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JAVA PROGRAMMING
FROM PROBLEM ANALYSIS TO PROGRAM DESIGN

FIFTH EDITION

D.S. MALIK

Australia ! Brazil ! Japan ! Korea ! Mexico ! Singapore ! Spain ! United Kingdom ! United States

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!"#$%&$$&'(&)*+),,-*.*/00111** "2323$11133456475189
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Java Programming: From Problem Analysis ª 2012 Course Technology, Cengage Learning
to Program Design, Fifth Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the
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TO

My Daughter

Shelly Malik

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B RIEF C ONTENTS

PREFACE xix
1. An Overview of Computers and Programming Languages 1

2. Basic Elements of Java 25

3. Introduction to Objects and Input/Output 113

4. Control Structures I: Selection 177

5. Control Structures II: Repetition 249

6. Graphical User Interface (GUI) and Object-Oriented Design (OOD) 327

7. User-Defined Methods 383

8. User-Defined Classes and ADTs 465

9. Arrays 551

10. Inheritance and Polymorphism 639

11. Handling Exceptions and Events 723

12. Advanced GUIs and Graphics 783

13. Recursion 873

14. Searching and Sorting 907

APPENDIX A Java Reserved Words 939

APPENDIX B Operator Precedence 941

APPENDIX C Character Sets 945

APPENDIX D Additional Java Topics 949

APPENDIX E Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises 997

INDEX 1023
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TABLE OF C ONTENTS

Preface xix

AN OVERVIEW OF COMPUTERS AND

1 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 1
Introduction 2

An Overview of the History of Computers 2

Elements of a Computer System 4

Hardware 4
Software 6

Language of a Computer 6

Evolution of Programming Languages 8

Processing a Java Program 10

Internet, World Wide Web, Browser, and Java 13

Programming with the Problem

Analysis–Coding–Execution Cycle 13

Programming Methodologies 19
Structured Programming 19
Object-Oriented Programming 19

Quick Review 21

Exercises 23

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Table of Contents | vii

BASIC ELEMENTS OF JAVA 25

2 A Java Program 26

Basics of a Java Program 28

Comments 29
Special Symbols 30
Reserved Words (Keywords) 30
Identifiers 31

Data Types 32
Primitive Data Types 32

Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence 36

Order of Precedence 39

Expressions 40
Mixed Expressions 41

Type Conversion (Casting) 43

class String 45
Strings and the Operator + 46

Input 48
Allocating Memory with Named Constants and Variables 48
Putting Data into Variables 51
Declaring and Initializing Variables 55
Input (Read) Statement 56
Reading a Single Character 61

Increment and Decrement Operators 64

Output 66

Packages, Classes, Methods, and the import Statement 71

Creating a Java Application Program 72

Debugging: Understanding and Fixing Syntax Errors 77

Programming Style and Form 80

Syntax 80

Avoiding Bugs: Consistent, Proper Formatting and

Code Walk-Through 84

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viii | Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition

More on Assignment Statements (Optional) 85

Quick Review 94

Exercises 97

Programming Exercises 106

INTRODUCTION TO OBJECTS AND INPUT/OUTPUT 113

3 Objects and Reference Variables 114

Using Predefined Classes and Methods in a Program 118

Dot Between Class (Object) Name and Class Member: A
Precaution 120

class String 121

Input/Output 129
Formatting Output with printf 129
Using Dialog Boxes for Input/Output 139
Formatting the Output Using the String Method format 146

File Input/Output 149

Storing (Writing) Output to a File 152

Debugging: Understanding Logic Errors and

Debugging with print or println Statements 163

Quick Review 165

Exercises 167

Programming Exercises 171

CONTROL STRUCTURES I: SELECTION 177

4 Control Structures 178

Relational Operators 180

Relational Operators and Primitive Data Types 181

Logical (Boolean) Operators and Logical Expressions 183

Order of Precedence 185

boolean Data Type and Logical (Boolean) Expressions 189

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Table of Contents | ix

Selection: if and if...else 190

One-Way Selection 190
Two-Way Selection 193
Compound (Block of) Statements 197
Multiple Selections: Nested if 198
Comparing if...else Statements with a Series
of if Statements 200
Short-Circuit Evaluation 201
Comparing Floating-Point Numbers for Equality:
A Precaution 202
Conditional Operator (? :) (Optional) 204

Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Partially Understood

Concepts and Techniques 204

Program Style and Form (Revisited): Indentation 208

switch Structures 208

Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Partially Understood

Concepts and Techniques (Revisited) 215

Comparing Strings 223

Strings, the Assignment Operator, and the Operator new 229

Quick Review 230

Exercises 232

Programming Exercises 241

CONTROL STRUCTURES II: REPETITION 249

5 Why Is Repetition Needed? 250

while Looping (Repetition) Structure 251

Designing while Loops 254
Counter-Controlled while Loops 255
Sentinel-Controlled while Loops 257
Flag-Controlled while Loops 263
EOF-Controlled while Loops 266
More on Expressions in while Statements 271

for Looping (Repetition) Structure 278

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Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 CHAPTER XI.

"AGATE'S" STORY OF SHILOH.

The Situation Before the Battle—The First Skirmish—Plans of the

Rebel Leaders—The Scene on Sunday Morning—Troops in Disorder—
Analysis of the Situation—Faulty Disposition of the Federal Troops
—Arrangement of Sherman's Division—The Rebel Plan of Attack—
Sherman's Old Friend Bragg among the Rebel Leaders.

