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TM

JAVA PROGRAMMING

JOYCE FARRELL

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

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Java Programming, © 2016, 2014, 2012 Cengage Learning
Eighth Edition WCN: 02-200-203
Joyce Farrell
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Printed in the U nited States of America

Print N umber: 01 Print Year: 2015

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
CHAPTER 1 Creating Java Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
CHAPTER 2 Using Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
CHAPTER 3 Using Methods, Classes, and Objects . . . . . . . 119
CHAPTER 4 More Object Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
CHAPTER 5 Making Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
CHAPTER 6 Looping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
CHAPTER 7 Characters, Strings, and the StringBuilder . . . 353
CHAPTER 8 Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
CHAPTER 9 Advanced Array Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
CHAPTER 10 Introduction to Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
CHAPTER 11 Advanced Inheritance Concepts . . . . . . . . . . 537
CHAPTER 12 Exception Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
CHAPTER 13 File Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
CHAPTER 14 Introduction to Swing Components . . . . . . . . 729
CHAPTER 15 Advanced GUI Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
CHAPTER 16 Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
APPENDIX A Working with the Java Platform . . . . . . . . . . . 919
APPENDIX B Data Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925
APPENDIX C Formatting Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
APPENDIX D Generating Random Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . 941
APPENDIX E Javadoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

CHAPT ER 1 Creating Java Programs . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Learning Programming Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Comparing Procedural and Object-Oriented
Programming Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Procedural Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Object-Oriented Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Understanding Classes, Objects, and Encapsulation . . . . . . 7
Understanding Inheritance and Polymorphism . . . . . . . . . 9
Features of the Java Programming Language . . . . . . . . . . 11
Java Program Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Analyzing a Java Application that Produces Console Output . . . . 13
Understanding the Statement that Produces the Output . . . . . 14
Understanding the First Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Indent Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Understanding the main() Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Saving a Java Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Compiling a Java Class and Correcting Syntax Errors . . . . . . . 23
Compiling a Java Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Correcting Syntax Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Running a Java Application and Correcting Logic Errors . . . . . . 29
Running a Java Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Modifying a Compiled Java Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Correcting Logic Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Adding Comments to a Java Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Creating a Java Application that Produces GUI Output . . . . . . 35
Finding Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Don’t Do It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

CHAPT ER 2 Using Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Declaring and Using Constants and Variables . . . . . . . . . . 54
Declaring Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Declaring Named Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
The Scope of Variables and Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Concatenating Strings to Variables and Constants . . . . . . . 58
Pitfall: Forgetting that a Variable Holds
One Value at a Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Learning About Integer Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Using the boolean Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Learning About Floating-Point Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Using the char Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Using the Scanner Class to Accept Keyboard Input . . . . . . . 78
Pitfall: Using nextLine() Following One of the
Other Scanner Input Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Using the JOptionPane Class to Accept GUI Input . . . . . . . 87
Using Input Dialog Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Using Confirm Dialog Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Performing Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Associativity and Precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Writing Arithmetic Statements Efficiently . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Pitfall: Not Understanding Imprecision
in Floating-Point Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Understanding Type Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Automatic Type Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Explicit Type Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Don’t Do It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
viii Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Game Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

CHAPT ER 3 Using Methods, Classes, and Objects . . . . 119

Understanding Method Calls and Placement . . . . . . . . . . 120
Understanding Method Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Access Specifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Return Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Method Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Adding Parameters to Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Creating a Method that Receives a Single Parameter . . . . . 130
Creating a Method that Requires Multiple Parameters . . . . . 133
Creating Methods that Return Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Chaining Method Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Learning About Classes and Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Creating a Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Creating Instance Methods in a Class . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Organizing Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Declaring Objects and Using their Methods . . . . . . . . . . 154
Understanding Data Hiding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
An Introduction to Using Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Understanding that Classes Are Data Types . . . . . . . . . . 163
Don’t Do It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Game Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Creating and Calling Constructors with Parameters . . . . . . . 200

Overloading Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Learning About the this Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Using the this Reference to Make Overloaded Constructors
More Efficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Using static Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Using Constant Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Using Automatically Imported, Prewritten Constants
and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
The Math Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Importing Classes that Are Not Imported Automatically . . . . 223
Using the LocalDate Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Understanding Composition and Nested Classes . . . . . . . . 230
Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Nested Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Don’t Do It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Game Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

CHAPT ER 5 Making Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Planning Decision-Making Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
The if and if…else Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
The if Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Pitfall: Misplacing a Semicolon in an if Statement . . . . . . 249
Pitfall: Using the Assignment Operator Instead
of the Equivalency Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Pitfall: Attempting to Compare Objects

