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Python
Interviews

Discussions with Python Experts

Mike Driscoll

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Python Interviews
Copyright © 2018 Packt Publishing

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 Foreword

Welcome, all, to Python Interviews!

People often get confused about open source programming
languages, focusing merely on the technology behind the language
— be it the language itself, the libraries available for it, or the
impressive products that are built with it — and not on the
ecosystem of individuals that are responsible for the language
existing in the first place.
Python is an open source language, driven mostly by volunteer
efforts from all around the globe. It's important to focus not only
on the technology behind what makes Python great, but also the
individuals that make it great as well.
The world of Python is not one comprised merely of code, but of
a community of like-minded individuals coming together to make
the world a better place through the open source ethos. Thousands
of individuals have contributed towards the success of Python.
This book contains interviews with an excellent selection of the
individuals that power Python and its wonderful open source
community. It dives into the personal backgrounds of these
individuals and the opinions they have about the community, the
technology, and the direction we're headed in, together.
But, must importantly — it exposes that Python, the programing
language, is indeed comprised of persons, just like you, trying to
make a difference in the world, one step at a time.

Kenneth Reitz
Director at Large for the Python Software Foundation
 Contributor

About the Author

Mike Driscoll has been using Python since
April 2006. He blogs for the Python Software
Foundation. Other than blogging, he enjoys
reading novels, listening to a wide variety of
music, and learning photography. He writes
documentation for the wxPython project's wiki
page and helps wxPython users on their mailing
list. He also helps Python users on the PyWin32
list and occasionally the comp.lang.py list too.

Packt is Searching for Authors Like You

If you're interested in becoming an author for Packt, please
visit authors.packtpub.com and apply today. We have worked
with thousands of developers and tech professionals, just like you,
to help them share their insight with the global tech community.
You can make a general application, apply for a specific hot topic
that we are recruiting an author for, or submit your own idea.
 Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Chapter 1: Brett Cannon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 2: Steve Holden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Chapter 3: Carol Willing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Chapter 4: Glyph Lefkowitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Chapter 5: Doug Hellmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Chapter 6: Massimo Di Pierro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Chapter 7: Alex Martelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Chapter 8: Marc-André Lemburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Chapter 9: Barry Warsaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Chapter 10: Jessica McKellar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Chapter 11: Tarek Ziadé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Chapter 12: Sebastian Raschka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Chapter 13: Wesley Chun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Chapter 14: Steven Lott . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Chapter 15: Oliver Schoenborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Chapter 16: Al Sweigart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Chapter 17: Luciano Ramalho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Table of Contents

Chapter 18: Nick Coghlan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Chapter 19: Mike Bayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Chapter 20: Jake Vanderplas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Chapter 21: Other Books You May Enjoy . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Artificial Intelligence with Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
Understanding Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
Leave a review - let other readers know what you think . . . . . . 348

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Page ii
 Preface
Near the end of 2016, I was brainstorming with my editor about
the kinds of books might be of interest. I had been doing a series
of articles on my blog called PyDev of the Week that inspired us into
crafting a book based on interviewing core members of the Python
community. I spent some time hashing out 20 names of people that
I thought would be good for the book and then I started contacting
them in 2017.

Over the course of about 8-12 months, I ended up interviewing

20 pillars of the Python community, although my list changed
several times over that period. Some people weren't available or
couldn't be reached. But I persevered and managed to pull together
a well-rounded set of representatives of the Python programming
community.

In this book, you will get interesting anecdotes about the history of
Python and its creators, such as Brett Cannon and Nick Coghlan.
You will discover why Python didn't have Unicode support in its
first release, and you'll hear from core developers about where they
think Python is going in the future. You will also hear from some
well-known Python authors, like Al Sweigart, Luciano Ramalho, and
Doug Hellman.

I also spoke with some of the creators or core developers of

popular third-party packages in Python, such as web2py (Massimo
Di Pierro), SQLAlchemy (Mike Bayer), and the Twisted Framework
(Glyph Lefkowitz), among others.
Preface

My interview with Carol Willing was a lot of fun. She is also a

core developer of the Python language itself, so learning her views
on women in technology and Python was quite enlightening. She is
also a contributor to Project Jupyter, so learning more about that
project was exciting.

