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Human Communication
Technology
 Scrivener Publishing
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Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing for Industrial Transformation

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Scope: Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Techniques play an impeccable role in industrial
transformation. The topics to be covered in this book series include Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning,
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Publishers at Scrivener
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Human Communication
Technology

Internet of Robotic Things

and Ubiquitous Computing

Edited by
R. Anandan
G. Suseendran
S. Balamurugan
Ashish Mishra
and
D. Balaganesh
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Contents

Preface xix
1 Internet of Robotic Things: A New Architecture and Platform 1
V. Vijayalakshmi, S. Vimal and M. Saravanan
1.1 Introduction 2
1.1.1 Architecture 3
1.1.1.1 Achievability of the Proposed Architecture 6
1.1.1.2 Qualities of IoRT Architecture 6
1.1.1.3 Reasonable Existing Robots for IoRT
Architecture 8
1.2 Platforms 9
1.2.1 Cloud Robotics Platforms 9
1.2.2 IoRT Platform 10
1.2.3 Design a Platform 11
1.2.4 The Main Components of the Proposed Approach 11
1.2.5 IoRT Platform Design 12
1.2.6 Interconnection Design 15
1.2.7 Research Methodology 17
1.2.8 Advancement Process—Systems Thinking 17
1.2.8.1 Development Process 17
1.2.9 Trial Setup-to Confirm the Functionalities 18
1.3 Conclusion 20
1.4 Future Work 21
References 21
2 Brain–Computer Interface Using Electroencephalographic
Signals for the Internet of Robotic Things 27
R. Raja Sudharsan and J. Deny
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Electroencephalography Signal Acquisition Methods 30
2.2.1 Invasive Method 31

v
vi Contents

2.2.2 Non-Invasive Method 32

2.3 Electroencephalography Signal-Based BCI 32
2.3.1 Prefrontal Cortex in Controlling Concentration Strength 33
2.3.2 Neurosky Mind-Wave Mobile 34
2.3.2.1 Electroencephalography Signal Processing
Devices 34
2.3.3 Electromyography Signal Extraction of Features
and Its Signal Classifications 37
2.4 IoRT-Based Hardware for BCI 40
2.5 Software Setup for IoRT 40
2.6 Results and Discussions 42
2.7 Conclusion 47
References 48
3 Automated Verification and Validation of IoRT Systems 55
S.V. Gayetri Devi and C. Nalini
3.1 Introduction 56
3.1.1 Automating V&V—An Important Key to Success 58
3.2 Program Analysis of IoRT Applications 59
3.2.1 Need for Program Analysis 59
3.2.2 Aspects to Consider in Program Analysis of IoRT
Systems 59
3.3 Formal Verification of IoRT Systems 61
3.3.1 Automated Model Checking 61
3.3.2 The Model Checking Process 62
3.3.2.1 PRISM 65
3.3.2.2 UPPAAL 66
3.3.2.3 SPIN Model Checker 67
3.3.3 Automated Theorem Prover 69
3.3.3.1 ALT-ERGO 70
3.3.4 Static Analysis 71
3.3.4.1 CODESONAR 72
3.4 Validation of IoRT Systems 73
3.4.1 IoRT Testing Methods 79
3.4.2 Design of IoRT Test 80
3.5 Automated Validation 80
3.5.1 Use of Service Visualization 82
3.5.2 Steps for Automated Validation of IoRT Systems 82
3.5.3 Choice of Appropriate Tool for Automated Validation 84
3.5.4 IoRT Systems Open Source Automated
Validation Tools 85
 Contents vii

3.5.5 Some of Significant Open Source Test Automation

Frameworks 86
3.5.6 Finally IoRT Security Testing 86
3.5.7 Prevalent Approaches for Security Validation 87
3.5.8 IoRT Security Tools 87
References 88
4 Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) Technology: The Future
Man–Machine–Machine Interaction Medium 91
J.M. Gnanasekar and T. Veeramakali
4.1 Introduction 92
4.1.1 Need for Li-Fi 94
4.2 Literature Survey 94
4.2.1 An Overview on Man-to-Machine Interaction System 95
4.2.2 Review on Machine to Machine (M2M) Interaction 96
4.2.2.1 System Model 97
4.3 Light Fidelity Technology 98
4.3.1 Modulation Techniques Supporting Li-Fi 99
4.3.1.1 Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) 100
4.3.1.2 Multi Carrier Modulation 100
4.3.1.3 Li-Fi Specific Modulation 101
4.3.2 Components of Li-Fi 102
4.3.2.1 Light Emitting Diode (LED) 102
4.3.2.2 Photodiode 103
4.3.2.3 Transmitter Block 103
4.3.2.4 Receiver Block 104
4.4 Li-Fi Applications in Real Word Scenario 105
4.4.1 Indoor Navigation System for Blind People 105
4.4.2 Vehicle to Vehicle Communication 106
4.4.3 Li-Fi in Hospital 107
4.4.4 Li-Fi Applications for Pharmacies and the
Pharmaceutical Industry 109
4.4.5 Li-Fi in Workplace 110
4.5 Conclusion 111
References 111
5 Healthcare Management-Predictive Analysis (IoRT) 113
L. Mary Gladence, V. Maria Anu and Y. Bevish Jinila
5.1 Introduction 114
5.1.1 Naive Bayes Classifier Prediction for SPAM 115
5.1.2 Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT) 115
viii Contents

5.2 Related Work 116

5.3 Fuzzy Time Interval Sequential Pattern (FTISPAM) 117
5.3.1 FTI SPAM Using GA Algorithm 118
5.3.1.1 Chromosome Generation 119
5.3.1.2 Fitness Function 120
5.3.1.3 Crossover 120
5.3.1.4 Mutation 121
5.3.1.5 Termination 121
5.3.2 Patterns Matching Using SCI 121
5.3.3 Pattern Classification Based on SCI Value 122
5.3.4 Significant Pattern Evaluation 123
5.4 Detection of Congestive Heart Failure Using Automatic
Classifier 124
5.4.1 Analyzing the Dataset 125
5.4.2 Data Collection 126
5.4.2.1 Long-Term HRV Measures 127
5.4.2.2 Attribute Selection 128
5.4.3 Automatic Classifier—Belief Network 128
5.5 Experimental Analysis 130
5.6 Conclusion 132
References 134
6 Multimodal Context-Sensitive Human Communication
Interaction System Using Artificial Intelligence-Based
Human-Centered Computing 137
S. Murugan, R. Manikandan and Ambeshwar Kumar
6.1 Introduction 138
6.2 Literature Survey 141
6.3 Proposed Model 145
6.3.1 Multimodal Data 145
6.3.2 Dimensionality Reduction 146
6.3.3 Principal Component Analysis 147
6.3.4 Reduce the Number of Dimensions 148
6.3.5 CNN 148
6.3.6 CNN Layers 149
6.3.6.1 Convolution Layers 149
6.3.6.2 Padding Layer 150
6.3.6.3 Pooling/Subsampling Layers 150
6.3.6.4 Nonlinear Layers 151
6.3.7 ReLU 151
6.3.7.1 Fully Connected Layers 152
 Contents ix

6.3.7.2 Activation Layer 152

6.3.8 LSTM 152
6.3.9 Weighted Combination of Networks 153
6.4 Experimental Results 155
6.4.1 Accuracy 155
6.4.2 Sensibility 156
6.4.3 Specificity 156
6.4.4 A Predictive Positive Value (PPV) 156
6.4.5 Negative Predictive Value (NPV) 156
6.5 Conclusion 159
6.6 Future Scope 159
References 160
7 AI, Planning and Control Algorithms for IoRT Systems 163
T.R. Thamizhvani, R.J. Hemalatha, R. Chandrasekaran
and A. Josephin Arockia Dhivya
7.1 Introduction 164
7.2 General Architecture of IoRT 167
7.2.1 Hardware Layer 168
7.2.2 Network Layer 168
7.2.3 Internet Layer 168
7.2.4 Infrastructure Layer 168
7.2.5 Application Layer 169
7.3 Artificial Intelligence in IoRT Systems 170
7.3.1 Technologies of Robotic Things 170
7.3.2 Artificial Intelligence in IoRT 172
7.4 Control Algorithms and Procedures for IoRT Systems 180
7.4.1 Adaptation of IoRT Technologies 183
7.4.2 Multi-Robotic Technologies 186
7.5 Application of IoRT in Different Fields 187
References 190
8 Enhancements in Communication Protocols That
Powered IoRT 193
T. Anusha and M. Pushpalatha
8.1 Introduction 194
8.2 IoRT Communication Architecture 194
8.2.1 Robots and Things 196
8.2.2 Wireless Link Layer 197
8.2.3 Networking Layer 197
8.2.4 Communication Layer 198
x Contents

8.2.5 Application Layer 198

8.3 Bridging Robotics and IoT 198
8.4 Robot as a Node in IoT 200
8.4.1 Enhancements in Low Power WPANs 200
8.4.1.1 Enhancements in IEEE 802.15.4 200
8.4.1.2 Enhancements in Bluetooth 201
8.4.1.3 Network Layer Protocols 202
8.4.2 Enhancements in Low Power WLANs 203
8.4.2.1 Enhancements in IEEE 802.11 203
8.4.3 Enhancements in Low Power WWANs 204
8.4.3.1 LoRaWAN 205
8.4.3.2 5G 205
8.5 Robots as Edge Device in IoT 206
8.5.1 Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) 206
8.5.2 The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) 207
8.5.2.1 Latest in CoAP 207
8.5.3 The MQTT-SN Protocol 207
8.5.4 The Data Distribution Service (DDS) 208
8.5.5 Data Formats 209
8.6 Challenges and Research Solutions 209
8.7 Open Platforms for IoRT Applications 210
8.8 Industrial Drive for Interoperability 212
8.8.1 The Zigbee Alliance 212
8.8.2 The Thread Group 213
8.8.3 The WiFi Alliance 213
8.8.4 The LoRa Alliance 214
8.9 Conclusion 214
References 215
9 Real Time Hazardous Gas Classification and Management
System Using Artificial Neural Networks 219
R. Anitha, S. Anusooya, V. Jean Shilpa and Mohamed Hishaam
9.1 Introduction 220
9.2 Existing Methodology 220
9.3 Proposed Methodology 221
9.4 Hardware & Software Requirements 223
9.4.1 Hardware Requirements 223
9.4.1.1 Gas Sensors Employed in Hazardous
Detection 223
9.4.1.2 NI Wireless Sensor Node 3202 226
9.4.1.3 NI WSN gateway (NI 9795) 228
 Contents xi