Using the Relational Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
The if…else Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Using Multiple Statements in if and if…else Clauses . . . . 254
x Nesting if and if…else Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Using Logical AND and OR Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
The AND Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
The OR Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Short-Circuit Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Making Accurate and Efficient Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Making Accurate Range Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Making Efficient Range Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Using && and || Appropriately . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Using the switch Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Using the Conditional and NOT Operators . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Using the NOT Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Understanding Operator Precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Adding Decisions and Constructors
to Instance Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Don’t Do It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Game Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

CHAPT ER 6 Looping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Learning About the Loop Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Creating while Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Writing a Definite while Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Pitfall: Failing to Alter the Loop Control Variable
Within the Loop Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Pitfall: Unintentionally Creating a Loop with
an Empty Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Altering a Definite Loop’s Control Variable . . . . . . . . . . 307
Writing an Indefinite while Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Validating Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Using Shortcut Arithmetic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Creating a for Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 xi
Unconventional for Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Learning How and When to Use a do…while Loop . . . . . . 325
Learning About Nested Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Improving Loop Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Avoiding Unnecessary Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Considering the Order of Evaluation of Short-Circuit
Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Comparing to Zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Employing Loop Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Using Prefix Incrementing Rather than Postfix
Incrementing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
A Final Note on Improving Loop Performance . . . . . . . . 338
Don’t Do It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Game Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

CHAPT ER 7 Characters, Strings, and

the StringBuilder . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Understanding String Data Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Using Character Class Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Declaring and Comparing String Objects . . . . . . . . . . 359
Comparing String Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Empty and null Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Using Other String Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Converting String Objects to Numbers . . . . . . . . . . 369

Learning About the StringBuilder

and StringBuffer Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Don’t Do It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
xii Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Game Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

CHAPT ER 8 Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

Declaring Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Initializing an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Using Variable Subscripts with an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Using the Enhanced for Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Using Part of an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Declaring and Using Arrays of Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Using the Enhanced for Loop with Objects . . . . . . . . . 408
Manipulating Arrays of Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Searching an Array and Using Parallel Arrays . . . . . . . . . 414
Using Parallel Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Searching an Array for a Range Match . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Passing Arrays to and Returning Arrays from Methods . . . . . 422
Returning an Array from a Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Don’t Do It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Game Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Sorting Array Elements Using the Insertion Sort Algorithm . . . . 448

Using Two-Dimensional and Other Multidimensional Arrays . . . . 452
Passing a Two-Dimensional Array to a Method . . . . . . . . 454
Using the length Field with a Two-Dimensional Array . . . . 455
Understanding Ragged Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Using Other Multidimensional Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Using the Arrays Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Using the ArrayList Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Creating Enumerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
Don’t Do It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Game Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

CHAPT ER 10 Introduction to Inheritance . . . . . . . . . 491

Learning About the Concept of Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . 492
Diagramming Inheritance Using the UML . . . . . . . . . . 492
Inheritance Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Extending Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Overriding Superclass Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Using the @Override Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Calling Constructors During Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Using Superclass Constructors that
Require Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Accessing Superclass Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Comparing this and super . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Employing Information Hiding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

Methods You Cannot Override . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518

A Subclass Cannot Override static Methods in
Its Superclass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
A Subclass Cannot Override final Methods in
Its Superclass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
xiv
A Subclass Cannot Override Methods
in a final Superclass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Don’t Do It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Game Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

CHAPT ER 11 Advanced Inheritance Concepts . . . . . . . 537

Creating and Using Abstract Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Using Dynamic Method Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Using a Superclass as a Method Parameter Type . . . . . . 549
Creating Arrays of Subclass Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Using the Object Class and Its Methods . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Using the toString() Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Using the equals() Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Using Inheritance to Achieve Good Software Design . . . . . . 564
Creating and Using Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Creating Interfaces to Store Related Constants . . . . . . . 570
Creating and Using Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Don’t Do It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Game Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
CHAPT ER 12 Exception Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Learning About Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Trying Code and Catching Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Using a try Block to Make Programs “Foolproof” . . . . . . 604
Declaring and Initializing Variables in try…catch Blocks . . . 606 xv

Throwing and Catching Multiple Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . 609

Using the finally Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Understanding the Advantages of Exception Handling . . . . . . 618
Specifying the Exceptions that a Method Can Throw . . . . . . 621
Tracing Exceptions Through the Call Stack . . . . . . . . . . 626
Creating Your Own Exception Classes . . . . . . . . . . . 630
Using Assertions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
Displaying the Virtual Keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Don’t Do It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Game Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

CHAPT ER 13 File Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . 665

Understanding Computer Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
Using the Path and Files Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Creating a Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Retrieving Information About a Path . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Converting a Relative Path to an Absolute One . . . . . . . . 670
Checking File Accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Deleting a Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Determining File Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
File Organization, Streams, and Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
Using Java’s IO Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
Writing to a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Reading from a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685