I think you will find Alex Martelli and Steve Holden's interviews
to be especially compelling as they have been working with Python
for a very long time and have many interesting insights.

There is a lot to learn from all the individuals that I spoke with.
If you happen to know them, you know that even better than I
do. All of them were great to chat with and very responsive to me
even on the shortest of timelines. If you happen to meet them at
a conference, be sure to thank them for their contributions.

Special thanks go out to all the people I interviewed. They took time
out of their lives to help me with this project and I truly appreciate
it. I also want to thank my editors for keeping this project on
track. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Evangeline, for putting
up with me interviewing people at random times throughout the
summer. And finally, I want to thank you, dear reader, for checking
out this book.

Page iv
 1
Brett Cannon
Brett Cannon is a Canadian software
engineer and Python core developer.
He is a principal software developer at
Microsoft, where he works on editing
tools. Previous roles include software
engineer at Google and creator at
Oplop. Brett became a fellow of the
Python Software Foundation (PSF) in
2003 and served as a director of the
PSF between 2013 and 2014. He is a former PyCon US committee
member and was conference chair of PyData Seattle 2017. Brett
led the migration of CPython to GitHub and created importlib.
Among his open source achievements is caniusepython3 and he is the
co-author of 17 successful Python Enhancement Proposals.

Discussion themes: core developers, v2.7/v3.x, Python

sprints.
Catch up with Brett Cannon here: @brettsky
Brett Cannon

Mike Driscoll: Why did you become a computer programmer?

Brett Cannon: I always found computers interesting, as far back as

I can remember. I was lucky enough to go to an elementary school
with a computer lab full of Apple IIes, back when that was the
cutting edge, so I was exposed to them relatively early on.

In the year between junior high and high school, I took a computer
class over the summer and that included a little bit of Apple BASIC.
I did it and I excelled at it, to the point that I think I finished the
entire class in the first week. It hadn't really clicked that I could do
that for a job at that point.

This continued through high school, and then when it came time
to pick courses for junior college, my mom had me promise her
two things. I agreed that I would take a course in philosophy and
I would take a course in computer programming. So that's what I
did and I loved both.

Once again, I read my introductory C book in the first two weeks,

which was supposed to last for the whole semester. I remember
the first time I finished it, I sat down and implemented tic-tac-toe
one day after class. I even forgot to eat dinner! It was just one of
those eureka moments. The feeling of boundless creativity that this
tool provided just engulfed me. That's how I got into programming.

Brett Cannon: 'The feeling of boundless

creativity that this tool provided just engulfed
me. That's how I got into programming.'

Page 2
 Brett Cannon

I knew that tic-tac-toe was a solved problem, so I thought that I

could actually write the logic so that I could play tic-tac-toe perfectly
as a program. I spent something like six hours one evening doing
it, and I was utterly blown away that I was actually able to do that.
It opened up the possibilities of what computers could do, and the
freedom of it and the ability to think about the problems just really
grabbed me. I've been doing it ever since.

Driscoll: What led you to becoming so involved with Python and

its community?

Cannon: Well, I ended up going to Berkeley and getting a degree

in philosophy, but I kept taking computer science courses. The
introductory computer science course at Berkeley had an entrance
exam, and I was worried that I didn't know object-oriented
programming, since I only knew C. So I looked around for an
object-oriented programming language. I found Python, learned it,
loved it, and kept writing personal programs in it.

At some point along the way, I needed time.strptime , the

function to take a string that represents a datetime and parse it
back into a time tuple. I was on Windows at the time, and time.
strptime wasn't available on Windows. As a result, I came up
with a way to parse it where you had to still plug in the locale
information but it would still parse it.

Page 3
Brett Cannon

Back then, ActiveState's cookbook site was still a thing, so I posted

my recipe of how to do strptime up on ActiveState. Later,
O'Reilly published the first edition of Python Cookbook, and Alex
Martelli included that recipe as the last recipe in the book, which
also happened to be the longest recipe in the book.

Brett Cannon: 'So I posted my recipe of how

to do strptime up on ActiveState.'

It still ticked me off, though, that people had to input their locale
information. I was frustrated that I couldn't solve that. So in the
back of my mind, I was continuously thinking about how I could
get that locale information out. Eventually, I solved it. It was actually
the week after graduating from Berkeley, and I gifted myself the
time to write up the solution, so that you didn't have to enter locale
information anymore.

