symbols

Review and label

Flowchart

What’s More

28
A. Direction: Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of the correct
answer on your notebook.

1. A connector ensures that the process are connected a.

logically and correctly on several page.

2. Shows a decision point, such as yes/no or go/nogo. b.

3. Indicates both the starting point and the ending c.

point of the process steps

4. Drawn in one direction, preferably from top to bottom d.

5. Shows where an in-process measurement occurs. e.

What I Have Learned

Think back on something that you have learned from this Learner’s Material. Reflect on
the following questions stated inside the box.

I have learned that ____________________________________________________.

I have realized that ___________________________________________________.
I will apply ___________________________________________________________.

What I Can Do

29
Direction: Using the basic symbols used for flowchart, make your own simple
flowchart to illustrate the process of cleaning the computer parts and peripherals
properly. Include the given activities below.

1. Preparation of cleaning tools

2. Identifying the parts to be clean
3. Cleaning the different peripheral

SCORING RUBRICS:

Preparation
Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning
of Score
4 3 2 1
Flowcharts
All assigned Almost all Almost all Fewer than
details and assigned details assigned 85% of the
Drawing elements have / elements (at details and assigned details
been added. least 85%) have elements (at and elements
The details are been added. least 85%) are present OR
have been most
clear and easy The details are
added. A few details are
to identify. clear and easy
details are difficult to
to identify. difficult to identify.
identify.

Takes Tries his or her Always goes for Does not Works below
ownership best, asks for the best of their always work ability level and
for learning feedback or help ability and gets to ability does
when help when and seldom
needed
needed, helps asks for help. not ask for help
others
understand the
topic better
Total

Interpretation of Scores
7- 8 Excellent
5-6 Very Good
3-4 Good
1-2 Fair
0-1 Poor

30
 Assessment

A. FIIL IN THE BLANKS

Direction: Identify the word/s that best describe/s the following statements. Use your
activity sheet to write your answers.

____________1. Work through all the steps in your chart to make sure they
are clear and exhaustive, and that there is no open-ended node
remained.
____________2. Indicates the beginning or end of a flowchart.
____________3. Represent a step in a process. This is the most common component
of a flowchart.
____________4. Shows a step that decides the next step in a process. This is
commonly a yes/no or true/false question.
____________5. Shows the process’ direction. Each flowline connects two blocks.
____________6. An optional step here is to style your chart with different shapes and
color to make it easier to follow.
____________7. Flowcharts should be made easily accessible to all parties involved.
____________8. Represents an individual step or activity in the process.
____________9. shows where an in-process measurement occurs.
____________10. is a mark, sign, or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood
as representing an idea, object, or relationship.

Additional Activity

Directions: Draw at least five (5) basic elements of flowchart and name the symbol
and its purpose. Write your answers on your answer sheet. (2 points each)

SYMBOL SYMBOL NAME PURPOSE

1.

2.

3.

31
4.

5.

32
 9
TLE-ICT-CSS
Quarter 2 – Module 3:
INSTALLING AND CONFIGURING
COMPUTER SYSTEM (ICCS)
(INSTALL OPERATING SYSTEM)

33
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the Install and Configure Computer System (Install Operating System). The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed
to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

● Lesson 1 – Install Operating System (Window 7)

● Lesson 2 – Install Operating System (Window 2008 server)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Install Operating System (OS) in accordance with established installation procedures

and to comply with end-user requirements.
2. Check the quality of the work undertaken in accordance with established procedures.

Lesson
Installing Operating Systems
1 (Windows 7)
An operating system, or "OS," is software that communicates with the hardware and
allows other programs to run. It is comprised of system software, or the fundamental files
your computer needs to boot up and function. Every desktop computer, tablet, and
smartphone include an operating system that provides basic functionality for the device.

What’s In

In the past module you learn about Prepare Installer which include bootable device using
CD/DVD, rufus and diskpart/ CMD for computer systems servicing.

34
 What is It

Windows 7 is an operating system from Microsoft released in 2009.

It followed Windows Vista and featured various changes from prior
operating systems. One of these was the Quick Launch Toolbar, which revolutionized how
the users find various commands and menu options. Windows 7 also includes items like
support for virtual hard disks, gaming additions, and other new features.