Creating and Using Sequential Data Files . . . . . . . . . . . 687

Learning About Random Access Files . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
Writing Records to a Random Access Data File . . . . . . . . 697
Reading Records from a Random Access Data File . . . . . . . 704
xvi Accessing a Random Access File Sequentially . . . . . . . . 704
Accessing a Random Access File Randomly . . . . . . . . . 705
Don’t Do It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726
Game Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727

CHAPT ER 14 Introduction to Swing Components . . . . . 729

Understanding Swing Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
Using the JFrame Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Customizing a JFrame’s Appearance . . . . . . . . . . . 734
Using the JLabel Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
Changing a JLabel’s Font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
Using a Layout Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
Extending the JFrame Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
Adding JTextFields, JButtons, and Tool Tips to a
JFrame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
Adding JTextFields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
Adding JButtons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750
Using Tool Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
Learning About Event-Driven Programming . . . . . . . . . . 755
Preparing Your Class to Accept Event Messages . . . . . . . 756
Telling Your Class to Expect Events to Happen . . . . . . . 757
Telling Your Class How to Respond to Events . . . . . . . . 757
An Event-Driven Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Using Multiple Event Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
Using the setEnabled() Method . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Understanding Swing Event Listeners . . . . . . . . . . . . 764

CHAPT ER 15 Advanced GUI Topics . . . . . . . . . . . 791

Understanding the Content Pane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792
Using Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
Learning More About Layout Managers . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Using BorderLayout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798
Using FlowLayout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800
Using GridLayout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Using CardLayout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
Using Advanced Layout Managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
Using the JPanel Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
Creating JScrollPanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
A Closer Look at Events and Event Handling . . . . . . . . . . 824
An Event-Handling Example: KeyListener . . . . . . . . 827
Using AWTEvent Class Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830
Understanding x- and y-Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
Handling Mouse Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
Using Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837
Using Specialized Menu Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
Using addSeparator() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
Using setMnemonic() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
Don’t Do It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850

Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
xviii Debugging Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Game Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Case Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859

CHAPT ER 16 Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861

Learning About Rendering Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862
Drawing Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
Repainting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Setting a Font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869
Using Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870
Drawing Lines and Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874
Drawing Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874
Drawing Unfilled and Filled Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . 875
Drawing Clear Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875
Drawing Rounded Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876
Drawing Shadowed Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878
Drawing Ovals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
Drawing Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880
Creating Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
Copying an Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883
Using the paint() Method with JFrames . . . . . . . . . 883
Learning More About Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Discovering Screen Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
Discovering Font Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894
Drawing with Java 2D Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898
Specifying the Rendering Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . 899
Setting a Drawing Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901
Creating Objects to Draw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902
Don’t Do It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915

APPENDIX B Data Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . 925

Understanding Numbering Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926
Representing Numeric Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927
Representing Character Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930

APPENDIX C Formatting Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931

Rounding Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932
Using the printf() Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933
Specifying a Number of Decimal Places to
Display with printf() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
Specifying a Field Size with printf() . . . . . . . . . . . 937
Using the Optional Argument Index with printf() . . . . . 938
Using the DecimalFormat Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940

APPENDIX D Generating Random Numbers . . . . . . . . 941

Understanding Computer-Generated Random Numbers . . . . . 942
Using the Math.random() Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943
Using the Random Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947

APPENDIX E Javadoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949

The Javadoc Documentation Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . 950
Javadoc Comment Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950
Generating Javadoc Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952
xx Specifying Visibility of Javadoc Documentation . . . . . . . . 955
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979

Java Programming, Eighth Edition, provides the beginning programmer with a guide to
developing applications using the Java programming language. Java is popular among
professional programmers because it can be used to build visually interesting graphical user
interface (GUI) and Web-based applications. Java also provides an excellent environment for
the beginning programmer—a student can quickly build useful programs while learning the
basics of structured and object-oriented programming techniques.
This textbook assumes that you have little or no programming experience. It provides a solid
background in good object-oriented programming techniques and introduces terminology
using clear, familiar language. The programming examples are business examples; they do not
assume a mathematical background beyond high-school business math. In addition, the
examples illustrate only one or two major points; they do not contain so many features that
you become lost following irrelevant and extraneous details. Complete, working programs
appear frequently in each chapter; these examples help students make the transition from the
theoretical to the practical. The code presented in each chapter can also be downloaded from
the publisher’s Web site, so students can easily run the programs and experiment with
changes to them.
The student using Java Programming, Eighth Edition, builds applications from the bottom up
rather than starting with existing objects. This facilitates a deeper understanding of the
concepts used in object-oriented programming and engenders appreciation for the existing
objects students use as their knowledge of the language advances. When students complete
this book, they will know how to modify and create simple Java programs, and they will have
the tools to create more complex examples. They also will have a fundamental knowledge of
object-oriented programming, which will serve them well in advanced Java courses or in
studying other object-oriented languages such as C++, C#, and Visual Basic.