After I did that, I emailed Alex Martelli, since we'd exchanged emails
a couple of times at that point, and I said, "Hey, I've fixed this so
it's not necessary to input the locale anymore. How do I get this
upstream?" Alex Martelli said, "Oh, well you just email this mailing
list, Python-Dev, and you can submit the patch."

Brett Cannon: 'Alex Martelli said, "Oh, well

you just email this mailing list, Python-Dev,
and you can submit the patch."'

Page 4
Other documents randomly have
different content
Port Kennedy, Australia, 205
Porter group of mounds, 490, 498
Porter, Sir Robert Ker, 459
Portuguese East Africa, 156
Portuguese Order of Christ, 439
Pottier, M., 407
Powder pearls, 344, 345
Powhatan, 486, 487
Prague, 416, 423, 434, 455
Prague, Association of Jewelers and Goldsmiths of, 327
Prairie du Chien, Wis., 262, 272, 275, 276
Prince Edward Island, Canada, 281
Procopius, 11, 450
Prussian regalia, 420
Ptolemy, 85
Putnam, F. W., 485, 490, 498
Puton, Ernest, 169

Quackenbush, Jacob, 260

Quadrula ebena, 72
heros, 74
plicata, 72
undulata, 72
wardi, 73
Quahog, 77
Quebec, Canada, 281
Queen Mary Pearl, 275
Queen Pearl, 260, 465
Queensland, Australia, 199, 206
Queiss River, Prussia, 176
Quelpaerd Island, 149

Ramayana, 4
Randell & Bridge, 417
Ratnagiri, India, 132
Rau, Charles, 494
Rau, Sebaldus, 95
Rawlinson, Sir Henry, 6
Read, Charles Hercules, 405, 510
Réaumur, 40
Reccesvinthus, Crown of, 16, 415–416
Redding, Sir Robert, 162
Red Sea, 31, 67, 69, 139–144, 285
Reed River, Florida, 256, 257
Regalia, 418–420, 443, 460, 473
Regen River, Bavaria, 172
Regulation of fishery, 193, 197, 204, 211, 218, 277
Renaudot, 18
Reues, Francis, 169
Rhode Island, 259
Rhodesia Museum, 513
Ribeiro, Joano, 94
Richard II, 22
Rigveda, 4
Ring-a-round pearls, 56, 353
Rings with pearls, 438, 442
Robinson, Edward, 12, 405
Rock Island, Ill., 271
Rock River, 262, 274
Rogkerus. See Rugerus.
Rome, Georgia, 267
Rome, Pearls in ancient, 8, 9, 12, 320, 406–410
Rondelet, Gulielm, 40
Rosales, Manuel Laudecta, 233
Rosaries, 413
Rosenberg Palace, Copenhagen, 59, 476
Rosengarten Museum, Constance, 512
Rosnel, Pierre de, 306, 338
Rotschildt, Don A. de, 437
Round pearls, 352, 470
Royal fifth, 243, 244
Rubies, 79, 330, 371, 392, 412, 417, 439
Rückert, Friedrich, 35
Rudolph II, 24, 455, 473
Rugerus, 381, 423
Rundell, Bridge & Rundell, 233
Rupprecht, Prince, 302
Russia, 463
Russian Jewesses, 184
Russian Treasury at Moscow, 414
Rymsdyck, J. & A. van, 342, 371