In the records of the Rebellion, written amid the actual roar of

the conflict or years afterward amid the calm of reestablished peace,
no chapter is more noteworthy than the story of Shiloh, written for
The Cincinnati Gazette by its correspondent "Agate," who has since
become famous throughout the world for his work as a journalist,
historian and statesman. No record of Sherman's campaigns would
be complete without it, and no other pen could write a chapter
worthy to replace it. So it is given here in full, as it was written from
the "Field of Battle, Pittsburgh Landing, Tenn., April 9th:"
Fresh from the field of the great battle, with its pounding and
roaring of artillery, and its keener-voiced rattle of musketry still
sounding in my wearied ears; with all its visions of horror still
seeming seared upon my eyeballs, while scenes of panic-stricken
rout and brilliant charges, and obstinate defences, and succor, and
intoxicating success are burned alike confusedly and indelibly upon
the brain, I essay to write what I know of the battle of Pittsburgh
Landing.
 Yet how bring order out of such a chaos? How deal justly, writing
within twenty-four hours of the closing of the fight, with all the
gallant regiments, of the hundred present, that bravely won or as
bravely lost, and with all that ignobly fled in panic from the field?
How describe, so that one man may leisurely follow, the
simultaneous operations of a hundred and fifty thousand
antagonists, fighting backward and forward for two long days, in a
five miles' line and over four miles' retreat and advance, under eight
Division Commanders on one side, and an unknown number on the
other? How, in short, picture on a canvas so necessarily small a
panorama, so grandly great? The task is impossible.
But what one man, diligently using all his powers of observation
through those two days, might see, I saw, and that I can faithfully
set down. For the rest, after riding carefully over and over the
ground, asking questions innumerable of those who knew, and
sifting consistent truth from the multiplicity of replies with whatever
skill some experience may have taught, I can only give the
concurrent testimony of the actors.
Our great Tennessee Expedition had been up the river some four
weeks. We had occupied Pittsburgh Landing for about three; had
destroyed one railroad connection, which the Rebels had restored in
a day or two, and had failed in a similar but more important attempt
on another. Beyond this we had engaged in no active operations.
The Rebels, alarmed by our sudden appearance, began massing
their troops under our eyes. Presently they had more in the vicinity
than we had. Then we waited for Buell, who was crossing the
country from Nashville by easy marches. The Rebels had apparently
become restive under our slow concentrations, and General Grant
had given out that an attack from them seemed probable. Yet we
had lain at Pittsburgh Landing, within twenty miles of the Rebels,
that were likely to attack us in superior numbers, without throwing
up a single breastwork or preparing a single protection for a battery,
and with the brigades of one division stretched from extreme right to
extreme left of our line, while four other divisions had been crowded
in between, as they arrived.
 On the evening of Friday, April 4th, there was a preliminary
skirmish with the enemy's advance. Rumors came into camp that
some of our officers had been taken prisoners by a considerable
Rebel force, near our lines, and that pickets had been firing. A
brigade, the Seventieth, Seventy-second, and Forty-eighth Ohio, was
sent out to see about it. They came upon a party of Rebels, perhaps
a thousand strong, and after a sharp little action drove them off,
losing Major Crocket, of the Seventy-second Ohio, and a couple of
lieutenants from the Seventieth, prisoners, taking in return some
sixteen, and driving the Rebels back to a battery they were found to
have already in position, at no great distance from our lines. General
Lew. Wallace's troops, at Crump's Landing, were ordered out under
arms, and they marched to Adamsville, half-way between the river
and Purdy, to take position there and resist any attack in that
direction. The night passed in dreary rain, but without further Rebel
demonstration; and it was generally supposed that the affair had
been an ordinary picket-fight, presaging nothing more. Major-
General Grant had indeed said there was great probability of a Rebel
attack, but there were no appearances of his making any
preparations for such an unlooked-for event, and so the matter was
dismissed. Yet on Saturday there was more skirmishing along our
advanced lines.
 MAJOR-GENERAL SLOCUM.