Organization and Coverage

Java Programming, Eighth Edition, presents Java programming concepts, enforcing good
style, logical thinking, and the object-oriented paradigm. Objects are covered right from the
beginning, earlier than in many other textbooks. You create your first Java program in
Chapter 1. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 increase your understanding of how data, classes, objects,
and methods interact in an object-oriented environment.
Chapters 5 and 6 explore input and repetition structures, which are the backbone of
programming logic and essential to creating useful programs in any language. You learn the
special considerations of string and array manipulation in Chapters 7, 8, and 9.

Chapters 10, 11, and 12 thoroughly cover inheritance and exception handling. Inheritance is
the object-oriented concept that allows you to develop new objects quickly by adapting the
features of existing objects; exception handling is the object-oriented approach to handling
errors. Both are important concepts in object-oriented design. Chapter 13 provides
information on handling files so you can permanently store and retrieve program output.
xxii
Chapters 14, 15, and 16 introduce GUI Swing components (Java’s visually pleasing,
user-friendly widgets), their layout managers, and graphics.

Features
The following features are new for the Eighth Edition:
JAVA 8E: All programs have been tested using Java 8e, the newest edition of Java.
WINDOWS 8.1: All programs have been tested in Windows 8.1, and all screen shots have
been taken in this new environment.
DATE AND TIME CLASSES: This edition provides thorough coverage of the java.time
package, which is new in Java 8e.
ON-SCREEN KEYBOARD: This edition provides instructions for displaying and using an
on-screen keyboard with either a touch screen or a standard screen.
MODERNIZED GRAPHICS OUTPUT: The chapter on graphics (Chapter 16) has been
completely rewritten to focus on Swing component graphics production using the
paintComponent() method.

MODERNIZED OVERRIDING: The @Override tag is introduced.

EXPANDED COVERAGE OF THE EQUALS() METHOD: The book provides a thorough
explanation of the difference between overloading and overriding the equals() method.
PROGRAMMING EXERCISES: Each chapter contains several new programming exercises
not seen in previous editions. All exercises and their solutions from the previous edition
that were replaced in this edition are still available in the Instructor’s Resource Kit.
Additionally, Java Programming, Eighth Edition, includes the following features:
OBJECTIVES: Each chapter begins with a list of objectives so you know the topics that will
be presented in the chapter. In addition to providing a quick reference to topics covered,
this feature provides a useful study aid.
YOU DO IT: In each chapter, step-by-step exercises help students create multiple working
programs that emphasize the logic a programmer uses in choosing statements to include.
These sections provide a means for students to achieve success on their own—even those
in online or distance learning classes.
NOTES: These highlighted tips provide additional information—for example, an
alternative method of performing a procedure, another term for a concept, background
information on a technique, or a common error to avoid.

EMPHASIS ON STUDENT RESEARCH: The student frequently is directed to the Java Web
site to investigate classes and methods. Computer languages evolve, and programming
professionals must understand how to find the latest language improvements. This book
encourages independent research.
FIGURES: Each chapter contains many figures. Code figures are most frequently 25 lines
xxiii
or fewer, illustrating one concept at a time. Frequent screen shots show exactly how
program output appears. Callouts appear where needed to emphasize a point.
COLOR: The code figures in each chapter contain all Java keywords in blue. This helps
students identify keywords more easily, distinguishing them from programmer-selected
names.
FILES: More than 200 student files can be downloaded from the publisher’s Web site. Most
files contain the code presented in the figures in each chapter; students can run the code for
themselves, view the output, and make changes to the code to observe the effects. Other
files include debugging exercises that help students improve their programming skills.
TWO TRUTHS & A LIE: A short quiz reviews each chapter section, with answers provided.
This quiz contains three statements based on the preceding section of text—two
statements are true and one is false. Over the years, students have requested answers to
problems, but we have hesitated to distribute them in case instructors want to use
problems as assignments or test questions. These true–false quizzes provide students with
immediate feedback as they read, without “giving away” answers to the multiple-choice
questions and programming exercises.
DON’T DO IT: This section at the end of each chapter summarizes common mistakes and
pitfalls that plague new programmers while learning the current topic.
KEY TERMS: Each chapter includes a list of newly introduced vocabulary, shown in the
order of appearance in the text. The list of key terms provides a short review of the major
concepts in the chapter.
SUMMARIES: Following each chapter is a summary that recaps the programming
concepts and techniques covered in the chapter. This feature provides a concise means for
students to check their understanding of the main points in each chapter.
REVIEW QUESTIONS: Each chapter includes 20 multiple-choice questions that serve as a
review of chapter topics.
GAME ZONE: Each chapter provides one or more exercises in which students can create
interactive games using the programming techniques learned up to that point; 70 game
programs are suggested in the book. The games are fun to create and play; writing them
motivates students to master the necessary programming techniques. Students might
exchange completed game programs with each other, suggesting improvements and
discovering alternate ways to accomplish tasks.
CASES: Each chapter contains two running case problems. These cases represent projects
that continue to grow throughout a semester using concepts learned in each new chapter.
Two cases allow instructors to assign different cases in alternate semesters or to divide
students in a class into two case teams.
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
PREFACE Instructor Resources