Saddle decorations, 360, 444

Sadi, Shaikh, 37
Safe-guarding pearls, 357, 399, 400
Sahayun, Bernadino de, 433
St. Augustine, 304
St. Barbara, 435
St. Denis, Paris, 425, 429, 430
St. Domingo, Lima, 432
St. Edward’s crown, 418
St. Francis River, Ark., 263, 264
St. Francisville, Ill., 276
St. Jerome, 10
St. Ludmilla, 417
St. Margaret Ætheling, 305
St. Margaret of Antioch, 305
St. Petersburg, 462
St. Stephen’s crown, 416
Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 425, 427
Sales of pearls, 477–481
Salisbury, England, 490
Sand shells, 73
Sandius, Christopher, 39
San José Island, Mexico, 248
San José Island, Panama, 239
San Miguel, Panama, 239
San Vitale, Ravenna, 15
Sanskrit literature, 4, 36
Santa Barbara, Cal., 280, 281
Santo Domingo, Mexico, 434
Santos, João dos, 153
Sapphire, 371, 412, 439
Satsuma, Japan, 147
Saumaise, Claude de, 9
Savannah River, 253, 452, 493, 495
Saville, H. M., 282
Saxony, Fisheries of, 173–175
Scaphander, 137, 171, 196, 203, 234, 240, 247, 282
Scarf-pins, 443
Schärding, Austria, 179
Scharff, R. F., 425
Schleswig-Holstein, 178
Schmerler family, 174, 177, 178
Schulz, Aurel, 154
Schuylkill River, Penn., 266, 267
Schwarzbach River, Russia, 183
Schwarzenberg, Count, 178, 434
Schwarzenberg family, 178
Schwesnitz River, Bavaria, 171
Scioto River, Ohio, 491, 506
Scioto Valley, Ohio, 489
Scotch pearls, 17, 160–164, 167, 319, 343, 427, 464
Scotland, 17, 160–167
Scott, Sir Walter, 35, 305, 419
Scriptural references, 6, 7, 449
Season, Fishery, 89, 109, 114, 141, 206, 240, 246, 250, 271, 277
Seed-pearls, 18, 56, 124, 221, 273, 309, 337, 342, 352, 391
Seed-pearl jewelry, 390–392
Selangs, 134, 139
Selling pearls, 276, 356, 361
Seneca, 10
Sermonata, Duchess of, 439
Servia, 304
Servilia pearl, 10, 449
Setting pearls, 384, 388, 389, 393
Seugne River, France, 171
Seurat, L. G., 44
Seven Sisters of Sleep, 310
Shabl Abdullah, 306
Shah Jehan, 458
Shah’s pearls in 1820, 459
Shah’s tippet, 459
Shakspere, 35, 122, 314, 319
Shark-charmers, 115, 116
Sharks, 117, 138, 144, 208, 249
Shark’s Bay, Australia, 57, 60, 70, 200, 211, 468
Shelley, P. B., 212, 278
Shell-heaps, 492
Shells, Commercial varieties, 69, 70, 72, 73, 124, 141, 143, 221
Shells, Product of, 80, 99
Shells, Sweet-water, 264
Shepaug River, Conn., 266
Shrine of St. Patrick’s Gospels, 424
Shuangtze, 302
Shu King, 5
Siam, Gulf of, 149
Siamese decoration, 439
Sibbald, Robert, 161
Siberia, Fisheries of, 147
Sieves (peddi) for pearls, 344
Silesia, Germany, 175
Silk threads for pearls, 387
Silva-Tierra, Father, 242
Simmonds, Vane, 291
Simpson, James J., 155
Sinaloa, Mexico, 244, 248
Singapore, 135, 149, 220
Size of pearls, 328, 344
Slaney River, Ireland, 162
Slugs, 272, 275, 352, 360
Smith, Captain John, 486
Smith, Charles Roach, 414
Smith, Harlan I., 492
Smith, Sir J. E., 287
Smithsonian Institution, 490
Smithville, Tenn., 263, 276
Snail shell, 139, 148
Snyder, J. F., 509
Sofala, Africa, 106, 153
Sokotra Islands, 142
Solomon, 301
Solubility of pearls, 55
Sonnapore mussels, 132
Sonora, Mexico, 241, 244, 245, 248, 251
Sorting pearls, 385
Soto, Hernando de, 253, 255, 452
Sources of pearls, 65–81
Sourindro Mohun Tagore, 309
South America, 65, 282
South Carolina, 492
Southern Cross, 57, 466, 467
South Kensington Museum, 464
South Sea Islands, 29, 30, 189–198
Spain, 327, 355
Spanish crown jewels, 452
Spanish jewelry, 432
Specific gravity of pearls, 52
Spenser, Edmund, 161
Spey River, Scotland, 164
Spherical pearls, 55, 56
Springs, Fresh-water, 96
Squier, E. George, 485, 489, 490
Stang-Alla River, France, 170
Statistics of fisheries, 80, 88, 91, 98, 100, 103, 105, 126, 136, 143,
246
Stavanger, Norway, 180
Stearns, Frederick E., 279
Steever, E. Z., 468
Steinbach River, Germany, 177
Steir River, France, 170
Stilicho pearls, 12
Stock-book for pearls, 324
Stoddard, C. W., 194
Strachey, William, 487, 488
Strawberry pearls, 56, 353
Streeter, E. W., 214, 349, 390, 465
Stringing pearls, 386–388
Strombus gigas, 77, 278, 351
Strozzi, Philip, 436
Structure of pearls, 51–55
Stupefying mollusks, 292
Suakin, Egypt, 140
Sudbury River, Mass., 265
Suetonius, 10, 159
Sugar River, Wisconsin, 262
Sultan of Sulu, 215, 217, 220, 350, 468
Sulu Archipelago, 70, 213, 214–220, 350, 468
Sumptuary laws, 10, 25–28
Susa necklace, 386, 404, 405
Sweden, 180, 286, 290
Sweetness of pearls, 305
Sydney, Australia, 201
Sydney shell, 70
Symphynota complanata, 73
Syracusan coins, 409
Syria, Pearls in ancient, 386, 406
Syrian pearl merchants, 357