9.4.1.4 COMPACT RIO (NI-9082) 229

9.5 Experimental Setup 232
9.5.1 Data Set Preparation 233
9.5.2 Artificial Neural Network Model Creation 236
9.6 Results and Discussion 240
9.7 Conclusion and Future Work 243
References 244
10 Hierarchical Elitism GSO Algorithm For Pattern Recognition 245
IlavazhagiBala S. and Latha Parthiban
10.1 Introduction 246
10.2 Related Works 247
10.3 Methodology 248
10.3.1 Additive Kuan Speckle Noise Filtering Model 249
10.3.2 Hierarchical Elitism Gene GSO of MNN in
Pattern Recognition 251
10.4 Experimental Setup 255
10.5 Discussion 255
10.5.1 Scenario 1: Computational Time 256
10.5.2 Scenario 2: Computational Complexity 257
10.5.3 Scenario 3: Pattern Recognition Accuracy 258
10.6 Conclusion 260
References 260
11 Multidimensional Survey of Machine Learning Application
in IoT (Internet of Things) 263
Anurag Sinha and Pooja Jha
11.1 Machine Learning—An Introduction 264
11.1.1 Classification of Machine Learning 265
11.2 Internet of Things 267
11.3 ML in IoT 268
11.3.1 Overview 268
11.4 Literature Review 270
11.5 Different Machine Learning Algorithm 271
11.5.1 Bayesian Measurements 271
11.5.2 K-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) 272
11.5.3 Neural Network 272
11.5.4 Decision Tree (DT) 272
11.5.5 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) t 273
11.5.6 K-Mean Calculations 273
11.5.7 Strength Teaching 273
11.6 Internet of Things in Different Frameworks 273
xii Contents

11.6.1 Computing Framework 274

11.6.1.1 Fog Calculation 274
11.6.1.2 Estimation Edge 275
11.6.1.3 Distributed Computing 275
11.6.1.4 Circulated Figuring 276
11.7 Smart Cities 276
11.7.1 Use Case 277
11.7.1.1 Insightful Vitality 277
11.7.1.2 Brilliant Portability 277
11.7.1.3 Urban Arranging 278
11.7.2 Attributes of the Smart City 278
11.8 Smart Transportation 279
11.8.1 Machine Learning and IoT in Smart
Transportation 280
11.8.2 Markov Model 283
11.8.3 Decision Structures 284
11.9 Application of Research 285
11.9.1 In Energy 285
11.9.2 In Routing 285
11.9.3 In Living 286
11.9.4 Application in Industry 287
11.10 Machine Learning for IoT Security 290
11.10.1 Used Machine Learning Algorithms 291
11.10.2 Intrusion Detection 293
11.10.3 Authentication 294
11.11 Conclusion 294
References 295
12 IoT-Based Bias Analysis in Acoustic Feedback Using
Time-Variant Adaptive Algorithm in Hearing Aids 301
G. Jayanthi and Latha Parthiban
12.1 Introduction 302
12.2 Existence of Acoustic Feedback 303
12.2.1 Causes of Acoustic Feedback 303
12.2.2 Amplification of Feedback Process 304
12.3 Analysis of Acoustic Feedback 304
12.3.1 Frequency Analysis Using Impulse Response 305
12.3.2 Feedback Analysis Using Phase Difference 306
12.4 Filtering of Signals 310
12.4.1 Digital Filters 310
12.4.2 Adaptive Filters 311
 Contents xiii

12.4.2.1 Order of Adaptive Filters 311

12.4.2.2 Filter Coefficients in Adaptive Filters 311
12.4.3 Adaptive Feedback Cancellation 312
12.4.3.1 Non-Continuous Adaptation 312
12.4.3.2 Continuous Adaptation 314
12.4.4 Estimation of Acoustic Feedback 315
12.4.5 Analysis of Acoustic Feedback Signal 317
12.4.5.1 Forward Path of the Signal 317
12.4.5.2 Feedback Path of the Signal 317
12.4.5.3 Bias Identification 319
12.5 Adaptive Algorithms 320
12.5.1 Step-Size Algorithms 321
12.5.1.1 Fixed Step-Size 322
12.5.1.2 Variable Step-Size 323
12.6 Simulation 325
12.6.1 Training of Adaptive Filter for Removal
of Acoustic Feedback 325
12.6.2 Testing of Adaptive Filter 326
12.6.2.1 Subjective and Objective Evaluation
Using KEMAR 326
12.6.2.2 Experimental Setup Using Manikin
Channel 327
12.7 Performance Evaluation 328
12.8 Conclusions 333
References 334
13 Internet of Things Platform for Smart Farming 337
R. Anandan, Deepak B.S., G. Suseendran and
Noor Zaman Jhanjhi
13.1 Introduction 337
13.2 History 338
13.3 Electronic Terminologies 339
13.3.1 Input and Output Devices 339
13.3.2 GPIO 340
13.3.3 ADC 340
13.3.4 Communication Protocols 340
13.3.4.1 UART 340
13.3.4.2 I2C 340
13.3.4.3 SPI 341
13.4 IoT Cloud Architecture 341
13.4.1 Communication From User to Cloud Platform 342
xiv Contents

13.4.2 Communication From Cloud Platform To IoT Device 342

13.5 Components of IoT 343
13.5.1 Real-Time Analytics 343
13.5.1.1 Understanding Driving Styles 343
13.5.1.2 Creating Driver Segmentation 344
13.5.1.3 Identifying Risky Neighbors 344
13.5.1.4 Creating Risk Profiles 344
13.5.1.5 Comparing Microsegments 344
13.5.2 Machine Learning 344
13.5.2.1 Understanding the Farm 345
13.5.2.2 Creating Farm Segmentation 345
13.5.2.3 Identifying Risky Factors 346
13.5.2.4 Creating Risk Profiles 346
13.5.2.5 Comparing Microsegments 346
13.5.3 Sensors 346
13.5.3.1 Temperature Sensor 347
13.5.3.2 Water Quality Sensor 347
13.5.3.3 Humidity Sensor 347
13.5.3.4 Light Dependent Resistor 347
13.5.4 Embedded Systems 349
13.6 IoT-Based Crop Management System 350
13.6.1 Temperature and Humidity Management System 350
13.6.1.1 Project Circuit 351
13.6.1.2 Connections 353
13.6.1.3 Program 356
13.6.2 Water Quality Monitoring System 361
13.6.2.1 Dissolved Oxygen Monitoring System 361
13.6.2.2 pH Monitoring System 363
13.6.3 Light Intensity Monitoring System 364
13.6.3.1 Project Circuit 365
13.6.3.2 Connections 365
13.6.3.3 Program Code 366
13.7 Future Prospects 367
13.8 Conclusion 368
References 369
14 Scrutinizing the Level of Awareness on Green Computing
Practices in Combating Covid-19 at Institute of Health
Science-Gaborone 371
Ishmael Gala and Srinath Doss
14.1 Introduction 372
 Contents xv

14.1.1 Institute of Health Science-Gaborone 373

14.1.2 Research Objectives 374
14.1.3 Green Computing 374
14.1.4 Covid-19 375
14.1.5 The Necessity of Green Computing in Combating
Covid-19 376
14.1.6 Green Computing Awareness 379
14.1.7 Knowledge 380
14.1.8 Attitude 381
14.1.9 Behavior 381
14.2 Research Methodology 381
14.2.1 Target Population 382
14.2.2 Sample Frame 382
14.2.3 Questionnaire as a Data Collection Instrument 383
14.2.4 Validity and Reliability 383
14.3 Analysis of Data and Presentation 383
14.3.1 Demographics: Gender and Age 384
14.3.2 How Effective is Green Computing Policies
in Combating Covid-19 at Institute of Health
Science-Gaborone? 386
14.3.3 What are Green Computing Practices Among
Users at Gaborone Institute of Health Science? 388
14.3.4 What is the Role of Green Computing Training
in Combating Covid-19 at Institute of Health
Science-Gaborone? 388
14.3.5 What is the Likelihood of Threats Associated
With a Lack of Awareness on Green Computing
Practices While Combating Covid-19? 390
14.3.6 What is the Level of User Conduct, Awareness
and Attitude With Regard to Awareness on Green
Computing Practices at Institute of Health
Science-Gaborone? 391
14.4 Recommendations 393
14.4.1 Green Computing Policy 393
14.4.2 Risk Assessment 394
14.4.3 Green Computing Awareness Training 394
14.4.4 Compliance 394
14.5 Conclusion 394
References 395
xvi Contents

15 Detailed Analysis of Medical IoT Using Wireless Body

Sensor Network and Application of IoT in Healthcare 401
Anurag Sinha and Shubham Singh
15.1 Introduction 402
15.2 History of IoT 403
15.3 Internet of Objects 405
15.3.1 Definitions 405
15.3.2 Internet of Things (IoT): Data Flow 406
15.3.3 Structure of IoT—Enabling Technologies 406
15.4 Applications of IoT 407
15.5 IoT in Healthcare of Human Beings 407
15.5.1 Remote Healthcare—Telemedicine 408
15.5.2 Telemedicine System—Overview 408
15.6 Telemedicine Through a Speech-Based Query System 409
15.6.1 Outpatient Monitoring 410
15.6.2 Telemedicine Umbrella Service 410
15.6.3 Advantages of the Telemedicine Service 411
15.6.4 Some Examples of IoT in the Health Sector 411
15.7 Conclusion 412
15.8 Sensors 412
15.8.1 Classification of Sensors 413
15.8.2 Commonly Used Sensors in BSNs 415
15.8.2.1 Accelerometer 417
15.8.2.2 ECG Sensors 418
15.8.2.3 Pressure Sensors 419
15.8.2.4 Respiration Sensors 420
15.9 Design of Sensor Nodes 420
15.9.1 Energy Control 421
15.9.2 Fault Diagnosis 422
15.9.3 Reduction of Sensor Nodes 422
15.10 Applications of BSNs 423
15.11 Conclusions 423
15.12 Introduction 424
15.12.1 From WBANs to BBNs 425
15.12.2 Overview of WBAN 425
15.12.3 Architecture 426
15.12.4 Standards 427
15.12.5 Applications 427
15.13 Body-to-Body Network Concept 428
 Contents xvii