There can be no doubt the plan of the Rebel leaders was to

attack and demolish Grant's army before Buell's reinforcements
arrived. There were rumors, indeed, that such a movement had
been expressly ordered from headquarters at Richmond, as being
absolutely necessary, as a last bold stroke, to save the falling
fortunes of the Confederacy in the West; though of that, no one, I
presume, knows anything.
But the Rebel leaders at Corinth were fully aware that they
largely outnumbered Grant, and that no measures had been taken to
strengthen the position at Pittsburgh Landing; while they knew
equally well that when Buell's entire Kentucky army arrived, and was
added to Grant's forces, they could not possibly expect to hold their
vitally important position at Corinth against us. Their only hope,
therefore, lay in attacking Grant before Buell arrived, and so
defeating us in detail. Fortunately they timed their movements a day
too late.
The sun never rose on a more beautiful morning than that of
Sunday, April 6th. Lulled by the general security, I had remained in
pleasant quarters at Crump's, below Pittsburgh Landing, on the river.
By sunrise I was roused by the cry: "They're fighting above." Volleys
of musketry could sure enough be distinguished, and occasionally
the sullen boom of artillery came echoing down the stream.
Momentarily the volume of sound increased, till it became evident it
was no skirmish that was in progress, and that a considerable
portion of the army must be already engaged. Hastily springing on
the guards of a passing steamboat, I hurried up.
The sweet Spring sunshine danced over the rippling waters, and
softly lit up the green of the banks. A few fleecy clouds alone broke
the azure above. A light breeze murmured among the young leaves;
the blue-birds were singing their gentle treble to the stern music
that still came louder and deeper to us from the bluffs above, and
the frogs were croaking their feeble imitation from the marshy
islands that studded the channel.
Even this early the west bank of the river was lined with the
usual fugitives from action, hurriedly pushing onwards, they knew
not where, except down stream away from the fight. An officer on
board hailed numbers of them and demanded their reason for being
there; but they all gave him the same response: "We're clean cut to
pieces, and every man must save himself."
At the landing appearances became still more ominous. Our two
Cincinnati wooden gunboats, Tyler and Lexington, were edging
uneasily up and down the banks, eager to put in their broadsides of
heavy guns, but unable to find where they could do it. The roar of
battle was startlingly close, and showed that the Rebels were in
earnest attempt to carry out their threat of driving us into the river.
The landing and bluff above were covered with cowards, who had
fled from their ranks to the rear for safety, and who were telling the
most fearful stories of the Rebel onset and the sufferings of their
own particular regiments. Momentarily fresh fugitives came back,
often guns in hand, and all giving the same accounts of thickening
disasters in front.
Hurrying out toward the scene of action, I was soon convinced
that there was too much foundation for the tales of the runaways.
Sherman's and Prentiss' entire divisions were falling back in disorder,
sharply pressed by the Rebels in overwhelming numbers, at all
points. McClernand's had already lost part of its camps, and it, too,
was falling back. There was one consolation—only one—I could see
just then; history, so the divines say, is positive on the point that no
attack ever made on the Sabbath was eventually a success to the
attacking party. Nevertheless, the signs were sadly against the
theologians.
Let me return—premising that I have thus brought the reader
into the scene near the close of the first act in our Sunday's tragedy
—to the preliminaries of the opening of the assault.
And first, of our positions. Let the reader understand that the
Pittsburgh Landing is simply a narrow ravine, down which a road
passes to the river bank, between high bluffs on either side. There is
no town at all—two log huts comprise all the improvements visible.
Back from the river is a rolling country, cut up with numerous
ravines, partially under cultivation, but perhaps the greater part
thickly wooded with some underbrush. The soil clayey, and roads on
Sunday morning were good. From the Landing a road leads direct to
Corinth, twenty miles distant. A mile or two out, this road forks, one
branch is the lower Corinth road, the other the ridge Corinth road. A
short distance out another road takes off to the left, crosses Lick
Creek, and leads back to the river at Hamburgh, some miles further
up. On the right, two separate roads lead off to Purdy, and another,
a new one, across Snake Creek to Crump's Landing on the river
below. Besides these, the whole country inside our lines is cut up
with roads leading to our different camps; and beyond the lines is
the most inextricable maze of crossroads, intersecting everything
and leading everywhere, in which it was ever my ill-fortune to
become entangled.
On and between these roads, at distances of from two to four or
five miles from Pittsburgh Landing, lay five divisions of Major-
General Grant's army that Sunday morning. The advance line was
formed by three divisions—Brigadier-General Sherman's, Brigadier-
General Prentiss's and Major-General McClernand's. Between these
and the Landing lay the two others—Brigadier-General Hurlbut's and
Major-General Smith's, commanded, in the absence (from sickness)
of that admirable officer, by Brigadier-General W. H. L. Wallace.
Our advance line, beginning at the extreme left, was thus
formed. On the Hamburgh road, just this side the crossing of Lick
Creek and under bluffs on the opposite bank that commanded the
position, lay Colonel D. Stuart's Brigade of General Sherman's
Division. Some three or four miles distant from this Brigade, on the
lower Corinth road and between that and the one to Purdy, lay the
remaining Brigades of Sherman's Division, McDowell's forming the
extreme right of our whole advance line, Buckland's coming next to
it, and Hildebrand's next. To the left of Hildebrand's Brigade, though
rather behind a portion of Sherman's line, lay Major-General
McClernand's Division, and between it and Stuart's Brigade, already
mentioned as forming our extreme left, lay Brigadier-General
Prentiss' Division, completing the front.
Back of this line, within a mile of the Landing, lay Hurlbut's
Division, stretching across the Corinth road, and W. H. L. Wallace's
to his right.
Such was the position of our troops at Pittsburgh Landing, at
daybreak Sunday morning. Major-General Lew. Wallace's Division lay
at Crump's Landing, some miles below, and was not ordered up till
about half-past seven o'clock that day.
 It is idle to criticise arrangements now—it is so easy to be wise
after a matter is over—but the reader will hardly fail to observe the
essential defects of such disposition of troops for a great battle.
Nearly four miles intervened between the different parts of
Sherman's Division. Of course to command the one, he must neglect
the other. McClernand's lay partially behind Sherman, and therefore,
not stretching far enough to the left, there was a gap between him
and Prentiss, which the Rebels did not fail speedily to find. Our
extreme left was commanded by unguarded heights, easily
approachable from Corinth. And the whole arrangement was
confused and ill-adjusted.
Confusion was not the only glaring fault. General Sherman's
camps, to the right of the little log-cabin called Shiloh Church,
fronted on a descending slope of a quarter to a half mile in breadth,
mostly covered with woods and bounded by a ravine. A day's work
of his troops would have covered that slope with an impenetrable
abattis, thrown a line of breastworks to the front of the camps, and
enabled General Sherman to sweep all approaches with artillery and
musketry, and hold his position against any force that was brought
against it. But for three weeks he had lain there, declaring the
position dangerous, and predicting attack; yet absolutely without
making the slightest preparation for the commonest means of
defense.
During Friday and Saturday the Rebels had marched out of
Corinth, about sixty thousand strong, in three great divisions. Sidney
Johnston had general command of the whole army. Beauregard had
the centre; Braxton Bragg and Hardee the wings. Polk, Breckinridge,
Cheatham and others held subordinate commands. On Thursday
Johnston issued a proclamation to the army, announcing to them in
grandiloquent terms that he was about to lead them against the
invaders, and that they would soon celebrate the great decisive
victory of the war, in which they had repelled the invading column,
redeemed Tennessee, and preserved the Southern Confederacy.
 Their general plan of attack is said by prisoners to have been to
strike our centre first, (composed, as the reader will remember, of
Prentiss's and McClernand's Divisions,) pierce the centre, and then
pour in their troops to attack on each side the wings into which they
would thus cut our army.
To accomplish this, they should have struck the left of the three
brigades of Sherman's Division which lay on our right and the left of
McClernand's, which came to the front on Sherman's left. By some
mistake, however, they struck Sherman's left alone, and that a few
moments after a portion of their right wing had swept up against
Prentiss.
The troops thus attacked, by six o'clock, or before it, were as
follows: The left of Sherman's Brigades, that of Colonel Hildebrand,
was composed of the Fifty-ninth Ohio, Colonel Pfyffe; Seventy-
seventh Ohio, Lieutenant-Colonel commanding Fifty-third Ohio,
Colonel Appler, and Fifty-third Illinois.
To the right of this was Colonel Buckland's Brigade, composed of
the Seventy-second Ohio, Lieutenant-Colonel Canfield; Forty-eighth
Ohio, Colonel Sullivan, and Seventieth Ohio, Colonel Cockerell.
And on the extreme right, Colonel McDowell's Brigade, Sixth
Iowa, (Colonel McDowell—Lieutenant-Colonel commanding;) Fortieth
Illinois, Colonel Hicks, Forty-sixth Ohio, Colonel Thomas
Worthington.
General Prentiss's Division was composed of the Twelfth
Michigan, Sixteenth Wisconsin, Eighteenth Wisconsin, Eighteenth
Missouri, Twenty-third Missouri, Twenty-fifth Missouri, and Sixty-first
Illinois.
 CHAPTER XII.