Tabari, 411, 415

Tablegram Lake, Ceylon, 127
Tacitus, 159
Tahiti, 189, 190, 196, 290
Talmud, 7
Talomeco, Temple of, 254, 452
Taoists, 302
Tararequi pearls, 236, 451
Tariff on pearls, 362–369
Tasso, Torquato, 153
Taunton, Henry, 58, 202, 466
Tavernier, J. B., 56, 60, 87, 97, 147, 172, 331, 412, 456
Tavernier pearls, 456–458
Taylor mound, 497
Tay River, Scotland, 163, 164
Tears, Pearls as, 35, 307–308
Teheran, Persia, 458, 459
Teifashi, Ahmad ibn, 335
Teith River, Scotland, 164
Teixeira, Pedro, 40, 103, 242
Temple of Talomeco, 254, 452
Tennessee, 262, 263, 276, 494
Tennessee River, 263, 494
Tennyson, Alfred, 305
Terron, Juan, 255
Texas, 261, 262
Theft of pearls, 118, 123, 210, 232
Theodora, Mosaic of, 15
Theophrastus, 8, 405
Thiers necklace, 398, 465
Three-ridge shells, 72
Thursday Island, 205, 207
Thurston, Edgar, 131
Tiana, Captain, 216
Tiaras, 443
Tiffany & Co., 394
Tiffany, Charles L., 260, 276, 350
Tiffany Queen Pearl, 260, 465
Tomaco, 235
Tonti, 505
Top-shaped pearls, 352
Torres Straits, 199, 201, 210, 211
Transylvania, 432
Treves, Cathedral of, 422
Tridacna gigas, 53, 76, 144, 296
Triptych, 433
Tritigonia verrucosa, 73
Troiza Monastery, Moscow, 424
Tuamotu Islands, 29, 189, 190, 196, 198, 294
Turbinella rapa, 78
Turbo marmoratus, 139
Turner group of mounds, 490, 499
Turtleback pearls, 56, 353, 360
Tuticorin, India, 128, 130
Twynam, Sir William, 117
Tyszkiewicz statuette, 12

Uelzen, Germany, 176

Uffizi, Florence, 12, 407, 436
Uhler, P. R., 489
Ulloa, Antonio de, 238
Ulmann, H., 512
Ungava, Canada, 281
Unio complanata, 73, 265
dahuricus, 75, 146
littoralis, 511
margaritifera, 513
mongolicus, 75, 146
sinuatus, 170
verreauxi, 513
virginianus, 494
Unionidæ, 72, 351
Unios, 59, 72–74, 259, 261, 268, 272, 290, 291, 294
United States, 252–278, 291
United States National Museum, 290, 494
University of Moscow, 59
Unripe pearls, 61
Urim and Thummim, 412
Uzaramo, Africa, 154