15.14 Conclusions 429

References 430
16 DCMM: A Data Capture and Risk Management for Wireless
Sensing Using IoT Platform 435
Siripuri Kiran, Bandi Krishna, Janga Vijaykumar
and Sridhar manda
16.1 Introduction 436
16.2 Background 438
16.2.1 Internet of Things 438
16.2.2 Middleware Data Acquisition 438
16.2.3 Context Acquisition 439
16.3 Architecture 439
16.3.1 Proposed Architecture 439
16.3.1.1 Protocol Adaption 441
16.3.1.2 Device Management 443
16.3.1.3 Data Handler 445
16.4 Implementation 446
16.4.1 Requirement and Functionality 446
16.4.1.1 Requirement 446
16.4.1.2 Functionalities 447
16.4.2 Adopted Technologies 448
16.4.2.1 Middleware Software 448
16.4.2.2 Usability Dependency 449
16.4.2.3 Sensor Node Software 449
16.4.2.4 Hardware Technology 450
16.4.2.5 Sensors 451
16.4.3 Details of IoT Hub 452
16.4.3.1 Data Poster 452
16.4.3.2 Data Management 452
16.4.3.3 Data Listener 453
16.4.3.4 Models 454
16.5 Results and Discussions 454
16.6 Conclusion 460
References 461
Index 463
 Preface

It is with great pleasure that we introduce this book on “Human

Communication Technology: Internet of Robotic Thing and Ubiquitous
Computing”. Our objective in writing it was to adopt advancements in
the field and help disseminate results that cover a broad cross section of
technical disciplines concerning recent applications and case studies in the
areas of human communication technology, robotic intelligent systems,
and ubiquitous computing among working professionals, academics and
researchers. The book is also designed to provide students with a platform
for exploring knowledge relating to human communication technology
that will enable them to produce serviceable innocuous and purposeful sys-
tems using ­cutting-edge technology to yield computer systems with decent
usability. In order to achieve these goals, developers must first attempt to
understand the factors that determine how people use technology.
These new architectures, networking paradigms, trustworthy struc-
tures, and platforms for the integration of applications across various busi-
ness and industrial domains are needed for the emergence of ’ intelligent
things (static or mobile) in collaborative autonomous fleets. These new
apps speed up the progress of paradigms of autonomous system design and
the proliferation of the Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT). Collaborative
robotic things can communicate with other things in the IoRT, learn
independently, interact securely with the world, people and other things,
and acquire characteristics that make them self-maintaining, self-aware,
self-healing and fail-operational. Due to the ubiquitous nature of collab-
orative robotic things, the IoRT, which binds together the sensors and the
objects of robotic things, is gaining popularity. Therefore, the information
contained in the sixteen chapters of this book, as briefly described below,
was chosen to provide readers with a better understanding of this interdis-
ciplinary field.
– Chapter 1 describes how robots share information and operate in a
common environment.

xix
xx Preface

– Chapter 2 defines the BCI-based headsets developed with the archi-

tecture of the IoRT to analyze incoming EEG signals for the corresponding
actions of human beings.
– Chapter 3 explains why automated verification and validation of IoRT
systems warrant the functional safety and reliability characteristics of soft-
ware using appropriate program verification techniques. These include
automated model checking and theorem proving in combination with
automated test frameworks for establishing independent testing in ubiqui-
tous software environments using reduced manual resources and timelines
to verify and validate systems with a higher degree of operational efficacy.
– Chapter 4 explains the sequential pattern mining process and fuzzy
time interval sequential pattern mining using genetic algorithm (GA),
pattern matching using similarity computation index (SCI), classification
based on SCI value, and significant pattern evaluation process. The second
part of the chapter shows how patients are assessed using a belief network
automated via the IoRT.
– Chapter 5 describes the various Li-Fi technology applications used for
man-to-machine and machine-to-machine communication. Li-Fi will be
the future technology for short-range wireless communication.
– Chapter 6 highlights the computation process for monitoring human
activity using human-centered computing. It focuses on the design, imple-
mentation, and evaluation of interactive information gathered from the
technological system in relation to usable and accessible information gath-
ering. The multimodal human communication interaction system is pre-
meditated to receive communication from humans to provide improved
results and an operative communication process.
– Chapter 7 showcases the automatic robotic systems designed and
developed with a combination of computing, intelligence and the internet
of things (IoT).
– Chapter 8 outlines the general layered architecture of an IoRT system
with an emphasis on the various communication protocol choices available
for each layer. The initial subsections summarize the latest developments
in communication standards and data exchange protocols that tie robot-
ics and the IoT together. There is a discussion of some of the prominent
communication challenges in realizing an IoRT system along with the lat-
est research solutions. A later subsection provides details about the open
platforms available for developing IoRT solutions and also highlights the
developments in the industrial sector that could bring such solutions to
everyday life.
– Chapter 9 describes a real-time hazardous gas classification and man-
agement system using neural networks. The chapter begins by giving a
 Preface xxi

detailed view of the preparation of an input dataset from a sensor for an

artificial neural network model that helps to classify and measure the con-
centration of gases and ends with network training using the dataset.
– Chapter 10 focuses on medical imaging research that uses a nonin-
vasive diagnostic technique and many effective algorithms, such as grav-
itational search algorithms (GSAs), for optimization of modular neural
networks (MNNs) in pattern recognition. In this chapter, a novel method
known as the hierarchical elitism gene gravitational search algorithm is
proposed.
– Chapter 11 proposes a machine learning algorithm that combines the
IoT application areas. A basic aim of this chapter is to also analyze the dif-
ferent uses of machine learning in the IoT for healthcare, logistics, trans-
portation and agriculture among others.
– Chapter 12 describes the time-variant adaptive techniques for feed-
back cancellation in hearing aids. The IoT-based bias analysis provides a
statistical evaluation of the steady-state performance of an acoustic system
and offers significant and robust feedback cancellation in the presence of
varying environmental conditions.
– Chapter 13 applies the concepts of Industry 4.0 and Smart Cities
Mission to pave the way to the concepts of Agriculture 4.0 and Smart
Farming through the use of the IoT. With the evolution of the IoT, we have
the ability to totally change the different phases of agriculture.
– Chapter 14 mainly focuses on the green computing practices used
in combating COVID-19 in a study by the Institute of Health Sciences in
Gaborone. This study investigated different literature reviews concerning
green computing practices assisted by several theoretical models, such as
the technology acceptance model, utilized to present an economical expla-
nation of the components that define the adaptations, which are gener-
ally applicable to many utilization behaviors from different computing
innovations.
– Chapter 15 lists the available technology of sensor, pervasive com-
puting, and intelligent information processing widely used in body sensor
networks (BSNs), which are a branch of wireless sensor networks (WSNs).
These BSNs play an increasingly important role in the fields of medical
treatment, social welfare and sports, and are changing the way humans use
computers.
– Chapter 16 explains how the IoT, assisted by advanced electronic
tools, offers the best ways of experiencing and responding to the outside
world. However, at the same time, with the help of sensor information,
new problems and obstacles will emerge as new application scenarios are
envisaged. Therefore, this chapter investigates further developments, such
xxii Preface

as the interoperability between heterogeneous devices and confidence in

smart devices, to meet business and technical requirements such as valid-
ity, safety, and trust.
To conclude, we would like to extend our appreciation to our many col-
leagues. We also extend our sincere thanks to all the experts for providing
preparatory comments on the book that will surely motivate the reader
to read the topic. We also wish to thank the reviewers who took time to
review this book, and are also very grateful to our family members for their
patience, encouragement and understanding. Special thanks are also due to
many individuals at Scrivener Publishing, whose talents and efforts made
the publication of this book possible. Finally, any suggestions or feedback
from readers to improve the text will be highly appreciated.

R. Anandan
G. Suseendran
S. Balamurugan
Ashish Mishra
D. Balaganesh
August 2021
 1
Internet of Robotic Things:
A New Architecture and Platform
V. Vijayalakshmi1, S. Vimal2* and M. Saravanan1†

Department of Information Technology, School of Computing,

1

SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India

2
Department of Information Technology, Vel Tech Multitech Dr. Rangarajan
Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Avadi, Chennai, India

Abstract
IoT is an interconnection of internet-enhancing devices that increases the usage of
internet. It provides a stable base for users to form communication with other devices.
The linked devices will share data among themselves through network protocols. Internet
of Things is a technological change among the Blockchain, AI, Cloud Computing,
Machine Learning technologies with increasing speed to solve the problems.
The area of Cloud robotics includes cloud computing, Internet technologies
and cloud storage. It enables robots to benefit from quick increases in online data
transfer rates and reduces the maintenance, updates. By using cloud robotics,
operation durations can be reduced and costs increased. Cloud robotics is used in
a variety of areas, for example cloud computing, big data, distributed computing-
Human and robotic constraints, such as service quality (QoS), physical infrastruc-
ture, privacy, jitter, multi-robotic management, etc.
In order to avoid limitations in cloud robotics we combine the Internet of
Things with Cloud Robotics to provide smart, high performance, reliability, stabil-
ity, cost-effectiveness and collaborative multi-robot networks. This paper describes
how robots will share the information and operating in common environment.
IoRT can make a solid base for implementing robotics in diverse applications. This
work discusses about the architecture and platform of IoRT.
Keywords: Amazon web services, real-time processing, robot operating system,
cloud services, internet of robotic things, robotics

*Corresponding author: vimalshan@gmail.com

†
Corresponding author: saravanm7@srmist.edu.in

R. Anandan, G. Suseendran, S. Balamurugan, Ashish Mishra and D. Balaganesh (eds.) Human

Communication Technology: Internet of Robotic Things and Ubiquitous Computing, (1–26)
© 2022 Scrivener Publishing LLC