"AGATE'S" STORY CONTINUED.

The Battle of Sunday, April 6th—The Union Troops Surprised—An Army

in Disorder—Sherman's Heroic Effort to Stem the Tide—
McClernand's Share in the Battle—The Rebels Pressing their
Advantage—The Assault on Sherman's Left—Men too Brave to be
Killed—Desperate Position of the Union Army—Looking to the
Gunboats For aid—Three Desperate Charges Repulsed—Death of
General Wallace.

"Agate" continues the story of the great battle of Sunday, April

6th, as follows:
Almost at dawn, Prentiss's pickets were driven in; a very little
later Hildebrand's (in Sherman's Division) were; and the enemy were
in the camps almost as soon as were the pickets themselves.
Here began scenes which, let us hope, will have no parallel in
our remaining annals of the war. Some, particularly among our
officers, were not yet out of bed. Others were dressing, others
washing, others cooking, a few eating their breakfasts. Many guns
were unloaded, accoutrements lying pell-mell, ammunition was ill-
supplied—in short, the camps were virtually surprised—disgracefully,
it might be added, unless someone can hereafter give some yet
undiscovered reason to the contrary—and were taken at almost
every possible disadvantage.
 The first wild cries from the pickets rushing in, and the few
scattering shots that preceded their arrival, aroused the regiments to
a sense of their peril; an instant afterward shells were hurling
through the tents, while, before there was time for thought of
preparation, there came rushing through the woods with lines of
battle sweeping the whole fronts of the division-camps, and bending
down on either flank, the fine, dashing, compact columns of the
enemy.
Into the just-aroused camps thronged the Rebel regiments, firing
sharp volleys as they came, and springing toward our laggards with
the bayonet. Some were shot down as they were running, without
weapons, hatless, coatless, toward the river. The searching bullets
found other poor unfortunates in their tents, and there, all
unheeding now, they still slumbered, while the unseen foe rushed
on. Others fell, as they were disentangling themselves from the flaps
that formed the doors to their tents; others as they were buckling on
their accoutrements; a few, it was even said, as they were vainly
trying to impress on the cruelly exultant enemy their readiness to
surrender.
Officers were wounded in their beds, and left for dead, who,
through the whole two days' fearful struggle, lay there gasping in
their agony, and on Monday evening were found in their gore, inside
their tents, and still able to tell the tale.
Such were the fearful disasters that opened the Rebel onset on
the lines of Prentiss's Division. Similar were the fates of Hildebrand's
Brigade in Sherman's Division.
Meantime, what they could our shattered regiments did. Falling
rapidly back through the heavy woods till they gained a protecting
ridge, firing as they ran, and making what resistance men thus
situated might, Sherman's men succeeded in partially checking the
rush of the enemy, long enough to form their hasty line of battle.
Meantime the other two brigades of the division (to the right) sprang
hastily to their arms, and had barely done so when the enemy's lines
came sweeping up against their fronts too, and the battle thus
opened fiercely along Sherman's whole line on the right.
Hildebrand's Brigade had been compelled to abandon their
camps without a struggle. Some of the regiments, it is even said, ran
without firing a gun. Colonel Appler's Fifty-third Ohio, is loudly
complained of on this score, and others are mentioned. It is certain
that parts of regiments, both here and in other divisions, ran
disgracefully. Yet they were not wholly without excuse. They were
raw troops, just from the usual idleness of our "camps of
instruction;" hundreds of them had never heard a gun fired in anger;
their officers, for the most part, were equally inexperienced; they
had been reposing in fancied security, and were awakened, perhaps
from sweet dreams of home and wives and children, by the stunning
roar of cannon in their very midst, and the bursting of bomb-shells
among their tents—to see only the serried columns of the
magnificent Rebel advance, and through the blinding, stifling smoke,
the hasty retreat of comrades and supports, right and left. Certainly,
it is sad enough, but hardly surprising, that under such
circumstances, some should run. Half as much caused the wild panic
at Bull Run, for which the nation, as one man, became a loud-
mouthed apologist.
But they ran—here as in Prentiss's Division, of which last more in
a moment—and the enemy did not fail to profit by the wild disorder.
As Hildebrand's Brigade fell back, McClernand threw forward his left
to support it. Meanwhile Sherman was doing his best to rally his
troops. Dashing along the lines, encouraging them everywhere by
his presence, and exposing his own life with the same freedom with
which he demanded their offer of theirs, he did much to save the
division from utter destruction. Buckland and McDowell held their
ground fiercely for a time. At last they were compelled to retire their
brigades from their camps across the little ravine behind; but here
again they made a gallant defence, while what was left of
Hildebrand's was falling back in such order as it might, and leaving
McClernand's left to take their place, and check the wave of Rebel
advance.
 Prentiss was faring scarcely so well. Most of his troops stood
their ground, to be formed into line, but strangely enough, the line
was drawn up in an open space, leaving to the enemy the cover of
the dense scrub-oak in front, from which they could pour in their
volleys in comparative safety.
The men held their position with an obstinacy that adds new
laurels to the character of the American soldiers, but it was too late.