Vaca, Cabeza de, 256

Values of pearls, 273, 274, 275, 279, 281, 282, 329–349, 350, 361,
470, 474
method of computing, 331–335, 346–348
Van Buren pearls, 464
Van Dort, K., 149
Vatican, 407
Vaughan, Rice, 338
Vedas, 3, 4, 301
Veerapandianpatanam, 130
Vega, Garcilasso de la, 253, 254, 452
Venezuela, 23, 31, 38, 70, 225–235, 354, 457
Venice, 24, 25–27, 320, 348
Venus, 306, 467
Venus de Medici, 407
Venus de Milo, 408
Venus Genetrix, 159, 407
Venus mercenaria, 77, 488
Venus of the Pantheon, 407, 449
Venus, Statues of, 10, 11
Venus, Temple of, 9
Vermont, 262
Vernatti, Sir Philiberto, 94
Verrazano, Juan, 256
Victor Emanuel II, 468
Victoria, Association of Manufacturing Jewelers of the Colony of, 327
Victoria crown, 417
Victoria, Princess, 438
Victoria, Queen, 163, 167, 425
Vienna, 395, 472
Vilshofen, Finland, 290
Vils River, Bavaria, 171
Vincennes, Indiana, 276
Vinegar, 315
Virgin pearls, 308
Virginia, 486, 488, 489
Vitellius, 10
Vladimir crown, 417
Vogtland, Saxony, 173
Volga River, Russia, 181
Vologne River, France, 169, 170
Von Middendorf, 184
Vosges mountains, 169

Wabash River, 264, 265

Waddesden collection, 59
Wahibis of Pirate Coast, 89
Waistcoat buttons, 443
Waizkirchen, 179
Waldheim, G. Fischer de, 461
Walk, How Unios, 74
Walpole, Horace, 454
Walters, Henry, 394
Washington, George, 438
Washington, State of, 262
Water-telescopes, 141, 194, 268, 278
Waynesville, Ohio, 261
Webster, John, 307
Wedding gifts of pearls, 476
Weighing pearls, 321–329, 346
Weights of pearls, 56, 251, 327, 330, 481, 482
Welker, Landreth, 177
Wellsted, J. R., 88, 93, 142
Wenkheim, Countess, 434
West Indies, 278
Westminster Abbey, 454
White Cart River, Scotland, 161
White Main River, Germany, 176
White River, Arkansas, 263, 264
Whitfield, R. P., 512
Whittier, J. G., 252
Wijayo, King, 4
Willoughby, Charles C., 486, 488
Window-glass shell, 76.
See Placuna.
Wing pearls, 352, 359
Wire threads for pearls, 388
Wisconsin, 262, 276
Wohlberedt, O., 173
Women as fishermen, 149, 155, 189, 264
Wordsworth, Wm., 305
World’s Columbian Exposition, 490, 500, 501
Worms, Parasitical, 43–45
Wottawa River, Austria, 178, 179
Wright, Marie Robinson, 511
Wyman, Jeffries, 493
Wynne, Sir Richard, 161

Xavier, St. Francis, 131

X-ray examination, 71

Yaqui Indians, Mexico, 242, 243, 246

Yellow pearls, 97, 98, 212, 351, 354, 377, 468
Youssoupoff, Princess, 461, 462
Ythan River, Scotland, 164
Yucatan, 511
Yu Shun Yang, 290

Zanzibar, 156
Zonaras, 450
Zozima pearl, 461, 462
Zwemer, S. M., 35
 1. See pp. 301, 302.

2. See Jacobi, “Das Ramayana,” Bonn, 1893.

3. Geiger, “Dipavansa und Mahavansa, die beiden Chroniken der Insel Ceylon,”
Erlangen, 1901.

4. Legge, “The Shu King,” Oxford, 1879, pp. 67, 69.

5. See p. 404.

6. Rawlinson, “Cuneiform Inscriptions of Babylonia and Assyria,” London,

1850, p. 38.

7. Gen. R. xl. 6. This story also exists somewhat altered in Arabic literature;
see Weill’s “Biblical Legends of the Mussulmans,” New York, 1846.

8. Sale, “Preliminary Discourse to the Quran,” London, 1882, Vol. I, pp. 153–
159.

9. Lib. XXIII, c. 6.

10. “Plinianæ Exercitationes in Solinum,” 1629, pp. 822–4.

11. “Historia naturalis,” Lib. IX, c. 59.