1
2 Human Communication Technology

1.1 Introduction
Internet of Things (IoT) is an integrated system of computers with special
identifiers that is capable of transmitting data across a network without
human interference. Smart home is a traditional control center, usually a
handheld monitor of home appliances. A basic function is to switch the
computer near or remotely on and off. In recent years the use of cellular
networks has increased and is increasing rapidly.
A global data society system enables advanced automated administra-
tions by interconnecting mechanical items that create, interoperable data
and communications developments in distributed computing, distributed
storage, etc. which is based on the benefits of hybrid cloud and joint admin-
istration. Internet creativity is focused on the advantages of hybrid cloud
and public willingness to allow robots to take advantage of the tremendous
processing, storage and exchange capabilities of today’s cloud providers.
At the same time spelling maintenance and refreshment overheads and
improves flexibility on Custom Domain dependent middleware levels.
A robot is basically a machine which utilizes a mechanical stage that joins
distinctive interconnected sensors, PCs and actuators to complete an activ-
ity. An automated stage encourages equipment deliberation, encourages
programming, mechanical gadgets and electronic frameworks interface
the executives. The multifaceted nature of the created conduct is limited
by the handling intensity of the robot, which diminishes the first versatility
of the robot, contingent upon the nearby equipment. The remote reloca-
tion of robot computation encourages robots to diminish weight, equip-
ment expenses and battery use. Furthermore, it makes it simpler to access
and store the information created. Distributed storage is one method of
remotely getting to and putting away information.
Distributed computing alludes to a brought together cloud-based data-
base of adaptable assets. The virtual machine, gadget or various cloud
highlights, for example small scale administrations, is utilized as a cloud
administration. Small scale administrations are cloud administrations
running serverless from outsider providers, for example, Amazon, etc
which abstracts the designer’s equipment. Distributed computing empow-
ers a wide scope of versatile preparing force and capacity ability to be uti-
lized as focal usefulness for robots through conceptual equipment. An idea
named cloud robotics [1] is developed by consolidating the two regions of
mechanical autonomy with distributed computing.
Cloud apply autonomy is a cloud-based robot that utilizes the com-
mon pool of cloud assets. Cloud applies autonomy present incorporated
highlights, designate capacity assets and procedure capacity to numerous
 Internet of Robotic Things 3

Cloud
IoT Computing

IoRT
Robotics
in Cloud

Robotics

Figure 1.1 Description of the IoRT innovations.

robots. Anyway one significant element of cloud apply autonomy is the

capacity of the robot to convey over the Internet utilizing normal corre-
spondence innovation with different robots and devices. One answer for a
worldwide system for availability is IoT.
IoT is an overall system that can connection and move information over
the web to a group of gadgets known as things. This permits all members
to convey utilizing [1] a typical correspondence innovation.
Subsequently, we intend to build up a novel idea, “Internet of Robotic
Things” (IoRT) which is joined using these networks, as appeared in Figure
1.1. Internet of Robotic Things includes IoT, mechanical autonomy and
distributed computing. Internet of Robotic Things attempts to interface
propelled robots, utilizing existing and developing correspondences inno-
vations, to trade interoperable information, as a general foundation.

1.1.1 Architecture
The architecture of IoRT is divided into five groups and each layer is rep-
resented in Figure 1.2. The protocol stack for each layer is represented in
Figure 1.3.

(i) The hardware/robotic things layer,

(ii) The network layer,
(iii) The internet layer,
(iv) Infrastructure layer, and
(v) The application layer

i. Hardware Layer
The layer comprises robots, like vehicles, sensors, railings, submersible
equipment, home equipment and mechanical sensors. The hardware layer
4 Human Communication Technology

Application Layer

IoT Business Cloud Services IoT Cloud Infrastructure

SaaS, PaaS, IaaS etc. Image and Video Processing

Communication Control,
M2M2A Cloud Platform Support
UI Control, Robot Operation
(Data Analysis, Data acquiring etc.) Monitoring

Robotic Platform Support

Big Data Services

Internet Connectivity (IoT Protocol)

Network Connectivity Layer

Hardware Layer

Figure 1.2 Conceptual model of IoRT Architecture.

is concealed in physical matters for using data in the layer above, namely
the network layer.

ii. Network Layer

The second-base layer with system configurations is the network layer.
This layer transmits data segments between frameworks as groups. Right
when you message your buddy, this layer gives out source and objective
IP conveys to the data parts. Your IP address is the source, and your
partner’s is the objective. Layer 3 similarly chooses the most ideal ways
for data movement. Cell availability including 3G [3] and LTE/4G [4] are
empowered in this layer, which enables smooth direct of transmission
of data in the mechanical system [5–7] foundation in wider separation.

Application Layer CoAP

Transport Layer UDP
Network Layer/Routing IPv6, RPL
Adaptation Layer 6LoWPAN
Datalink Layer MAC 802.15.4
Physical Layer PHY 802.15.4

Figure 1.3 Protocol stacks of IoT.

 Internet of Robotic Things 5

iii. Internet Layer

This layer excludes the shows that fulfill the inspiration driving keeping up
interface states between the close by center points and that commonly use
shows that rely upon the encompassing of bundles express to the associ-
ation types. Such shows have a spot with the association layer. Web layer
shows use IP-based groups. Distribute/purchase in training, multicast sup-
port, forward communications, products distributed structures, scatter
the layout sorted out, provide protection for data chart displays, middle-
ware lining, lightweight quarter-based computerization, and direct buying
depends on the constantly embedded systems.

iv. Infrastructure Layer

IoT-based mechanical cloud stack is the most critical (cloud managerial,
middleware, business process and information-oriented methodology)
component of all network holding. The IoT-based mechanical cloud stack
is a mix of five separate, but linked entities such as automated cloud stor-
age, M2M2A cloud storage, IoT cloud management, Big Data and the tech-
nical base of the IoT cloud. Let us address each of them.
Cloud M2M2A is ready to use the worldview of MachineToMachine
ToActuator as a robotic powered machine that anticipates being a basic
machine to contribute to IoRT. M2M can be visualized as a variety of
machines linked to a system that transfer data in and out without human
interference and provides ideal computerized control. In order to bring real
and virtual world together MachineToMachineToActuator [9] method uses
helpful structures, where various sensors and mechanical inventions can be
combined. In such sort of arrangements, pictured data administrations cre-
ated by the sensors are between connected among themselves while figuring
particular chain of activities/responses made to be performed by the robots.
Out of many, information assortment, investigation, gadget the board, map
cum climate information coordination and sensor information aggregation
are of most significance. To lay it out simply, business fogs do serve the IoRT
by allowing affiliations and makers of computerized structures to reduce
their overhead of operational (business related) practices through an average
layered technique where a wide scope of fundamental backings are given.
“A model intended to encourage the data society, empowering propelled
benefits by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things dependent on, exist-
ing and developing, interoperable data and correspondence advancements
through ennoblement of omnipresent, advantageous, on-request arrange
access to a mutual pool of configurable figuring assets (e.g., systems, serv-
ers, stockpiling, applications, and administrations) that can be quickly provi-
sioned and discharged with insignificant administration exertion or specialist
6 Human Communication Technology

co-op collaboration that influence the need and heterogeneous availability

issues of the client driven things in all around characterized style” [10].
In such situation, IoT cloud empowers automated frameworks to be
enabled with a few administrations of which not many have been intro-
duced, for example, picture handling, video preparing, area recognizable
proof, correspondence control, organizing with SNS, mechanical conduct
situations, and UI control as uncommon consideration.

v. The Application Layer

The application layer is the first most layers in the IoRT engineering which
scatters the client experience by finding the tests performance over utilizing
the mechanical autonomy. This layer lies over the organization divulgence
layer. It is most vital layer in the designing loosening up from the client
closes. It is the interface between the end devices and the framework. This
layer is realized through a committed application at the contraption end.
Like for a PC, application layer is executed by the program. It is the program
which completes application layer shows like SMTP, FTP and HTTP. Same
way, there is application layer shows demonstrated in setting to IoT as well.

1.1.1.1 Achievability of the Proposed Architecture

Let us first present the center attributes of IoRT engineering which is
trailed by the highlights of the most diffused robots (automated frame-
work), at that point IoT handling units, and cloud mechanical technology
stages. IoT and mechanical technology are mutually embraced to oversee
upgraded benefits in everyday human way of life.

1.1.1.2 Qualities of IoRT Architecture

Internet of Robotic Things gives a few notable highlights that are not quite
the same as conventional mechanical technologies administrations, for
example, cloud apply autonomy and arranged apply autonomy, which are
summed up as underneath?

i. Similarity
The proposed IoRT engineering utilizes the interface named Web Service
Description Language (WSDL), it endeavors to normalize a few correspon-
dence interfaces conveyed for the design of IoRT. WSDL is incorporated to
encourage some general correspondence between the independent robots
(or automated frameworks) and along with different fragments of the IoRT.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 Mrs. W. What shall it be?
Mrs. S. One can see plainly enough he is insane.
Mrs. B. (turning to policeman). You can see that he is evidently
insane.
Policeman. He does act strange, don’t he? A rich merchant like him,
to tend an apple-stand! But what shall I do?
Mrs. B. I don’t know. This is probably the first stage of the
disease. I’m afraid he may become violent.
P. Would you advise me to arrest him?
Mrs. B. (whose thoughts revert to Mr. Walters). I am so distressed
I hardly know; but it seems as if he ought to be prevented from
doing any mischief. Perhaps it would be better to do so. That would
bring matters to a crisis, and we should know the worst.
(Policeman goes round and comes in at an entrance back of Mr. B.
Before the latter realizes it, he is handcuffed. He starts up at once,
indignant.)
Mr. B. What do you mean by insulting me in this manner? Take
these irons off this instant. Do you hear?
Mrs. S. (to Mrs. B.). He is getting worse, you see.
P. I couldn’t do it, my man. You better come with me. (Takes him
by the shoulder.)
Mr. B. Stop. First tell me what all this means.
P. Certainly. No gentleman in your position would think of leaving
his business and tending an apple-stand if he was in his right mind.
So I have put on these bracelets to prevent your doing any violence.
Mr. B. Ha, ha, ha! “So fades my dreams!” Goodenow, you must
give me credit for sustaining my part of the agreement, as far as I
alone am concerned. But circumstances have conspired against me.
(Turning to his wife.) My friend and myself laid a wager that I had
not sufficient courage to tend an apple-stand one whole day without
giving any explanation thereof. In attempting to do this it seems I
have laid myself under suspicion of being insane. I therefore
abdicate in favor of Mrs. Bridget Murphy, trusting she may find the
position a pleasant and more lucrative one than I have done. (He
comes forward and Mrs. Murphy enters and takes his place.)
Henceforth, like a dutiful subject, I will restrain all improper
inclinations, and confess that, like my friends and neighbors, I, too,
am a slave of Mrs. Grundy.
(Curtain falls.)
 AUNT HANNAH’S VALENTINE.
DRAMATIS PERSONÆ.
Mrs. Cynthia Leland, a Farmer’s Wife.
Mrs. Montgomery, a Friend and former Schoolmate of Mrs. L.
Hannah Leland, Mr. Leland’s Sister.
Obadiah Rakestraw, a Bachelor.
Carrie Leland, Mrs. L.’s Daughter.
Herbert Walton, Carrie’s Lover.
Adolphus Fitz-William, Mrs. M.’s Nephew.
Caleb Leland, Carrie’s Brother.