GLOSSARY: This edition contains an alphabetized list of all key terms identified in the
book, along with their definitions.
APPENDICES: This edition includes useful appendices on working with the Java platform,
data representation, formatting output, generating random numbers, and creating Javadoc
comments.
xxiv
QUALITY: Every program example, exercise, and game solution was tested by the author
and then tested again by a quality assurance team using Java Standard Edition (SE) 8, the
most recent version available.

CourseMate
The more you study, the better the results. Make the most of your study time by accessing
everything you need to succeed in one place. Read your textbook, take notes, review
flashcards, watch videos, and take practice quizzes online. CourseMate goes beyond the book
to deliver what you need! Learn more at www.cengage.com/coursemate.
The Java Programming CourseMate includes:
Debugging Exercises: Four error-filled programs accompany each chapter. By
debugging these programs, students can gain expertise in program logic in general and
the Java programming language in particular.
Video Lessons: Each chapter is accompanied by at least three video lessons that help to
explain important chapter concepts. These videos were created and narrated by the
author.
Interactive Study Aids: An interactive eBook, quizzes, flashcards, and more!
Instructors may add CourseMate to the textbook package, or students may purchase
CourseMate directly at www.CengageBrain.com.

Instructor Resources
The following teaching tools are available for download at our Instructor Companion Site.
Simply search for this text at sso.cengage.com. An instructor login is required.
Electronic Instructor’s Manual: The Instructor’s Manual that accompanies this
textbook contains additional instructional material to assist in class preparation,
including items such as Overviews, Chapter Objectives, Teaching Tips, Quick
Quizzes, Class Discussion Topics, Additional Projects, Additional Resources, and Key
Terms. A sample syllabus is also available. Additional exercises in the Instructor’s
Manual include:
Tough Questions: Two or more fairly difficult questions that an applicant
might encounter in a technical job interview accompany each chapter. These
questions are often open-ended; some involve coding and others might involve
research.

Up for Discussion: A few thought-provoking questions concerning programming in

general or Java in particular supplement each chapter. The questions can be used to
start classroom or online discussions, or to develop and encourage research, writing,
and language skills.
Programming Exercises and Solutions: Each chapter is accompanied by several
xxv
programming exercises to supplement those offered in the text. Instructors can use
these exercises as additional or alternate assignments, or as the basis for lectures.
Test Bank: Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero is a flexible, online system
that allows you to:
Author, edit, and manage test bank content from multiple Cengage Learning
solutions.
Create multiple test versions in an instant.
Deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom, or anywhere you want.
PowerPoint Presentations: This text provides PowerPoint slides to accompany each
chapter. Slides may be used to guide classroom presentations, to make available to
students for chapter review, or to print as classroom handouts. Files are provided for every
figure in the text. Instructors may use the files to customize PowerPoint slides, illustrate
quizzes, or create handouts.
Solutions: Solutions to “You Do It” exercises and all end-of-chapter exercises are
available. Annotated solutions are provided for some of the multiple-choice Review
Questions. For example, if students are likely to debate answer choices or not understand
the choice deemed to be the correct one, a rationale is provided.

Acknowledgments
I would like to thank all of the people who helped to make this book a reality, including Dan
Seiter, Development Editor; Alyssa Pratt, Senior Content Developer; Carmel Isaac, Content
Project Manager; and Chris Scriver and Danielle Shaw, quality assurance testers. I am lucky to
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