12. Ibid., Lib. XXXVII, c. 2.

13. Ibid., Lib. IX, c. 53.

14. Ibid., Lib. XXXIII, c. 3. Also Böttiger, “Sabina oder Morgenscenen,” Leipzig,
1803, Vol. I, p. 158.

15. Martial, “Epigrammata,” VIII, 81.

16. Seneca, “De beneficiis,” Lib. VII, c. 9.

17. Pliny, “Historia naturalis,” Lib. IX, c. 35.

18. Equivalent to 1,875,000 ounces of silver, worth about $1,300,000 at the

present time, but of far greater value in Roman days.

19. “Divus Julius Cæsar,” c. 50.

 20. “Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines,” Paris, 1904, Vol. III,
pp. 1595–6.

21. See p. 449.

22. Froehner, “La Collection Tyszkiewicz,” Munich, 1892.

23. See p. 415.

24. Renaudot, “Ancient Accounts of India and China by Two Mohammedan

Travelers,” London, 1733, p. 98.

25. “The Book of Ser Marco Polo,” London, 1871, Vol. II, p. 275.

26. Analogous to the uniform European word for this gem, is the extension of
the Sanskrit form, mukta, from Persia to the Sulu Islands. In Tamil, the word for
pearl is mootthoo; in Hindustani, it is mootie; in Cingalese, mootoo; and in Malay,
mutya or mootara. (Ainslie, “Materia Indica,” London, 1826, Vol. I, pp. 292–297.)

27. Gollancz, “Pearl, an English Poem of the Fourteenth Century,” London,

1891.

28. Sachs, “Kaiserchronik,” Vol. IV, p. 261.

29. Staudenraus, “Chronik der Stadt Landshut,” 1832, Vol. I, p. 172.

30. Jones, “History and Mystery of Precious Stones,” London, 1880, p. 135.

31. Humboldt, “Personal Narrative of Travels to the New Continent,” London,

1822, Vol. II, p. 273.

32. See p. 473.

33. Yriarte, “Autour des Borgia,” Paris, 1891, pp. 136, 137.

34. See Yriarte, “Venice,” Paris, 1878, p. 236.

35. Ibid., pp. 252, 253.

36. Guidius, “De Mineralibus,” Frankfort, 1627, p. 74.

37. Ibid., p. 73.

38. Ibid., pp. 75–77.

39. Croker, “Lord Hervey’s Memoirs,” London, 1848, Vol. I, pp. 88, 89.
 40. “The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus,” London, 1601, Book IX, ch.
35.

41. “Travels of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela,” Gerrans’s edition, London, 1783, p.

23.

42. “Camden Britannia,” 2d edition, London, 1722, Vol. II, p. 801.

43. Ibid., Vol. II, p. 1003.

44. Richard Eden edition, London, 1577, 10th ch. of 3rd Decade, fol. 148a.

45. Hawkins, “Voyage to the South Sea in 1593,” London, 1847, p. 133.

46. Benzoni, “Novæ Novi Orbis Historiæ,” Geneva, 1578, pp. 161–163.

47. “Philosophical Transactions,” 1674, No. 101, p. 11.

48. Goldsmith, “History of the Earth and Animated Nature,” 1774, Vol. VI, p.
54.

49. Rondelet, “Universæ Aquitilium Historiæ Pars Altera,” Lugduni, 1554.

50. “Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia,” Hanoviæ, 1609.

51. “The Travels of Pedro Teixeira,” Hakluyt Society, p. 180.

52. “Memoires de l’Académie des Sciences,” 1717, pp. 177–194.

53. Grill, in “Abhandlungen der Königlichen Schwed. Akademie der

Wissenschaften,” Vol. XXXIV, p. 88, 1772.

54. “Philosophical Transactions,” 1826, Pt. III, pp. 338–341.

55. “Sull’origine delle Perle. II Cimento, revista di Scienze,” Torino, 1852, Vol.
I, pp. 429–439.

56. “Memorie della Reale Academia delle Scienze di Torino,” 1855, Vol. XV, pp.
331–358; 1857, Vol. XVI, pp. 419–442, and 1859, Vol. XVIII, pp. 201–232.

57. Müller’s “Archiv für Anatomie,” 1856, pp. 269–281.

58. “Die echten Perlen,” Hamburg, 1858. Dr. Möbius died in Berlin, on April 26,
1908. He was born at Eilenburg, in Saxony, in 1825.
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