Down on either flank came the overwhelming enemy. Fiercely
pushed in front, with a wall of bayonets closing in on either side, like
the contracting iron chamber of the Inquisition, what could they do
but what they did? Speedily their resistance became less obstinate,
more and more rapidly they fell back, less and less frequent became
their returning volleys.
The enemy pushed their advantage. They were already within
our lines; they had driven one division from all its camps, and nearly
opened, as they supposed, the way to the river. Just here—between
9 and 10 o'clock—McArthur's Brigade of W. H. L. Wallace's Division
came up to give some assistance to Stuart's Brigade of Sherman's
Division on the extreme left, now in imminent danger of being cut
off by Prentiss's defection. McArthur mistook the way, marched too
far to the right, and so, instead of reaching Stuart, came in on the
other side of the Rebels, now closely pushing Prentiss. His men at
once opened vigorously on the enemy, and for a time they seemed
likely still to save our imperilled division. But coming unawares, as
they seem to have done, upon the enemy, their positions were not
well chosen, and all had to fall back together.
General Prentiss seems here to have become separated from a
large portion of his command. The division fell into confusion;
fragments of brigades and regiments continued the fight, but there
was no longer concert of action or continuity of lines of defence.
Most of the troops drifted back behind the new lines that were being
formed; many, as they continued an isolated struggle, were
surrounded and taken prisoners.
 Practically, by 10 o'clock the division was gone. General Prentiss
and the few troops that surrounded him maintained a detached
position some hours longer, till they were completely cut off and
surrounded; and the Rebels signalized their success by marching
three regiments, with a division general, as prisoners, to their rear.
By 10 o'clock, however, this entire division was virtually hors du
combat. A deep gap in our front line was made, the Rebels had
nearly pierced through, and were only held back by McArthur's
Brigade and the rest of W. H. L. Wallace's Division, which hurried
over to its assistance.
For the present, let us leave them there. They held the line from
this time until four.
We left Sherman's Brigade maintaining a confused fight,
Hildebrand's about gone, Buckland's and McDowell's holding their
ground more tenaciously. The firing aroused McClernand's Division.
At first they supposed it to be a mere skirmish; perhaps even only
the irregular discharge of muskets by guards and pickets, to clean
out their guns—a practice which, to the disgrace of our discipline be
it said, was well nigh universal—and rendered it almost impossible at
any time to know whether firing meant anything at all, beyond
ordinary disorder of our own soldiers. But the continued rattle of
musketry soon undeceived them, and almost as soon the advance of
the Rebels, pouring after Hildebrand, was upon them.
The division, it will be remembered, lay a short distance in the
rear, and with one brigade stretching out to the left of Sherman's
line. Properly speaking, merely from the location of the camp,
McClernand did not belong to the front line at all. Two-thirds of his
division were entirely behind Sherman. But as the latter fell back,
McClernand had to bear the shock of battle.
His division was composed as follows: First Brigade, Colonel
Hare commanding, Eighth and Eighteenth Illinois, Eleventh and
Thirteenth Iowa; Second Brigade, Colonel C. C. Marsh commanding,
Eleventh, Twentieth, Forty-eighth and Forty-fifth Illinois, Colonels
Ransom, Marsh, Haynie and Smith (the latter is the "lead mine
regiment"); Third Brigade, Colonel Raith commanding, Seventeenth,
Twenty-ninth and Forty-ninth Illinois, Lieutenant-Colonels Wood,
Farrell and Pease, and Forty-third Illinois, Colonel Marsh. Besides this
fine show of experienced troops, they had Schwartz's, Dresser's,
McAllister's and Waterhouse's Batteries.
As already stated, McClernand was first called into action shortly
after the surprise of Sherman's left Brigade (Hildebrand's)—about 7
in the morning—by having to move up his left brigade to support
Sherman's retreating left, and preserve the line. Then, as Sherman's
other brigades fell back, McClernand's moved up and engaged the
enemy in support. Gradually the resistance in Buckland's Brigade
and what was still left to its right of Hildebrand's, became more
confused and irresolute. The line wavered, the men fell back in
squads and companies, they failed to rally promptly at the call of
their officers. As they retreated, the woods behind them became
thinner, and there was less protection from the storm of grape that
swept as if on blasts of a hurricane among the trees. Lieutenant-
Colonel Canfield, commanding the Seventy-second Ohio, was
mortally wounded and borne dying from the field. Colonel Sullivan,
of the Forty-eighth Ohio, was wounded, but continued at the head of
his men. Company officers fell and were carried away from their
men.
At one of our wavering retreats, the Rebels, by a sudden dash
forward, had taken part of Waterhouse's Battery, which McClernand
had sent them over. Behr's Battery, too, was taken, and Taylor's
Chicago Light Artillery was so terribly pounded as to be forced to
retire with heavy loss. As the troops gave way, they came out from
the open woods into old fields, completely raked by the enemy's fire.
For them all was lost, and away went Buckland's and Hildebrand's
Brigades, Ohioans and Illinoisans together, to the rear and right, in
such order as they might.
McDowell's Brigade had fallen back less slowly than its two
companions of the same division, but it was now left entirely alone.
It had formed our extreme right, and, of course, had no support