Windows 7 system requirements

If you want to run Windows 7 on your PC, here's what it takes:

c. 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor*

d. 1 gigabyte (GB) RAM (32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (64-bit)
e. 16 GB available hard disk space (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit)
f. DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver Additional
requirements to use certain features:

● Internet access (fees may apply)

● Depending on resolution, video playback may require additional memory and
advanced graphics hardware
● Some games and programs might require a graphics card compatible with DirectX
10 or higher for optimal performance
● For some Windows Media Center functionality, a TV tuner and additional hardware
may be required
● Windows Touch and Tablet PCs require specific hardware
● HomeGroup requires a network and PCs running Windows 7
● DVD/CD authoring requires a compatible optical drive
● BitLocker requires Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 1.2
● BitLocker To Go requires a USB flash drive
● Windows XP Mode requires an additional 1 GB of RAM and an additional 15 GB of
available hard disk space.
● Music and sound require audio output
Product functionality and graphics may vary based on your system configuration. Some
features may require advanced or additional hardware.

How to Install Windows 7

This step-by-step guide demonstrates how to install Windows 7 Ultimate. The guide
is similar for other versions of Windows 7 such as Home Premium.

35
Step 1 - Place Windows 7 DVD in your dvd-rom
drive and start your PC. Windows 7 will start to
boot up and you will get the following progress
bar.

Step 2 - The next screen allows you to setup

your language, time and currency format,
keyboard or input method. Choose your
required settings and click next to continue.

Step 3 - The next screen allows you to install or

repair Windows 7. Since we are doing a clean
install we will click on "install now".

Step 4 - Read the license terms and tick I accept

license terms. Then click next to continue.

36
Step 5 - You will now be presented with two
options. Upgrade or Custom (Advanced). Since we
are doing a clean install we will select Custom
(Advanced).

Step 6 - Choose where you would like to install

Windows 7. If you have one hard drive you will get
a similar option to the image below. You can click
next to continue. If you have more than one drive
or partition then you need to select the
appropriate drive and click next. If you need to
format or partition a drive then click Drive options
(advance)
before
clicking
next.
Step 7 Windows 7 starts the
installation process and starts
copying all the necessary files to your hard
drive as shown on the image below.

Step 8 - It will go through various stages of the

setup and will reboot your system few times.

37
Step 9 - When your PC reboots it attempts to
boot from DVD as its the first boot device. Do
not press any key during the boot prompt so
Windows 7 will continue with the installation by
booting from the hard drive.

Step 10 - After the reboot your computer will be

prepared for first use.

Step 11 At this stage you need to choose a user

name and computer name. Click next to continue.
The user account you create here is the
Administrator account which is the main account
for your Windows 7 that has all the privileges.

Step 12 - Choose your password and password

hint just in case you forget your password and
need to jog your memory.

38
Step 13 - You can now type the product key that
came with Windows 7 and click next. If you do not
enter the product key you can still proceed to the
next stage. However, Windows 7 will run in trial
mode for 30 days. You must therefore activate
Windows within 30 days otherwise you cannot
access your computer after 30 days.

Step 14 - Help protect your computer and improve

Windows automatically. Choose Use
recommended settings.

Step 15 Review your time and date settings.

Select your time zone, correct the date and time
and click next to continue.

Step 16 - Select your computer's current

location. If you are a home user then choose
Home network otherwise select the appropriate
option.

39
Step 17 - Windows will now finalize the settings
for your computer and restart.

Step 18 - After the final restart Windows 7 will start

to boot up.

Step 19 Finally you have the logon screen. Just type

your password and press enter or click on the arrow
to logon to Windows 7 for the first time.

40
Step 20 - After you have logged on to Windows 7 for
the first time, you will see similar desktop to the
image below. At this point you can start using your
computer.

What’s More

Direction: Enumerate the steps how to Install Windows 7 Operating

Systems.
(20pts)

What I Have Learned

I have learned that ____________________________________________

I have realized that ____________________________________________
I will apply ___________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Install Window 7 Operating System

Note: This activity is optional only.
Rubrics

Adherence to the 20- executed 15 – executed 10 - executed 5 – executed

Procedure executing all the most of the some of the fair of the of
against a defined set of procedures procedures procedures the
standards in a correctly and correctly and correctly and procedures
particular way, even systematically systematically systematically correctly and
when it's possible that systematically
alternative approaches

41
could achieve the same
result.

Workmanship 20– displayed 15 -displayed 10-displayed 5- displayed

quality of a handmade very high high skills in average skills fair skills in
object that is skillfully skills in achieving in achieving achieving
crafted. achieving desired result desired result desired result
desired result
Speed 10 – 8– 5- accomplished task beyond
Perform the task in given accomplished accomplished the given time
time task ahead of task on time
time
Total 50

Assessment

Direction: Arrange the flowchart into proper order by writing number. Write your answers
in your notebook.