Scene I.—In the field. Carrie enters, r.

Carrie (soliloquizing). So Mrs. Montgomery’s nephew is coming to-

day. I hope he is agreeable. I wonder if he is engaged. It must be
nice to marry a rich man, and live in the city, and go to balls, parties,
and the theatre. I don’t understand why Mrs. Montgomery doesn’t
feel so. She married a merchant, and can live in fine style in the city,
but yet she prefers the country. And to-day her nephew is coming
here. He thinks people on a farm are countrified, but I guess we can
show him they are not all so. I’ve a good mind to flirt with him a
little, by way of variety. I don’t believe it would be very difficult to
captivate him. Perhaps, I can teach him a lesson. (Enter Herbert, l.,
with a rake in his hand.) Ah, Herbert—just going to work?
Herbert. Yes. Won’t you go, too?
Car. What inducement have you to offer?
H. A ride home on the hay after it is put into the wagon.
 Car. That might be sufficient sometimes, but not now, for I must
hurry home. Do you know, Herbert, we are to have a new-comer at
our house, this afternoon?
H. No. Who is it?
Car. Mrs. Montgomery’s nephew. Adolphus Fitz-William is his
name, I believe. His aunt says he has never been in the country at
all, and he thinks farmers’ families are countrified to the last degree.
She has his picture, and it looks very foppish.
H. And he is coming to-day, is he?
Car. Yes; he’s expected in the first afternoon train, and it’s about
time for that to be here. (Hears a step, and turns toward l.) I guess
that’s he now. I must go. (She hurries out, r.)
(Adolphus enters, l. He wears eye-glasses, and carries a cane; speaks
affectedly.)
Adolphus. Can you tell me, aw, where Fawmer Leland lives,
Jawnathan?
H. (leaning carelessly on rake—aside). I think I’ll humor him.
(Aloud.) Wal, there now, who’d ’a’ thought you’d known what my
name was? Who told yer?
A. (disdainfully). You’re vewy familiah. Do you know where
Fawmer Leland lives?
H. (eagerly). You aint come to court his daughter, be ye?
A. Ah, has he a daughter?
H. He has that, an’ a pooty one, too. Rosy cheeks an’ bright eyes
she’s got. I tell ye, she’s harnsome. I think some o’ sparkin’ her
myself.
A. (contemptuously). You, aw! Impossible! She wouldn’t look at
such a fellaw.
H. You dunno. Love goes whar it’s sent, an’ mebbe it’ll be sent to
me.
 A. But, aw, you haven’t answered my question. Can you tell me,
aw, where Fawmer Leland lives?
H. Oh, yes, I remember. But, ’say, did yer come from the city to-
day?
A. No, aw didn’t.
H. Is that so? I swar, I thought yer did—yer look so ’mazin’ spruce.
How long be yer goin’ to stay, now?
A. No mattaw.
H. Sho, now, don’t go ter gittin’ mad over it.
A. (angrily). Will you tell me, aw, where Fawmer Leland lives or
will you not, aw?
H. In course I will; but you needn’t git so mighty mad. Ye haint
asked me yit.
A. (emphatically). I’ve asked you fower sevewal times.
H. It’s no sich a thing. Ye asked me if I could tell yer where he
lived and ef I knowed where he lived. In course I couldn’t arnser a
question ’fore ’twas put. I was eddicated to be perlite even ter my
inferiors. When yer ask the question, I’ll arnser it.
A. (in a loud voice). You impertinent fellaw, where does Fawmer
Leland live?
H. Don’t go to puttin’ on airs, now. D’ye see them chimblys over
there? (pointing r.).
A. Yes, aw do.
H. Well, then, make a bee-line for ’em. Them’s the chimblys to
Farmer Leland’s house. (Exit A., r. H., solus.) If he’d been a civil
feller, I’d ’a’ shown him the path. Now he’ll have to climb four rickety
stone walls, and I dunno as how he can do it safely with them tight
breeches on. But I must go to work. Tempus fuggit, as the
schoolmaster says.
(Exit, l., with rake on his shoulder. Curtain falls.)
 Scene II.—Mrs. Leland’s sitting-room. Caleb, sitting, r. c.,
peeling apples. Carrie, l. c., dusting furniture. Enter Aunt
Hannah, r.

Aunt Hannah (in a complaining tone). Well, I declare, haint you

begun your baking yet, Car’line? It’s nigh onto noon, and you won’t
get dinner ready in season.
Car. Well, you know I can’t make my pies till the apples are ready.
You’ll have to talk to Caleb. I’ve been trying to hurry him.
A. H. (to Cal., severely). I should be ashamed, if I was a boy, to
be so long peeling a few apples.
Cal. Oh, what’s the use in hurrying? There’s plenty of time.
A. H. (testily). In my young days things didn’t go on so. Good
house-keepers got their bakin’ done by eight o’clock in the morning.
They didn’t spend all day in the kitchen, as they do now.
Car. Don’t be troubled, Aunt Hannah; everything will be finished
early, and dinner on the table at the usual time.
A. H. Well, I hope ’twill, but things don’t look much like it now.
(Exit A. H., l.)
Cal. Aunt Hannah is never happy except when she’s finding fault
with somebody. She’s gone off mad, and I’m glad of it. I hope she’ll
stay away.
(Enter Adolphus, l.)
Adolphus. I’ve been looking for you, Miss Carwy. Will you, aw, go
out and walk with me this morning?
Car. I don’t think I could. Mother is away, you know, and I have all
the housework to do.
A. Couldn’t I, aw, assist you, so you could go?
Car. I think not. I’m afraid there’s none of my work that you could
do.
 Cal. (shaking his head in a significant way). You jest make me that
offer, Mr. Fitz. I’ll warrant you I won’t refuse. I know you’ll be able to
do my work. And I can show you round a great deal better than
Carrie can.
(A. deigns no reply to Cal., but gazes earnestly at Car.)
Car. I declare, I’m afraid my bread is burning. I nearly forgot it.
(Goes out, r.)
Cal. Heigho! I don’t feel like peeling apples. I guess I’ll see what
girl loves me best. (Lifts the entire skin of an apple, which he has
taken off in one long strip, and swings it slowly three times round his
head, then drops it on the floor behind him. He stoops and examines
it eagerly, then claps his hands.) Sure’s the world, that’s an L, an’
stands for Lizy Blake. I was most sure ’twould be so. That sign
always comes true.
A. (who had been looking on with interest). What are you doing,
aw, Caleb?
Cal. I’ve been finding out who was my true love. Want to try your
hand at it?
A. (glancing round to see that no one else is present). Well, aw, I
might try.
Cal. That one’s broken, but I’ll soon make you another. (Takes an
apple, peels it, and passes the skin to A. The latter swings it very
awkwardly round his head, staggering as he endeavors to do so
without breaking it. At last he drops it on the floor behind him.)
Cal. I declare, Mr. Fitz, you’re about as graceful as a cow.
A. (unheeding his remark, and examining the skin, which lay
curled up on the floor). That’s a C, aw, plain enough.
Cal. (looking at it closely). It’s an exact H. Who can that stand for?
Oh, I know. It must be that you’re going to marry Aunt Hannah.
A. What do you mean, aw, by such a fawlshood? (Attempts to
strike Cal. with his cane, but Cal. leaps behind a chair, which he lifts,
and uses as a protection. Enter Car.)
Car. Why, what’s the matter?
Cal. Nothing, only Mr. Fitz has been telling me who his sweetheart
is, and he don’t like it ’cause I won’t promise not to tell anybody.
Car. You’d better go out in the kitchen, and finish your work. I’m
in a hurry for the apples.
(Exit, Cal., r. Car. sits down, c.)
A. You must be tired, aw, with your labors.
Car. Oh no, indeed; but I am waiting for that lazy Caleb to finish
the apples, so I can be making my pies.
A. (deliberately spreading his handkerchief upon the floor before
her, and kneeling upon it). Miss Leland—Carwy, I have long sought,
aw, this opportunity to confess, aw, my love for you. Do not deny
me, aw, and doom me to dwead despair.
(A sound of approaching footsteps is heard.)
Car. (hurriedly). Mr. Fitz-William, rise, I beseech you.
A. Not until you give me a favorable answer to my suit.
Car. I cannot—I—(Enter Cal., r. A. rises.)
Cal. (laughs quite loud). Ha! ha! ha! (Enter Mrs. Montgomery and
Aunt Hannah, l.)
Mrs. Montgomery. What can be the matter?
A. H. What’s all this noise about? Anybody’d think the house was
afire, to hear such a racket.
A. It’s that impertinent young wascal, aw, who’s been scweaming
like a locomotive whistle.
Cal. Who wouldn’t ’a’ laughed, if they’d come in, as I did, and
seen Mr. Fitz-William on his knees asking Carrie to marry him?
 Mrs. M. Why, Adolphus, I thought you were engaged to Helen
Lindsay, who lives in the city.
Cal. And ’twarn’t more’n ten minutes ago that he spoke about
marryin’ Aunt Hannah. (The spinster smiles benignantly.)
A. I did not, aw. I’d sooner marwy Beelzebub’s daughtaw than
such a she-dwagon.
A. H. (seizing a broom and chasing him around the stage.) You
would, would ye? Then, you just git out o’ this house. You shan’t
stay in it a minute longer.
Cal. (waving his hand). That’s it, Aunt Hannah. Pitch into him
lively. Go ahead, an’ I’ll help yer.
(Exit A., l., followed by A. H. and Caleb.)
(Curtain falls.)

Scene III.—The same. Time, six months later. Mrs. Leland,

sitting at table, r. c., and Caleb, l. c. Enter Aunt Hannah, r.