there; its supporting brigades on the left had gone; through the
space they had occupied the Rebels were pouring; they were in
imminent danger of being entirely cut off, and back they fell, too,
still farther to the right and rear, among the ravines that border
Snake Creek.
And here, so far as Sunday's fight is concerned, the greater part
of Sherman's Division passes out of view. The General himself was
indefatigable in collecting and reorganizing his men, and a straggling
contest was doubtless kept up along portions of his new lines, but
with little weight in inclining the scales of battle. The General bore
with him one token of the danger to which he had exposed himself,
a musket-ball through the hand. It was the common expression of
all that his escape so lightly was wonderful. Whatever may be his
faults or neglects, none can accuse him of a lack of gallantry and
energy when the attack was made on his raw division that
memorable Sunday morning.
To return to McClernand's Division: I have spoken of his sending
up first, his left, and then his centre brigade, to support Sherman,
shortly after the surprise. As Sherman fell back, McClernand was
compelled to bring in his brigades again to protect his left against
the onset of the Rebels, who, seeing how he had weakened himself
there, and inspired by their recent success over Prentiss, hurled
themselves against him with tremendous force. To avoid bringing
back these troops, a couple of new regiments, the Fifteenth and
Sixteenth Iowa, were brought up, but taking utterly raw troops on
the field, under heavy fire, was too severe a trial for them, and they
gave way in confusion. To meet the attack, then the whole division
made a change of front, and faced along the Corinth road. Here the
batteries were placed in position, and till 10 o'clock the Rebels were
foiled in every attempt to gain the road.
But Sherman having now fallen back, there was nothing to
prevent the Rebels from coming in, farther out on the road, and
turning McClernand's right. Prompt to seize the advantage, a brigade
of them went dashing audaciously through the division's abandoned
camp, pushing up the road to come in above McClernand, between
him and where Sherman had been. Dresser's Battery of rifled guns
opened on them as they passed, and with fearful slaughter—not
confined, alas! to one side only—drove them back.
But the enemy's reserves were most skillfully handled, and the
constant advance of fresh regiments was, at last too much for our
inferior numbers. Major Eaton, commanding the Eighteenth Illinois,
was killed; Colonel Haynie was severely wounded; Colonel Raith,
commanding a brigade, had his leg so shattered that amputation
was necessary; Major Nevins, of the Eleventh Illinois, was wounded;
Lieutenant-Colonel Ransom of the same regiment was wounded;
three of General McClernand's staff, Major Schwartz, Major Stewart
and Lieutenant Freeman, were wounded and carried from the field.
Line officers had suffered heavily. The batteries were broken up.
Schwartz had lost half his guns and sixteen horse. Dresser had lost
several of his rifled pieces, three caissons and eighteen horses.
McAllister had lost half his twenty-four-pound howitzers.
The soldiers fought bravely to the last—let no man question that
—but they were at a fearful disadvantage. Gradually they began
falling back, more slowly than had Prentiss's regiments, or part of
Sherman's, making more determined, because better organized,
resistance, occasionally rallying and repulsing the enemy in turn for
a hundred yards, then being beaten back again, and renewing the
retreat to some new position for fresh defence.
By 11 o'clock the division was back in a line with Hurlbut's. It still
did some gallant fighting; once its right swept around and drove the
enemy for a considerable distance, but again fell back, and at the
last it brought up near the position of W. H. L. Wallace's camps.
We have seen how Prentiss, Sherman, McClernand were driven
back; how, fight as fiercely as they would, they still lost ground; how
their camps were all in the hands of the enemy; and how this whole
front line, for which Hurlbut and Wallace were but the reserves, was
gone.
 But the fortunes of the isolated brigade of Sherman's Division,
on the extreme left, must not be forgotten. It was doubly let alone
by the Generals. General Grant did not arrive on the field till after
nearly all these disasters had crowded upon us, and each Division
General had done that which was good in his own eyes, and carried
on the battle independent of the rest; but this brigade was even left
by its Division General, who was four miles away, doing his best to
rally his panic-stricken regiments there.
It was Commanded by Colonel David Stuart, (of late Chicago
divorce-case fame, and ex-Congressman,) and was composed of the
Fifty-fifth Illinois, Lieutenant-Colonel Malmbourg, commanding;
Seventy-first Ohio, Colonel Rodney Mason; the Fifty-fourth Ohio,
(Zouaves,) Colonel T. K. Smith. It was posted along the circuitous
road from Pittsburgh Landing, up the river to Hamburgh, some two
miles from the Landing, and near the crossing of Lick Creek, the
bluffs on the opposite side of which commanded the position, and
stretching on down to join Prentiss's Division on its right. In selecting
the grounds for the encampment of our army, it seems to have been
forgotten that from Corinth an excellent road led direct to
Hamburgh, a few miles above this left wing of our forces. Within a
few days, the oversight had indeed been discovered, and the
determination had been expressed to land Buell's forces at
Hamburgh, when they arrived, and thus make all safe. It was
unfortunate, of course, that Beauregard and Johnston did not wait
for us to perfect our pleasing arrangements.
 LIEUTENANT GENERAL SHERIDAN.