Step ___ Step ___ Step ___ Step ___

Step ___ Step ___ Step ___ Step ___

42
Step ___ Step ___ Step ___ Step ___

Step ___ Step ___ Step ___ Step ___

Step ___ Step ___ Step ___ Step ___

Additional Activities

Direction: For the preparation of the next activity read or watch a video about how
to Installing Operating

Lesson Installing Operating Systems

2 (Windows Server 2008)

Windows Server is a server operating system that enables a computer to handle

network roles such as print server, domain controller, web server, and file server. As a
server operating system, it is also the platform for separately acquired server applications
such as Exchange Server or SQL Server.

43
 What’s In

In the past lesson you learn about Install Windows 7 Operating Systems
for computer systems servicing. The next lesson will help you how to Install
Windows Server 2008 Operating System that will be use in performing the work plan.

What is It

Hardware Requirements
Processor — Processor performance depends not only on the clock frequency of the
processor, but also on the number of processor cores and the size of the processor cache.
The following are the processor requirements:

●Minimum: 1 GHz (for x86 processors) or 1.4 GHz (for x64 processors)
●Recommended: 2 GHz or faster
RAM — The following are the RAM requirements:

● Minimum: 512 MB
● Recommended: 2 GB or more
● Maximum (32-bit systems): 4 GB (for Windows Server 2008 Standard) or 64
GB (for Windows Server 2008 Enterprise or Windows Server 2008 Datacenter)
● Maximum (64-bit systems): 32 GB (for Windows Server 2008 Standard) or 2
terabyte (for Windows Server 2008 Enterprise, Windows Server 2008 Datacenter, or
Windows Server® 2008 for Itanium-Based Systems)

Disk space requirements —The following are the approximate disk space requirements
for the system partition. Itanium-based and x64-based operating systems will vary from
these estimates. Additional disk space may be required if you install the system over a
network:

● Minimum: 10 GB
● Recommended: 40 GB or more
● Note
Computers with more than 16 GB of RAM require more disk space for paging,
hibernation, and dump files.
● DVD-ROM drive
● Super VGA (800 x 600) or higher-resolution monitor
● Keyboard and mouse (or other compatible pointing device) Install Windows Server
2008 R2
44
1. Insert the installation media for
Windows Server 2008 R2. After the installer
runs, the Install
Windows screen appears.

2. Enter language and other preferences.

Click Next.

3. Click Install now. The setup begins.

The installer prompts to select an operation

system.

45
4. Select Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise
(Full Installation) and click Next.

The installer prompts to read the license terms.

5. Read the license terms. If you agree to the

license terms, select I accept the license terms
and click Next.

6. The installer asks you which type of

installation. For a new installation, click
Custom (advanced).

46
7. The installer asks for disk location information.
Make your selection and click Next.

8. The installation begins.

Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 3 Figure 4

47
 Figure 5 Figure 6

Figure 7 Figure 8

Figure 9 Figure 10

9. The installer prompts to change the password.

Click OK.

48
10. Enter a new password, re-enter the password to confirm it, and click the right-
arrow.

Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 3 Figure 4

11. After you click OK on the

confirmation screen, the operating system prepares
your desktop.

49
 What’s More

Direction: Enumerate the steps in how to Install Windows Server 2008 r2 Operating
Systems.

What I Have Learned

I have learned that ____________________________________________

I have realized that ____________________________________________
I will apply ___________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Direction: Perform Install Window Server 2008 R2 Operating System. Write your
answer in your notebook. (Note: This activity is optional only.)
Rubrics
Adherence to the 20- executed 15 – executed 10 - executed 5 – executed
Procedure executing all the most of the some of the less of the of
against a defined set of procedures procedures procedures the procedures
standards in a particular correctly and correctly and correctly and correctly and
way, even when it's systematically systematically systematically systematically
possible that alternative
approaches could achieve
the same result.

50
Workmanship quality of a 20– displayed 15 -displayed 10-displayed 5- displayed
handmade object that is very high skills high skills in average skills less skills in
skillfully crafted. in achieving achieving in achieving achieving
desired result desired result desired result desired result
Speed 10 – 8– 5- accomplished task beyond the
Perform the task in given accomplished accomplished given time
time task ahead of task on time
time
Total 50
Assessment

Direction: Arrange the flowchart into proper order by writing number. Write your answers
in your notebook.

Step ___ Step ___ Step ___ Step ___

Step ___ Step ___ Step ___ Step ___

51
 Step ___ Step ___ Step ___

Additional Activities

Direction: For the preparation of the next module read or watch a video about how to
Install drivers.

52