A. H. (going to Mrs. L.). Is this stockin’ goin’ to be large enough

for Calup?
Mrs. Leland (examining stocking). I guess so. It is larger than the
last pair.
Cal. Aunt Hannah thinks my understanding is increasing pretty
fast.
A. H. (bluntly). It’s a pity ’taint your politeness instid o’ your feet
that’s agrowin’.
Mrs. L. (looking up). Take another chair, Caleb, and let your aunt
have the rocking-chair.
Cal. (rising and taking another chair). Of course—age before good
looks.
 A. H. (sinking down into rocking-chair). In my day, children warn’t
allowed to make fun of their relations.
Mrs. L. Caleb doesn’t mean anything, Aunt Hannah, but he ought
not to speak so.
A. H. (severely). P’r’aps he don’t. This aint the fust time he’s been
sassy to me.
Cal. Well, why can’t you be jolly, like other folks? I have to make
fun so’s to make up for your lookin’ an’ talkin’ so dismal.
A. H. (sighing). Well, I shan’t always be here to trouble you with
my looks. When I’m gone, maybe you’ll wish you hadn’t laughed at
me as you have. (Bell rings.)
Cal. (eagerly). There’s the door-bell. Shall I go, mother?
Mrs. L. Yes, for I must go upstairs to get some pieces to mend this
coat with.
(Exit, r.)
(Cal. goes out, l., and immediately returns with a letter. He
pretends to be studying the address.)
Cal. M-m-iss Lel-land.
A. H. Calup, that letter’s for me. Give it to me this minute.
Cal. (holding it behind him). It aint a letter; it’s a valentine. It’s got
all sorts of pretty figures on the envelope. Promise, Aunt Hannah,
that you’ll let me see the inside of it, and I’ll give it to you right off.
A. H. (rising, and laying knitting on the table). I shan’t make any
promises. Give me that letter, Calup. (Cal. runs round stage with
letter. His aunt, running after him, tries in vain to catch him.)
Mrs. L. (from outside). Ca-leb! Ca-leb!
Cal. (darting across the room in a tantalizing way, lays letter on
the table). By the time you get it read, Aunt Hannah, I’ll be back all
ready to see it.
 (Exit, r.)
A. H. (takes letter eagerly, and sits down, l. c.). It is a valentine,
as sure as I’m alive. Who could have sent it? (Reads.)

“My dearest One: This is St. Valentine’s, the day

when every person is privileged to write tender epistles
to their loved ones. So I have seated myself to write to
you. I did think of asking you a question which my
past attentions have, no doubt, led you to expect. But,
on second thoughts, I have concluded to call on you
and ask the question in person. I am sure you will
have no difficulty in recognizing
“Your Devoted Valentine.”

A. H. (laying valentine on table, sits back in chair, clasps her hands

together, rocking, and apparently meditating). Well, there’s a
perspective proposal, and I’m sure it couldn’t come from anybody
but Obadiah Rakestraw. His mother’s just died, and he used to go to
singing school with me when I was a girl (complacently), and he’ll
be here to-night. I guess I’ll go and fix up a little, as long as he’s
sent me word he’s coming.
(Exit A. H., r. Enter Carrie by same door.)
Car. (soliloquizing). Oh, dear, how unhappy I am! it is six months
since Herbert went away, and I know it was because he thought I
liked that popinjay Adolphus. Of course, he doesn’t know that it was
nothing but a flirtation, and that I couldn’t endure the sight of
Adolphus afterwards. I didn’t think Herbert would have gone off so
suddenly, without even writing me a note to say he was going. Six
months ago, and I’ve been so miserable all this weary time!
(Suddenly sees the letter.) What’s this, a valentine, addressed to
Miss Leland? Why, that’s my name, and, of course, I have a right to
read it. (Opens it, and notices contents.) Yes, it was intended for
me, and is in Herbert’s handwriting (joyfully), and he is to be here
this evening! But how came it opened? (With sudden thought.) It
must be that Aunt Hannah has opened and read it, thinking it was
intended for her. I guess I’ll place the letter where I found it (lays it
down), and leave the room till the time comes for Herbert to arrive.
(Exit Carrie, l., and enter Caleb, r.)
Cal. Well, that’s pretty treatment, for Aunt Hannah to go off when
I told her partic’larly I was coming right back; and most likely she
has carried the valentine with her. (Looking round, his gaze falls on
the letter.) No, she hasn’t, either. By George! she was quite good, for
her. (Takes letter, which he opens and reads. Looks up with ludicrous
expression.) So Aunt Hannah has really got a beau! Who can he be?
I guess he don’t know her as well as some folks do. Let’s see
(Consulting the letter.) He’s coming here to-night to ask her that
question. It’ll be worth a great deal to see anybody making love to
Aunt Hannah. How can I manage to be round to see how it’s done?
(Looks around.) Oh, this is just the thing. (Goes behind a curtain,
which he draws, thereby concealing himself. A. H., dressed in black
silk and wearing a gay headdress, enters, r.)
A. H. (taking letter, which she puts in her pocket). Well, there, I
was rather ventur’som in leaving this valentine on the table. It’s a
wonder that Calup didn’t come in an’ get hold of it. If he had, I’d
never have heard the last of it. (A knock at the door, l. A. H. opens
it, and ushers in Obadiah Rakestraw.)
A. H. Good evening, Mr. Rakestraw.
Obadiah Rakestraw. Good-evening, Miss Leland. So you’re all alone
this evening. (They sit down with their backs to Caleb’s place of
concealment.)
A. H. Yes, I happen to be just now, but I suppose the rest of the
folks will be in soon. (Aside.) I wonder if he won’t take the hint.
Cal. (aside.) Oh, my! aint she sly?
O. R. I thought I’d just come in and make a neighborly call this
evening.
 A. H. Just so. I’m glad the spirit took ye. It be kind o’ lonesome for
you at home.
O. R. Wall, ’tis so sometimes.
A. H. Ye ought to get married.
O. R. I’m afraid nobody’d have me.
A. H. Oh, you’re too shy. There’s nothin’ like tryin’. To-night is St.
Valentine’s, and there aint no time like the present. All ye’ve got to
do is jest ask the question. I’ll warrant you’ll get a favorable answer.
Cal. (aside). Don’t she drive business?
O. R. Wall, I’ve a good mind to take your advice. As you say, ’tis
kind o’ lonesome, an’ I can’t more’n get refused (rising); so I’ll jest
go over an’ ask Hitty Trumbull if she’ll marry me.
A. H. (indignantly, rising). Mehitable Trumbull! You don’t mean
you’re going to offer yourself to her.
O. R. That’s jest what I mean.
A. H. Well, it’s downright dishonorable treatment, after the letter
you sent me to-day.
O. R. (surprised). I haven’t sent you any letter.
A. H. (taking it from pocket). Didn’t you write that valentine?
O. R. (glancing over it). I never saw it before; and, between you
and me, I don’t think it was intended for you.
A. H. Do you mean to insult me by saying I open other folks’
letters?
O. R. Not exactly, but I think this was written to your niece. It aint
the kind o’ valentine one would be likely to send to a person of your
age.
A. H. (in a high tone). You mean to twit me about my age, do
you? I’ll just let you know that I’m six years younger than Mehitable
Trumbull. But I won’t listen to any more of your insultin’ remarks; so
just leave this house, or I’ll call somebody to help you.
O. R. It’s lucky I didn’t offer to marry you, as you asked me to. I
see your temper hasn’t improved any since we used to go to
singing-school together.
(Exit O. R., l. A. H., almost frantic, paces back and forth.)
A. H. The villain! to treat me so. But it’s lucky none of the folks
know anything about it. I must change my dress before any of them
come in.
(Exit A. H., r.)
Cal. (coming forward). Wasn’t that rich? To think of Aunt Hannah,
who “wouldn’t marry the best man living,” offering herself, and then,
after all, that her love should be refused. (Voices outside.) But who’s
that? Perhaps, she’s coming back again. She mustn’t find me here.
(Hides behind the curtain. Enter Herbert and Carrie, talking
earnestly.)
Car. It was only by accident that I happened to see your letter at
all. Aunt Hannah received and read it, and thought it was sent to
her.
H. Who could she have supposed sent it?
Car. I don’t know, I’m sure.
Cal. (peeping out, aside). I know all about it.
H. But you haven’t answered the question it contained.
Car. (demurely). Did it contain one? I thought the note said you
intended to ask a question; but, as you didn’t do so, I supposed
you’d changed your mind.
H. You needn’t pretend ignorance. I can’t propose with the same
grace that Adolphus did, but you can’t help knowing that I meant to
ask you to marry me. (Taking her hand.) Will you be my wife,
Carrie?
 Car. (archly). I suppose it wouldn’t do to say anything but “Yes,”
especially as, if I refuse, I couldn’t return your letter, since Aunt
Hannah has taken possession of it.
H. I shouldn’t be satisfied with any other answer. Now, let’s go
and tell your mother about it, and then we’ll set the wedding day.
(Exeunt, arm in arm.)
Cal. (coming forward). Well that was a little addition I didn’t
expect. I’ve always wondered how folks popped the question, but
I’ve found out all about it, and now I can do it like a book. I guess
I’ll go down and see ’Lizy Blake before I forget how it’s done. If she
says “Yes” we’ll have a loaf of wedding-cake as big as our new
school-house. (With sudden thought) I don’t know though, but I
ought to write a valentine, and send to her, first, to let her know I’m
coming. That’s the way Herbert did. But then, just as likely as not,
her aunt Lizy’d get it, thinking ’twas for her. She’s cross-eyed, an’
wears false hair an’ store teeth, an’ I couldn’t have her on my hands.
No, I guess I’ll go right down, an’ do my sparkin’ in good style, an’
wind up by askin’ ’Lizy if I shan’t be her Valentine.
(Exit l. Curtain falls.)
 MR. BLISS’ VISION.
CHARACTERS.
Mr. Hiram Bliss, A Wealthy Bachelor.
Dick Wellington, His Nephew and Prospective Heir.
Mrs. Marian Payne, A Widow.
Servant.

Scene I.—Mr. Bliss’ parlor. Mr. B. present, pacing back and

forth.