When the Rebels marched out from Corinth, a couple of brigades

(rumored to be under the command of Breckinridge) had taken this
road, and thus easily, and without molestation reached the bluffs of
Lick Creek, commanding Stuart's position.
During the attack on Prentiss, Stuart's Brigade was formed along
the road, the left resting near the Lick Creek Ford, the right,
Seventy-first Ohio, Colonel Rodney Mason, (late Assistant Adjutant-
General of Ohio, and Colonel of the Second Ohio at Manassas,)
being nearest Prentiss. The first intimation they had of disaster to
their right was the partial cessation of firing. An instant afterward
muskets were seen glinting among the leaves, and presently a Rebel
column emerged from a bend in the road, with banners flying and
moving at double-quick down the road toward them. Their supports
to the left were further off than the Rebels, and it was at once seen
that, with but one piece of artillery a single regiment could do
nothing there. They accordingly fell rapidly back toward the ford,
and were re-formed in an orchard near the other regiments.
The Rebel column veered on further to the right, in search of
Prentiss's flying troops, and for a brief space, though utterly isolated,
they were unmolested.
Before ten, however, the brigade, which had still stood listening
to the surging roar of battle on the left, was startled by the
screaming of a shell that came directly over their heads. In an
instant the batteries of the Rebel force that had gained the
commanding bluffs opposite, by approaching on the Corinth and
Hamburgh road, were in full play, and the orchards and open fields
in which they were posted (looking only for attack in the opposite
direction) were swept with the exploding shells and hail-storm rush
of grape.
Under cover of this fire from the bluffs, the Rebels rushed down,
crossed the ford, and in a moment were seen forming this side of
the creek, in open fields also, and within close musket range. Their
color-bearers stepped defiantly to the front, as the engagement
opened furiously, the Rebels pouring in sharp, quick volleys of
musketry, and their batteries above continuing to support them with
a destructive fire. Our sharpshooters wanted to pick off the
audacious Rebel color-bearers, but Colonel Stuart interposed: "No,
no, they're too brave fellows to be killed." Almost at the first fire,
Lieutenant-Colonel Barton S. Kyle, of the Seventy-first, was shot
through the breast. The brigade stood for scarcely ten minutes,
when it became evident that its position was untenable, and they fell
rapidly back, perhaps a quarter of a mile, to the next ridge; a few of
his men, at great personal risk, carrying Lieutenant-Colonel Kyle, in a
dying condition, from the field they were abandoning. Ohio lost no
braver, truer man that day.
As they reached the next woody ridge, Rebel cavalry, that had
crossed the creek lower down, were seen coming up on their left;
and to resist this new attack the line of battle was formed, fronting
in that direction. For three quarters of an hour the brigade stood
here. The cavalry, finding its purpose foiled, did not come within
range. In front they were hard pressed, and the Rebels, who had
followed Prentiss, began to come in on their right. Colonel Stuart
had sent across to Brigadier-General W. H. L. Wallace, then not
engaged, for support. Brigadier-General McArthur's Brigade was
promptly started across, but mistaking the way, and bearing too
much on the right, it speedily found itself in the midst of the Rebel
forces, that had poured in after Prentiss. General McArthur could
thus render Stuart's Brigade no assistance, but he vigorously
engaged the Rebels to his front and flanks, fell back to a good
position, and held these troops in bay till the rest of his division
came up to his aid. General McArthur was himself disabled by a
wound in the foot, but he rode into a hospital, had it dressed, and
returned to the brigade, which meantime sturdily held its position.
But this brought Stuart's isolated brigade little help. They were
soon forced to fall back to another ridge, then to another, and finally,
about 12 o'clock, badly shattered and disordered, they retreated to
the right and rear, falling in behind General McArthur's Brigade to
reorganize. Colonel Stuart was himself wounded by a ball through
his right shoulder, and the loss of field and company-officers was
sufficient to greatly discourage the troops.
This clears our entire front line of divisions. The enemy has full
possession of all Sherman's, Prentiss's, and McClernand's camps. By
10 o'clock our whole front, except Stuart's Brigade, had given way,
and the burden of the fight was resting on Hurlbut and W. H. L.
Wallace. Before 12 Stuart, too, had come back, and for the time
absolutely only those two divisions stood between our army and
destruction or surrender.
Still all was not lost. Hurlbut and Wallace began making a most
gallant stand; and meantime most of the troops from the three
driven divisions were still to some extent available. Many of them
had wandered down the river—some as far as Crump's Landing, and
some even to Savannah. These were brought back again on
transports. Lines of guards were extended to prevent skulkers from
getting back to the Landing, and especially to stop the shrewd
dodge among the cravans of taking six or eight able-bodied soldiers
to assist some slightly-wounded fellow into the hospital; and
between this cordon and the rear of the fighting divisions the
fragments of regiments were reorganized after a fashion, and sent
back to the field. Brigades could not be got together again, much
less divisions, but the regiments pieced together from the loose
squads that could be gathered and officered, often by men who
could find scarcely a soldier of their own commands, were hurried to
the front, and many of them did good service.
It was fortunate for us that the accidental circumstance that
Prentiss's portion of our lines had been completely broken sooner
than any of the rest, had caused the enemy's onset to veer chiefly to
our left. There we were tolerably safe; and at worst, if the Rebels
drove us to the river on the left flank, the gunboats would come into
play. Our weakest point was the right, and to turning this the Rebels
do not seem to have paid so much attention on Sunday.
According to general understanding, in the event of an attack at
Pittsburgh Landing, Major-General Lew. Wallace was to come in on
our right and flank the Rebels by marching across from Crump's
Landing below. Yet strangely enough, Wallace, though with his
division all drawn up and ready to march anywhere at a moment's
notice, was not ordered to Pittsburgh Landing till nearly if not quite
12 o'clock. Then through misdirection as to the way to come in on