Mr. Bliss (soliloquizing). Sixty years old to-day! Well, well, how
time passes! It seems but yesterday since I was a lad, going to
school, and making love to the girls, instead of studying the lessons
which Master Winthrop gave out. It seems strange how persons
change as they grow older. Then, I was a favorite with the girls, and
always escorted one or more to every party, husking, or apple-bee.
Now, when called upon to entertain a marriageable person of the
other sex, I’m thrown into a decided flutter. It’s ridiculous for one of
my age and experience, but still it is a lamentable fact. There was
Minnie Warren, a blue-eyed little fairy to whom I got very much
attached; in tact, we were engaged. I believe if she hadn’t left
Cherryville as she did, I should have finally married her. I was
indignant enough when I heard that her father had bought the
Union Mills, and the family were going to leave town. She finally
married, I heard, and made some man happy. (A pause.) Well, some
say every one has their share of good and ill fortune; but the fact is,
I believe that some are fated to be happy, and some to be miserable
in this world.
 Dick (entering, l.). Hallo, uncle; have you got the blues? What
right have you to talk about being miserable—you, who have
everything that wealth can procure to make you happy?
Mr. B. I know I have everything comfortable here, but the fact is,
Dick, I’m lonely in this great house. You, who pass most of your time
in a store, with people constantly coming and going, take pleasure in
spending a week or two in a quiet place, and among new scenes;
but there’s no novelty in it to me, who have lived here for twenty
years with no one in the house but servants.
D. It must be rather lonesome to live here all the time (glancing
furtively at his companion). I expect you’ll be marrying one of these
days, uncle.
Mr. B. I might have done so once, but it’s too late now. I’ve got
settled down in my bachelor ways, and cannot depart from them.
D. (mischievously). You may be forced to depart from them, uncle.
Mr. B. (alarmed). What do you mean, Dick?
D. You remember the widow Payne, that we have met several
times lately?
Mr. B. (interested). Yes. What of her?
D. She has been heard to express a very favorable opinion of you.
Mr. B. That amounts to nothing.
D. But you know that this is leap year, when ladies are privileged
to propose.
Mr. B. (startled). But you don’t think she would do such a thing?
D. (solemnly). It is impossible to say. She is a widow, and you
know the race of men has been warned, by an astute observer of
human nature, to beware of that class of humanity. If she has any
sympathy with the “Woman’s Rights” movement, I’m afraid you’re
fated, uncle.
 Mr. B. I couldn’t stand that. But what shall I do, Dick? Leave
town?
D. There wouldn’t be any use in that, unless you staid away the
remainder of the year.
Mr. B. (nervously). I couldn’t do that.
D. Then be courageous and bear it like a man. Of course you’d
refuse the honor (questioningly)?
Mr. B. Of course I should. I wouldn’t accept under any
consideration.
D. Then that’s all settled. But if you should get into any kind of a
scrape, just let me know, and I’ll get you out of it—trust me, uncle.
Mr. B. Well, I think I will. No doubt you know more about those
things than I do.
D. (smiling). I dare say I do.
Mr. B. (rising). Well, I must go and take my morning walk. Will
you go too?
D. (rising). Yes; where shall we go?
Mr. B. We might as well go and call on the widow, and take a
survey of the situation, as I don’t mean to be entrapped by any of
her wiles.
D. (sharply scrutinizing Mr. B.—aside). I must look out for this
uncle of mine. He may himself propose to the widow, instead of her
proposing to him, and that would be death to my prospects. I must
look out and not lose the property. (Takes out a couple of cigars,
which he offers to his uncle.—Aloud.) Have a cigar, uncle?
Mr. B.—Thank you, I don’t care if I do. (Takes one.)
(Exeunt, l. Curtain falls.)
 Scene II.—The same. Time, evening. Mr. Bliss sits alone, r.,
with his feet resting on the table, smoking and reading
the evening paper. A lady (Dick disguised as Mrs. Payne)
enters l., wearing bonnet and shawl, and closely veiled.
Mr. Bliss starts up in excitement and offers his hand.

Mr. B. Good-evening, Mrs. Payne. I am very happy to see you.

(Leads her to a seat.) Lay aside your bonnet and shawl, won’t you?
Mrs. Payne. No, I thank you. I cannot stop long. I only came in to
make a call.
Mr. B. I am afraid this smoke is offensive to you.
Mrs. P. Oh, not at all. I enjoy the fragrance of a good cigar.
(Mr. B. lays down his cigar.)
Mrs. P. It is quite cool out, this evening.
Mr. B. Yes—no—that is, it may be—but I haven’t been out this
evening.
Mrs. P. I haven’t seen you at our house for several days.
Mr. B. (nervously). No—I—have been very busy and couldn’t
come, but have thought of you, and meant to come.
Mrs. P. So you have thought of me. I am glad of that. I have
thought of you, also.
Mr. B. (startled). Ah! Th—thank you, but—
Mrs. P. (interrupting). I dare say you couldn’t guess my errand to-
night.
Mr. B. (nervously). Oh—no, of course not.
Mrs. P. I have long loved you, and have felt certain that I was not
disagreeable to you—and, knowing your timidity, I have availed
myself of the privileges of Leap Year to come and offer myself to
you. (Rises and throws her arms around his neck.) Hiram, I love
you,—do you reciprocate my affection?
 Mr. B. (almost overpowered, and looking around, nervously). I—I
—must take time to think of it—it is so sudden.
Mrs. P. It may be sudden—and yet why delay our happiness? (Her
head droops on his shoulder.)
Mr. B. I—I need time to consider (a sound of approaching
footsteps is heard)—I—I must go—let me go. I have an engagement
at nine.
Mrs. P. Then give your consent to our marriage.
Mr. B. (struggling frantically to free himself). I cannot—I—(a
sound is heard as of a person at the door). Let me go—let me go—
(in an imploring tone) quick—somebody’s coming.
Mrs. P. Say yes, then, dearest Hiram.
Mr. B. (in an agony of fear). Yes, yes—anything, if you will only
leave me. (Mrs. P. imprints an audible kiss upon his forehead and
turns to leave the room. Apparently by mistake she grasps the bell-
knob and pulls it vigorously. She goes out by one door, l., as servant
enters by another, r.)
Servant. Did you ring, sir?
Mr. B. Ring? N—no. I don’t wish for anything.
S. That’s strange. The bell rang distinctly, and so loud that I
thought you was in a hurry.
Mr. B. Well, it’s of no consequence. I don’t need anything.
(Exit Servant, r.)
Mr. B. (pacing the room and soliloquizing). What have I done?
Engaged myself to this widow, notwithstanding all my resolutions to
the contrary. But something must be done about it. What shall it be?
I might leave town—but that would be cowardly. Besides, I shouldn’t
want to shut up the house. I might write, saying I had changed my
mind; but I’m afraid that wouldn’t be just the thing. (Paces back and
forth a few moments without speaking.) The fact is, I shall be
obliged to marry the widow. There seems to be no other way left
me, after giving my promise to her. But I won’t say a word to Dick
about it. (A pause.) After all, I might do a worse thing. She would be
a credit to my establishment, and the presence of a woman would
brighten up the house. I guess I must go there in the morning and
talk the matter over.
(Curtain falls.)

Scene III.—Mrs. Payne’s sitting-room. Mrs. Payne present

sewing, r. Mr. Bliss enters, l.

Mrs. P. Good-morning, Mr. Bliss.

Mr. B. Good-morning, and a charming morning it is. I came, Mrs.
Payne, to speak further on the matter we were talking of last
evening.
Mrs. P. Last evening? You mean a week ago.
Mr. B. No, I mean last evening.
Mrs. P. But you were not here last evening.
Mr. B. (perplexed). Certainly not; but you called on me.
Mrs. P. What do you mean, Mr. Bliss?
Mr. B. (smiling). I mean that you made a leap-year call on me last
evening, and offered me your heart and hand, which I accepted.
Mrs. P. (casting down her eyes). I am sorry to dispute you, but I
had a severe headache last evening, and did not leave the house.
Mr. B. (in a disappointed tone). Is that so? But certainly some one
bearing your semblance called on me last evening. (A pause.) It
must have been one of Dick’s harum-scarum tricks.
Mrs. P. No doubt it was. He is full of mischief.
Mr. B. Mrs. Payne—
Mrs. P. (smiling). Well, Mr. Bliss.
 Mr. B. (fidgeting nervously). Couldn’t we make my vision of last
evening a reality?
Mrs. P. Possibly we might, if you desired it very much. But I’m
afraid you haven’t counted the cost. You have been a bachelor so
long, that you might soon tire of a wife, and consider her an
intruder.
Mr. B. I am satisfied it would not be so. Besides it seems as if I
had known you before; where can I have met you?
Mrs. P. Why, don’t you remember? I knew you at once—I was
formerly Minnie Warren.
Mr. B. Then I claim you by right of an engagement made between
us forty-six years ago—when you were twelve and I was fourteen.
Have you forgotten it?
Mrs. P. Oh, no, I remember it perfectly well; and how I cried when
we left town because you could not go too.
Mr. B. (drawing his chair nearer and placing his arm around her).
There is a good deal of change in the age and size of your lover as
he was and as he is. Are you not afraid of repenting if you should
marry him?
Mrs. P. (archly). Oh, no. It is a good trade to exchange a little
Payne for a greater bliss. I am satisfied as far as I am concerned.
Dick (entering, l.). Hallo! What’s all this? I’m afraid I’m intruding.
(Looks anxiously at his companions.)
Mr. B. Not at all. Allow me to present you to your future aunt.
Dick (bowing low—aside). There’s my inheritance gone to the
dogs, and by my own act. (Aloud to uncle.) This is something new,
isn’t it? How did it all come about?
Mr. B. (significantly). I had a leap-year vision last evening, and
have concluded, this morning, to make it a reality.
(Curtain falls.)
 HIGH LIFE BELOW STAIRS.
DRAMATIS PERSONÆ.
Miss Evelyn Montague, A lady of Wealth.
Katy Maguire, ⎫
Ann Flaherty, ⎪
Bridget Maglone, ⎬
Her Servants.
Mary Finnegan, ⎪
James Dunn, ⎪
Pat. Garvey, ⎭
Ellen Sweeny, ⎫
Julia Griffin, ⎬ Servants of Mrs. Bradley.
Corny Reilly, ⎭

Scene I.—Miss Evelyn’s chamber. Katy Maguire, r., dressed in

blue silk, standing before a mirror. She is putting on a
lace collar.