the flank, four miles of marching were lost, and the circuitous route
made it twelve miles more, before they could reach the scene of
battle. Meantime our right was almost wholly unprotected.
Fortunately, as I said, however, the Rebels do not seem to have
discovered the full extent of this weakness, and their heaviest
fighting was done on the centre and left, where we still preserved
our line.
Hurlbut's Division, it will be remembered, stretched across the
Corinth road, facing rather to our left. W. H. L. Wallace's other
brigades had gone over to assist McArthur, and the division, thus
reunited, steadily closed the line, where Prentiss's Division and
Stuart's Brigade, in their retreat, had left it open. To Hurlbut's right
the lines were patched out with the reorganized regiments that had
been resent to the field. McClernand and Sherman were both there.
Hurlbut had been encamped in the edge nearest the river, of a
stretch of open fields, backed with heavy timber. Among his troops
were the Seventeenth and Twenty-fifth Kentucky, Forty-fourth and
Thirty-first Indiana, constituting Lauman's Brigade; Third Iowa,
Forty-first Illinois and some others, forming Colonel Williams'
Brigade.
As Prentiss fell back, Hurlbut's left aided Wallace in sustaining
the Rebel onset, and when McClernand gave way, the remainder of
the division was thrown forward. The position beyond the camp,
however, was not a good one, and the division was compelled to fall
back through its camp to the thick woods behind. Here, with open
fields before them, they could rake the Rebel approach. Nobly did
they now stand their ground. From 10 to half-past 3 they held the
enemy in check, and through nearly that whole time were actively
engaged. Hurlbut himself displayed the most daring and brilliant
gallantry, and his example, with that of the brave officers under him,
nerved the men to the sternest endurance.
Three times during those long hours the heavy Rebel masses on
the left charged upon the division, and three times were they
repulsed, with terrible slaughter. Close, sharp, continuous musketry,
whole lines belching fire on the Rebels as the leaden storm swept
the fields over which they attempted to advance, were too much for
Rebel discipline, though the bodies left scattered over the fields,
even on Monday evening, bore ghastly testimony to the daring with
which they had been precipitated toward our lines.
But there is still much in the Napoleonic theory that Providence
has a tendency at least to go with the heaviest battalions. The
battalions were against us. The Rebel generals, too, handled their
forces with a skill that extorted admiration in the midst of our
suffering. Repulse was nothing to them. A rush on our lines failed;
they took their disordered troops to the rear, and sent up fresh
troops, who, unknowing the fearful reception awaiting them, were
ready to try it again. The jaded division was compelled to yield, and
after six hours' magnificent fighting, it fell back out of sight of its
camps, and to a point within half a mile of the Landing.
Let us turn to the fate of Hurlbut's companion division—that of
Brigadier-General W. H. L. Wallace, which included the Second and
Seventh Iowa, Ninth and Twenty-eighth Illinois, and several of the
other regiments composing Major-General Smith's old division; with
also three excellent batteries, Stone's, Richardson's and Weber's (all
from Missouri), forming an artillery battalion, under the general
management of Major Cavender.
Here, too, the fight began about ten o'clock, as already
described. From that time until four in the afternoon they manfully
bore up. The musketry fire was absolutely continuous; there was
scarcely a moment that some part of the line was not pouring in it
rattling volleys, and the artillery was admirably served, with but little
intermission through the entire time.
Once or twice the infantry advanced, attempting to drive the
continually increasing enemy, but though they could hold what they
had, their numbers were not equal to the task of conquering any
more.
Four separate times the Rebels attempted to turn to charge on
them. Each time the infantry poured in its quickest volleys, the
artillery redoubled its exertions, and the Rebels retreated with heavy
slaughter. The division was eager to remain, even when Hurlbut fell
back, and the fine fellows with the guns were particularly indignant
at not being permitted to pound away. But their supports were gone
on either side; to have remained in isolated advance would have
been madness. Just as the necessity for retreating was becoming
apparent, General Wallace, whose cool, collected bravery had
commanded the admiration of all, was mortally wounded, and borne
away from the field. At last the division fell back. Its soldiers claim—
justly, I believe—the proud distinction of being the last to yield, in
the general break of our lines, that gloomy Sunday afternoon, which,
at half past four o'clock, had left most of our army within half a mile
of the Landing, with the Rebels up to a thousand yards of their
position.
Captain Stone could not resist the temptation of stopping, as he
passed what had been Hurlbut's headquarters, to try a few parting
shots. He did fine execution, but narrowly escaped losing some
guns, by having his wheel horses shot down. Captain Walker did lose
a twenty pounder through some breakage in the carriage. It was
recovered again on Monday.
 CHAPTER XIII.

"AGATE'S" STORY CONTINUED.

The Close of Sunday's Fight—What had been Lost During the Day—Five
Thousand Cowards on the River Bank—Opportune Arrival of
General Buell—The Grand Attack and its Grand Repulse—Aid from
the Gunboats—The Night Between Two Battles—Desperate
Preparations for the Morrow—Gunboats on Guard Through the
Darkness.

The remainder of Sunday's desperate fighting, and the grim

preparations and anxieties of Sunday night, are rehearsed by
"Agate" thus:
We have reached the last act in the tragedy of Sunday. It is half-
past 4 o'clock. Our front line of divisions has been lost since half-
past 10. Our reserve line is now gone, too. The Rebels occupy the
camps of every division save that of W. H. L. Wallace. Our whole
army is crowded in the region of Wallace's camps, and to a circuit of
one-half to two-thirds of a mile around the Landing. We have been
falling back all day. We can do it no more. The next repulse puts us
into the river, and there are not transports enough to cross a single
division till the enemy would be upon us.
Lew. Wallace's Division might turn the tide for us—it is made of
fighting men—but where is it? Why has it not been thundering on
the right for three hours past? We do not know yet that it was not
ordered up till noon. Buell is coming, but he has been doing it all
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