Katy. It is my private opinion that this blue dress is the purtiest of

the lot, an’ as long as Miss Evelyn won’t wear it, there’s no reason
why Katy Maguire shouldn’t. It won’t be long before it’ll be out of
fashion; an’ it might as well be doin’ a little good to somebody, first.
(She takes out from jewel-case several sets of jewelry, and fastens
them in conspicuous places on the waist of the dress. She puts all
the bracelets she can find on her wrists, and places around her neck
a gold chain, and also a string of cornelian beads. Taking a richly-
embroidered handkerchief in her hand, she gazes complacently at
herself in the mirror.)
K. There, Katy Maguire (courtesying to the image reflected), you
look like a lady born and bred. If your mistress should see you now,
she wouldn’t need to ask if you was an experienced dressing-maid.
There aint many that shows such fine taste in dressin’, or has
enough jewelry to set off the dress with. What an ilegant trail it has,
sure! (glancing complacently back at the dress, and taking two or
three steps forward to see the effect. Enter Mary, r.)
Mary (starting back in surprise). Well, Katy, who ever’d ha’ thought
of this being you? What are you rigged up in Miss Evelyn’s finery for?
K. (loftily). I am Miss Maguire, now, and I expect you’ll treat me
like a lady, as I am. I shall give a reception this evenin’ in the
drawin’-room, an’ when you go downstairs, you can invite Miss
Flaherty, Miss Maglone, an’ Mister Dunn to be present. An’ if Miss
Flaherty thinks best, she might send in to the next house, an’ invite
our friends there to come in.
M. What do you suppose Miss Evelyn will say?
K. (sarcastically). If you feel anxious to know ye might ask her
when she gets home. The entertainment’ll be over before that time.
But yer better be goin’ down now to deliver the invitation, as it’s
gitting late (walks along a few steps, swinging her dress).
M. (with a look of hatred which changes to a malicious smile) I’ll
be after goin’, thin, Miss Maguire. (With a mocking bow she leaves
the room, r.)
K. It’s aisy to see that Mary is jealous of my good looks. But I pity
the poor crathur, for she’s as homely as a sick duck. I must go
downstairs now. It’s most time for James to be home from drivin’
Miss Evelyn to the party. He’s a nice lad, an’ I’ll be much surprised if
he aint took wid my charms.
(Exit, r.)
(Curtain falls.)
 Scene II.—Kitchen. Ann Flaherty, r., Bridget Maglone, r. c., James
Dunn, l. c., and Pat. Garvey, l., present. Enter Mary, l.

M. (excitedly). Well, I never seen sich doin’s before! (All come

forward expectantly.)
Bridget. An’ what is it, Mary?
Patrick (eagerly). What’s the row upstairs? Anybody kilt?
M. Katy’s been up to Miss Evelyn’s chamber an’ rigged up in her
clothes, an’ she says she’s goin’ to give a grand party in the drawin’-
room this avenin’, an’ invites all to be prisint.
James (rubbing his hands). Ah! Katy’s a jew’l.
Ann. Av course we’ll all accept the invitation.
M. She says if ye thought best, he might sind in to the next house
an’ invite the frinds there.
B. Sure an’ we do think best. Pat., jist run over to Mr. Bradley’s an’
ask the cook an’ all the rest to come over here an’ pass the avenin’.
We’re going to have a grand party here. Tell ’em to come right away.
P. I’ll bring ’em all in, in five minutes.
(Exit l., swinging his hat.)
M. An’ what d’ye think Miss Evelyn will say?
B. Arrah now, Miss Evelyn will niver know anything about it. We’ll
be all through with the party before she comes home.
A. Indade an’ ye may trust Katy to get through’t safely. She’s lived
with the quality before now, an’ knows how things is done. She’s
shrewd, Katy is.
J. That’s thrue for you. An’ how can Miss Evelyn come home till I
go after her? She tould me to have the carriage there at half-past
twelve o’clock, an’ it isn’t ulleven yit.
A. I’m thinkin’ we ought to have a trate before the party is over.
 B. Av coorse we must have some refrishments.
J. I ixpect you ladies can manage that.
A. We’ve got plinty o’ presarves and cake an’ wine. But we’ll want
some ice-crame.
J. I’ll furnish that same. I’ll sind Pat. for it whin he comes back.
B. Thin we’ll go upstairs now.
A. The rest of yez go, an’ I’ll lay the table all ready for the trate. It
won’t be long before I’ll be wid yez.
(Exit all but Ann. Curtain falls.)

Scene III.—Miss Evelyn’s drawing-room. Katy seated on sofa, c.,

with the skirts of her dress spread out so as to make as
great a display as possible. Enter Ann, Bridget, Mary and
James, r. All but Mary make low bows to her. She
acknowledges the salutations by a slight inclination of
her head.

J. This must be a very select party, when Miss Maguire didn’t

invite more persons to be prisint.
B. Sure we don’t know how many invitations she has sint out.
Fashionable people don’t come very airly. We’ll have more byme-by.
(Bell rings.) They’re beginnin’ to arrive now.
K. Misther Dunn ye’ll oblige me by goin’ to the door, if ye plaze.
(James goes out, and soon returns l., with Corny Reilly, Ellen Sweeny
and Julia Griffin. He conducts them to Katy.)
J. Miss Maguire, this is Miss Sweeny, Miss Griffin, and Misther
Reilly.
Corny (bowing with many flourishes). My respects to yez, Miss
Maguire. (The other two visitors bow, and Katy returns the
salutations of all.)
 J. Miss Maguire, won’t ye favor us with a little illegant music?
M. It’s little enough of that kind ye’ll get.
K. If ye’ll esquort me to the pianner, I’ll play pervidin’ yez will all
sing.
A. (who has just entered). Av coorse we will.
M. I aint a-goin’ to sing anyway.
K. (sarcastically). Yer vice won’t be missed, Miss Finnegan.
J. Allow me to lade yez to the pianner.
(Katy takes his arm and goes to the piano, l. c., where she seats
herself.)
K. (turning around). What can ye sing, ladies?
J. You choose the song for us.
K. Well, thin, it’s a midley I’ll play, an’ then ye can sing what ye
plaze.
(She commences drumming on the piano, and her companions,
grouped around her, sing, each one a different piece, a short one.
Enter Pat., r., who dances round the stage till the close of the
singing.)
P. (going to Katy and speaking in a low tone, but loud enough for
all to hear). Say, Katy, I’ve been down-town, an’ got some ice-crame.
It’s downstairs now. We’re going to have a big trate byme-by.
K. (smiling graciously). Is that so, Pat.?
P. Yis, an’ the things on the table looked so timptin’ that I stopped
an’ refreshed mesilf wid a little cake an’ wine. (Begins to sing some
Irish air.)
J. Look here, Pat.; what did ye meddle with that wine for? Ye
spalpeen, I b’lave ye’re dhrunk.
P. (slyly). Sure, that’s where ye’re wrong, Misther Dunn. I jist took
a wee dthrop to keep my sperits up. (Begins to dance.)
 J. It’s more like ye’ve put all the sperits down yer throat, yer thafe
of the world!
P. Owin’ to my partic’lar good nature, I shan’t notice that little
insinivation o’ yours. But say, now, let’s have a dance. If you aint
goin’ ter play, Katy, jest be my partner, will yer?
J. Miss Maguire’s engaged ter me.
K. Yis, I’m engaged to Misther Dunn.
P. Whew! That’s the way the wind blows, thin. Well dunn, Jimmy!
(All laugh.)
J. (pushing Pat.). Jist be a little more respectful to your betters, ye
blackguard! (Turning to Katy politely) Will you allow me, Miss
Maguire? (Offers his arm, which Katy takes, and they take their
places for the dance.)
P. Say now, who’s goin’ to fiddle for us? Or is we goin’ ter dance
widout any music?
C. Miss Sweeny plays on the pianner at our house.
K. Then perhaps Miss Sweeny will do us the favor ter play for us.
(In imitation of James’ example, Pat. immediately rushes up to
Ellen, saying with many flourishes:)
P. Allow me, Miss Sweeny. (She takes his arm and goes to piano
and seats herself.)
(Pat. goes to Mary, and offers his arm for the dance, but she turns
disdainfully from him, and goes out with a lofty air. Pat. then goes to
Julia, who accepts him as a partner. Corney, at the same time, takes
Bridget and Ann (one on either arm), and all have taken their places.
At the sound of the piano, they break into an Irish jig of the wildest
sort. Pat. cuts up the maddest capers. A bell rings outside, but in the
uproar it is unheard by the dancers. A moment later, Miss Evelyn
appears at the door, l. She stands for a moment, dumfounded at the
scene before her. At first she is not seen by any of the company, but
Ellen, happening to look up, beholds her and clasps her hands in
alarm. The dancers, not hearing the sound of the piano, look toward
it to discover the cause. They observe the dismay pictured in Ellen’s
face, and, following the direction of her eyes, they behold Miss
Evelyn. They stand with startled faces.)
Miss Evelyn (sternly). What does all this mean?
M. (triumphantly). It’s all Katy’s doin’s, miss.
K. (Darting a withering glance at the speaker, and then turning to
Miss E.). We were only indulgin’ in a little innocent amusement,
ma’am. I hope you’re not offended.
Miss E. But who gave you leave to deck yourself in this manner?
K. Sure I was only airin’ the dress, ma’am, as it had hung so long
in the closet.
Miss E. Well, I don’t approve of any such airs. Leave the room,
every one of you! The idea of my drawing-room being the scene of a
servants’ party! You will all receive your discharge to-morrow
morning.
(The servants leave the room, r., looking crestfallen enough—all
but Katy, who sweeps out of the room with a lofty air, determined to
keep up her character to the last.)
P. (aside to Ann, who goes out last). An’ aint we goin’ to have our
trate then?
A. (aside). Whist! Yis. Say nothin’. We’re goin’ to have it right
away. Miss Evelyn never comes down below at this time o’ night.
(Exeunt.)
Miss E. (seating herself c. in disgust). Was there ever any
annoyance equal to that of keeping servants? Mine are a constant
source of trouble. I have threatened to discharge them all to-morrow
morning. But what shall I gain by it? I shall have another set who
will perhaps try my patience even more than these have done.
Servants understand their importance, and realize their power over
their employers. It is becoming a species of tyranny. If I could only
do without them I most assuredly would do so. (A shout of laughter
is heard in the distance. Miss E. stands up.) What! haven’t they done
yet? Probably they are gormandizing, downstairs, at my expense.
(To the audience—a little sarcastically:) I have heard some persons
wish for wealth, so that they could afford to keep servants to wait on
them. They do not realize the emptiness of their desires. A person
who has few wants, and can minister to them himself, is more
independent than the wealthiest person living. Those who keep a
multitude of servants are dependent on their whims, and should not
be surprised at frequent outbursts of High Life Below Stairs.
(Curtain falls.)